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An Investigation Into the Rise of the Organized Crime Syndicate in Naples, Italy

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An Investigation Into the Rise of the Organized Crime Syndicate in Naples, Italy THE FIRST RULE OF CAMORRA IS YOU DO NOT TALK ABOUT CAMORRA: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE RISE OF THE ORGANIZED CRIME SYNDICATE IN NAPLES, ITALY by DALTON MARK B.A., The University of Georgia, tbr 2013 Mark 1 In Naples, Italy, an underground society has a hand in every aspect of civilian life. This organization controls the government. This organization has been the police force. This organization has been a judicial board. This organization has maintained order in the jails. This organization is involved in almost every murder, every drug sale, every fixed election. This organization even takes out the garbage. But the first rule of Camorra is you do not talk about Camorra. The success of this crime syndicate, and others like it, is predicated on a principle of omertà – a strict silence that demands non-compliance with authority and non-interference in rival jobs. Presumably birthed out of the desperation of impoverished citizens, the Camorra has grown over the last three centuries to become the most powerful force in southern Italy. The Camorra’s influence in Naples was affirmed when various local governments commissioned the them to work in law enforcement because no other group (including the official police) had the means to maintain order. Since the Camorra took control of the city, they have been impossible to extirpate. This resilience is based on their size, their depravity, their decentralization, and perhaps most importantly, the corruption of the government attempting to supplant them. Nonetheless, in 1911, the Camorra was brought to a mass trial, resulting in the conviction of twenty-seven leaders. Unfortunately, the Camorra, indefatigable as always, has continued to run their illicit operations through recent decades, despite any arrests that may be made. Therefore, the Camorra is and will remain the uncontested strongest force in southern Italy. Because of the Camorra’s pervasive influence on Italian society, the origins of this organized crime syndicate have been the subject of avid investigation and speculation. However, it is difficult to pinpoint the exact time or impetus of this group’s incipience because of the natural lack of documentation from the time period. “All of these gangs arose amongst the city’s poor – people who never kept written records due to their illiteracy; hence the difficulty in Mark 2 establishing any categorical evidence about what kind of organization, if any, the Camorra grew out of.”1 Many historians have traced the history of the Camorra to Spain or have pursued some other purported origin story and projected their own interpretations of the facts available to attempt to reconstruct the Camorra’s history, but no single account is definitively accurate. Later segments of the Camorra’s history are available though. The actual term ‘Camorra’ seems to have derived from the Spanish word ‘chamarra,’ signifying “a cloak worn by bullies and thieves.” Following the lexicology then, ‘Camorra,’ originally signified ‘a quarrel with fists,’ or in some contexts ‘trouble,’ a fairly appropriate handle for an organization responsible for most of the deaths in Naples, Italy each year.2 In the seventeenth century, economic hardship and a plague led to a mass migration out of the countryside and into the city of Naples, which in turn, led to large numbers of unemployed, poor people, looking for a solution to their newfound poverty.3 Naturally, these desperate souls turned to criminal activity to satisfy their most basic Maslovian needs. Thus began the development of a criminal uprising in southern Italy. This trend was intensified during a period of political upheaval in the Risorgimento. The failure of the Neapolitan Republic to establish a resilient government in 1799 led to the reinstatement of the Bourbon Regime. Large portions of the middle class began to join secret organizations (including the Camorra) to feel a sense of solidarity in response to the absolutism of King Ferdinand II. “In 1820, there were seventy thousand persons in the city of Naples alone who belonged to secret societies.”4 Clearly, anti-despotic sentiments fueled the citizens of Naples. The Liberals noticed their opportunity to seize power and recognized the authority and respect commanded by groups such as the Camorra 1 Behan, Tom. The Camorra. New York: Routledge, 1996, pg 9. 2 Train, Arthur Cheney. Courts and Criminals. New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1923, pg 147. 3 Behan, Tom. The Camorra. New York: Routledge, 1996, pg 10-11. 4 Train, Arthur Cheney. Courts and Criminals. New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1923, pg 146. Mark 3 (a tribute in itself to the rising strength of this syndicate), so Liberals hired the Camorra to incite rebellion against Ferdinand II.5 In 1860, following the tide of revolution pushed forward by the Camorra, Garibaldi and his forces finally reached Naples to overthrow Bourbon rule. Due to communication issues from the opposition, Garibaldi’s arrival in Naples was surprisingly uneventful. “Garibaldi entered Naples, arriving by train well in advance of most of his army, amid scenes of extraordinary jubilation.”6 The people of southern Italy had heard tales of the mysterious liberator and were relieved to be free of Ferdinand II’s oppression. However, the government set forth by the Liberals was slow to win the favor of the people, especially due to some devastating economic initiatives they implemented in hopes of unifying Italy. Liberals introduced a uniform tax structure for the country, which eliminated high protective tariffs that had previously allowed the textile industries in Naples to prosper.7 These reforms though left the South at the mercy of the quickly growing productivity of the North, resigning southerners to even more poverty and even more loss of faith in their government. “The indications are that in the first forty years of unification the standard of living of the Italian population as a whole did not improve at all – indeed in many cases it seems to have fallen.”8 Naples plunged into a deeper poverty, where the incentive to join the Camorra was ever rising. The Camorra began to show signs of legitimization in the early nineteenth century. “The first official news of the Camorra as an organization dates from 1820, when police records detail 5 Behan, Tom. The Camorra. New York: Routledge, 1996, pg 16. 6 Duggan, Christopher. The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008, pg 209. 7 Chubb, Judith. Patronage, Power, and Poverty in Southern Italy: A Tale of Two Cities. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1982, ch 1. 8 Duggan, Christopher. The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008, pg 264. Mark 4 a disciplinary meeting of the Camorra.”9 1820 also saw the first written statute of the Camorra.10 This is an important shift in the dynamic of the Camorra because it signifies a transmogrification of the small-time criminals into an organization with a fixed structure and hierarchy. Perhaps the most compelling evidence of the rising influence of the Camorra was the submission of the true government to trust the Camorra in enforcing order. “For a long time [the Camorra] has been considered as ‘the minor evil’ thanks to its capacity to ‘regulate the disorder’ and even to create the order from the disorder.”11 In many cases, the local government had no choice but to sign over power to the Camorra. “Duggan believes that a paranoid ruling class and a failure to improve the economic situation in Italy… deepened the tension between Italy’s citizenry and politicians.”12 The Camorra was a better-respected and better-equipped force that held authority in Naples, in part, simply by dint of its longer history in the city. In Naples, there was a policy of ‘prepotenza,’ which means “rule of the strongest.”13 In this case, the strongest was the Camorra. “The control of the impoverished and alienated masses was a service which the Camorra could offer local rulers.”14 For a while at least, the local rulers accepted the Camorra’s offer, especially in maintaining order during the transition from Bourbon rule to Garibaldi’s rule.15 At various points in the Camorra’s history, it has been asked to act as security, to run the jails, and to even act as a makeshift police force.16 “The police had no need to intervene in those dangerous places; 9 Behan, Tom. The Camorra. New York: Routledge, 1996, pg 12. 10 Behan, Tom. The Camorra. New York: Routledge, 1996, pg 12. 11 Bartolucci, Valentina. "The Privatisation of (in)security, the Case of the Camorra of Naples: An Anomaly Five Centuries Long?." Conference Papers -- International Studies Association (2009 Annual Meeting 2009), pg 2. 12 Bellew, Robert Shelton. A Socio-Economic Study of the Camorra Through Journalism, Religion and Film. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Georgia, 2011, 2011, pg 67. 13Chubb, Judith. Patronage, Power, and Poverty in Southern Italy: A Tale of Two Cities. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1982, pg 22. 14 Behan, Tom. The Camorra. New York: Routledge, 1996, pg 13. 15 Bartolucci, Valentina. "The Privatisation of (in)security, the Case of the Camorra of Naples: An Anomaly Five Centuries Long?." Conference Papers -- International Studies Association (2009 Annual Meeting 2009), pg 7. 16 Bartolucci, Valentina. "The Privatisation of (in)security, the Case of the Camorra of Naples: An Anomaly Five Centuries Long?." Conference Papers -- International Studies Association (2009 Annual Meeting 2009), pg 11. Mark 5 they entrusted the members of the sect [the Camorra], which was then tolerated.”17 In 1860, the Camorra aided their own legitimization, and in so doing assumed an even stronger and seemingly inherent control over the city. Even when the local government dissolved the Camorra’s involvement in official law enforcement, “Having played this formal role… they continued to provide forms of security in their restored private status… in the construction of a new social contract.”18 The Camorra had now established itself as an ipso facto authority in Naples, which the people had come to expect.
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