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Diplomarbeit DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit History Recycling Postmoderne Theorien und das Motiv der Zeitreise im US-amerikanischen Film der 1980er Jahre Verfasserin Jill Amanda Meißner Angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, September 2011 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 317 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Theater-, Film- und Medienwissenschaft Betreuer: Mag. Thomas Ballhausen Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich versichere, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig und ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe. Die aus fremden Quellen direkt oder indirekt übernommenen Ausführungen sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Die Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form keiner anderen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt und auch noch nicht veröffentlicht. Wien, am 01.09.2011 .................................... Jill Meißner Danksagung Danke all jenen, die zum Gelingen dieser Arbeit beigetragen und mit mir geduldig über Zeitreisefilme diskutiert haben! Besonderer Dank gilt an dieser Stelle meinem Betreuer Mag. Thomas Ballhausen, der mir geholfen hat, aus einer vagen Idee eine Diplomarbeit zu formen und mir stets mit Rat und Tat zur Seite stand. Ohne mich zeitlich unter Druck zu setzen, hat er mich darin unterstützt, eine Arbeit zu schreiben, auf die ich stolz sein kann. Danke an Tanja Wittrien und Margrita Hägele, die mir ihre Arbeiten zur Verfügung gestellt haben! Besonders möchte ich mich auch bei meinen Freundinnen Eva, Julia und Jana für das geduldige Korrekturlesen dieser Arbeit bedanken. Danke an meine Kollegen und Freunde Katharina L., Dominik, Elias, Desiree und Katharina Z., die das gleiche durchgemacht und mich stets motiviert haben! Danke an Hanna und Veronika, die sich geduldig meine Probleme angehört haben! Danke an meine Mutter und meine Schwester Janis, die mir immer wieder Mut gemacht und an mich geglaubt haben! Janis hat außerdem eine wunderbare Zeichnung zum Thema dieser Diplomarbeit angefertigt, welche sich vor dem Anhang befindet. Danke an meinen Freund Harald, der mich in dieser nervenaufreibenden Zeit begleitet und inspiriert hat! Sprachliche Gleichbehandlung Soweit im Folgenden personenbezogene Bezeichnungen nur in männlicher Form angeführt sind, beziehen sich diese auf Frauen und Männer in gleicher Weise. Sämtliche in dieser Arbeit verwendete personenbezogene Begriffe sind geschlechtsneutral und beziehen sich, sofern nicht anders angegeben, auf Männer und Frauen gleichermaßen. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Prolog....................................................................................................1 2. Die 1980er Jahre in den USA...............................................................5 2.1. Ronald Reagans Amerika .........................................................................5 2.2. Popkultur und Politik................................................................................10 2.3. Neokonservatismus.................................................................................13 2.4. „The Fifties II“..........................................................................................16 2.5. „Zitadellenkultur“ und nukleare Bedrohung.............................................17 2.6. Konsumgesellschaft................................................................................21 2.7. „Cyberculture“..........................................................................................25 3. Postmoderne Theorien und die 1980er............................................31 3.1. Die postmoderne Diskussion...................................................................31 3.1.1. Jean-François Lyotard: „La condition postmoderne“ (1979)......................35 3.1.2. Jean Baudrillard: „Simulacres et Simulation“ (1981).................................39 3.1.3. Ihab Hassan: „Postmoderne heute“ (1985)...............................................43 3.1.4. Fredric Jameson: „Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism“ (1991)...............................................................................................45 3.2. „Anything Goes“.......................................................................................49 3.3. Relaxation und Rekombination...............................................................50 3.4. Intertextualität und Ironie.........................................................................51 3.5. „Postmodern Playfulness“.......................................................................54 4. Das Pastiche.......................................................................................56 4.1. Das Pastiche und die Postmoderne........................................................56 4.2. Pastiche-Beispiele im Film......................................................................60 5. Eine kurze Geschichte der Zeitreise im Film...................................62 5.1. Literarische Wurzeln................................................................................62 5.2. Definitionsschwierigkeiten.......................................................................65 5.3. Zeitreisefilme vor 1980............................................................................67 5.4. Der Durchbruch in den Achtzigern..........................................................69 6. Kategorie 1: „Peggy Sue Got Married“ (1986).................................73 6.1. Die Zeitreisende kann nicht eingreifen ...................................................75 6.2. Postmoderne Theorie: Fredric Jamesons „Nostalgia Film“.....................79 6.3. Postmoderne Welten: das Bild der Fünfziger..........................................81 6.4. Postmoderne Geschichte: „Metahistory“ und die Möglichkeit der Veränderung...................................................................................................83 6.5. Pastiche-Figur: der Nerd.........................................................................85 6.6. Intertextualität und Intermedialität...........................................................87 6.7. Die weibliche Zeitreisende .....................................................................88 7. Kategorie 2: „Back to the Future I-III“ (1985, 1989, 1990)...............92 7.1. Der Zeitreisende muss eingreifen...........................................................95 7.2. Postmoderne Theorie: Jean Baudrillards Hyperrealität..........................97 7.3. Postmoderne Welten: der Wilde Westen..............................................101 7.4. Postmoderne Geschichte: Hedonismus, Antipolitik und Kommerz.......103 7.5. Pastiche-Figur: der „Mad Scientist“.......................................................107 7.6. Intertextualität und Intermedialität.........................................................110 7.7. Misstrauen in „Grand Narratives“: der Ödipus-Mythos..........................112 8. Kategorie 3: „Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure“ (1989) und „Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey“ (1991)..................................................116 8.1. Der Zeitreisende greift ein ohne Auswirkungen.....................................118 8.2. Postmoderne Theorie: Jean-François Lyotards „Postmodern Playfulness“119 8.3. Postmoderne Welten: die utopische Zukunftsgesellschaft...................121 8.4. Postmoderne Geschichte: Geschichte als Themenpark.......................123 8.5. Pastiche-Figur: Napoleon......................................................................127 8.6. Intertextualität und Intermedialität.........................................................129 8.7. Die Shopping Mall als postmoderne Metapher.....................................130 9. Epilog.................................................................................................133 9.1. Zusammenfassung................................................................................133 9.2. Conclusio...............................................................................................134 10. Ausblick...........................................................................................136 Quellenverzeichnis................................................................................................144 Verzeichnis der erwähnten Filmtitel......................................................................156 Anhang..................................................................................................169 I. Liste mit Zeitreisefilmen und Filmen, die Zeitreisen enthalten...........................169 II. Zusammenfassung............................................................................................181 III. Abstract............................................................................................................182 IV. Curriculum Vitae...............................................................................................183 1 1. Prolog „The mirroring of society is one of the things that films do best“ 1, schreibt William J. Palmer in seiner Sozialgeschichte „The Films of the Eighties“. Auch wenn der Zeitgeistgehalt eines filmischen Werkes oft erst Jahre im Nachhinein offenbar wird, besteht kein Zweifel daran, dass Filme wichtige Zeitdokumente sind, gesellschaftliche Vorgänge widerspiegeln und diese für künftige Generationen konservieren. Filme zeugen nicht nur von den populärsten Themen der jeweiligen Gegenwart, sondern auch wovon die Menschen in welcher Zeit träumen. Technische Innovationen werden in der Fiktion imaginiert und sind Jahre später aus dem Alltag nicht mehr weg zu denken. Jules Verne, der bekannte
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