About the Council

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat is the world’s leading resource for professionals CTBUH Journal focused on the inception, design, construction, and International Journal on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat operation of tall buildings and future cities. A not-for-profi t organization, founded in 1969 and based at the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, CTBUH has an Asia offi ce at Tongji University, Shanghai, and a research offi ce at Iuav Tall buildings: design, construction, and operation | 2015 Issue III University, Venice, Italy. CTBUH facilitates the exchange of the latest knowledge available on tall buildings around the world through publications, Case Study: research, events, working groups, web resources, European Central Bank, Frankfurt and its extensive network of international representatives. The Council’s research department Hong Kong: Sustainable Retrofi tting is spearheading the investigation of the next generation of tall buildings by aiding original Fire Safety for Penthouse Designs research on sustainability and key development issues. The Council’s free database on tall buildings, Istanbul: The Impact of High-Rises The Center, is updated daily with detailed information, images, data, and news. The A “Flight Manual” for Air Plants CTBUH also developed the international standards for measuring tall building height and is recognized Tall Buildings in Numbers: Observation Decks as the arbiter for bestowing such designations as “The World’s Tallest Building.” Talking Tall: Measuring the Washington Monument Debating Tall: Has Tall Social Housing Failed? Ask a CTBUH Expert: Carbon-Fiber Tall Buildings?

Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

S. R. Crown Hall Illinois Institute of Technology 3360 South Chicago, IL 60616 Phone: +1 (312) 567 3487 Fax: +1 (312) 567 3820 Email: [email protected] www.ctbuh.org www.skyscrapercenter.com

CTBUH Asia Headquarters College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP) Tongji University 1239 Si Ping Road, Yangpu District Shanghai 200092, China Phone: +86 21 65982972 Email: [email protected]

CTBUH Research Offi ce Iuav University of Venice Dorsoduro 2006 30123 Venice, Italy Phone: +39 041 257 1276 Email: [email protected]

ISSN: 1946 - 1186 This Issue InsideCTBUH Organizational Members http://membership.ctbuh.org

Editor DONORS architectsAlliance Langdon & Seah Singapore While conventional mold, by focusing its attention on the very Architectural Design & Research Institute of LeMessurier Daniel Safarik, CTBUH AdrianNews Smith +and Gordon Events Gill Architecture, LLPFeatures Fire Safety ALT Limited Tsinghua University 26 Lend Lease [email protected] wisdom confi nes the practical matter of how to protect and Fire Safety Strategies for Penthouse Designs recommendations within Approved Document B (ADB) (DCLG 2013), which is the most Penthouses, with their luxurious amenities and uninterrupted 360-degree common fire guidance in use in England and Architectus Lusail Real Estate DevelopmentWales. Buildings A and C are less than 30 Company American Institute of Steel Construction views over the city skyline, tend to be larger than normal apartments and meters in height, so the minimum fire purpose of tall eff ectively permit the construction of such 02 This Issue 44 Tall Buildings in Numbers often have unique design features that can create challenges in fire safety resistance of the main structure is set at 90 min- design. The critical questions are: can occupants escape safely from the top of utes. Building B has 120 minutes’ structural fire Barker Mohandas, LLC a high-rise tower, andM what are Moser the conditions within the penthouseAssociates once the Ltd.resistance, due to its height being greater than Fire Protection Engineering Corp. 30 meters, and is fitted with a sprinkler system Associate Editors Fire Brigade has arrived at the top of the tower? This article outlines the fire throughout. Dry risers are provided to buildings Hadrien Fruton Karl Wallasch safety strategy for a unique five-story open-plan penthouse in London. A fire Daniel Safarik, World’s Highest Observation A and C, while Building B has a wet riser. buildings’ symbolism extreme abodes. engineering assessment was required, including the use of CFD simulations, Bates Smart Authors Maeda Corporation ARCADIS, US, Inc. to prove that the proposed design complies with the functional requirements All the buildings are greater than 18 meters in Hadrien Fruton, Fire Engineer Steven Henry, CTBUH Karl Wallasch, Associate of building regulations in the United Kingdom. height, and therefore are all fitted with a Figure 2. Lexicon, London under construction. © Mount Anvil Hoare Lea Western Transit Shed firefighting shaft – consisting of a ventilated CTBUH Editor Decks Benson Industries Inc. 12-13 Stable Street Introduction Mori comeBuilding equipped with a private terrace, a private Co., Ltd.firefighting stair, a fire main provided at every determining the conditions within the penthouse, it was considered to be more London N1C 4AB to undiluted Arquitectonica International United Kingdom pool, or other unique features. level within the stair core, a firefighting lift proposed apartments in case of fire, and by closely related to a “dwelling house” than to an [email protected] t: +44 20 3668 7100 Since the first penthouse apartments were provided with emergency back-up power demonstrating an adequate level of safety for apartment. Dwelling houses with more than f: +44 20 3479 1591 e: [email protected] built in City in the 1920s, penthouses A recent example of a unique penthouse supplies; and a firefighting lobby, which is the the occupants. Following this approach, one floor over 4.5 meters above ground floor bKL Architecture LLC www.hoarelea.com have been popular and continueNabih to carry a apartment Youssef is the five-story penthouse on top & Associatesventilated residential common corridor. The several apartments within the development level (typically a dwelling house of four or Arup sought-after prestige in capital cities around of the 36-story 261 City Road development common corridor in Building B is mechanically had to be fire-engineered, including the use more stories), would typically require: Hadrien Fruton the world. One Hyde Park’s penthouse in located in Islington, London. The development ventilated via a 0.6-square-meter smoke shaft, of CFD modeling, with the most challenging statements of The fervor for Vegas-style implosions of council Hadrien Fruton is a fire engineer within Hoare Lea’s Fire Engineering team and based in London. He London recently sold for US$208 million is composed of three buildings (Buildings A, B, while Buildings A and C use the 1.5-square- apartment being the five-story open-plan ƒ A protected stair and a sprinkler system Antony Wood, CTBUH/IIT/Tongji University studied fire engineering at the University of Ulster. (Huffington Post 2014) and the penthouse in and C), all designed by Skidmore, Owings & meter natural smoke shaft recommended penthouse sitting on top of Building B at throughout; or Bonacci Group Hadrien is an expert in the field of fire engineer- National Fire Protection Association Aurecon ing, in particular the use of CFD modeling as part Monaco’s New Odeon Tower is expected to sell Merrill (SOM). Buildings A and C are both within ADB. Finally, a conventional “defend in more than 100 meters above grade. ƒ A protected stair and an alternative means 04 CTBUH Latest 46 Talking Tall: Dru Smith of a holistic and unique fire safety strategy. He has worked on many residential, commercial and retail for at least US$386 million (The Guardian 2014). seven-story buildings served by two stairs, place” strategy is adopted for the residential of escape for any level above 7.5 meters developments. Penthouses, with their luxurious amenities and while Building B, also known as the Lexicon, is a levels, where only the occupants from the [email protected] egotistical power, houses, and the stunning statistics about the uninterrupted 360-degree views over the city single-stairway building with a height of 118 apartment of fire origin evacuate. This is a The Penthouse The sprinklered penthouse in this study has Bosa Properties Inc. Karl Wallasch National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) BALA Engineers Karl Wallasch is an associate working in Hoare Lea’s skyline, give the feeling of being located away meters, and will be the tallest building in the standard assumption for residential been designed with open internal stairs, Fire Engineering team in London. Karl is a tutor in from the city, as they are generally less noisy area (see Figures 1 and 2). The development developments in the United Kingdom, as the Geometry instead of the recommended protected stair, Antony Wood, Myth-busting: The Incredible the online Master course at the Bauhaus University in Weimar, Germany. He is also the secretary of the than apartments on lower floors. They also will offer more than 300 residences (both neighbors, protected by a high level of fire The 385-square-meter penthouse (see Figure and no alternative means of escape has been SFPE UK Chapter and a member of the VFDB (German tend to be larger than normal apartments, private and affordable units), amenities such as compartmentation (at least 60 minutes’ fire 3) is composed of five stories with: provided. A fire-engineered assessment, Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel LaboratoryFire Protection Association) Referat 4 – a committee Nikken Sekkei, Ltd. myriad examples suggest more sublime typology’s energy use, have both shown that Brookfi eld Multiplex publishing fire engineering guidance in Europe. sometimes accessed by a private elevator a spa, retail space, and a public courtyard, as resistance), remain in place. In the case of based on a deterministic study, has therefore opening directly into the apartment. They can well as a restaurant at ground floor level in front Building B, each floor is also separated by 120 ƒ The entrance and reception lounge at Level been used to establish if occupants asleep on Executive Director “Shrinking” Washington of the newly created City Road basin. minutes’ fire resistance. 32; the terrace at Level 36 would be able to Board of Trustees Bouygues Construction Norman Disney & Young ƒ The kitchen and living room at Level 33; escape safely during two different fire CBRE Group, Inc. As penthouses are one-of-a-kind apartments ADB can be restrictive in terms of apartment ƒ Bedrooms at Levels 34 and 35; and scenarios, via the open internal stairs to the possibilities. tall buildings are not, and cannot be, with specific features and layouts, giving layouts, as it generally requires all the habitable ƒ A roof terrace at Level 36. entrance door at Level 32, before conditions flexibility to the architect can be a challenge rooms to be approached via a sterile, Chairman: David Malott, Kohn Pedersen Fox, USA MonumentBritish Land Company PLC OMAdue to fire safety restrictions in many 30-minutes fire-resistant, protected entrance Two stairs are provided within the penthouse: CH2M HILL jurisdictions. In the United Kingdom, for hall with FD20 fire doors. Guidance within one open stair located within a void between example, justifying an open-plan layout is British Standard (BS) 9991:2011 (BSI 2011) offers Level 32 and Level 33, and another linking generally done through a fire engineering more flexibility and allows open-plan Level 33 to the upper floors. Additional Vice-Chairman: Timothy Johnson, NBBJ, USA immutable. Our journey into the transformation Malyan Omraniaassessment, the principles & of which,Associates including apartments under certain conditions, such as a measures include a residential sprinkler 05ChinaDebating Architecture Tall: Design & Research Group evacuation time calculation and Computational ceiling height above 2.25 meters, enhanced fire system, enhanced fire alarm and detection Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling, are explained alarm and detection systems (i.e., one detector system, and an automatic openable vent in this paper. in every room), and a residential sprinkler (AOV) on top of the stair linking Levels 33, 34, Executive Director: Antony Wood, CTBUH / Illinois Institute Brunkeberg Systems Ornamental Metal Institutesystem fitted throughout the apartment. of When New35, and 36. The penthouse York has a height of 15 This issue’s case study, the European Central of tall takes us to Hong Kong, where in the Enclos Corp. the dimensions of the apartments are greater meters between the slab at Level 32 and the Has Tall Social Housing been 54 Ask a CTBUH Expert: General Fire Safety Strategy than the maximum size allowed within BS ceiling above the stair at Level 36. 9991, or if it is a multi-level open-plan of Technology, USA / Tongji University, China The general fire safety strategy for the apartment, a fire-engineered assessment is Fire-engineered assessment Fender Katsalidis Architects Cadillac Fairview Palafoxdevelopment Associates under study here was based on generally used to justify the layout, by Due to the uniqueness of this five-story Bank, debuts on our cover at an auspicious paper Climate Change in Hong Kong: Mitigation a Failure? Mark Richards Figure 1. 261 City Road, London – overall view. © Mount Anvil Figure 3. 3D geometry of the penthouse. Secretary: Craig Gibbons, Arup, Australia Frasers Property Canary Wharf Group, PLC 26 | Fire Safety PappageorgeCTBUH Journal | 2015 Issue HaymesIII CTBUH Journal Partners | 2015 Issue III Fire Safety | 27 Treasurer: Steve Watts, Alinea Consulting LLP, UK time for that organization, embroiled as it is in Through Sustainable Retrofi tting, a conventional Halfen USA Carbon-FiberCanderel Tall Management, Buildings? Inc. Pei Partnership Architects Trustee: Joseph Chou, Taipei Financial Center Corporation, managing the competing priorities of the 1980s skyscraper gets a thorough exfoliation 06HenningGlobal Larsen News Architects CB Engineers Perkins + Will Taiwan massively diff erent nations under the mantle and retrofi t as a future-proofi ng exercise. We Hill InternationalHighlights from the CTBUH CCL Plus Architecture Trustee: Mounib Hammoud, Jeddah Economic Company, Chapman Taylor Pomeroy Studio Pte Ltd HyderGlobal News archive History, Theory & Criticism Saudi Arabia of a single currency. Though the client and also travel to Melbourne, where in the paper A Clark Construction 32 Project Planning and Management Pty Ltd Jensen Hughes Istanbul: Impact of High-Rises only bicontinental city in the world. The European part of the city is further divided by Trustee: Dennis Poon, Thornton Tomasetti, USA CTBUH On a Historic, Yet Contemporary, City the Golden Horn, a natural harbor bounding Conrad Gargett PT. Ciputra Property, Tbkthe Peninsula, where the former Byzantium architect could not have predicted this at the “Flight Manual” for Air Plants, a very small “soft” JORDAHL High-rise buildings have a significant impact on cities and their metropolitan and Constantinople were founded. areas in a variety of ways, most notably on cities with extensive historic built heritage, like Istanbul. Many of these buildings can be regarded as iconic The city has sustained massive population Trustee: Kam-Chuen (Vincent) Tse, Parsons Brinckerhoff , Continental Automated Buildings Association Rafi k El-Khoury & Partnersgrowth. In 1950, it had a population of structures, constructed using state-of-the-art technologies and demonstrat- Jotun Group 1,116,477 residents. The number of citizens ing the economic power of the city and the country. Using Istanbul as an beginning of the design process, the dual intervention atop a tall building could have big almost tripled during the 30 years between Figure 2. The historical skyline of Istanbul oriented by minarets and domes. © Salih K. example, this paper discusses the role of high-rise buildings, their effect on 1980 and 2010, and it currently has a Hong Kong 50 CTBUHCosentini Report Associates Ayşin Sev Bahar Başarır inhabitants’ lives, andRamboll drivers of the high-rise boom in historic cities, regardless population of 14,377,018 residents, in an area 1923 – only half its population in 1914. landscape and new image (Batur 1996). New Laing O’Rourke of 5,343 square kilometers, according to the Consequently, the government was forced to forms of urban development, such as of the contentious necessity of high-rise buildings in an urban environment. Authors Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK 2014). The rethink the urban planning of Istanbul. The apartment ownership and housing Ayşin Sev, Associate Professor Introduction unfortunate that many recently erected rate of annual population growth in the city is French architect and town planner Leon Hénri cooperatives, also led the city’s expansion to twisting forms of the complex – rising out of a implications for the future of vertical vegetation Bahar Başarır, Research Assistant Case Study CS Group Construction Specialties CompanyMimar Sinan Fine Arts University RAW Designhigh-rise buildings, especially in the BosporusInc. currently 1.55–2%, mostly due to migration Prost (1874–1959), who was responsible for new areas. From the beginning of the 1950s Larsen & Toubro, Ltd. Faculty of Architecture, Building Technology Dept. Behind the ambition to build tall is the region, are not in harmony with the silhouette from the rural areas of the country. The the Paris Regional Plan of 1928–1939, was to the mid-1970s, high-rise hotels and office Miami Grows Up 34427 Istanbul, Turkey 2 t: +90 212 252 1600 symbolic and iconic value of the tower, which of Istanbul. Even though they are some population density is 2,767 people/km , brought in to design the Istanbul Master Plan buildings averaging 25 stories in height were e: [email protected] is closely related to the wealth and power of distance from the historic core, some of the which far exceeds Turkey’s overall population (1936–1958). Prost’s planning approach was built in Turkey (Usta & Usta 1995). Istanbul also [email protected] 2 CTBUH Expert Peer Review Committee CS Structural Engineering, Inc. www2.msgsu.edu.tr nations. A high-rise buildingRead is without a high-riseJones buildings negatively impactChristoff the densityersen of 101 people/km . Ltd. to build large roads and boulevards, and saw the construction of a handful of high-rise former wholesale marketplace – and the thin and greener cities. Leslie E. Robertson Associates, RLLP doubt a significant symbol of a city. Although historical silhouette due to the special destroy the old city fabric, which he buildings of less than 20 stories by the early Ayşin Sev it may cause problems in the urban context, topographic character of the city. This paper Development of Istanbul’s skyline considered unsuitable for a modern nation. 1970s, including the 17-story Marmara Etap Dr. Ayşin Sev received her bachelor’s degree in architecture in 1994, her MSc in 1997, and PhD developing cities compete with each other on discusses the impacts of high-rise buildings Istanbul, with its strategic location on the The construction of new residential blocks Hotel, the 21-story Odakule Office Building, All papers published in the CTBUH Journal are peer- in 2001 from Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University. the global stage to have the tallest and most on the built heritage and historical skyline of Bosporus peninsula, has been associated with started the city’s reshaping, which created and the 17-story Karayollari Headquarters. 12 ECB – European Central CTSR Properties Limited She lectures at the university on buildings and Related Midwest Magnusson Klemencic Associates, Inc. sustainable architecture. Her PhD thesis, The iconic high-rise buildings in the world. Acting the city, and presents how the historical major political, religious, and artistic events for differentiation in terms of building hierarchy Analysis of Tall Buildings in Turkey and Abroad from as symbols of economic activity, high-rise silhouette of Istanbul has changed over time. more than 2,000 years. The city served as a and organization (Tekeli 2010). Rapid, initially The late 1970s and 1980s saw an escalating sheet of glass that binds them together, Architectural Points of View, was a success for students 55 CTBUH on the Road and professionals throughout the country. She wrote buildings are often seen as beacons of Additionally, the conditions that have led to capital for the Eastern Roman, Byzantine, and uncontrolled urbanization and the threat of number of high-rise buildings with more than reviewed by an international panel of multi-disciplinary her first book on tall buildings with her supervisor in economic and political power (Kostoff 2001). the construction of high-rise buildings in the Ottoman empires. The outstanding universal pollution arising from industrialization 20 stories. The commercial district of the city Cubic Architects 2000 and a second book on sustainable architecture RMC International MAKEBank, Frankfurt in 2009. Her latest book is entitled Innovations in Tall They also have the capacity to capture public region, and their effect on city inhabitants and value of Istanbul, based on its unique jeopardized the historical and cultural moved towards Besiktas, Zincirlikuyu, and Building Design and Technology. Her research focuses imagination (Höweler 2003). No matter what infrastructure are described. integration of architectural masterpieces, heritage of the old city center. Maslak from Eminönü, the first business on the history and construction technology of tall buildings and sustainable high-rises. their functions are, they cannot be ignored reflects the meeting of Europe and Asia over district. New urban centers, occupied by experts from within the CTBUH membership. For more on neatly symbolize a union that can tolerate Of course, innovation around new materials CTBUH events around the world (Abel 2003). The introduction of a new, many centuries, represented by its High-rise building construction in Istanbul multinational businesses, were developed. Dar Al-Handasah (Shair & Partners) Bahar Başarir Ronald Lu & Partners McNamara / Salvia, Inc. Bahar Başarir is a PhD student in the Construction large-scale building into a city is an Istanbul’s Unique Context incomparable historic skyline, formed by High-rise building construction, which is New programs and needs drove changes in Sciences Program of Istanbul Technical University. intervention within the existing urban Byzantine and Ottoman architecture. The occurring at a rapid pace in many cities of the the architecture. At the beginning of the Wolf D. Prix She received her bachelor’s degree in Architecture and MSc degree in the Building Technology context, one which alters the preexisting Istanbul, located in the northwest of Turkey skyline was built up over many centuries and world, has also accelerated in Istanbul. this panel, see www.ctbuh.org/PeerReview. Program of Architecture from Mimar Sinan Fine Arts urban conditions. within the Marmara region, is a highly encompasses the Hagia Sophia, which reflects High-rise building construction entered the Davy Sukamta & Partners Structural EngineersUniversity. She worked at Atelier T Architecture on Royal HaskoningDHV Istanbul developed city with a Mediterranean climate. the architectural and decorative expertise of agenda of the city in the 1950s. One of the Population Population diversity of opinion, and yet stay intact and will continue to fortify the bones and skin of Nishkian Menninger Consulting and the design team of high-rise housing complexes and Years population as th of Istanbul of Turkey hotel projects. She is currently a Research Assistant in Having a traditional skyline, Istanbul’s The geography of the city is hilly, with several the 6 century, the Fatih complex, the Topkapi significant barriers to the first wave of % of Turkey the Building Technology Department of Architecture Faculty, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University. Her character has been strongly impacted by the high peaks. The Bosporus Strait, which Palace, the Süleymaniye Mosque complex, construction in Istanbul was its seismicity; the 1950 1,116,477 20,947,188 5.33 research areas include high-rise buildings, façade erection of high-rise buildings in the past few connects the Sea of Marmara to the Black Sea, and the Sehzade Mosque complex, which city is located on the North Anatolian Fault. DCA Architects construction, energy-efficient retrofits, sustainable Sanni, Ojo & Partners 1955 1,533,822 24,064,763 6.37 architecture and construction. decades, whether these have been built in the divides the city into the European and reflect the climax of Ottoman architecture in Despite this barrier, the rapid population Structural Engineers 1960 1,822,092 27,754,820 6.57 56 Reviews th historic core or not (see Figure 1). It is Anatolian (Asian) sides, making Istanbul the the 16 century. The Blue Mosque and the growth that began in the 1950s has been an cohesive as a whole. our future . Given all of the 1965 2,293,823 31,391,421 7.31 slender minarets of the New Mosque were instrumental factor in spurring high-rise Design & Layout completed in the 17th century (see Figure 2). building construction in Istanbul. Table 1 1970 3,019,032 35,605,176 8.48 DCI Engineers Schock USA Inc. 1975 3,904,588 40,347,719 9.68 Outokumpu shows the rapid population growth in the city. Review of new books in the The historic roots of the dominant vernacular Through the second half of the 20th century, 1980 4,741,890 44,736,957 10.60 architecture in Istanbul go back to attitudes the city’s sociocultural and political 1985 5,842,985 50,664,458 11.53 about modernization and rapid urbanization importance grew, its economy expanded, and Tansri Muliani excitement about carbon-fi ber’s use in airliners 1990 7,309,190 56,473,035 12.94 Deerns Sematic S.r.l th that developed in the 20 century. With the many institutions underwent changes in PDW Architects 2000 10,018,735 67,803,927 14.78 establishment of the Turkish Republic and the scale, context, and appearance. Buildings that 2010 12,782,960 73,722,988 17.98 CTBUH Library transfer of administrative functions to Ankara reflected technological progress and the [email protected] Research DIALOG Shanghai Jiankun Informationin 1923, the city lost its importance for a while, Technologyfashionable architectural trends of the day 2014 14,377,018 77,695,904 18.50 In the paper Istanbul: Impact of High-Rises on a and autos, we felt it time to ask, “When will tall Pei Cobb Freed & Partners and its population decreased to 650,000 in endowed the city with a new urban Table 1. Population growth in Istanbul and Turkey. Figure 1. The skyline of Istanbul oriented by contemporary high-rise buildings. Source: Turkish Statistical Institute 2015. Historic, yet Contemporary, City, we also fi nd the buildings take their turn?” Mark Richards Pickard Chilton Architects, Inc. Dong Yang Structural Engineers Co., Ltd.32 | History, Theory & Criticism Shimizu CorporationCTBUH Journal | 2015 Issue III CTBUH Journal | 2015 Issue III History, Theory & Criticism | 33 Published by 20PNB MerdekaClimate VenturesChange inSDN Hong Berhad 56 Diary dwp|suters SilverEdge Systems Software, Inc. The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat only city in the world that happens to be in answers in Ask a CTBUH Expert. PT. GistamaKong: IntisemestaMitigation Through UpcomingElenberg tall buildingFraser Pty events Ltd © CTBUH 2015 two continents to be split – not so much by QuadrangleSustainable Architects Retrofitting Ltd. EllisDon Corporation Soyak Construction and Trading Co. ISSN: 1946-1186 Eversendai Engineering Qatar WLL Stanley D. Lindsey & Associates, Ltd. the Bosporus as it is by oppositional visions of We’ve asked often enough, “How high can we Rowan Williams Davies & Irwin, Inc. Talking Tall: Dru Smith Kevin Wan, Gary Cheung & 57 CommentsFaçade Tectonics 46 Steel Institute of New York RTKL Associates Inc. Myth-busting: The Incredible “Shrinking” one point to another. The main equipment is a geodetic level and a pair of level rods. The Washington Monument process uses short, balanced sight lengths, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat what kind of city it wants to be. Modern go?”, but it seemed high time to ask, “What do Vincent Cheng FeedbackFXFOWLE Architects, LLP Stein Ltd. back to one rod, then forward to another. This SAMOO Architects and Engineers In February 2015, the Washington Monument “shrunk” almost 10 inches (248 pattern continues, eventually connecting two millimeters), when the United States National Oceanographic and points of interest. Using this method, two types Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)’s National Geodetic Survey (NGS) used of heights were determined at all points in and S.R. Crown Hall, Illinois Institute of Technology GERB Vibration Control Systems (USA/Germany) CTBUH height criteriaSuperTEC to determine the true architectural height of the around the monument: North American Vetical Datum (NAVD) 88 “orthometric” heights (which commercial high-rises dot the undulating we do when we get there?” The pure pleasure Saudi Binladin Group / ABC Division famous cenotaph. As part of a dialogue with CTBUH, NGS used precise are the official elevations used in all Federal instrumentation to determine that the height of the structure was 554 feet, geospatial products) and “architectural heights” 3360 South State Street, Chicago, IL 60616 GGLO, LLC Dru Smith 7 11/32 inches tallSurface (169.046 meters) instead of 555 Design feet, 5 1/8 inches (169.294 (determined by adopting the CTBUH meters) as previously recorded. When the data was released around the recommendation for where “zero architectural 26Schüco Fire Safety Strategies for Meet the CTBUH Interviewee 58 height’”should be) (see Figure 3). President’s Day holiday, the report was widely circulated in the media. CTBUH Istanbul horizon, in some cases of prospect inspired the builders of the world’s Dru Smith, Chief Geodesist National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration Journal Editor Daniel Safarik interviewed Dru Smith, chief geodesist of the National Geodetic Survey, N/NGS Traverse uses a Total Station and Reflectors. A Global Wind Technology Services (GWTS)SSMC3, Room 8635 NGS, to investigateSWA a little further into Group the specifics of the project. Total Station looks like a traditional survey Severud Associates Consulting Engineers, PC 1315 East West Highway Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 instrument with a scope, but unlike historic t: +1 312 567 3487 Figure 3. Height is measured from the level of the Penthouse Designs Georges Binder United States First things first. Most of our members use However, two special surveys were done, one instruments which could only measure t: +1 301 713 3222 Ext. 144 Figure 2. Washington Monument enclosed in scaffolding. lowest, significant, open-air, pedestrian entrance to the overshadowing the spires of the religious loftiest promontories, but to keep the f: +1 301 713 4175 math extensively and sophisticated in 1934 and one in 1999, where NGS actually © Ron Cogswell. Source: Wikimedia Commons architectural top of the structure (CTBUH criteria). horizontal angles and vertical angles, a Total Glumac e: [email protected] Takenaka Corporation Station can also electronically measure slope software to design, construct, and operate occupied the peak of the monument with Shanghai Construction (Group) General www.ngs.noaa.gov tall buildings. But many probably don’t survey instruments. This was possible because NGS did not set out to determine the NGS was not involved in rappelling, but the distances to a reflector as well (see Figure 4). f: +1 312 567 3820 Hadrien Fruton & Karl Dru Smith know exactly what a geodesist does. Can in both of those years, scaffolding surrounded architectural height of the monument itself, NPS has some wonderful pictures of the initial The traverse survey measured angles and Dr. Dru Smith first entered NGS in 1995 after you shed a little light? the monument for renovations. In 1934, the but as such a measurement had usefulness (in damage assessment phase, where rappelling distances between about 10 different points receiving his PhD. in geodetic science from Ohio gmp • von Gerkan, Marg and Partners Architects Geodesists are scientistsTaylor who work in the field surveyDevices, was a triangulation survey (angles Inc. determining if any actual compression of the from the peak was done! Lasers played a small around the monument. Using this data, we institutions that have made the city famous SHoP Architects State University. From 1995 until 2000 he performed customers coming, many have become gravity and geoid research, resulting in the GEOID96, of geodesy, which focuses on the measured between distantly-sighted objects, building occurs over the years), not to role – our collimators, devices that narrow and were able to transfer both orthometric and e: [email protected] CARIB97, MEXICO97 and GEOID99 geoid models. In 2001 he spent a year working for the Executive determination of the size and shape of the such as church spires and flagpoles), which mention general public interest, it was align particle beams, use lasers – but most of architectural heights to the peak, as well as Wallasch CTBUH Organizational Secretariat of the Interagency GPS Executive Board, earth, its gravity field, and the positions of helped determine the and longitude, deemed worthwhile to expend the additional the electromagnetic work of our instruments determine its latitude and longitude. 58 helping shape government GPS policy. In 2001 he Goettsch Partners points on the earth. AsTekla part of that work, we Corporationof the peak. This was useful, as the Washington effort to properly collect what was needed to is via microwaves. Shum Yip Land Company Limited returned to NGS and focused his research on using the CORS network to model the ionosphere. He is a also incorporate geodynamics and Monument peak is a reasonable point for add this measurement to the overall survey. How did GPS play a role? www.ctbuh.org member of the Institute of Navigation, the American for millennia. mini-theme parks on pinheads in the sky. Our Geophysical Union, the International Association of geophysics, such as the wobble of the surveyors to sight from the ground, but it had There were three basic phases of the survey, GPS was used in this survey, but with some Geodesy and has previously served on the Board of rotation pole or the drift of tectonic plates. At never before been directly occupied to What kinds of equipment and each with its own equipment and purpose: difficulty (which we had also experienced in Directors for the American Association for Geodetic Grace Construction Products its core though, geodesyTerrell is a measurement determine Group its latitude and longitude. The 1999 methodology did you use for the latest Geodetic leveling, traverse, and GPS. 1999). A GPS survey consists of a “geodetic- Sika Services AG Member Listing Surveying. science, and geodetic surveys such as the survey was primarily a demonstration of the measurement (I’m hoping the answer has quality” GPS receiver (much more expensive measurement of angles, distances, capability of GPS (the Global Positioning the words “rappelling” and “lasers” in it)? Geodetic leveling is a line-of-sight survey and accurate than in your smartphone) Tall Buildings in Numbers: World’s Highest gravitational attraction, etc., have been the System) to accurately determine elevation (see used to determine height differences from to position points to a few centimeters. In our Gradient Wind Engineering Inc. core of geodesy for centuries.TFP Farrells,Figure 1). Ltd. Copyright 32Sinar Istanbul:Mas Group Impact - APP Chinaof High- The Washington Monument recently Having an accurate determination of the actual underwent an extensive renovation. Why peak of the WM in latitude, longitude and Two types of heights were determined at all Some of the most eff usive symbolism around Observation Decks study examines the past, Solomon Cordwell Buenz Graziani + Corazza Architects Inc. did the NGS undertakeTMG a remeasurement Partnerselevation helps the NPS in its mission of © 2015 Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Rises on a Historic, Yet of the structure during this time? maintaining the monument, since these “points in and around the monument: North The NGS has had a collaborative relationship determinations can be used to help detect tilts with the National Park Service (NPS), the or sinking. As such, when NGS learned that the American Vetical Datum 88 ‘orthometric’ Studio Gang Architects Guangzhou Design Institute stewards of the WashingtonTSNIIEP Monument (WM) WM would for again be encased Residential in scaffolding (to and Public Buildings All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be and the National Mall area, for nearly a repair damage from a 2011 earthquake) we heights (which are the official elevations used in socioeconomics and its imperatives for the present, and future high-altitude tourist Contemporary, City century. The most visible part of that sought, and obtained, NPS permission to collaboration has been geodetic leveling occupy the peak again (see Figure 2). However, all Federal geospatial products) and Syska Hennessy Group, Inc. Hariri Pontarini Architects surveys to points aroundUniestate the base of the WM, this time, our goal was to position the peak to ‘architectural heights’ (determined by adopting reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, which can detect differential height changes millimeters, something that had not been done at the submillimeter level. The purpose has in the past. The reason was that we hoped to the CTBUH recommendation for where ‘zero built environment lies in this issue’s Debating attraction. Ayşin Sev & Bahar Başarır been to monitor whether any subsidence has establish a baseline for future surveys, should TAV Construction Harman Group occurred around the NationalUniversity Mall area. they occur, to monitor of any motion Illinoisof the peak. atFigure Urbana-Champaign 4. The view of the top of the Monument as viewed architectural height’ should be). electronic or mechanical, without permission in writing Figure 1. GPS reading of Washington Monument in 1999. through the Total Station surveying tool. ” Hathaway Dinwiddie Construction Company46 | Talking Tall: Dru Smith UrbanToronto.caCTBUH Journal | 2015 Issue III CTBUH Journal | 2015 Issue III Talking Tall: Dru Smith | 47 from the publisher. Tall: Has Tall Social Housing been a Failure? Terracon While some cities simultaneously convert If you join us at our 2015 Conference Global 38Time AEquities “Flight Manual” for Air Heller Manus Architects Vetrocare SRL Hiranandani Group Werner Sobek Group GmbH Image Copyright TongjiPlants Architectural Design (TJAD) some social housing towers into rubble and Interchanges in New York this October, you can Housing and Development Board wh-p Weischede, Herrmann and Partners CTBUH Journal has endeavored to determine the copy- Walsh Construction Company Lloyd Godman, Stuart Jones & Humphreys & Partners Architects, L.P. Wilkinson Eyre Architects right holders of all images. Those uncredited have been others into luxury residences, others construct participate in these dialogues fi rsthand and Walter P. Moore and Associates, Inc. Buildings within the urban environment are Grant Harris Hutchinson Builders WOHA Architects Pte., Ltd. sourced from listed authors or from within CTBUH. constrictive but admittedly successful experience many of these phenomena directly. WATG Werner Voss + Partner Irwinconsult Pty., Ltd. Woods Bagot social-engineering campaigns, fostering a When you do, another new issue of this Journal essentially“ pieces of refined geology, so when Israeli Association of Construction and WTM Engineers International GmbH Print Infrastructure Engineers (IACIE) WZMH Architects This Journal is printed by The Mail House, Chicago. skyline that is harmonious on several will be in your hands. CONTRIBUTORS important levels. Two authors go head-to- endeavouringJAHN to integrate plantsY. A. Yasharinto Architects high-rise Front cover: New European Central Bank, Frankfurt. Aedas, Ltd. Jaros, Baum & Bolles YKK AP Façade Pte. Ltd. © European Central Bank/Robert Metsch head on this polarizing question. Until then, over and up, Akzo Nobel buildings,JDS Development one Group must first observe plants that inhabit Back cover: New European Central Bank – atrium. Alimak Hek AB Jiang Architects & Engineers © European Central Bank/Robert Metsch alinea consulting LLP Jiangsu Golden Land Real Estate Development PARTICIPANTS Not much of the recent attention paid to There are an additional 245 members of the Council Allford Hall Monaghan Morris Ltd. similarJLL hostile environments in nature. at the Participant level. Please see online for the full high-rise luxury apartments has been of a Altitude Façade Access Consulting John Portman & Associates, Inc. Alvine Engineering member list. http://members.ctbuh.org technical nature. The paper Fire Safety Kajima Design ” Godman et al., page 38 AMSYSCO Strategies for Penthouse Designs breaks that Daniel Safarik, CTBUH Editor KEO International Consultants ArcelorMittal KHP Konig und Heunisch Planungsgesellschaft

2 | This Issue CTBUH Journal | 2015 Issue III 2 | ThisCTBUHSupporting Issue Journal Contributors | 2015 Issue are III those who contribute $10,000; Patrons: $6,000; Donors: $3,000; Contributors: $1,500; Participants:CTBUH $750. Journal | 2015 IssueInside I | 3 Visit the daily-updated online resource for all the latest news on tall buildings, urban development, Global News and sustainable construction from around the world at: http://news.ctbuh.org

Americas original design was shelved as developer in the East River, a less lofty but no Silverstein Properties sought a sufficient less important project got underway – an Fourteen years into its reconstruction, the threshold of financial commitment to apartment tower on Cornell University’s new World Trade Center area of New York complete the building. BIG’s design will technology campus on Roosevelt Island will be continues to make headlines. One World complete a spiral of gradually taller the world’s tallest passive-house high-rise Trade Center’s opened May skyscrapers ringing the perimeter of the when it completes in 2017. The building will 29, offering breathtaking sights from the 6.5-hectare site, which was originally laid out conform to the rigorous Passivhaus standards United States’ tallest building. The 387-meter- by architect in the established in Germany, which stipulate that high observation deck is now the highest in redevelopment’s master plan. It also promises the building is able to maintain a comfortable New York and third-highest in North America. to punctuate the Financial District’s new interior climate without active heating or Elsewhere in the complex a new economic identity, one that revolves around cooling systems. development brewed. The long-stalled 2 the media industry rather than finance. World Trade Center project was revived, with Though it is best-known as a resort city, Miami Group (BIG) replacing Foster + Not all the New York news was downtown, is also a major technology hub on the global Partners as lead architect. The stacked design however. The closely watched “superslim” race Internet trunk network in the United States, and will incorporate prominent setbacks as it rises. on 57th Street in Midtown intensified as its skyline is beginning to reflect this (see The announcement was made in conjunction drawings were released for the Central Park CTBUH Report, page 50). Plans for a four-block- with the identification of News Corporation Tower, confirming that it will have the highest square development, the Miami Innovation and some of its major media holdings, roof in the United States, at 464 meters, District, call for 358,000 square meters of office including 20th Century Fox, Fox News, and the topping Chicago’s by 22 meters. space, 223,00 square meters of housing, and Journal, as the primary tenants. The The spire of the building, formerly known as 23,200 square meters of retail. Conceived as an the Nordstrom Tower, however, will remain a “urban campus,” the district is intended to tantalizing 0.3 meters shorter than the create a focal point for Miami’s tech industry, 541-meter spire of . providing collaborative spaces and offices for startups alongside established companies and Elsewhere in Midtown, the way was cleared big global businesses. The centerpiece project, for Place, a 64-story office the 193-meter Miami Innovation Tower, is to tower just west of Grand Central Terminal, feature a “fully integrated active skin” with which received planning permission after a displays built into the façade that will broadcast long rezoning battle that had stretched across public announcements, video art, and two mayoral administrations. Just off advertising. Neighbors and the city’s mayor

2 World Trade Center, New York. © BIG One Vanderbilt Place, New York. © KPF/DBox Miami Innovation Tower. © SHoP Architects

6 | Global News CTBUH Journal | 2015 Issue III oppose the tower’s LED-festooned skin and have sought legislation to prohibit the feature.

Asian capital continues to flow into North American high-rise projects, as demonstrated by plans in cities as diverse as Toronto, Las Vegas, and Los Angeles. China’s Greenland Group was set to break ground on the two-tower King Blue Condominiums in Toronto’s Entertainment District, the first such investment by the company in a Canadian residential project. Another Chinese company, Shanghai’s ShengLong Group, has unveiled plans for a US$100 million luxury high-rise 1500 West Georgia, Vancouver. © Büro Ole Scheeren Origine, Quebec. © Yvan Blouin Architecture residential tower near Staples Center in Los Angeles, the 37-story 1201 South Grand Ole Scheeren, 1500 West Georgia, featuring a reverberate across the country and affect tens Avenue. In Las Vegas, the first phase of the unique arrangement of stacked boxes. A of thousands of buildings, presenting US$4 billion Resorts World scheme broke system of vertically shifted apartment modules particularly high costs for retrofitting high-rises ground, driven by Malaysia’s Genting Group. generates dynamic yet rational layouts for with difficult façade access. The four-tower project will eventually contain residential units, while the rotation of these more than 6,500 rooms. elements projects individual living spaces Adding insult to injury, concrete spalling has outward, introducing the concept of horizontal been discovered in dozens of 40-plus-year-old On a smaller scale, the Canadian city of Quebec living within a slender high-rise. Gold Coast apartment towers. Repair costs can nevertheless has big ambitions for tall timber. run into the millions of dollars. The condition, Plans were announced for the 13-story Origine, also called “concrete cancer,” results from which would be built of cross-laminated timber Asia and Oceania salt-corroded rebar cracking the concrete that and, at 40 meters high, take the title of tallest surrounds it, eventually compromising the timber building in North America. Australia is grappling with the consequences of building’s structural integrity. One such past decades’ rapid rush into high-rise building had to be demolished in 2013, and On the opposite end of the country, Vancouver construction. The state of Victoria’s building the problem has escalated since then, was set to host Canada’s first project by Büro regulator has announced that every high-rise authorities say. built in Melbourne’s central business district and inner suburbs in the past decade will be In other news, a local height limit was inspected for cheap, imported, non-compliant overturned in the suburb of aluminum-composite cladding found to be , clearing the way for the 306-meter flammable. The issue was expected to Aspire, a hotel/residential tower that is

THEY SAID

Carme Pinós reinvented the typology of the office tower with her brilliant Torre Cube, completed now almost a decade ago. That unique“ high-rise, bracketing trays of floor space between concrete cores, might truly be described as organic – a trio of arboreal trunks emerging up out of the ground and nesting office modules, like asymmetrical branches, screened by delicate timber slats.

Raymund Ryan, architectural journalist for Architectural Review discussing” Cube II Tower in Guadalajara. From “Cube II Tower in Guadalajara, Mexico by Estudio Carme Pinós,” Architectural Review, June 11, 2015. For more on Torre Cube, see the CTBUH Technical Guide – Natural Ventilation in High-Rise Office Buildings. Visit CTBUH Web shop at http://store.ctbuh.org.

Aspire, Parramatta. © Grimshaw Architects

CTBUH Journal | 2015 Issue III Global News | 7 Case Study: ECB – European Central Bank, Frankfurt Two Towers, One Market The design of the new European Central Bank (ECB) in Frankfurt combines a twisted double tower, which rises to 185 meters, integrated with the horizontal structure of the landmarked 1928 Grossmarkthalle, formerly the city’s main wholesale market. United by an entrance building, these two elements form an ensemble of special architectural significance. Featuring bridges, pathways and platforms, the glass atrium between the two high-rises Wolf D. Prix creates a vertical city that represents the ambitions of a united Europe.

Author Design Concept: The Hyperboloid Cut The Office Towers Wolf D. Prix, Design Principal COOP HIMMELB(L)AU Wolf D. Prix & Partner From the beginning, it was an explicit part of The two towers house the vast majority of Spengergasse 37, 1050 Vienna Austria the brief from ECB to create a unique, iconic nearly 2,900 workstations at the new premises, t: +43 1 5466 0110 building as a symbol for the European Union. as well as internal meeting rooms. The large f: +43 1 5466 0600 e: [email protected] The designers felt such a goal could only be council meeting room and the offices of www.coop-himmelblau.at achieved by way of a completely different members of the ECB’s decision-making bodies kind of geometry. The architectural concept of are located on the upper office floors. All floors Wolf D. Prix Wolf D. Prix, is co-founder, Design Principal and the ECB, therefore, is to vertically divide a offer a high level of flexibility, to allow for a CEO of COOP HIMMELB(L)AU. He is counted monolithic block through a hyperboloid cut, variety of office configurations, from single among the originators of the Deconstructivist architecture movement. COOP HIMMELB(L)AU had wedge it apart, twist it, and fill the newly offices to larger offices that can accommodate its international breakthrough with the invitation created intermediary space with several glass 10 to 12 people. The offices are located along to the exhibition Deconstructivist Architecture at MoMA New York in 1988. Over the years Prix and atriums (see Figure 1). The result is a very the outer façades of the towers, and on every COOP HIMMELB(L)AU have received numerous complex geometry, and a multifaceted floor there is a kitchenette and communal area. international architecture awards, including the Great Austrian State Award and the Austrian Decoration building offering a completely different of Honor for Science and Art. He is a permanent appearance from each angle: massive and member of the Austrian Art Senate and the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, as well as chairman of powerful from the southeast (see Figure 2), The Principle of the “Vertical City” the Curia for Art since autumn 2014. Two universities slender and dynamic from the west (see have conferred him the Doctorate Honoris Causa: the Universidad de Palermo, Buenos Aires, (2001) and the Figure 3). The concept behind the glazed atrium “Ion Mincu” University of Architecture and Urbanism, between the two office towers is one of a Romania (2014). “vertical city,” with interchange platforms and bridges creating the impression of urban streets and squares. The exceptional atrium and

Figure 1. ECBThe design HP-s concepturfaces study. Figure 2. View from the southeast. © Paul Raftery

12 | ECB – European Central Bank, Frankfurt CTBUH Journal | 2015 Issue III visible steel support structure place the ECB building within an entirely new typology of skyscrapers. The interchange platforms enable people to change from the express elevators to the local elevators. They can be reached via sets of stairs leading from the respective floors above and below, making it easy for staff to move between the two towers and communicate with each other informally.

The connecting and transitioning levels divide the atrium horizontally into three sections with heights from 45 to 60 meters (see Figures 4 and 5). This is where all vertical entry points are joined – and just like public squares, they invite visitors to communicate. The planned “hanging gardens” will ensure a pleasant room climate, while elevators and stairs connect these places with the offices and communication areas of the Grossmarkthalle.

The Grossmarkthalle as “Urban Foyer”

The semi-public and communicative functions are located in the former Grossmarkthalle. In addition to fulfilling numerous functional and technical requirements, the architects were required to retain the fundamental appearance of the Grossmarkthalle, a listed building, and incorporate it into their designs for the new ECB premises. The existing landmark Grossmarkthalle, a former wholesale market from the 1920s, is used as an “urban foyer.” The conference and visitor’s center, library, and employee cafeteria are placed diagonally in the spacious interior of the hall as independent building structures (executing a “house within a house” concept) (see Figure 6).

Figure 3. European Central Bank – overall view. © Paul Raftery The Entrance Building

A floating entrance building penetrates the hall structure from the outside, creating an aesthetic and functional link between the The concept behind the glazed atrium office tower and the Grossmarkthalle. With its “between the two office towers is one of a asymmetrical contours, slanted façades, and generous windows, it marks the representative “vertical city,” with interchange platforms and access to the ECB from the north of the site. The lobby, two-story press conference room, bridges creating the impression of urban streets and a lecture room are located here. The press center is accessible via its own lobby, above and squares.” CTBUH Journal | 2015 Issue III ECB – European Central Bank, Frankfurt | 13 Retrofit Climate Change in Hong Kong: Mitigation Through Sustainable Retrofitting Recent reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have raised public awareness of energy use and its environmental implications. There are more than 41,000 existing tall building blocks in Hong Kong. Future projections indicate that the total number of buildings in 2050 will increase to around 58,000, at a rate of 450 buildings per year. A five-step survival strategy has been developed to aid the formulation of sustainable Kevin Wan Gary Cheung retrofit initiatives for the existing building stock, and to investigate long-term building energy performance under the impact of climate change. A LEED- certified existing commercial office building in Hong Kong retrofitted with these survival strategies is presented here, and the impact of climate change on future building energy use in Hong Kong is investigated.

Review of Hong Kong Electricity Use about 10% of the total electricity consumption Vincent Cheng was for air conditioning outside the main Over the past three decades, Hong Kong has cooling period of March to November. Based Authors seen a significant increase in energy on this assumption, monthly electricity use for Kevin Wan, Energy & Sustainability Consultant consumption, especially during the economic air conditioning was determined, and is also Arup expansion of the 1980s and early 1990s. shown in Figure 1. Air conditioning 12777 West Jefferson Boulevard, Building D Los Angeles, CA 90066, United States Primary energy requirements (PER) rose from consumption rose from 1,120 GWh in 1979 to t +1 310 578 2809 195,405 TJ in 1979 to 601,544 TJ in 2014, 8,521 GWh in 2012 (a nearly eight-fold increase) f +1 310 861 9029 e: [email protected] representing an average annual growth rate and accounted for approximately 30% of the www.arup.com of about 3.2%.1 Most of the PER (represented total electricity use in the commercial sector.

Gary Cheung, Engineer by coal, natural gas, and oil products) was This is consistent with the 29–32% increase Vincent Cheng, Director used for electricity generation, which published in the Hong Kong Energy End-use Arup Level 5 Festival Walk accounted for 63.3% of the total PER in 2014. Data (EMSD 2008). 80 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China The commercial sector was the largest t: +85 2 2528 3031 e: [email protected] component of consumption, accounting for www.arup.com 66% of the total electricity consumption in Existing Buildings in Hong Kong 2014. Figure 1 shows the monthly electricity Kevin Wan Dr. Kevin K.W. Wan has 10 years of research and consumption in the commercial sector during Buildings account for most of the region’s engineering experience in the built environment. He 1979–2012.2 electricity consumption (e.g., 90% in Hong specializes in sustainable strategy, energy planning, net-zero energy building designs, implementation Kong) and energy consumption in buildings is of sustainability rating systems, and mechanical A significant proportion of this consumption responsible for approximately 60% of engineering. was due to the ever-growing demand for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Hong Kong Gary Cheung better thermal comfort, especially in terms of (Environment Bureau 2010). Figure 2 indicates Gary H.W. Cheung has 12 years of working experience as a researcher and engineer. His air conditioning during the hot, humid the total constructed floor area (in thousands expertise covers daylighting, solar energy, and low- summer months (Lam et al. 2003 & 2004). In of square meters) of residential and carbon design. Cheung is also the recipient of the BREEAM Country First Award 2013 recognizing his subtropical Hong Kong, winter is short and nonresidential buildings from 1970–2013 in pioneering work as the first auditor to have assessed mild, and summer is long, hot, and humid. For Hong Kong. An increasing trend for new a BREEAM-certified building in China. commercial premises with high internal heat building construction can be observed since Vincent Cheng gains from occupants and equipment, air 1970, peaking in 1991 and followed by a Dr. Vincent S.Y. Cheng specializes in sustainable master planning, low- and zero-carbon design, LEED conditioning operates all year round (Lam downturn. In 2010, existing buildings aged 20 & BEAM Plus certification, life-cycle analysis, and Air 1995 & Lam et al. 2009). It was found that years or more represented 50% of the building Ventilation Assessment (AVA). He has been involved in more than 60 LEED and BEAM Plus projects in the Hong Kong Region. 1 Hong Kong Energy Statistics Annual Report. Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong SAR, 1979–2008. http://www.censtatd.gov.hk. 2 Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics. Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong SAR, 1979–2012. http://www.censtatd.gov.hk.

20 | Retrofit CTBUH Journal | 2015 Issue III retrofitting high-rise buildings and investigate the impact of climate change on a sustainable retrofitted building project in Hong Kong.

Sustainable Tall Building Design: Survival Strategies

Existing buildings are part of a city’s heritage, and their significance in energy consumption should not be overlooked. A five-step process has been developed to aid the formulation of sustainable retrofit strategies and investigate building quality on a long-term basis under the specter of future climate change (Arup & PCA 2008, China Resources Property Limited 2014). Figure 1. Monthly electricity use in the Hong Kong commercial sector (1979–2012). Step 1: Baseline establishment stock, and 30-year-old-plus buildings for more than a third of global greenhouse gas For every building retrofit project, it is represented more than 20%. emissions (Guan 2009). It is therefore, important important to set up the baseline before to be able to analyze how buildings will determining any upgrade strategy. To establish Figure 3 shows that the total building number respond to climate change in the future, and the baseline, key performance indicators (KPI) in 2050 would be increased to around 58,000, assess the likely changes in energy use. can be obtained through conducting audits on representing a growth rate of 450 buildings various aspects, including energy consumption, per year. Existing buildings will continuously In September 2010 the Environmental Bureau occupant satisfaction, facilities management undergo replacement and refurbishment. By in Hong Kong announced the latest plan to operation, and the condition of the building. 2020, it is envisaged that 14% (5,600) of the combat climate change, committing to reduce Other baselines might include water existing buildings will require refurbishment its carbon intensity by 50–60% by 2020 against consumption, waste generation, and Indoor or replacement, rising to 26% (10,400) in 2030 a 2005 baseline. This translates to an absolute Environmental Quality (IEQ). Audit results can and 44% (17,600) in 2050. There is significant annual emission reduction of 28–34 million be compared against benchmarks to potential for building retrofitting as a means metric tons of CO2 in 2020, or a 12–18-metric- determine opportunities for improvement. of preservation and avoiding greater carbon ton reduction from business-as-usual growth release as a result of demolition and new (C&SD 2013). It is envisaged that existing Step 2: Review of the existing building designs and construction that would otherwise occur. buildings with good energy performance maintenance records could help to reduce electricity use as well as Effective property maintenance is essential to carbon emissions significantly. However, the efficient operation of buildings. Facilities Carbon Emissions Reduction Targets designing optimal strategies that can help Management (FM) contracts are well-executed retrofitted buildings survive under the in many instances, but lack regular reviews. As Buildings typically have a long life span, scenarios of climate change is the challenge. such, opportunities to maximize savings and lasting for 50 years or more, and they account This paper formulates the survival strategies for optimize performance tend to be overlooked.

Figure 2. Constructed buildings in Hong Kong during 1970–2013. Figure 3. Projection of the variations in building mix in Hong Kong.

CTBUH Journal | 2015 Issue III Retrofit | 21 Fire Safety Fire Safety Strategies for Penthouse Designs

Penthouses, with their luxurious amenities and uninterrupted 360-degree views over the city skyline, tend to be larger than normal apartments and often have unique design features that can create challenges in fire safety design. The critical questions are: can occupants escape safely from the top of a high-rise tower, and what are the conditions within the penthouse once the Fire Brigade has arrived at the top of the tower? This article outlines the fire Hadrien Fruton Karl Wallasch safety strategy for a unique five-story open-plan penthouse in London. A fire engineering assessment was required, including the use of CFD simulations, Authors to prove that the proposed design complies with the functional requirements Hadrien Fruton, Fire Engineer Karl Wallasch, Associate of building regulations in the United Kingdom. Hoare Lea Western Transit Shed 12-13 Stable Street Introduction come equipped with a private terrace, a private London N1C 4AB United Kingdom pool, or other unique features. t: +44 20 3668 7100 Since the first penthouse apartments were f: +44 20 3479 1591 e: [email protected] built in in the 1920s, penthouses A recent example of a unique penthouse www.hoarelea.com have been popular and continue to carry a apartment is the five-story penthouse on top sought-after prestige in capital cities around of the 36-story 261 City Road development Hadrien Fruton Hadrien Fruton is a fire engineer within Hoare Lea’s the world. One Hyde Park’s penthouse in located in Islington, London. The development Fire Engineering team and based in London. He London recently sold for US$208 million is composed of three buildings (Buildings A, B, studied fire engineering at the University of Ulster. Hadrien is an expert in the field of fire engineer- (Huffington Post 2014) and the penthouse in and C), all designed by Skidmore, Owings & ing, in particular the use of CFD modeling as part Monaco’s New Odeon Tower is expected to sell Merrill (SOM). Buildings A and C are both of a holistic and unique fire safety strategy. He has worked on many residential, commercial and retail for at least US$386 million (The Guardian 2014). seven-story buildings served by two stairs, developments. Penthouses, with their luxurious amenities and while Building B, also known as the Lexicon, is a

Karl Wallasch uninterrupted 360-degree views over the city single-stairway building with a height of 118 Karl Wallasch is an associate working in Hoare Lea’s skyline, give the feeling of being located away meters, and will be the tallest building in the Fire Engineering team in London. Karl is a tutor in the online Master course at the Bauhaus University from the city, as they are generally less noisy area (see Figures 1 and 2). The development in Weimar, Germany. He is also the secretary of the than apartments on lower floors. They also will offer more than 300 residences (both SFPE UK Chapter and a member of the VFDB (German Fire Protection Association) Referat 4 – a committee tend to be larger than normal apartments, private and affordable units), amenities such as publishing fire engineering guidance in Europe. sometimes accessed by a private elevator a spa, retail space, and a public courtyard, as opening directly into the apartment. They can well as a restaurant at ground floor level in front of the newly created City Road basin.

As penthouses are one-of-a-kind apartments with specific features and layouts, giving flexibility to the architect can be a challenge due to fire safety restrictions in many jurisdictions. In the United Kingdom, for example, justifying an open-plan layout is generally done through a fire engineering assessment, the principles of which, including evacuation time calculation and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling, are explained in this paper.

General Fire Safety Strategy

The general fire safety strategy for the development under study here was based on Figure 1. 261 City Road, London – overall view. © Mount Anvil

26 | Fire Safety CTBUH Journal | 2015 Issue III recommendations within Approved Document B (ADB) (DCLG 2013), which is the most common fire guidance in use in England and Wales. Buildings A and C are less than 30 meters in height, so the minimum fire resistance of the main structure is set at 90 min- utes. Building B has 120 minutes’ structural fire resistance, due to its height being greater than 30 meters, and is fitted with a sprinkler system throughout. Dry risers are provided to buildings A and C, while Building B has a wet riser.

All the buildings are greater than 18 meters in height, and therefore are all fitted with a Figure 2. Lexicon, London under construction. © Mount Anvil firefighting shaft – consisting of a ventilated firefighting stair, a fire main provided at every determining the conditions within the penthouse, it was considered to be more level within the stair core, a firefighting lift proposed apartments in case of fire, and by closely related to a “dwelling house” than to an provided with emergency back-up power demonstrating an adequate level of safety for apartment. Dwelling houses with more than supplies; and a firefighting lobby, which is the the occupants. Following this approach, one floor over 4.5 meters above ground floor ventilated residential common corridor. The several apartments within the development level (typically a dwelling house of four or common corridor in Building B is mechanically had to be fire-engineered, including the use more stories), would typically require: ventilated via a 0.6-square-meter smoke shaft, of CFD modeling, with the most challenging while Buildings A and C use the 1.5-square- apartment being the five-story open-plan ƒƒ A protected stair and a sprinkler system meter natural smoke shaft recommended penthouse sitting on top of Building B at throughout; or within ADB. Finally, a conventional “defend in more than 100 meters above grade. ƒƒ A protected stair and an alternative means place” strategy is adopted for the residential of escape for any level above 7.5 meters levels, where only the occupants from the apartment of fire origin evacuate. This is a The Penthouse The sprinklered penthouse in this study has standard assumption for residential been designed with open internal stairs, developments in the United Kingdom, as the Geometry instead of the recommended protected stair, neighbors, protected by a high level of fire The 385-square-meter penthouse (see Figure and no alternative means of escape has been compartmentation (at least 60 minutes’ fire 3) is composed of five stories with: provided. A fire-engineered assessment, resistance), remain in place. In the case of based on a deterministic study, has therefore Building B, each floor is also separated by 120 ƒƒ The entrance and reception lounge at Level been used to establish if occupants asleep on minutes’ fire resistance. 32; the terrace at Level 36 would be able to ƒƒ The kitchen and living room at Level 33; escape safely during two different fire ADB can be restrictive in terms of apartment ƒƒ Bedrooms at Levels 34 and 35; and scenarios, via the open internal stairs to the layouts, as it generally requires all the habitable ƒƒ A roof terrace at Level 36. entrance door at Level 32, before conditions rooms to be approached via a sterile, 30-minutes fire-resistant, protected entrance Two stairs are provided within the penthouse: hall with FD20 fire doors. Guidance within one open stair located within a void between British Standard (BS) 9991:2011 (BSI 2011) offers Level 32 and Level 33, and another linking more flexibility and allows open-plan Level 33 to the upper floors. Additional apartments under certain conditions, such as a measures include a residential sprinkler ceiling height above 2.25 meters, enhanced fire system, enhanced fire alarm and detection alarm and detection systems (i.e., one detector system, and an automatic openable vent in every room), and a residential sprinkler (AOV) on top of the stair linking Levels 33, 34, system fitted throughout the apartment. When 35, and 36. The penthouse has a height of 15 the dimensions of the apartments are greater meters between the slab at Level 32 and the than the maximum size allowed within BS ceiling above the stair at Level 36. 9991, or if it is a multi-level open-plan apartment, a fire-engineered assessment is Fire-engineered assessment generally used to justify the layout, by Due to the uniqueness of this five-story Figure 3. 3D geometry of the penthouse.

CTBUH Journal | 2015 Issue III Fire Safety | 27 History, Theory & Criticism Istanbul: Impact of High-Rises on a Historic, Yet Contemporary, City High-rise buildings have a significant impact on cities and their metropolitan areas in a variety of ways, most notably on cities with extensive historic built heritage, like Istanbul. Many of these buildings can be regarded as iconic structures, constructed using state-of-the-art technologies and demonstrat- ing the economic power of the city and the country. Using Istanbul as an example, this paper discusses the role of high-rise buildings, their effect on Ayşin Sev Bahar Başarır inhabitants’ lives, and drivers of the high-rise boom in historic cities, regardless of the contentious necessity of high-rise buildings in an urban environment. Authors Ayşin Sev, Associate Professor Introduction unfortunate that many recently erected Bahar Başarır, Research Assistant Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University high-rise buildings, especially in the Bosporus Faculty of Architecture, Building Technology Dept. Behind the ambition to build tall is the region, are not in harmony with the silhouette 34427 Istanbul, Turkey t: +90 212 252 1600 symbolic and iconic value of the tower, which of Istanbul. Even though they are some e: [email protected] is closely related to the wealth and power of distance from the historic core, some of the [email protected] www2.msgsu.edu.tr nations. A high-rise building is without a high-rise buildings negatively impact the doubt a significant symbol of a city. Although historical silhouette due to the special Ayşin Sev it may cause problems in the urban context, topographic character of the city. This paper Dr. Ayşin Sev received her bachelor’s degree in architecture in 1994, her MSc in 1997, and PhD developing cities compete with each other on discusses the impacts of high-rise buildings in 2001 from Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University. the global stage to have the tallest and most on the built heritage and historical skyline of She lectures at the university on buildings and sustainable architecture. Her PhD thesis, The iconic high-rise buildings in the world. Acting the city, and presents how the historical Analysis of Tall Buildings in Turkey and Abroad from as symbols of economic activity, high-rise silhouette of Istanbul has changed over time. Architectural Points of View, was a success for students and professionals throughout the country. She wrote buildings are often seen as beacons of Additionally, the conditions that have led to her first book on tall buildings with her supervisor in economic and political power (Kostoff 2001). the construction of high-rise buildings in the 2000 and a second book on sustainable architecture in 2009. Her latest book is entitled Innovations in Tall They also have the capacity to capture public region, and their effect on city inhabitants and Building Design and Technology. Her research focuses imagination (Höweler 2003). No matter what infrastructure are described. on the history and construction technology of tall buildings and sustainable high-rises. their functions are, they cannot be ignored (Abel 2003). The introduction of a new, Bahar Başarir Bahar Başarir is a PhD student in the Construction large-scale building into a city is an Istanbul’s Unique Context Sciences Program of Istanbul Technical University. intervention within the existing urban She received her bachelor’s degree in Architecture and MSc degree in the Building Technology context, one which alters the preexisting Istanbul, located in the northwest of Turkey Program of Architecture from Mimar Sinan Fine Arts urban conditions. within the Marmara region, is a highly University. She worked at Atelier T Architecture on the design team of high-rise housing complexes and developed city with a Mediterranean climate. hotel projects. She is currently a Research Assistant in Having a traditional skyline, Istanbul’s The geography of the city is hilly, with several the Building Technology Department of Architecture Faculty, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University. Her character has been strongly impacted by the high peaks. The Bosporus Strait, which research areas include high-rise buildings, façade erection of high-rise buildings in the past few connects the Sea of Marmara to the Black Sea, construction, energy-efficient retrofits, sustainable architecture and construction. decades, whether these have been built in the divides the city into the European and historic core or not (see Figure 1). It is Anatolian (Asian) sides, making Istanbul the

Figure 1. The skyline of Istanbul oriented by contemporary high-rise buildings.

32 | History, Theory & Criticism CTBUH Journal | 2015 Issue III only bicontinental city in the world. The European part of the city is further divided by the Golden Horn, a natural harbor bounding the Peninsula, where the former Byzantium and Constantinople were founded.

The city has sustained massive population growth. In 1950, it had a population of 1,116,477 residents. The number of citizens almost tripled during the 30 years between Figure 2. The historical skyline of Istanbul oriented by minarets and domes. © Salih K. 1980 and 2010, and it currently has a population of 14,377,018 residents, in an area 1923 – only half its population in 1914. landscape and new image (Batur 1996). New of 5,343 square kilometers, according to the Consequently, the government was forced to forms of urban development, such as Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK 2014). The rethink the urban planning of Istanbul. The apartment ownership and housing rate of annual population growth in the city is French architect and town planner Leon Hénri cooperatives, also led the city’s expansion to currently 1.55–2%, mostly due to migration Prost (1874–1959), who was responsible for new areas. From the beginning of the 1950s from the rural areas of the country. The the Paris Regional Plan of 1928–1939, was to the mid-1970s, high-rise hotels and office population density is 2,767 people/km2, brought in to design the Istanbul Master Plan buildings averaging 25 stories in height were which far exceeds Turkey’s overall population (1936–1958). Prost’s planning approach was built in Turkey (Usta & Usta 1995). Istanbul also density of 101 people/km2. to build large roads and boulevards, and saw the construction of a handful of high-rise destroy the old city fabric, which he buildings of less than 20 stories by the early Development of Istanbul’s skyline considered unsuitable for a modern nation. 1970s, including the 17-story Marmara Etap Istanbul, with its strategic location on the The construction of new residential blocks Hotel, the 21-story Odakule Office Building, Bosporus peninsula, has been associated with started the city’s reshaping, which created and the 17-story Karayollari Headquarters. major political, religious, and artistic events for differentiation in terms of building hierarchy more than 2,000 years. The city served as a and organization (Tekeli 2010). Rapid, initially The late 1970s and 1980s saw an escalating capital for the Eastern Roman, Byzantine, and uncontrolled urbanization and the threat of number of high-rise buildings with more than Ottoman empires. The outstanding universal pollution arising from industrialization 20 stories. The commercial district of the city value of Istanbul, based on its unique jeopardized the historical and cultural moved towards Besiktas, Zincirlikuyu, and integration of architectural masterpieces, heritage of the old city center. Maslak from Eminönü, the first business reflects the meeting of Europe and Asia over district. New urban centers, occupied by many centuries, represented by its High-rise building construction in Istanbul multinational businesses, were developed. incomparable historic skyline, formed by High-rise building construction, which is New programs and needs drove changes in Byzantine and Ottoman architecture. The occurring at a rapid pace in many cities of the the architecture. At the beginning of the skyline was built up over many centuries and world, has also accelerated in Istanbul. encompasses the Hagia Sophia, which reflects High-rise building construction entered the Istanbul the architectural and decorative expertise of agenda of the city in the 1950s. One of the Population Population Years population as th of Istanbul of Turkey the 6 century, the Fatih complex, the Topkapi significant barriers to the first wave of % of Turkey

Palace, the Süleymaniye Mosque complex, construction in Istanbul was its seismicity; the 1950 1,116,477 20,947,188 5.33 and the Sehzade Mosque complex, which city is located on the North Anatolian Fault. 1955 1,533,822 24,064,763 6.37 reflect the climax of Ottoman architecture in Despite this barrier, the rapid population 1960 1,822,092 27,754,820 6.57 the 16th century. The Blue Mosque and the growth that began in the 1950s has been an slender minarets of the New Mosque were instrumental factor in spurring high-rise 1965 2,293,823 31,391,421 7.31 completed in the 17th century (see Figure 2). building construction in Istanbul. Table 1 1970 3,019,032 35,605,176 8.48 shows the rapid population growth in the city. 1975 3,904,588 40,347,719 9.68 The historic roots of the dominant vernacular Through the second half of the 20th century, 1980 4,741,890 44,736,957 10.60 architecture in Istanbul go back to attitudes the city’s sociocultural and political 1985 5,842,985 50,664,458 11.53 about modernization and rapid urbanization importance grew, its economy expanded, and 1990 7,309,190 56,473,035 12.94 that developed in the 20th century. With the many institutions underwent changes in 2000 10,018,735 67,803,927 14.78 establishment of the Turkish Republic and the scale, context, and appearance. Buildings that 2010 12,782,960 73,722,988 17.98 transfer of administrative functions to Ankara reflected technological progress and the in 1923, the city lost its importance for a while, fashionable architectural trends of the day 2014 14,377,018 77,695,904 18.50 and its population decreased to 650,000 in endowed the city with a new urban Table 1. Population growth in Istanbul and Turkey. Source: Turkish Statistical Institute 2015.

CTBUH Journal | 2015 Issue III History, Theory & Criticism | 33 Sustainability/Green/Energy A “Flight Manual” for Air Plants The green fabric that clothes the earth is fraying. Sadly, through overuse, the garment we depend upon is wearing out. The construction of buildings and urban infrastructure like roads and car parks become “dead pixels” in the living image of the planet. Repairing the old garment by stitching plants into the structures of our cities is a vital option. Incorporating plants into tall building design is an important aspect of this restoration project. This paper describes Lloyd Godman Stuart Jones the successful installation of plants on the exterior of Melbourne’s iconic Eureka Tower (see Figure 1) and provides an example of a selective vertical gardening system with a high Environmentally Sustainable Development (ESD) factor, which eliminates the requirement for plant growth substrate.

The Importance of Vertical Gardens years. The urbane tall buildings we now see may quickly become historic symbols of a past From simple organisms, evolving through age, when architecture was less connected to Grant Harris millions of years to complex biological systems, nature. vegetation has obeyed its innate compulsion Authors to cover the planet with a living green Lloyd Godman, Ecological Artist membrane that supports all other life. Plants Vertical Garden Systems 90 Shaftesbury Ave., St. Andrews VIC 3761, Australia have waxed and waned in their fight to cover t: +61 44818 8899 geological surface since the Ordovician period Utilizing living plants as an effective façade e: [email protected] www.lloydgodman.net (495 million years ago), and as we progress poses many problems. Unlike metals, glass and through our current era, the Anthropocene, it is concrete, which are inert, plants require Stuart Jones, Technical Director Hyder Consulting evident that human actions are the primary nurturing. Concerns over increased Level 16, 31 Queen St., Melbourne determinant for the survival or extinction of maintenance costs (Zhang et al. 2012), damage VIC 3000, Australia t: +61 3 8623 4000 species. The exponential rate at which our cities to façades, and increased loading on structural e: [email protected] have expanded demands that we now plan systems (Wood et al. 2014) are barriers to the www.hyderconsulting.com and act to integrate our urban centers into the implementation of green roofs and walls. Grant Harris, Principal biosphere of the planet. The combined surface Zhang et al. provide a succinct definition of Ironbark Environmental Arboriculture 3/11 Coate Avenue, Alphington of high-rise buildings and other urban “intensive” and “extensive” green roof systems. VIC 3078, Australia infrastructure can provide significant areas to t: + 61 41560 7375 e: [email protected] support plants, and weave back the threads of Intensive green roof systems are characterized green fabric. by deep (greater than 15 centimeters) growing Lloyd Godman is an ecological artist and has an media, opportunities for a diverse plant palate MFA from RMIT University, Melbourne. He has had more than 45 solo exhibitions and been included in Integrating plants into the built environment on the rooftop, and high maintenance more than 250 group exhibitions. His current work improves air quality, moderates temperatures requirements. In many cases, intensive green explores living plant works and “super-sustainable” art. In 2011, he began creating suspended rotating plant (Saadatian et al. 2013), improves human roofs are being replaced by extensive green sculptures and since then has worked with plants on well-being, lifts the spirit (Townsend & roofs, which have a much thinner, lighter media tall buildings, including Eureka Tower, Melbourne. Weerasuriya 2010), and can provide habitat for (thus fewer structural requirements), and offer Stuart Jones has recently been appointed Technical other species (Oberndorfer et al. 2007). In fewer, but potentially more practical plant Director for Hyder Consulting in Melbourne. Previous to this he was the Owner/Director of Point March 2015, it was promising to see a law choices. 5 Consulting in Melbourne for 14 years. Stuart has passed in France, which mandates that over 25 years’ professional experience in all phases of project delivery and specializes in creative structural rooftops on new buildings built in commercial Building on Zhang’s categorization of green design, with extensive experience in Australia and zones must either be partially covered in plants roofs, the authors propose that incorporating throughout Asia. or solar panels. This mandate draws a line, vertical gardens into a building’s design can Grant Harris is the principal of Ironbark Environmental whereby inspiring contemporary architecture employ two systems, which are adaptive or Arboriculture, with more than 12 years’ experience in the arboricultural sector. He also holds a degree will be measured by the successful integration selective. in Environmental Science (Wildlife and Conservation of living green texture into the fabric and form Biology). His particular areas of interest are the use of green infrastructure to mitigate urban heat island of the structure. Imagination and Adaptive systems effects and urban ecology. experimentation have driven a welcome Analogous to intensive green roofs, adaptive expansion of roof and vertical gardens in recent vertical gardens require the environment to be

38 | Sustainability/Green/Energy CTBUH Journal | 2015 Issue III adapted to support the plants’ biological have no requirement for soil and tolerance of demands, which will vary depending on the extremes in moisture availability. Both of these ecophysiological characteristics of the selected are attractive characteristics when choosing species. This condition is met by mesh- plants for utilization in a selective vertical mounted plant growth substrate, irrigation and garden system. fertilization. The benefit of adaptive systems is that they allow a greater selection of species; Tall buildings present an extremely however, they have limitations, including the challenging environment for plant growth, cost of installing and maintaining structures to where consistently high wind speeds increase support plant growth substrates (Pérez et al. transpirational losses and thereby increase

2011). water stress on plants growing in these Figure 1. Eureka Tower, Melbourne. © John Gollings environments. Tillandsia bereri and a hybrid, Selective systems Houston, were selected to test the concept of leading to the colloquial name of “air plant.” Akin to extensive green roofs, selective systems a selective vertical garden system because This adaptation removes the requirement for use critical species selection to identify plants they have the following characteristics: a plant growth substrate to be installed on the that naturally grow in environments similar to building façade. The lack of water-seeking those encompassing an existing building’s Drought tolerance roots also negates building managers’ façade. They have the advantage of reducing or Bromeliads minimize transpirational water concerns about potential damage and eliminating the requirement for plant growth losses by utilizing the crassulucean acid maintenance costs. substrate and associated installation and metabolism (CAM) cycle, in which the maintenance costs. The limitation of selective stomata are closed in the heat of the day and Absorption of airborne pollutants systems is a reduced plant palette. open to uptake CO2 at night, releasing oxygen The trichomes of Tillandsia have a high during darkness (Benzing 1990). Moisture and absorptive capacity, which allows them to nutrient uptake occur through specialized absorb air pollutants rapidly (Li et al. 2015). Plant Selection trichome cells, further reducing transpirational The installation of large Tillandsia screens on water losses; these adaptations make tall buildings has the potential to act as an air Epiphytic plants are those that use other plants Tillandsia very drought-tolerant. filter for the building and surroundings. for mechanical support; a diversity of plant groups has evolved to fill this environmental No requirement for soil Minimal weight niche. Life as an epiphyte, high in the forest One adaptation of Tillandsias to the epiphytic Based on previous installations, the weight of canopy, exposes the plant to greater life-mode is the modification of the role of the a Tillandsia screen is estimated to be 3 kg/m2, fluctuations in moisture availability in roots from that of moisture and nutrient which is minimal in comparison to adaptive comparison to their terrestrial cousins, nestled absorption to that of “hold-fasts” that function systems that require plant growth substrates comfortably in the soil below. Tillandsia (see only to attach the plant to the substrate and supporting structures. The light weight of Figure 2), which is a genus of the Bromeliad (Benzing 1990). The leaves of the plant replace Tillandsia means they are perfectly suited for family, includes more than 1,000 epiphytic the role of the roots and sequester moisture use on screens (Pérez 2011) and can be species (Benzing 1990) that have evolved to and nutrients directly from the atmosphere, placed in arbitrary shapes on the building

The leaves of the Tillandsia sequester “moisture and nutrients directly from the atmosphere, removing the requirement for a plant growth substrate to be installed on the building façade. Figure 2. Tillandsias, the “air plants” chosen for the experiment. ” CTBUH Journal | 2015 Issue III Sustainability/Green/Energy | 39 Tall Buildings in Numbers World’s Highest Observation Decks

Perhaps no element of a tall building is more closely related to the pure Observation Decks by Function pleasure of standing high in the sky and taking in the view of one’s This fi gure shows a breakdown of the uses within the 75 surroundings than observation decks. Often adding an important source of tallest structures in the world with observation decks. revenue for the structures that have them, observation decks also change the way people view cities, and can potentially elevate their international Hotel 3% reputation. However, many operators don’t take the “pure pleasure of height” for granted, choosing to include all manner of amusements, from glass fl oors to roller coasters and bungee jumps. Here we take a look at the history and Residential 9% chronicle some of the histrionics of humanity’s obsession with height.

The history of the observation deck can be said to have its origins in North Mixed Use Telecommunication 40% / Observation Tower American culture, and the observation deck was integrated into 20% at an early stage. As soon as we started building into the clouds, people wanted to know what the view looked like from the top. Recently however, Asia and the

Middle East have taken over the development of the observation deck as they O ffi c e come into their era of building tall. 28%

Note: All data as of June 2015 2018– (Projected) 2015–2018 634 m World’s Highest Observation Decks – Historically (Projected) 561.25 m 2010–2015 555.7 m 2010–2010 488 m 2008–2010 474 m 1976–2008 447 m 1975–1976 415 m 1974–1975 600 m 413 m 1973–1974 395 m 1931–1973 373 m 1889–1931 276 m

400 m

1884–1889 152 m

200 m

Washington Eiel Tower Empire State Two World Trade Willis Tower Two World Trade CN Tower Shanghai World Kingdom Tower Monument 300 m / 984 ft Building Center* 442.1 m / 1,451 ft Center* 553.3 m / 1,815 ft Financial Center 600 m / 1,969 ft 829.8 m / 2,723 ft 632 m / 2,073 ft 1,000 m / 3,281 ft 169.1 m / 555 ft Paris 381 m / 1,250 ft 415.1m / 1,362 ft Chicago 415.1 m / 1,362 ft Toronto 494.3 m / 1,622 ft Guangzhou Dubai Shanghai Jeddah Washington New York City New York City New York City Shanghai

*Two World Trade Center, New York City, is featured on this historical skyline twice. After the original observation deck (395 meters), was surpassed by the observation deck at Willis Tower, Chicago (413 meters) in 1974, Two World Trade Center opened a new, higher observation deck on its roof (415 meters), once again making it the tallest observation deck in the world.

The Eiff el Tower, Paris, Willis Tower has The Ledge, From the has the most visited has observation deck, it is possible observation deck in the Tilt!; both thrill visitors with to see across four state lines world, averaging six nothing but glass between to New Jersey, , million visitors every year them and a view of the ground Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts

4442 | Tall BuildingBuildings in in Numbers Numbers CTBUH Journal | 2015 Issue III Historic Increases in Observatory Height by City The World’s 75 Highest Observation Decks Ranked by observation deck height, the following table lists the location

1974– and height of the 75 tallest observation decks in the world that have either 412.7 m been completed (shaded), or are currently under construction (unshaded). 1955–1969 Chicago 313.8 m Observation Architectural No Building City Completion 400 m Height (m) Height (m) 98.9 m 1 Kingdom Tower Jeddah 637.5 1,000 2018 2 Suzhou 592.8 729 2020 3 Tianjin 578.7 596.6 2016 1955–1969 4 Wuhan 567 636 2017 1930–1955 179.5 m 5 Shanghai Tower Shanghai 561.3 632 2015 165 m 134.3 m 6 Burj Khalifa Dubai 555.7 828 2010 200 m 7 Ping An Finance Center Shenzhen 550 660 2016 14.5 m 8 China Zun Tower Beijing 503.5 528 2018 9 Seoul 497.6 554.6 2016 10 Makkah Royal Clock Tower Mecca 484.4 601 2012 11 Canton Tower Guangzhou 448 600 2010 12 Shanghai World Financial Center Shanghai 474 492 2008 13 Tokyo Sky Tree Tokyo 451.2 634 2012 CHICAGO BOARD OF TRADE 14 CN Tower Toronto 447 553.3 1976 15 Chongqing International Trade and Chongqing 440 468 2019 Chicago Board Prudential Building John Hancock Willis Tower Commerce Center 1 of Trade 183.2 m / 601 ft Center 442.1 m / 1,451 ft 16 KK100 Shenzhen 427.1 441.8 2011 184.4 m / 605 ft 343.7 m / 1,128 ft 17 Guangzhou International Finance Center Guangzhou 415.1 439 2010 18 Willis Tower Chicago 412.7 442.1 1974 19 Dalian Greenland Center Dalian 406.5 518 2018

1975–2014 20 Taipei 391.8 508 2004 New York City 415 m 2014– 21 International Commerce Center Hong Kong 387.8 484 2010 1931–1975 386.5 m 22 One World Trade Center New York City 386.5 541.3 2014 373 m 106 Dubai 378 445 2018 24 Dubai 375 426.5 2015 400 m 25 Empire State Building New York City 373.1 381 1931 42 m 13.5 m 1930–1931 26 Petronas Tower 2 Kuala Lumpur 370 451.9 1998 254.8 m 27 Dubai 356.9 413.4 1998 118.2 m 28 St. Petersburg 353.3 462 2019 29 Oriental Pearl Television Tower Shanghai 342 468 1995 30 T & C Tower Kaohsiung 341 347.5 1997 31 Shanghai 340.1 420.5 1999 32 Ostankino Tower Moscow 337 540 1967 200 m 33 New York City 336 386.5 2019 34 Longxi International Hotel Jiangyin 315 328 2011 35 John Hancock Center Chicago 313.8 343.7 1969 36 Tianjin World Financial Center Tianjin 313.6 336.9 2011 37 China World Tower Beijing 311.8 330 2010 38 Stalnaya Vershina Moscow 306.8 308.9 2015 39 World One Mumbai 304.8 442 2016 40 The Torch Dubai 303.6 352 2011 Bank of Empire State Two World Trade One World Trade 41 KAFD World Trade Center Riyadh 300 303 2015 Manhattan Building Center Center 42 Shenzhen 298.1 384 1996 282.5 m / 927 ft 381 m / 1,250 ft 415 m / 1,362 ft 541 m / 1,776 ft 43 Cemindo Tower Jakarta 295.6 304 2015 44 Tehran 293 435 2008 45 Kingdom Center Riyadh 290.4 302.3 2002 2015– 46 Baiyoke Tower II Bangkok 290 304 1997 Shanghai 561.3 m 47 Brys Buzz Greater Noida 290 300 2017 48 Abeno Harukas Osaka 287.6 300 2014 600 m 49 Kunming 285.7 349 2018 2008–2015 474 m 50 Eureka Tower Melbourne 285 297.3 2006 51 Etihad Tower T2 Abu Dhabi 281.6 305.3 2011 87.3 m 52 Northeast Asia Trade Tower Incheon 276.7 305 2011 53 Eiff el Tower Paris 276 300 1889 54 Menara Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur 276 420.4 1996 1995–2008 342 m 55 Overseas Union Bank Center Singapore 275.8 277.8 1986 56 Columbia Center Seattle 275 284.4 1984 400 m 132 m 57 Landmark Tower Yokohama 273 296.3 1993 58 at Greenland Center Nanjing 271.8 450 2010 59 Central Radio & Television Tower Beijing 270.5 386.5 1992 60 JP Morgan Chase Tower Houston 268 305.4 1982 61 Stratosphere Tower Las Vegas 266 350.2 1996 62 Leatop Plaza Guangzhou 264.7 302.7 2012 63 Republic Plaza Singapore 262.9 276.3 1996 200 m 64 Lotte Center Hanoi Hanoi 262 272 2014 65 Torre Costanera Santiago 261 300 2014 66 Sydney 260 305 1981 67 GE Building New York City 256 259.1 1933 68 Tianjin Radio & TV Tower Tianjin 253 415.1 1991 69 Osaka World Trade Center Osaka 252.1 256 1995 70 T1 Abu Dhabi 251.2 277.6 2011 71 Henan Province Radio & TV Tower Zhengzhou 251 388 2011 72 Tokyo 249.6 332.9 1958 Oriental Pearl Television Tower Shanghai World Financial Center Shanghai Tower 468 m / 1,535 ft 494.3 m / 1,622 ft 632 m / 2,073 ft 73 Lotus Tower Colombo 248 248 2015 74 Zhengzhou Greenland Plaza Zhengzhou 244.7 280 2013 75 London 244.3 306 2013

Canton Tower, Guangzhou, has To ascend to the 72-fl oor The fi rst observation deck in the highest semi-Ferris Wheel in (244-meter) open-air viewing China was the Liaoning TV Tower, the world; On top of the tower gallery at The Shard, London, Shenyang, completed in 1984. at 451 meters, cars travel around it will cost you $45.70, or Currently six of the top 10 tallest the building on an inclined track approximately $0.20 per meter observation decks are in China

CTBUH Journal | 2015 Issue III TallTall Buildings Building in Numbers | 4543 Talking Tall: Dru Smith Myth-busting: The Incredible “Shrinking” Washington Monument In February 2015, the Washington Monument “shrunk” almost 10 inches (248 millimeters), when the United States National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)’s National Geodetic Survey (NGS) used CTBUH height criteria to determine the true architectural height of the famous cenotaph. As part of a dialogue with CTBUH, NGS used precise instrumentation to determine that the height of the structure was 554 feet, Dru Smith 7 11/32 inches tall (169.046 meters) instead of 555 feet, 5 1/8 inches (169.294 meters) as previously recorded. When the data was released around the Interviewee President’s Day holiday, the report was widely circulated in the media. CTBUH Dru Smith, Chief Geodesist National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration Journal Editor Daniel Safarik interviewed Dru Smith, chief geodesist of the National Geodetic Survey, N/NGS SSMC3, Room 8635 NGS, to investigate a little further into the specifics of the project. 1315 East West Highway Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 United States First things first. Most of our members use However, two special surveys were done, one t: +1 301 713 3222 Ext. 144 f: +1 301 713 4175 math extensively and sophisticated in 1934 and one in 1999, where NGS actually e: [email protected] software to design, construct, and operate occupied the peak of the monument with www.ngs.noaa.gov tall buildings. But many probably don’t survey instruments. This was possible because

Dru Smith know exactly what a geodesist does. Can in both of those years, scaffolding surrounded Dr. Dru Smith first entered NGS in 1995 after you shed a little light? the monument for renovations. In 1934, the receiving his PhD. in geodetic science from Ohio State University. From 1995 until 2000 he performed Geodesists are scientists who work in the field survey was a triangulation survey (angles gravity and geoid research, resulting in the GEOID96, of geodesy, which focuses on the measured between distantly-sighted objects, CARIB97, MEXICO97 and GEOID99 geoid models. In 2001 he spent a year working for the Executive determination of the size and shape of the such as church spires and flagpoles), which Secretariat of the Interagency GPS Executive Board, earth, its gravity field, and the positions of helped determine the latitude and longitude, helping shape government GPS policy. In 2001 he returned to NGS and focused his research on using points on the earth. As part of that work, we of the peak. This was useful, as the Washington the CORS network to model the ionosphere. He is a also incorporate geodynamics and Monument peak is a reasonable point for member of the Institute of Navigation, the American Geophysical Union, the International Association of geophysics, such as the wobble of the surveyors to sight from the ground, but it had Geodesy and has previously served on the Board of rotation pole or the drift of tectonic plates. At never before been directly occupied to Directors for the American Association for Geodetic Surveying. its core though, geodesy is a measurement determine its latitude and longitude. The 1999 science, and geodetic surveys such as the survey was primarily a demonstration of the measurement of angles, distances, capability of GPS (the Global Positioning gravitational attraction, etc., have been the System) to accurately determine elevation (see core of geodesy for centuries. Figure 1).

The Washington Monument recently Having an accurate determination of the actual underwent an extensive renovation. Why peak of the WM in latitude, longitude and did the NGS undertake a remeasurement elevation helps the NPS in its mission of of the structure during this time? maintaining the monument, since these The NGS has had a collaborative relationship determinations can be used to help detect tilts with the National Park Service (NPS), the or sinking. As such, when NGS learned that the stewards of the Washington Monument (WM) WM would again be encased in scaffolding (to and the National Mall area, for nearly a repair damage from a 2011 earthquake) we century. The most visible part of that sought, and obtained, NPS permission to collaboration has been geodetic leveling occupy the peak again (see Figure 2). However, surveys to points around the base of the WM, this time, our goal was to position the peak to which can detect differential height changes millimeters, something that had not been done at the submillimeter level. The purpose has in the past. The reason was that we hoped to been to monitor whether any subsidence has establish a baseline for future surveys, should occurred around the National Mall area. they occur, to monitor any motion of the peak.

46 | Talking Tall: Dru Smith CTBUH Journal | 2015 Issue III one point to another. The main equipment is a geodetic level and a pair of level rods. The process uses short, balanced sight lengths, back to one rod, then forward to another. This pattern continues, eventually connecting two points of interest. Using this method, two types of heights were determined at all points in and around the monument: North American Vetical Datum (NAVD) 88 “orthometric” heights (which are the official elevations used in all Federal geospatial products) and “architectural heights” (determined by adopting the CTBUH recommendation for where “zero architectural height’”should be) (see Figure 3).

Traverse uses a Total Station and Reflectors. A Total Station looks like a traditional survey instrument with a scope, but unlike historic Figure 2. Height is measured from the level of the instruments which could only measure Figure 1. Washington Monument enclosed in scaffolding. lowest, significant, open-air, pedestrian entrance to the © Ron Cogswell. Source: Wikimedia Commons architectural top of the structure (CTBUH criteria). horizontal angles and vertical angles, a Total Station can also electronically measure slope NGS did not set out to determine the NGS was not involved in rappelling, but the distances to a reflector as well (see Figure 4). architectural height of the monument itself, NPS has some wonderful pictures of the initial The traverse survey measured angles and but as such a measurement had usefulness (in damage assessment phase, where rappelling distances between about 10 different points determining if any actual compression of the from the peak was done! Lasers played a small around the monument. Using this data, we building occurs over the years), not to role – our collimators, devices that narrow and were able to transfer both orthometric and mention general public interest, it was align particle beams, use lasers – but most of architectural heights to the peak, as well as deemed worthwhile to expend the additional the electromagnetic work of our instruments determine its latitude and longitude. effort to properly collect what was needed to is via microwaves. add this measurement to the overall survey. How did GPS play a role? There were three basic phases of the survey, GPS was used in this survey, but with some What kinds of equipment and each with its own equipment and purpose: difficulty (which we had also experienced in methodology did you use for the latest Geodetic leveling, traverse, and GPS. 1999). A GPS survey consists of a “geodetic- measurement (I’m hoping the answer has quality” GPS receiver (much more expensive the words “rappelling” and “lasers” in it)? Geodetic leveling is a line-of-sight survey and accurate than the one in your smartphone) used to determine height differences from to position points to a few centimeters. In our

Two types of heights were determined at all “points in and around the monument: North American Vetical Datum 88 ‘orthometric’ heights (which are the official elevations used in all Federal geospatial products) and ‘architectural heights’ (determined by adopting the CTBUH recommendation for where ‘zero

Figure 3. The view of the top of the Monument as viewed architectural height’ should be). through the Total Station surveying tool. ” CTBUH Journal | 2015 Issue III Talking Tall: Dru Smith | 47 About the Council

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat is the world’s leading resource for professionals CTBUH Journal focused on the inception, design, construction, and International Journal on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat operation of tall buildings and future cities. A not-for-profi t organization, founded in 1969 and based at the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, CTBUH has an Asia offi ce at Tongji University, Shanghai, and a research offi ce at Iuav Tall buildings: design, construction, and operation | 2015 Issue III University, Venice, Italy. CTBUH facilitates the exchange of the latest knowledge available on tall buildings around the world through publications, Case Study: research, events, working groups, web resources, European Central Bank, Frankfurt and its extensive network of international representatives. The Council’s research department Hong Kong: Sustainable Retrofi tting is spearheading the investigation of the next generation of tall buildings by aiding original Fire Safety for Penthouse Designs research on sustainability and key development issues. The Council’s free database on tall buildings, Istanbul: The Impact of High-Rises The Skyscraper Center, is updated daily with detailed information, images, data, and news. The A “Flight Manual” for Air Plants CTBUH also developed the international standards for measuring tall building height and is recognized Tall Buildings in Numbers: Observation Decks as the arbiter for bestowing such designations as “The World’s Tallest Building.” Talking Tall: Measuring the Washington Monument Debating Tall: Has Tall Social Housing Failed? Ask a CTBUH Expert: Carbon-Fiber Tall Buildings?

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ISSN: 1946 - 1186