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The Authority of the Queen of Aceh and the Sultan of Perak in Tin Trade Negotiations with the Dutch 1640-1670

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The Authority of the Queen of Aceh and the Sultan of Perak in Tin Trade Negotiations with the Dutch 1640-1670 HISTORIA: Jurnal Pendidik dan Peneliti Sejarah, 4 (2). 2021. 143-150 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/historia.v4i2.32842 Available online at HISTORIA; Jurnal Pendidik dan Peneliti Sejarah website: https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/historia HISTORIA: Jurnal Pendidik dan Peneliti Sejarah, 4 (2). 2021. 143-150 RESEARCH ARTICLE THE AUTHORITY OF THE QUEEN OF ACEH AND THE SULTAN OF PERAK IN TIN TRADE NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE DUTCH 1640-1670 Khairul Nizam Bin Zainal Badri1 1Madrasah Pra Tahfiz Al Mansoorah, Selangor, Malaysia [email protected] To cite this article: Badri, K.H.Z. (2021). The authority of the queen of aceh and the sultan of perak in tin trade negotiations with the dutch 1640-1670. HISTORIA: Jurnal Pendidik dan Peneliti Sejarah, 4 (2). 2021. 143-149, DOI: https://doi. org/10.17509/historia.v4i2.32842 Naskah diterima : 18 Maret 2021, Naskah direvisi : 6 April 2021, Naskah disetujui : 15 April 2020 Abstract Aceh reached its zenith during the reign of Sultan Iskandar Muda Mahkota Alam. However, he died at a young age, leaving an heir and legacy of the enormous ruling power. Its main enemy, both in the military and in trade, is the European power in the Straits of Malacca. The Ruler of Aceh, after his death, had to deal with the Dutch colonialists who are interested in tin mining in the state of Perak in the Malay Peninsula. Perak, at the time, was under the auspices of Aceh. The main goal of this paper is to review the role and authority of the ruler of Aceh and Perak when dealing with a Dutch ploy to monopolize the quarry. This study uses a qualitative method with a whole literature approach. Based on the data analyzed, it was found that the Queen of Aceh and the Sultan of Perak managed to maintain the tin in Perak from entirely monopolized by the Dutch. The attitude of Queen of Aceh and Sultan Perak’s patience and diplomacy to treat the ills of the Dutch; finally resulted in the Dutch themselves have to bear the losses because of their greed by blockading the port of Aceh and Perak, who angered local merchants and foreigners Keywords: Diplomatic; Dutch; Queen of Aceh; the Sultan of Perak; tin. Abstrak Aceh mencapai puncaknya pada masa pemerintahan Sultan Iskandar Muda Mahkota Alam. Namun dia meninggal di usia muda, meninggalkan pewaris dan warisan kekuasaan penguasa yang sangat besar. Musuh utamanya, baik secara militer maupun komersial, adalah kekuatan Eropa di Selat Malaka. Pemerintah kemudian harus berurusan dengan penjajah Belanda yang tertarik dengan timah yang terdapat di negara bagian Perak di Semenanjung Malaya. Perak saat itu, di bawah naungan Aceh. Tujuan utama dari tulisan ini adalah untuk mengkaji peran dan kedudukan pemerintah Aceh dan Perak ketika menghadapi kelicikan Belanda yang ingin memonopoli timah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan kepustakaan penuh. Berdasarkan data yang dianalisis, ditemukan bahwa Ratu Aceh dan Sultan Perak berhasil mempertahankan timah di Perak dari kekuasaan monopoli Belanda. Sikap Ratu dan Sultan Aceh yang sabar dan diplomasi memperlakukan Belanda akhirnya mengakibatkan Belanda sendiri harus menanggung kerugian karena keserakahan membuat pengepungan di pelabuhan Aceh dan Perak, sehingga menimbulkan amukan pedagang lokal dan orang asing lainnya. Kata Kunci: Belanda; diplomatik; Ratu Aceh; Sultan Perak; timah. HISTORIA: Jurnal Pendidik dan Peneliti Sejarah, p-issn:2620-4789 | e-issn:2615-7993 143 Khairul Nizam Bin Zainal Badri The authority of the Queen of Aceh and the Sultan of Perak in tin trade negotiations with the Dutch 1640-1670 INTRODUCTION METHOD Sultan Iskandar Muda Mahkota Alam died at a This qualitative study uses a complete literature relatively young age, less than 45 years old. He died approach. The data obtained from the documentation when Aceh was at the height of glory. Almost the whole involves historiography that erupted in Perak, Aceh of Malaya was under the rule of Aceh at the time. Aceh province, and Dutch colonialism in the Malay world. became the strongest competitor to the Portuguese, the These data are then critically evaluated and formulated European powers that have been successfully established so that the goals of the study are achieved. in Melaka for the first time, whether in the military or trade. Aceh, however, shows relationships with other European powers, such as the Dutch and English (Gischa, FINDINGS 2020). Family relationship Sultan Iskandar Muda had better relations with the In the reign of Sultan Iskandar Muda Mahkota English than the Dutch. But after he died, the Dutch got Alam, the relationship between Perak, Pahang, and Aceh better places in Aceh than the English. When Sultan became more close due to the occurrence of marriages Iskandar Thani ruled Aceh (after the death of Sultan among members of the royal family. The son of Sultan Iskandar Muda), the Dutch has had their own trade Abdul Ghafur Mohayuddin Shah ibn Almarhum Sultan office in the state of Aceh (Lombard, 1986). Unlike Abdul Kadir Alaudin Shah (12th Sultan of Pahang, ruled Sultan Iskandar Muda, Sultan Iskandar Thani is rumored 1592-1614), namely Raja Abdullah (Marhum Muda to have no ambition to expand his kingdom (Zainuddin, Pahang) was married to a grand daughter of Sultan 1957). On the other hand, the Dutch strengthened their Mansur Shah of Perak. After Raja Abdullah and his father power in the archipelago by trying to control trade routes were killed in 1614, his wife and other family members in Asia. The first step was to establish a trade center in set out for Perak (Linehan, 1973). Jakarta after setting foot in Indonesia in 1596 (Andaya, One of the princesses of Raja Abdullah was married 1992). to Raja Sulong, who was the son of the couple Raja To protect its trade routes, inevitably, the Dutch had Mahmud and Tun Kecil, the daughter of Tun Isap Misai to add military assets and control the Straits of Malacca. Bendahara Seri Maharaja Johor (Senarai Sultan Perak, The news of the discovery of tin by the Portuguese in 2021). The father of Raja Mahmud was Raja Kasab, who Perak in the late 1590s caused the Dutch to dream of was married to the daughter of Sultan Mansur Shah II conquering Melaka. By controlling Melaka, the Dutch (8th Sultan of Pahang, ruled 1555-1560) named Puteri were able to control the Straits of Melaka route; even had Puteh. Raja Kasab was the son of Sultan Khoja Ahmad, the opportunity to strengthen trade with the states in Sultan of Siak (Linehan, 1973). While in another record, Malaya (Winstedt & Wilkinson, 1974). Raja Mahmud is the son of Raja Ali Al-Ajali, originally But Dutch businesses plunder the land in Perak, not from Johor (Senarai Sultan Perak, 2021). an easy task because Perak was under the auspices of As for Raja Mahmud’s sister named Puteri Bongsu Aceh. Perak still has its government. The situation forced Chendera Dewi was married to Raja Ahmad (later called the Dutch to build a good relationship with Silver and Sultan Ahmad Shah II, who was the 11th Sultan, ruled Aceh to get the desired results. 1590-1592). Raja Ahmad was the son of Sultan Abdul Thus, to be studied in this paper is a diplomatic Kadir Alaudin Shah and the brother of Sultan Abdul relationship between Perak, Aceh, and the Dutch on Ghafur. This marriage has given birth to a son named the issue of tin trade in Perak, after the death of Sultan the Raja Mughal (Hassan, 2016). In terms of family ties, Iskandar Muda Mahkota Alam. For the research to be Raja Mughal and Raja Sulong are cousins. more focused, attention is given to the figures involved When Sultan Iskandar Muda Mahkota Alam made based on a historical chronology covering the date and a series of attacks from 1613 to 1620 in Malaya, many of place. This study aims to determine the role and authority the royal family has become a prisoner of Aceh (Effendy, of the Malay Muslim governments in addressing the 2017). This includes the families of Raja Sulong and Raja issue of diplomacy and trade with European powers like Mughal. Sultan Iskandar later married the aunt of Raja the Dutch Mughal named Puteri Kamaliah, while Raja Mughal was HISTORIA: Jurnal Pendidik dan Peneliti Sejarah, p-issn:2620-4789 | e-issn:2615-7993 144 HISTORIA: Jurnal Pendidik dan Peneliti Sejarah, 4 (2). 2021. 143-150 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/historia.v4i2.32842 married to his daughter named Puteri Seri Alam (later the Queen is not a bigot because, like her husband, she called Sultanah Safiatuddin Tajul Alam) (Hassan, 2016). is also very pious in knowledge and religion. She was the After Sultan Iskandar Muda died in 1636, son of one who helped her husband a lot in government when Mughal instated as the 13th Sultan of Aceh with title faced with state problems, especially the opponents to Sultan Iskandar Thani. Following the death of Sultan her husband, who wanted the Sultan appointed from Salehuddin ibn Sultan Mahmud Shah (the 9th Sultan of among the Acehnese, not outsiders (Daud, 2016). Perak) that year in Kampar; then Sultan Iskandar Thani The Queen was raised in a religious environment, as the patron of Perak sent Raja Sulong, replacing Sultan especially in the family next to Puteri Sani. Her Salehuddin to be the new Sultan of Perak, with the title grandfather, a nobleman Bugis and Aceh, Daeng Mansur, of Sultan Muzaffar Shah II (Senarai Sultan Perak, 2021). from Wajo, once studied in Makkah (Juliani, 2017). Upon returning to Aceh, he was married to a family in Reuben scholar known as Tengku Chik di Reuben. Daeng Mansur later days was also known as Teungku di Bugeh (Zainuddin, 1962). He then opened a school in Reuben where it is narrated that Sultan Iskandar Muda also studied there (Firdaus, 2019).
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