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Pires and Stamlord Raffles. have become fixed in our historical cons- these points to China_ The ciousness. We cannot think of the Straits without seeing it, China r*as )'er to bre discor.e as did Raffles, as a strategic link in the sea route from Europe to tran Malavs. We do not kno China. Wolters would have us think back to a time when the Malacca .{ll we knon' is that a Chir Straits did nof, as a matter of course. lead Chinawards, in order that China in 413 A.D on zuci-. we may witness the origin of this stretch of the sea route. which, he lhar b1 then such journevs argued, was initiated by the resourceful sailors of Sumatra. Too much 3 case for southeast Sumatra emphasis on geographical factors does not do justice to the achievement ro Chrna were mounted nrll of these pioneers. rers included. have remarke, the The sea route to China nsing the Straits of Maiacca was a relatively lo south of the Vaiacca late development in history. The earliest routes to China were caravan lirect route to China. It is ; routes originating in the Mediterranean ladds under Roman rule, traver- 'ron through desrrite handrc sing barbarian Central Asia and ending in Han China. The Chinese lrsire to become rhe shippt Therr exploir was greatly prized this overland trade which they viewed as ccming from all the _rrea :l' r long estahlisheo ronre the magical lands beyond the Ural Mountains, and, when the Pcrsians u succed in getting the came to be the carriers of this trade, they too began to enjoy a high southe: illr'rrrf,tire to this anclenl reputation in Chinese eyes. Goods like the aromatics, frankincense and ro :io bounds at this myrrh, were noted in Chinese medical texts with reference to the dawn of tl i':rornotins the pine resins Persians who brought them. an ir: Chinese markets. palming Political strife in China left the Southem Chinese Dynasties, in :oetlier Persian aromatics. S the fifth and sixth centuries, starved of the overland trade which had ;€r_\ r#ere sent along to real tenninus north China. The cities springing up in south China in its in :rom the Chinese coun. this period were port cities, with a newly enriched merchant class. as traditional carriers well as luxury-deprived scholarly elites, and the The development of th precious goods Persians, looked for a way to of rare and to China, the i:.e t'ifth and sixth c€nruries The Persians had adapted themsel- reach these southerns cities by sea. lan]r co:61. in the sam€ per and carriers or shippers. The ves to sea-voyaging, but as merchants not srons from these kingdorns shippers were Indians, and they were accustomed to the voyage across c'ver all the rest. the better to Bengal nothern Malaya, where a cross country trek was the Bay of to :enruries of grou'th formed tl needed to reach the Gulf of Siarn, and then to the Mekong delta at ci the south-east Srintatran k was a coastal route to the Chinese province, Tonkin. Fgr which there :e:. t.iries. To compensat: ior five centuries of the Christian era the Indians had known his some Clrra trade route. Srivilay.a ; a sea * land and sea route. F{owever" the all*ea route still route: - oi \{alacca and redirected thei eluded them. pmissi t'le entrepot. To put Certainly, the Indians had sailed to the Malacca Straits, to points Snvirava sent tribute missiol on western Malaya and eastern Sumatra, but they had not gone on from earne'j lasting recogniilon iro peq ,{aq1 '?lletul eql uI usAe 'leql os 'ilno3 eseulqJ eI{} tuo{ uol}rl€oJeJ 3ut1su1 peluBe lrlor3 uo auo8 1ou }nq 3ql 01 r1seu,{,q 3ue1 aq1 ,{q uorldecoJ asoq/Y\ suoISsIIu a}nqpl luas e,{eft,ru5 sxutod o1 's1te:15 ?33PIeI^J P:irEs 'srseq reuur3 uole ue uo olnoJ eulqJ eq1 1nd o1 'loderlue alqtsstuued qr pue 'elnol oql 'Suequrap4 '1e1rdec ol s;lnoJ JIaL{}pelJeJlpoJ eJ3elet\ Jo l[!ls alnol e3s-ll€ allt 'JJ^e^AoH ^Juo slruJls aql ulr{l!t! Jo Jeeu seceld paranbuoc ez{ett,rug 'e1not apBJ} eulqJ srr{ {JnAou{ p?q su€Iputr aql 8J3 uEllsi eq] ztr' e zr^ uorlrsod snoa8ulue^peslp s1 loJ alesueduroc oI'sounlu33 roC 'ul)tuol 'mur-r.old osaulr{3 eql ol eql 'u 1q31e u?l}etuns }sea-qlnos ,lo 1e ?]lep 3uo4r91 oq] o] ueql Pu€ uotsuedxeq'e.,{.efiaug'utop8utl ptder fual eql o] puno$>1ceq aqleql patuJoJ qtrmod Jo saunlue3 sB^\ IJlt fulunor ssolJ 3 sJoqir 'e-te1e qlueAos o^!l esaql 'slserelur aturlueru s1r lcelord ol Jelleq eql 'lseJ eql IIB Je^o ssoJoe aSer{orr otl} otr peurolsn33€ 3Jar6 pel?urruoppue uropfupl euo uoI{I 'eulqJ o1 surop8ut)i sseq} u-lo{ suots eql 'uarldttls Jo sJotu€3 lou put sltrel '€' -snu Jrleluoldlp ,iq psuaqfuerls pue 'poued atues eql ul ']seo3 atues {aslueq} paidepe peq suelsrod aqf 'eur eql uo stuopSuq Jo asg eql polcuq s?/n seunluec qlxls pus qug aqr o1 .,(e,tr z JoJ palool 'suersra4 eql pulLlJ ^q 'sotrl; ui e8e,torr ol sJleurns lsee-qlnos aql 3o luaurdolerrap eql srJuJBs lPuol]lpeJl aql pu€ i su 'sse1l lu€tloJeul poqcgue fl,rtau e r 'lJnoc 3seulqJ eq] uioj-l w eulql uI dn Eur3uuds selll3 ' Wnos sJnno^uJ '1F1s raurospuuq puu slgord ezllval o1 Euop luas otarrr srad psq qttq/t\ 3p€r1 puslJe^o eql Jo pa"\I satceds pue 'sJrletuoJe ded ;o snousl roqdurec 'uoos uersled Jarllsol ur 'soqseud.C aseulqS uJaqlnos aql : pu€ JoJEr oqt JoJ selnlrlsqns se JJo ueql ?ururged 's1e>1reur esaulr.lJ ur lsaJoJ u"rlsuns tuor3 peJaure8 urozuaq puu surseJ aurd aql Surloutord srll o] e3u3J3JaJ qly$ slxol I€3IPeu Jreql eturluetu sseulear8 puz u^{sp srq} spunoq ou Jo }e pup osuc3ulluer; 'sotletuoJe eq1 e{Il s Aaq3 'alnoJ maul sfepl4 aql JO ssouelrlueJul eql luetiue slql o1 a^rlutuatlE Aaql 'aPu: eJe^\ r{AIq e .{otue o} ue8eq oo1 eql se peldecoe olnoJ €rll{) o} BJ}etunS lssor{}nos aq1 3ur}1a3 ur paf,f,ns osl? sue$trd 3t{1. uaql\ 'pue 'suteluno}\ F ol sJoA\ ,teq1 'reqgnC 'suErpuJ eql ,(q pasn olnoJ polisrlq?lse 3uo1 e -1o uro.t3 Suturoc s€ pe^\all daql q:tq'n ; ec€J aql ur3jo lq8norq uoaq Surleq ro3 relear8 oql sem lroldxa laql lF JS?uIr{J ot{I '€utL{J UBH uI SulPu: 'qe{Jsiu esaurqJ o1 seo8rec uBrsJOd sladdrqs aql auoceq ol arrsap 3o -JaA€J1 '31ru uetuou Jspun spuel u€aur eqi ueaq o^eq pino/( aArluocur rreq; 'decrpuzq alrdsep q8norql uoar ueABJ€3 OJA^A BuIqS Ol SAlnoJ lsslPE: psq sJe€uold ,{epyq aq} }eql 'oJoJeJeql 'reagc sl lI 'Eu1{J o} o}noJ lceJlp [ie,rt1e1ar e s€,\'\ 833€l€Il[ Jo s]IuJlS :ql oqtr eplslno 8ur..; lue1xa slql ol pup 'slrerls Brrulehtr oql Jo qlnos sql ol ecuelslp lear8 u Suraq se uorlecol or{j uo pe>[J"ruoJ orruq 'pepnlsur s.tal actlsnl op sao -{011.1 'ror{lne euo ueq} eJonr }aA 'ssef,rns q1lr\ pa}unotu eJel\ eurqJ ol luoureAotqc€ ot{} ol }ou 'eJletrlns sJollss safe,{.o^, Suuaauord rlJ}LI^{ ruo{ Jseq eql s€ eJ}uruns }$eq}nos JoJ eseo € rlsnu ool Jo lnl33j q31ar1s i san8re sJOllolt! ta^llo ' lleJJe reln8ar e eJa^{ sdeurnof qcns ueql ,i.q }"ql aq 'qrtqm 'o1noJ eos eql Jo p€el 'Jsla lsa8Ens qJlrl/\4. so3uelsurnolr ur'e?e'{.o^ e qcns uo 'O'V EI? ul €ulqJ lurll JopJo ut 'spre^A?utq3 eurt} 3 01 ol pouJnl?J'uots11 3C'Iuotu ]stqppng aseutqJ B l?tll sl /{\oul a^.' IIY €33€I€t4l oql uoq/{ {3eq \t Ees Jql ut ) 'peraeuoid sean a8ei,on stql ueq^ [1]rexe a\oul ]ou op tAl 's.{epy4g uejl o1 adornq uro{ alnoJ eccel€l\ ; -Burns eql ol pa8uoleq rnouor{ oq} pus 'pJJaAoJSrp aq o1 1e.{ ss,r curqJ '1t Suraas lnoqlktl slPJlS ol elseuopul ur erer{^lf,tuos ruoJ} aie,{oA ar{I '"urr{J o1 slurod esaql -suo3 lsSIJOlStq JnO ul paxu euro3a\

9; L7 28

Sung period. (with renewal of ties) the Emperors still cherished the f..rn lraie ral ageits! ability to stabilize the valuable route passing through :rr idea of Srivijaya's B.:i .i .'omni.irri'o.;st.: the Southern Ocean to Canton. unsdom.,-laiminc suze: Srivijaya's history set a model for the maritirne states that came F nneror'i tnrCrrielc.. J-1. after it. The tlrst requisite was to keep open the lines of communication The port :r Palernr with China. This meant keeping a close watch on events in the outside :ri::iion that gru uc ar world. China especially, and making the right sensitive reponse- The se- i:,trher time. The aeare cond requisite was to build up a pool of manpower, drawn from the Pr:a;leS$'ara. *'hC south eastern Sumatran coast and the islands in the Riau-Lingga archi leit : \1,.:.-.-;. \A olten pelago. These sea people, the Orang ["aut, were recruited to man the rmasr:, :--: .;nknoun. war fleets and merchant navy of Srivijaya, and their subsistance me- Slfi.-r. .'t-l :.1,: Een the ,-Ommercra thod, whichtraders: consisted Indians, of Arabs. food gatheringChinese andon coast every and ethnic strand, group was inrnodi' the to all i l'3d Jn .:uite fied to the collection of marine products saleable in the Chinese C .l n kn r.u-t: archipelago. The Arabs welcotned a stop at Palembang, their half-way . : '*til-. rn market. The Orang Laut were the sinews that powered Srivijaya's career ai|ar:i:.. l:' house to China. The Arabs remarked that the parrots there could spcak ;-:il. fite ;l;:.: :.1 from the seventh to the fourteenth centuries, and for much of that :.\'cl :. - lr-S5 ,le attai:lei :: \1, severaltime as languages. a premier Butport. Chinese The rcsponse was not of one the of Orang the languages Laut to the ruler's -:1 :. ':e!i. tn tC u ti;ul- call to arms, to the China voyage, to safeguard outlying regions, to = lr :nd Javanesa ..i-: regroup at the nagaru {capital) show how flexible and dynantic wcre -.=- '-;-,-iJ lC trad; ft \l : the sinews at the disposal of the Srivijaya . The tird requisite -.'.'... Jt .ii. . in Srivijaya's formula for success was an open door policy at Palembang ;:intid.

'i'1 ., j a iittie t-.rr'l parrotted, br th: Pcrrl a sign that few Chinese resorted to Palembang. Indeed, the Chinese L!' it: E:si. ,t were relying on Srivijaya's ships to carry trade to Canton. r :i\l \si: ie r -;, The pattern exempli{red by Srivijaya for five centuries met with an ',{=.:,'-r \\ri lne- a -- - unexpected and ironic disruption. The Southern Sung Dynasty emerged J . . llr ,Otii:i '; :-: 'i.. in the eleventh century, and from past experience this should augur well .' :' :iL.ii:i S::::_' for Srivijaya. Here a distinction should be made between official and J, : r ln:S iO$ :f .iS ;r,lil j private trade in China. The pnvate traders' need for foreign tradg was - - i -C'r';'i ::': P..:f*-,:;, such that they took to voyaging abroad. Chinese junks began to - - \..-!-j'iiti: S.:ita-..lr:, -:_ make their impact in Southeast Asian waters. It was a sad day for Sri- _ I-)..r.- __.5 vijaya. Chinese iunks went to places situated near. or on, the Malacca -1 .i Straits, and, at some of these places, obtained goods at source. Srivi- .::\:. rt tt:11:S :i:- P _. jaya was bypassed but not finishecl. In the fourteenth century, when i.,- ;a.;-'.-eSSilj:. .iS t1-t r - - - ._- t - the founcler of the Ming Dynasf,y, Tai Tsu, was anxious to revive tribu- _ : -:-. - !d.ill li\-::i. 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'uolueJ ot epBJl A.::e: o aperl aclds aqt SurzrlodouoLu uo luaq eJJ^t pup'lseg aql ol uorsu?rlrl asaulqJ ellt 'peapul '3uuqua1e6 ot p ,asen8nl:od ue'adornE eqi ul pel oq^\ ueu prdarlur er{} fq parnlder se.v 'pe11or.led scSen8uel eql Jo euo lou s€ Bf,relehi 'uorlclatur str eours pe:punr{ .l plnoc eraql slorred aql teqt p:Il ue:.,{ B rJAo eilltt e t S I ul leccis 'Sueqtuoled dols e pr 'el e; z{en-j1eq lsql }e orll ur dnor8 oluqle ,fua,ne pue asautii 01 uoluEJ ol alnoJ lcsrrp lsoIII aqtr psproJJs i! ]eqt pue ,asrpueqrrauj 8uequre1u,1 1e .{ct1od Joop uedo ue sE.rr JoJ aperll se.an eceld oq] leql JIe ol sl'lor^qo sB.4A lJ 'peluBJB ,r.ppe:.: pJl] aqJ 'selereqell eAefltu5 seltr uorlruSo3oJ s(JoJedurE 3ur1q sql .EOc€lBW le epeJl 01 peouJiij elrsrnbar aJO,4d Jrureudp pue elqIXoU d\oq aoqs -uroc .,{lelerpetutur oqn{ sJepBJl :ofzru eql aJOA\ osauelef pup u€rpul ,pado1a,r:l 01 'suor8ar Surr(1lno pren8e3es o1 'ait 'qe;y 'asaul{J ,'.{alteeqA\ Ined olo.r./u ..lJod Furperl e o}ur s(Jalru eql otr Suerg aql asuot uer{} JaqleJ 'se pepunog sp,,rt eJJeJehl(. 'BOceleW lB peurclle aq ssJOJns 1nu1 Jo pu? 's3un1ue3 qiu: luelsul eql JoJ slunooce srql 'eceJd pup Jr.url lriip aql uaar8 .ulen-r ler-li Jo i{3ntu Jo.} JaeJ?c s.e{efilug parenod }eq} s,^.rJuts atuoJeq lq8lur pue uJoq eJuo peq s8urql Jo ssJuoJe,,\{e ue q}Lrr lno ^\or{ slctrpo-td :t les'ples osle sJello,t sE 'BJe^.\setuEJBd lng .u^\omlun alrnb pue pJtE eseurqJ 3q1 ul olqee{es .puElljeeq -lpour sem 'puerls pue lseoo uo Euuaut a8uu3 e elnsuruad ;(e1u4 or.Jl puu lBroJer.uruoJ JLll uaeq pBii -etx acu€lsrsqns Jreql pue 'e^efirrlr5 ls?oJ ueJletuns tuelsea-qlnos Jr{l 'sJunluer JoJ ,eJurs .urnou{un eql -t pollrursJ arsl! '1nu-1 Suer olut dels ploq p ue{Bi per{ BJp,{\se{u?JBd }sr{i peu€eur sJe}lo1l .BccelEI\ eql uEtu o] -Ir13Je e33ut1-net5 eq] ui spuelsl aqt p o1 ,{Fddeq I.uH pal qJlq,ll lsanb e uo Jtuoq s$ Uel oqm ,E:€rrrseurBjed aq] uro{ u,ltulp 'teaoduetu u 'SuuquraJe4 ;o acuud e se/r .{ce8a1 slr{l Jo JaJeeq aqI 'Jturl Jeq}ouE 3o lood -es eqJ'esuodar o^rltsuas aq1 ;ull 1e 'ece1d Jeqloue ol paruuc aq plnoo .lI punoJ" dn .lo.l8 luql uolliperl lq8u splslno 3ql ul slue^3 uo q3]u.4A eso[] E 3q1 lnq 'acuuAequ olur uallEJ a,req 1q3rul Suequrap4 1e l.rod eq1 uorlEJrunuruioc Jo saull eql uedo daal Jsaql pJqwp 'aJuJlnJrul s.roradrul .'sedoq 31iI€3 ]sql selEls eu[llJetu eql JoJ lap 8urry aql qtrm paldnoc 'uA.efin!-rs JeAo ,{lururezns dururclc ,ruop8url eseue^Ef Euunoqqfrau Jr.ll tuo4 [o,rua Jqt .,iq pa8pol lurelduroc B ]r1g qSnorql Sutssed olnoJ alqenle^ eq1 aztl 'suoIssrLU 1ryadoq ]no ]uos e,r(efinug (apuJl :leapd lsuru:ie se.; aperl .ue1 eqi peqsuoqo lllls sroredurg eqt (s:t

6Z 8; 30

dom of , 1641-1728 (with reference to Johore's port facilities, rr:i the path tc Cluna ani as witnessed by Dutch envoys, in the later half of the seventeenth and ::: lther in.Jieenes to -'or hrst half of the eighteenth centuries) that they were quite similar - .- ;i l:i thins lLlsri: t:i provided an to those which their immediate predecessor Malacca in l: f.< ncgOrG ' -rlitj.r- ' earlier century: warehouses (underground if possible, because of the T::e concept of thr orga- danger of fire), properly-trained officiais to handle the business of ::.e;:; :na Present tO 135 nizing and conducting trade, acceptable customs duties, fixed weights .:.: \1 -":;a. The nagsrc and measures, sufficient resources for the refitting and repairing of ai *3r. .ls oi tra,ie. Ii :ac journey, trade products".s Andaya ships for the home and desirable -:ll: .fCC'\ tO r'.S:Cn'i.: .l trade goods and its ability to continues: "Johor's skillful handling of - :.. . - j l;+ -'rlnL\i t( i reprovision ships cheaply and quickiy (managierse aequipage) were .":-: t".\\\ I lr- ll3\'C ti to sinpiled out by the admiring Dutch as an important inducement '- : :-i-: \\ ::l:: ::rc .ust ru foreign traders. Such considerations were important since time was .r:: lll*l*;i-a i\ :liS le-:l precious to traders hiehly dependent on the winds of the monsoon - .r' .A.il.'irgi.t ri ti-}e irsi to convey them from their homeports to foreigr ports and back home .- -.:--: ..-,f r.r'r,l ic- JOI:lr again". As well as receiving the ships of others, the Johor ,-., launched out in their own ships, on their own credit or in partnership with foreign traders, all in the best Malacca tradition. The sixteenth to eighteenth centuries was a time when European seapower was being asserted in Southeast Asian waters. The iohor kingdom had the skill and speed, built into their orang Laut navy, to hold tlieir own against the Fortuguese. but with the Dutch. whose naval strength was unquestioned. another approach was tned" The Johor Malays allied themselves to the Dutch to lay seige to and capture Portuguese-held Malacca in 1641 , after wich they periodically coacted the right passage for their ships in the Malacca Stra its. [t was fornunate for the Johor Maiays that the Dutch whose headquartes were at Batavia rjid not see Johor as a serious competitor {'or the Archipelago anrj China Trade. a circutrislance which enabled the iohor rulers to br-rild up their entrepot apcl yet tlcprecate its trade to the Dtrtch. The dipiomatic know-how aqcr-rired througJr dealing with Chinese D.valsties was now put to selice in getting rt-rund obstacies posed by the Dutch East lndia Company. So, notwithstanding the naval patrols sent out bv thc Portuguese and the Dutch, tht sca iarres were as operational in the Johor as in any previous epochs. Arab arrd lndian slrips sailed ttrg Malacca Straits to Johor. just round the corner frotn thc sot-iti-rern etltrance of'thc Straits, 'slInJlS iql .lo ;3uEJ11l: u.Iat'llllo\ :rii '.:i cdtiis '-;r eql lrr euols orr t.];rl rlrrri,ry\ r..{Jo^uou Surpc-r1 sl8ng:rpr,r Jrlt lo l:l.,j.. 01 r1rctlq P3IEIElii .\t paltns atrtnr.lq 1t 'pouad sql ul 'uorl{ppp ul 'purrlJ cll ?rsv ls;l4 LuoJ-} JlnL'i Auc ut s? Jorlo I Jr{l tIl leuotle:.rdo sr :; oql Lrl uorlcunf luelrodur ue sel\ ll pup 'npr5 se,lr ,{rnluac qlur:t;;-i; :saninl:od arlt tq 1n() lll:s slorlnci 'r '. aql uI tuop8uq Joqof aql Jo qnq aq1 ',{luedsord s.roqof Jo srs"c :trl leql selnoJ apeJi oqi olur rno8r,r ,{Aeu e palcelur faql 'os uerg qolnC eqt (q prsod salrelsqo pttrrt'': i eJe,^A 'roqoI ur sJalnJ opDJ ap -]o uortrsod : j: serlsue ,{q aseulql q}l^\ ;ulleap t$noru. Lrmlle o] pue aoltrJo Jecqqod ro3 ssard ol Luaqi uo eouepuedap .versrii- etll 'tl:)ll'l0 rqi ol )pPl1 sl I rlPl')l(i 'r '1nu1 rloril posn [eq1 3uer6 oqt JO lusureceldslp eq] ur pJprE lqno. 01 sJelnJ JotloI aqi pslqeue r{rlrl \\ :]1 ou ernleu Agsnd JreqJ. 'lne-l 8ue-rg aq1 ,{q pleq ,{1puor}rpelt rlol -}',;l o8eledrqc:y arll Jo.l :olrledutor snoLI:s frut11g'srettlSti pue sJappJl'vo,r\or se Joqof ur JJr^Jas dn qoor iii-r:- Jtal\ sollenbpeaq ssoll'll qoln6 rlll }Eill 'z{e,l ,{er11 aql uo acueserd neq}Jo suoqcefer.{uuur ueeq peq araqi rii se^\ ]I 'su€lls ecaeTBI i aql ul sdtqs rt;i Blnsurued {uptr{ Jql oi rso.{\€lns }se^\qlnos ur puelstuoq Jraql uo.r,.1 ir r. ,{lpcrporrad ,{eqt qclu reus 'I t91 ui ' 3uo1 e se^\ 1J ',Qseu[q prsr{eprreg aleredsep aqtr ol z{po elqeidaf,-aE nut pu€ 01 a8res ,{e1 01 qtln6 ar{l ol s: \r' 'q31ng oq] peJ"eJ 'urseuopul ur pellles Aeql areq,lfrolo petuo-rl.arLi-. "peiJl sslr\ qceordde JeqlourI 'asanittr' eJO/y\ orl^ilaldoed^q 8uue4-ees s^eJq puE pnAell{s 'acreg 'snornlue.lpe -ir JSotl^A 'qJrnC Jql qll^A lnq ': 'plJo/t\ ,{e1eI^I ar{} Jo suercruaoqd aqJ oJo^A sl8ng aqg ',{:n1ua: lllur:; o1 ',{neu 1ne1 3uer6 rleq} olul liInq 'slele.,$ -ualos elel eql ur errdrueJorlof eql ur seceds ,{1due eqi ul alrl 01 lrriEl loqoI aq1 U?ISV ls€et{ino5 ' dnorS luurSrru e o1 poddns JoJ pauJn} s'..sppell Jror{} Je^o nriG-. ueedorng uoql\ Jtull e sEA\ seulllllir ' -eqLIJIr{1h 1e{ sJelnJ JeuroJ oql Jo poolq oq} q}l^\.. 'urleag eq} Jo SJalsl,-iii1 'uolllpEJl E3l?IeI\ :! aupd 'sereqepuag oql peplrnol Jorlol ur d1suu,{p ,^Aeu ar{ _] drqsreuged ut Jo lIpaJJ u^\o JIet{1 tlo ^q ..\l .:o1 : iP s,{e1u61 rorlof eq} 'sJeq}o 3o scltqs alalduroc ipr^A aJaql fisru,{p oq} puu lol{of o} polool lar-uct etuoq IJeq puu slrod t"6taro; ol slJoo; ^Aeu 'titii' ou ,{aq1 '^\oA JraqJ 1no .{r-rec }ou p1p Aaql '}ua,ra aip q qfnoqlly uoosuoul eql Jo spul'\r eq] uo lu3Ptl e8uerre 01 eJo^\s 1nz1 Suerg ol{tr '669 1 ut'selqou sH fq palaprnui sP!" se/rr ;tull osuls 1u?Uodrur erem suot surlJorlof - ecselet{ aql uro{ popuessep relnJ }sel 3I{} uoq^A'su-pri:.- ol ]ueuJJnput luelrodull ue sE t{J1r snolJlsnll pIrB sl€nllJ

0t TE JI

archipelago unturned. ln Riau. wealth was synonymous with the Bugis, and the Bugis shared this wealth with the Malav ruling class. So far in our story. the maritirre lords have had the autonomy to follow their trading pnnciples. to keep open the local and international sea lanes. and to adnrit migrants along these routes to enhance their power and wealth. Westem imperialism in the region had not made a difference to these types of indigenous initiative. but a big change was to take place as we move towards the nineteenth century and the high noon of empire.

The high priest of imperialism on tlte British side was Thomas Stamford Raffles. A servant of the Ernglish East India Company which held the China Trade monopoly. he was. nevertheless, a believer in frce trade. An avid researcher into Malay history and folklore, his ac- tions were inspired by the Malay past no less than by the prevailing British liberal tenets. It is merely to point out the Rafflesian style of his achievement to say that his idea of founding a base to safeguard the British China Trade, and trade with the Archipelago, sprang from his historical insight no less than his imperial foresight, He knew that there had bcen former empires and ancient mariners using the very routes he wished to protect, and. while on the quest for a base, wrote to caution a friend not to be surprised if his next letter was dated from the site of the acient city of Singapura.s Singapore in the distant past had been a minor commercial outpost, a stopover in Parameswara's itinerary. Raffles's option for it in 1819 set its undistinguished course on the path to greatness as an emporium, similar in function to former ones, yet bigger than them all.

The maritime Malays gave it their approval. The of Johor who was living at his territory, Singapore. when Raffles landed, sensed commercial prospects in the offing. As the Temenggong was but a court official, the had to be asked to sanction any tteaty to be signed. The Sultan, residing at Riau. had since 1784 been foisted with the Dutch adviser, and was unable to oblige. But the Sultan had been ruling without the royal regalia which a court faction in the territory of denied him, and without the royal regalia tl-re Sultan lacked legitimacy. Raffles thus felt at liberty to scheme to make the er{l 3{eu o} stual{cs o1 le lla-I ! sql os lou lnq'13ssarr p3fi3F arpnhs oql ol iurqolrms ur ar:r '{UaQII lrrnlr uellns aqi slpSar le^or aql lnoqll^r puE eulq.)-Io lseor eulllIJEtu aql pu" arodeiurg ur JS.rurq.) :r.i-L lnoqinoJql aql ul uollceJ lJnoJ s tl3lq'\{ etpia-t 'mord s6ng aqt pue >Junl asatrn{J ar{l ol rouadns pe38u-:lerrf's r lcssa,l pEq uellns aqt ]ng 'aEtlqo ol rlqeun se pesnsreddrqsueadornq's.0t8 | eql ul'o8eladrqrre l{l aperl I'uiu:r: Jo palsloJ uaJq t8l I sJuls peq 'neru te a=u aql rloJ-l pelsno arem s8ng aql aJoJaq arurl Jclleut ? sl7.r\ tl Jo &eari ,,(ue uotlrues ol polsu eq ol peq 'puEI>r se,n SuoiSuaurl aql sY '3ug3o aql u eql .+o l.led uielse.A er{l 1e 'eiull1g {nlel 's1"lr1syrr: aql 01 pr\our:j 'pepuel seUJBU ueqm 'aode8ut5 ',uotu sen'1q8g e lnoqlm enp srq s€ pauoop aq tcq,^A dn e,rtff lou pinor. go SuoSSuaural aql 'prordde rleql 1r ; oqn BuoSSuaual aq1 'fitunurruor sseursnq eroduiulg Sursu ii!.'.jr: Jr{l Jo s3t}rlPoJ 3r{1 uro4 olotuaJ'u^\o JreI{J Jo plJo,l& e ur p3^ri sl.-)rljii,'-l srli pu? urossnH ueilns'og 'q1pan 3o Suuutls ou peJaJJo puratfi; JauuoJ ol uoll3unJ uI JelIuIs'tunuoduu ,{eJe1q eql ol ecuerSalp ou pe^{o sJeq{unu e8rel ut rso,uelns ruoJ-t :lrr l osJnoc paqsm8u4slpun sll las 618 I ul I -e8utg o1 Sutuloc alou s6ng eq1 'zfuerpetulalur s? pelcp peq a111: .irr11 s(el€/t\setu?J€d uI reaodols e '1sod1no ;et ar{l 'sotur} JOurJol u1 'setcue8e ueedorng pue 'suielder >Juni JSljr.i-) ]uslsry aql q elode8uts ,'e:nde8ut5 'sepoq>{Eu sr8ng er11 .{q ur lqSnorq spoo8 eql ul aBuuqcxa aqt :l:1'.:.j" ulo{ pe}ep sB/( re}}ol }xau stq 3t pasud: 'p 01 ueruolpprtu eseurqJ e Jo se3rlJas er{} perrnbe: ,rou JpeJI 'ui:,-tr eloJ,r\ 'eseq e ro; lsanb eql uo ellq/'\ puo{cq ll lnd ,llou ,Lllxeldtuoo pu? oluos aq1 roJ Jperl lou plnor i.:..- ,d:aa eq1 Sursn sreuu€tu luolsuz pue s 'sarlrJor4lne qsqug or{l ol ueos eJa,r sorlruetue Jeqio pue 'a::,: ler{l aH '}LJalsoroS pFedtut slq LrE lrod ^AaDI -e8ur5 ur sexeJ ou eq o] se,l\^q oJoqJ 'a8euorled puelxe Jo JleJlIqJ? '\.!: uro:j Suerds 'oSeledrqcJv eq1 q]!^\ .rpe. 'sloedse Sulpuno3 eepl I raiuol ou plnor,{eq1 s}r JIe ur apeJl aql ;o dser8 rteql .iu.: prunEa3es ol oseq e Jo OJo^\ spJol 0rrrrluetu 3rn 13qtr sr ,4aou asireJaJjrp eqJ 'sarJnlirs3 Jo-J stll..t' 3o aliQs uetseuJeg oql lno lutod ot 11 eurqlr€tx eql Jo oto?ou eql ul snolzopual Jreql opeuJ e^Eq s/noJii iF;r'i\ Surpu,ra:d aqi dq ueql ssol ou lsed .ie puu s>1unl aseurq3 ro3 'aper1 srql lnoqp 3uu reqrureg e sr oJoti1 -Js sIL{ 'eJotr{loJ puu ,'irolstq de1e1i otu 'sE/n 'it '?sJoA JJI^ ptlillJ j: ur JJ^Jrlaq E 'ssclJque^eu aq rlirq^r [uudruo3 BIpq ilupuq aqr -leJ ppri s6ng aq1 qslq/\\ spoo8 aq1 1qfrnoq srop?rl lunl eql selxs r{s:r: lseE sBtuorll s"A\ opls qsllljg slli uo lusllB Jr.lqlJo speecord eql ql!A\ or'..lJod erilJo aJII Jer3JJultuos 3ql uI s1 u:',: luelrodurr lsoru arll Jo ouo., sem s,,(es ua) url 3uo16 qrtqn..uoss:q (eseulqJ) e peq osfP erode8uts '..uoseos slffng.. oql srodei:-lq lun[.. ]r qEfq eq] pue zi.lrquec qlueelaulu aql sp ur luetuollcxo eql soqlJtsop puu eql ul JpeJ] Jo si:LLq: o.o8eledtqcry szrrr o8ueqc 3lq e 1nq 'aAI]?I1lul snouai eq}.. tueql sll?o atodoSuls apDrJ a{J {ooq sri. Jedreuud 699f-6ygy to e epetu lou peq uo6er aql q urslleue, ul ue) uq 3uo16 'sJopeJl sr8ng aroru atueo '€Aef pu€ oeuJog ut JtnLll Jrsr{tr oouut{ue ol selnol asol{l iuolu s ua peqsrlqslse .{eq1 slulod 8uqce11oc urzr{J e q8norql 'rsene1n5 uor3 Jo pus pcol aq1 uedo daal o 'nuel ruoJ1 paJJoJur-oJ srarn slue8utluoc SurpeJ] Jloqi pue 'erode;-uls IpuorluuJalul _Ic ol ,ttuouolnu aql pBLI a^eq spJo[ JLul]F Supuno; aqi ruo{ pellgeuoq ue}lns el{l Jo slcelqns s€ng aq1 'ssu1r nuJe61 Jql qlLr 'qeqs peuurst{ontr UIessnH w}lns rlireu 8ut;ru 'st8ng oql qlpt snoru.,{uou,{s se^\ qllBJ/ u8rer eq1 repun 'roqo{'Jo ralru InJ}qBIr aql w}lns oLIt Jo raqtorq raFI:

:c ET 34

Bugis who lacked the means or foresight. This is the assessment made tu- fler from the Portugue by Wong Lin Ken.l1 =c icrr es he. the sorereip This was a prelude the revolution in shipping ushered to in by the :-,nr. r:'lJ br implication re steamship, and the Suez Canal, opened in 1869. The Chinese again ln tirnes of *ar. the adapted to the change but the Bugis did not. However, Emi-iy Sakda in \tr-:0n her book The Protected Malay States 1874-1895 has cited interesting \lalal \l'ar strate impossib cases whcre the Malay elite had taken to steamers and other modern 'r-:l:llt :rlition. rr r.CesSihle lnstead. it t commercial amenities.l 2 There was the Menteri of , who, in 1872, ',:rti : :ri5rhi1 mobile torc owned or chartered, two of the four steamers carrying tin from Larut, {. i:rgn::m: po.*'en undet his teritory, to Penang. There was Tunku Ziauddin who sent thc tin :i. sss.nc: The Cola $ mined in Kiang, under his control, in a chartered steamer to be sold iuds on rarious -i,i-::S 1 to his Chinese backer at Malacca. Bul these efforts depended solely on -':.: . B;t Snvr;.t',, 'Doi.rr personal qualities, were not institutionalized, and were shortlived . As a,:,g Cl.;r:ese Court to cor ordinary Malay be that they were but for the craft, it may said all :--": ili.:nesc rnarkr'r. Tirc wiped out in the Age of Steam. ': " : : : ,* tr-s *.t t:, the POftt The Malay rnaritime coast had aiways been populated by a mobile . -(irr--1r'LS wnen lhe POrtUgl nomadic and warlike people. The Malays themselves were pulsating l-.. -.-J.:11 tClu.dU with a restless energy to undertake voyages discovery, to seek new of -:i-:.-: .'I iL-.tifc f-:.. :l: products and markets, build new empires. Their Orang tollo- to Laut :-{-:,e-i i.'.:l ir}Jid:nSr tl wers moved with ease and rapidity through a thousand routes among i- -- -:-.- | t- I . - .&. i. -s Al\-li - the shoals, islands and bays to fish, forage, trade, pirate, and fight. The .- .-.: J-1.--,:i- -u,ttnd: Orang Laut homeland was the Riau Archipelago and the southeast -:.. ---. : ::- .- .:_. Surnatran coast. but at any one time they were on the move to arrd -:1, 1 : - j., - il: ;a3tUi from the nogara of the day. The Bugis sailed across the archipelago to _ - : -- -. -_!s;x 'llc:.-'ll * a life of trade, piracy, and war, operating at first on the :'l'- --- . ,r:. :;Jl:lf] coast, and when the chance present'ed itself, at the hearrt of tire Johor -:. -.: ij:. :dC ;f( kingdorn in Riau. - : -.- - ..., .-.st ri i -. The mrgrant population was the key to the power and wealth of I : li - -, - - ;l: l.l it-.c itTlBlI the maritime kingdorn. Great krngdoms emerged when a Malay prince :- -r;;..i .: :-!€ l-rfa l; -\ was able to harness tire notnadic manpower on coast and strand to l -:ii:.c:. '['he -:l - \{-ia BU productive etforts for. and at. the nagara. pnrrce's promite of .-'-. .r : lu-l ,i i.-.SlE{ gold, honours, and oftlce. werc'doubtless an attraction. but equalll,as -.-.:-- -- - 5-lT-raLia S :dS: -( important was the kingll,ntystique. Legend had it that wlicn Parame- L-. -:.:a- . :..u- , ";i.; :-.-].:-!r'n- swara set out on his cluest towards Malaya, the Orang Laut at Riau . --: - -ir[<.1nS .\ i.L . made readl- to welcome hiur. having heared thc sacred kingship of ;,a,&;: -.*: -.ar:i :-,:tl ti rites he had performed betore he sailed. lhe Mirlacca sultar who had T- --J;-l- - 4 ' - .- .i ., _ _..:.! ,3ur13rqs se^o rl$Fug pue LIJ]nO ur ]radns se/$ uorlplnclod Surlrog :u1 ptrt oq/r\ u€llns P)3Pi€I\ ;tlJ 'pl.trc< :-i 'araq1 s8urql al?ls pezrleJluoJap pln6 aq1 plnor Jo ldecre Je^eu tseo-1 rltqsBttn:1 pFI:tns )ql lo nr,rnrrt itn rr:, aurrlrl€rrr aql Ja^o olru Jlaql Uasw 01 aureo oq^\ sueadornq aq1 'E nPtH tr I nnl lun:q )tll in1e4 i.;. 'rr-^ sr'.,roqoIJo pup1uwtu aq] pup oir1l.1i';.-n -atlleJed Llarlrr\ 13111 11 p"q pu38rl r.88ur1-ner; or{1 Jo spuslsr se ila/K s€ }spoo }s?a s(eJ}?runs p.rrr.!-.L: se ,'ilienbe lr.rq 'uorlrpJllp up ss:llqnor r{3lrllA seuo}rJJal Surdpno s.Joqof 3o uoqoedsur Jo Jnol p se \1, rci]i .1o astuord s rrnud at11 'olo8ou :r-l: -Jepun (auoJrll Jorlof aql purqeq ramod spng) epn6 upnl::drp ,:r- r. cll prreJls pue ]s"oc uo ;e,nodueul rrr aql qrrq/\\ seqnp lsrg eqt Jo ruo.. sAes s.yo6r IV pJzln,L aql ut alcts,.-_ aruud ,(ep6 p uaq^r pe8reue sruopS''.r .arrdure s7daeuoS alJrlJB roq ut uosoqlentr erul8l4 eql Jo s111s1 _r1i.,:-:; Jo r{llpo^A pue rc,rod 3rl1 C)1 ,(a1 arlt sr ,ntoSou uo luenn uJntr ur Jelru aql puv eql 1€ JelnJ oq1 o1 :rup=..: Fnurluoo,{;1u31s ol JEJ pue reeu saceld tuorg pred se,4^ alnqlrl .:: -- roqof Jl.{i Jo lrBrll .1111 l? 'Jlcsll p:lu:1 eql tl1 p,{o1 peumrue: oq/h'uortrelndod Buue.gess }sE^ sll pur -.-i-l__: ';t uotoSou rofiue1o5 oql uo lsrl] ]e 8utle;ado ?ccple1,1 aqt touIIe.J eqlJo ssol sql fluo asen8nl:o.1 :jt ': Jo lueau o1 o8eladrqoJe Jq] ssoJt? palms sring ; eJrplel{ arg snql'ueq} paou plnoqs plrdec aq} urrl.y, .''- is:- pur o1 s^otu 3r{} uo are,ti\ ,(aq1 arutr . lsuru8e ,Qa;us pue a^Jeser ul pleq eJO^\ .pe{oldura ,{11n3asr. lnq i:,;: l.ssoqlnos eql pu€ ofieladtqcry net; uaan {1uo 'slrBJ}S eJrBlsW eqtr 8uD{uBU loN soF}unof, pe:enbuoc au: 'jl eqJ 'lqBU pue 'e1e-rrd 'ape;1 'a8erog 'rist slurod snoJaulnu .plrder ]E {Jo,,t\ o} uraql pe}nqlJ}srp .{1esr,tr puz JUt :? Suoure salnoJ puesnoql e q8norqt .irrp lnoqe-8ueq 01 pe/r\olJs erer* slcefqns s{q asF€ plnoo salonojl IIB Jr l?q] -olloJ lns'I 3uer6 rteql 'sertdtue .\AJu oql pezrlpal Jelru 'plJo./i4 aql orurluetil aql ul alnr arrdrue Jo a:rt-.i;;l lAou ol 'fuo^oostp yo seSefo^ aTs pue laes ldacuo, rql ur luatuole d'a1 e sB^{ uoqelndod luer8rru JL'I Sutluqnd eJo,t! so^losueql s{epyq :r1 'splrdec s.Joqof pazer asan8nllod eql uarl.r suorsr:fi: 'altqoru e ,tq palulndod ueeq s,r{e,trp pet uo u^loqs se.& sJualrseJ O[IJ€S 3ql pue.ssen8ngodaqt qll/ll sJe,$ s.JC.-:i ur pe,{1dure oJe^\ scr}re} uru puu sures eql .}alJstu asaurlJ :-J-] }[r{ ]nq IIB arer'r ,4aql lPql pFS eq tetu t pue Jno^p.J pFadurr JoJ sBIoJ er{l qlltr eladuroc 01 t-rno3 eseutq3 n-ur:5 sv pr^rluoqs aJsi\\ pue 'pazlpuotlnlt eql ol suorssnu Surpues selA pue pecunoq e,telrzrrJs '1cuq ]ng 1r lt;i: uo ,{ye1os papuedep sUoJJs asotn 1ng 'I aql ol dn arrdue lqEy u,{efilug oq} u} slurod snoue^ uo spreJ iurut'::r- p[os cq 01 J3ur"als peJou?q3 e uI 'lor solros e pelJnpuoc erpq qlnos ,Qseu,{6 EIoJ er{I .acurss: :ut Jo Jo uI] aq] luss oq/v\ I-IIppnBrZ nlunl sB 1\ se^/r\ paeds'epeJl ur sE 'JElr\ poolsJapun ":t Jo q ]?q1 srernod autrlu€Lii 'trn-re'I [uo4 uI] 8utlltrac sJeureess Jno-l 'pstodsrp pue acua8ranuoc prdaryo elqedec acroJ .LilLy. alrqou ftqStq E aql sPr ,pealsuy 'zr8l ul'oqm'1ere6Jo u3luaw lseJleJ pue {J?l}? uoppns Jo urroJ eql 1r 'alqrsse3rp };. {oo} {.rjapotu Jaq}o pu€ sJaurEols C)1 u3>{P1 | 01 p?q eJnlpu .{rel s1r fq onSou eql erurs elqrssodun .uorlrsod elqEiFs 8u4se:a1ur pello s€q g6gl-fuL81 satol5 -s?un uB ur Surqcuerlue o^lo^u lou plp ,{3a1ur1s rem ztepy4 .\rc-ilr.', .re,n u{ ep{es ,{Ilrug'.l3.Ae,lto11 "1ou pip s6n1 pue IE^rNns oi ,{e1 elll se^ uorlulndod Sur.ror eq1 seturl ul Jo um8€ eseulq3 oq.L '6981 ul peu:do 'peq ''or-u eq sro^\olloJ er{l ploJue} uorlecqdurr fq pue ar-$ ur peJoqsn Sutddqs uI uollnlo^3- .aq JoJ punoJ eq ppoc serJlunoc ue1 'syus sea 'u8raJsAos eql se Suoy c-rs ^q l?r{l sJelsrulur slq fq parnssu sel\ srepu^ur asan8nlrod eq} uorJ 33fJ ur1 3p3ru luo[rlssssw oql sI slql '1{3tsa:o-1

s€ {-c 36

E',e:i ;o. iiefe \r.;Ls nc conl' alike as a piratical breed (which they were, unless properly directed). t',r-i-i:s. :here *'gs s comnlor At any rate a people constantly on the move was dashed difficult to '-- : .-rr€ f-rs :i :oion;;i- .'.nrl adrninister. The Dutch appinted a Resident to Riau in part to enlist ': l: i; j inJ (J,rna t;.': the Sultan's aid in pacifying his Bugis subjects. A future Sultan who - t: L1c:rJnllrTl: qorlJ. Furt evaded this responsibility was deposed. The British retained Sultan -r : l:,i rtuues el'olved in th; a Hussein. the Tenrenggong, and their heirs, in Singapore, clearly with the - intention to use thenr to tie down and guarantee the behaviour of the i s,rd denoi,eme:: [c TL- i-.1 .. - "native" population swanning the rich port" The sense of movement : ,.r .l..JlC hJ: - r.:.:! which infused the Malay world was replaced by stability, by solid in- ,--I:::: -'-r ll ; f0rro*e: r vestment, and by the means to protect that inversttnent which led :: l: .1- i rrirvron. Tit T:m; -..ck inevitably to the socalled impregnable fortifications at Singapore. .;-a to tittlr ,.1om.i.tn -:- --.-J: i:...:iml: :;: The maritirne coast had flourished for so long because there was -'-.-j:l- ..C -.:... SL-:I- :-: freedom to roam, oceans to cross, strange lands to explore. Apart i:;li.J.1S --- i ilatUfasqUi. from China. there is evidence that the Malay sailed to east Africa and --i-\ Australia. The foreign countries which desired the goods of the archipe- lago were too far away to be abie to exercise an-v direct influence. Nineteenth century imperialism leaned hard on the region, and within i:a.r ,lrg;ryrcq ( the region, the boundaries drawn by European rivals further constrict- , ed the movement of the maritime peoples. Modern means of transport . ih€ .Fal ri,*r,.c: means to their demise on n.* C;i&tr i;ai:E and communications brought the traditional llu K;t;ccn o'J, the important trade routes. Migration in the maritime world had always resulted in a rather nrixed population. fo be sure, Srivijaya, Malacca, and Johor encouraged men of all nations to trade at the nagara, and the moltsoons encouragcd them to stay. But the Arabs, lndians. and Chinese while imparting a cosrnopolitan anrbience to the port were not ol such a number as to upset the ethnic balance of society or to constitute a threat to the authorities. The Bugis in eighteenth century Johor did pose sornething of a problem. They eased out the Orang Laut. They antagonized the Malays, The Johor nobilitl, had to recourse to marrying therr daugilrten to Bugis princes as a nreans to achieving integration. On occasionl the Sultan would lnarr!' Bugls women. "But" Virginia Matbeson says "the Sultan's marriages wi th Bugis women are often regarded as signs of favouritism towards the Bugis, and generated even more anti-Bugis t'eeling".l o T'he Bugis woulcl hit back by rnakrng a with-drawal irom Riau. in whic:h their prcsence was indispensable, if trade was to prosper. 'JsdtoJd cll sp,tr JpeJl Jr 'alqesucclsrpur sr. ruoJl [p,4^r?Jp-q]l^1 e SunleLu Iq >1req rrt s€ng-tlrr? eJou rra^a polpJcucS prrls 3o su8rs se popreFer uol1o aJE ueruo r oq].. slps uoserllel4l erut8:rn ..lng.. u:u eql 'uors€3oo uO 'uoqur8elu 3ur,t:rulr '8r'd'-P.1CI ',*: selqinep .iraq1 Surd:retu ol asJnofeJ ot r '.\ -. 'Vl'6 "r!c'do "uoseglEl\ € aq1 pezruo8elue {eql '1ne1 fiuerg :qr '82 puE 9e'dir'896t'tndunT elm}{'968t--?l8t sa44s tDlow palratord aqJ 'a{pes 3 'i: 'Og'd'8L61 qaPN'I'oN 'XI'IoA 'rarpnts' uusv ln,rqlnog lo lwrnol'.,1?6t Surglauros .rsod prp roqoI n:nlurr q] ur; -d .....618I'Uod to.la:Xug u" sp qlnor3 sl.l :arode3srs..'6uo11 '14'1 osTe aas '€g ?t.-; aql 01 lecJLIl E Jlnlrlsuor 01 Jo iirr..ol .OI I d r.c," '71, 'd'096I raqrr' ol sP Jequnu P qJns Jo lou Jra,r lJoc -afl'p1ed'IIIXXX'lol!'SVAqWt ',,598I*618I rroddurs Jo ap"rl aq&{ 'Fuor^ 't'l e Suqredrur olrrll\ asourql pup 'suerpul '69?'d't96I'uopuoT 'salar uralsog aq1 jo sailllat!'ernqzlrnlt, 3 _f 'AI'd'gl6I'rndun'I sr?ns pc8ernorua suoosuorrl eql pu€ 'DtDEDu 2,) '9'o'u'SVUAW to qdp.souoll'msv twaqtnog lo wa]sts a]trrs loluopC'a€ ('s.og, peSe:norua JoqoI pup 'ecaeFIAI 'enelr,rgc sensec'1 pw pleu 'v uI eq} EI a?Pts s,}deduoc.. .rsI.JEN-rv lqqn{, Jo 'aosaqls}t -.^ Jor{lpJ e ur pallnsar sferrrp peq ppo./r{ : 'l6r'd "PtoJ '88 'd ptqJ 'c '8€'d'9t6I 'rndurn.J elBrtl'g6Lf *Ml :taqof lo tuopgutv a/J '"Aspsv ;'1 u0 suueur puoqrpsl ' I I I' d' t96 I'rndun.I Elsnx' aauosr a14N uapp e A ape qr[' a osru€p Jraql ol :rl 'nrotslfJ "qJ' 'seldoed '9 r4deq3'Ol6I 'uopuo-I [.DloW u! o(otlatrg lo llo,{ ,tlL 'sralloiA .tl'O lrodsuerl Jo sueeur uJepo'\tr au;r -l3ulsuo3 Jet{lJnJ s1e.,ru ueedorng ,iq ur "otr,{lays lo sul,tn aq} Jo dp*s, v 'a,auuoc uotc*opuJ",r""'3}t:;TlT : sa&4.4;- ulrlll^\ pue 'uo6er eql uo pJeq poueel u 'J3u.lnUuI ]3eJJp ,,{ue asrcrexo ol Jlqe ; .SJT.: -ee{lqcre aq} Jo spoo8 eqi porlsop qori{.,l\ s pu€ ?cuJV lsee ol peFes z(epy,1 eql teql -ped atEJ alqplJrpeJdun puB eAtss€J88e 'anbselnlJrd e s? peJee-l r-. Jo lredy 'aroJdxe ol spuel a8uerls 'sso.r-- pajltupe oq otr eqtr'l3odseJ pu? rIlFeA\ ureS otr aruos'&r3 lrr::}l:- lsoJ seiA aJaql osneoeq 3uo1 os JoJ psqsllno! eql ul uo pleq sl8ng eql ztpg '41o3 aurre^u pnur] (.{{.{s p Surec !-t; 'arodefiurg pasdel ln€'I Suuro eql'S981 uI Joriof ur urpuop rreql ol {rEc. r:! lp suor]BJU;tro; elqeuiiarciu pol -olloJ srq puu Jlosl.uq {oo13q uos s,8uo?8u3tual eql 'uor^rlqo puE i.r+: tlJiqilr ]uetulso^ul 1eq1 lcelord ol olur Jsdop JaAa 3uD[urs 'eJeA{ [ w .DJDEDU po,,!\oJJoq p ur uo pe;::-- -ur prlos {q 'rtlrpqels ,{q peruldeJ se.A p '1rod sJreq s.urossnH uellns 'sJodeSurs ]3 ]no pe^uld se^\ opuu 3r.{f 'sur-: luotue^otu Jo esues aq1 r{ol: -.r{1 -rp8J] srurllJerlr Jo sffed peJpunq ueelJu 01 luatuanouop pes y oq] Jo Jnor^eq3q oq] soluBJPnS pue u,.r,rc eql qll^\ .{gee1c 'arode8ut5 ut 's:req:raql 'oJDSDu eql ul peAIoAe senF^ 3u1 i:,: upllns peurclor rlslllrg aq1 'pesod;p i uerl? ulel'ual ol oJe^r queJSruurr aserg 'JeqlJng 'plJo1( eturllrEru pt! :i-, or{^ m}lns arnlnJ y 'slcefqns sFng str m€J Jlqdu-Gol.uep oql o8usqc 01 se o[€Js ? qcns uo purqJ pue ?Ipul i-..ir:':- lsrlue o] ged ur nerg o] lueprse6 e pi {,rrJnod o} eJa,r\ EueJ8rrurur'sluaurlseirur F}rdEc Fruolo3 yo snlMui;;l peqsup sP/I\ e^ol.il aql uo ilt Jepun qluee}euru eql uI 'ern}lnc uoluruos ? sBA\ 3J3r{1 'sacrse{]lnJUJIp ol '(pelreJrp {pedord sse1un 'arerrr faql qr pu€'edo3"{"rn1uac lou plnos uBllns aql r{JrqA\ lsluuor ou sB,s sJer{l 'o{ u?{l

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