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Representations of Contemporary Feminist Protest in Germany and the UK Phd in German Department of Modern Languages and European Studies

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Representations of Contemporary Feminist Protest in Germany and the UK Phd in German Department of Modern Languages and European Studies Representations of Contemporary Feminist Protest in Germany and the UK PhD in German Department of Modern Languages and European Studies Sophie Payne 2018 Representations of Contemporary Feminist Protest I confirm that this is my own work and the use of all material from other sources has been properly and fully acknowledged. Sophie Payne i Representations of Contemporary Feminist Protest Abstract This thesis is situated within the increasing visibility of feminism in the public sphere in Germany and the UK. Case studies of three contemporary feminist groups, representing two forms of protest, comprise this study: FEMEN, an exclusive group who perform topless public protests across Europe; #aufschrei, an online anti-sexism campaign in Germany; and the Everyday Sexism Project, another online anti-sexism campaign in the UK which was a precursor to #aufschrei. I have selected texts from three different locations from the year 2013: self-representation online, including FEMEN’s reporting on their protests and the stories of sexism shared on the hashtag feminist groups’ websites; mainstream news media representation via online articles from four major newspapers per country, with a range of left and right-leaning and tabloid and broadsheet newspapers; and the discussion forum comments from these online news articles, which provide a view into more ‘general public’ discourse. The aim of this study is not to provide a comparison across countries or media types, but to explore the ways that feminist protest is represented in different locations: how is it constructed and legitimated by the groups themselves? How is it negotiated, supported or rejected in the news media and discussion forum comments? I work with a theoretical framework provided by Discourse Theory and linguistic analytical tools from CDA, namely, social actor theory and contextually constructed opposition. Discourse Theory is well-suited to understanding the construction of identity and conflict, a feature of much of feminist discursive terrain, but it lacks analytical tools for detailed linguistic research. Therefore, as well as providing knowledge about representations of contemporary feminist protest, this study also provides a contribution to developing the methodological rigour of Discourse Theory. ii Representations of Contemporary Feminist Protest For hope iii Representations of Contemporary Feminist Protest Acknowledgements I started my doctoral research in September 2014 and I am writing these acknowledgements just before submission in February 2018. For me, this thesis acts a mini time capsule filled with the many events of the last forty or so months, personal and political. The personal outlook I had in those early months when I first wrote my literature review (the first draft of which is referenced in the introduction to the review), as well as the world I was writing it in, feels a significant distance away from where I am now. On a personal level, I suffered from RSI which put writing back for six months or so, left a long- term relationship, lived out of my car and slept on sofas for six weeks, moved out of my family home (again!) and put roots down in Reading, lived consecutively with two new friends, suffered a horror winter fraught with illness and antagonism that earnt our house the name Plague House, embarked on a wonderful new relationship, made firm new PhD friends, helped move the family home to Reading, lived in Hamburg over a summer, as well as took a number of other European trips. I took up knitting and crocheting with a vengeance and joined the local Labour Party, with some trepidation doing my first leafleting and door- stepping. I also finish the PhD with my paternal grandparents having experienced a number of unfortunately timed accidents and illnesses, a reminder of the fragility of life and the importance of personal relationships over all else. On a political level, we (at Plague House) felt the deepest despair in 2016, with Brexit, the Trump election and the Conservatives soaring in the polls. I remember how we used to talk about how sick we felt at being so unrepresented by democratic decisions that were out of our hands. This political turmoil, coupled with turbulent personal financial situations that signified the onward march of neoliberal capitalism, affected us in a deeply emotional way that I had never imagined possible. But the 2017 General Election gave us hope, as the political debate shifted and opened, and our left wing ideas have gained more public currency. Although we have seen a dangerous increase in polarisation in politics, at least what we do have now is, to some extent, a legitimisation of the left, of the young and of a different way of seeing the world; we have an opposition leader who, for all his faults, supports and has always supported women’s rights, LGBT rights, multiculturalism and minority rights, refugees iv Representations of Contemporary Feminist Protest and the NHS, as well as ending privatisation, tax evasion and homelessness. I finish this thesis, too, in the wake of the international Women’s Marches against Trump, the 100th anniversary of women’s suffrage in the UK (a year before Germany), #MeToo and #TimesUp and the revival of the feminist society at the University of Reading. It feels, in some way, like forward movement. And so to personal thanks. Firstly, The Pool: together we have racked up hours of conversation, sometimes serious, sometimes funny, sometimes supportive, but always ridiculous and full of dozens of private jokes we don’t even understand anymore. The PhD years have often felt like extended student years: we trade wealth (in disposable income, savings and general long term financial security) for flexible working hours, spontaneous and long lunches and a great, natural sense of community. There is no greater and more natural sense of community than with you. In particular, fellow Plague House occupant Carl, I treasure our long Sunday morning chats and I’m glad to say that we both come to the end of the PhD more expert at putting the world to rights than we are at anything else. Secondly, my wider friends and PhD community, also known as my social media bubble: you have provided a great deal of support, directly and indirectly, and I also take pleasure in seeing how you support one another. Although some of us have only met once, at conferences and the like, social media allows us to follow each other’s lives, and I cherish that opportunity to keep in touch with like-minded people. To my undergraduate university friends: Reading has never been the same place without you, and I am reminded of that every day that I walk through our old department. Thirdly, my family: I know you all knew that once I started university I would never leave, and you were right. Thank you for taking an interest, for not questioning my choices as I become the poorest but one of the oldest of nine siblings and for encouraging me to take days off (rather than assume we were all just lazy students!). To Yanos, as you are my family now too: you are the best thing to have come out of these last three years, which started over a copy of Hegemony and Socialist Strategy and will finish with two completed theses and a wedding; v Representations of Contemporary Feminist Protest this, however, is only the first chapter of our life together. You brought me to live a more political life, you see the world through the same feminist eyes as me and you provide a safe refuge when things around us are hard. Fourthly, I would like to acknowledge the Department of Modern Languages and European Studies, which provided my first university home back in 2009 when the German Department and the Italian Department were two floors apart. This department has been beyond welcoming and supportive and I am proud to be a product of MLES at the University of Reading. In particular, thank you to the passionate and enthusiastic Federico Faloppa who first, and tirelessly, encouraged me into postgraduate study, and to PGR directors Daniela La Penna and Par Kumaraswami: MLES is full of exemplary women – formidable, intelligent, passionate and caring academics – and you are two of them. I also thank the AHRC South West and Wales Doctoral Training Partnership for providing my scholarship. My personal experience has also been enriched by the networking and funding opportunities provided by the DTP; I am proud to have been part of the first cohort and to leave seeing the community flourish and grow. The DTP also allowed me to have Virpi Ylänne (Cardiff) as my second supervisor and I thank her for her encouragement and time. Fifthly, Melani Schröter: undergraduate personal tutor and lecturer, M(Res) lecturer and dissertation supervisor and finally my PhD supervisor. You really are the reason that I was able to start and finish this PhD, from first stoking my interest in critical academics, politics and discourse as an undergraduate, to designing and delivering almost the entirety of my M(Res), to guiding me through the PhD process. You have provided, and continue to provide, endless advice on research, academia and life more generally, as well as an environment for teaching and research that has allowed me autonomy and independence, explicitly teaching me the value of these two qualities, all while completing your own impressive to-do list. Quite simply, you are one of the most amazing people I will ever know. Finally, to the courageous and defiant feminists whose unpaid labour has contributed the data for this thesis: I recognise and am in awe of your bravery and your strength. I have spent four years and 90,000 words (and more) on your work, but it is you that went out, actually spoke up and acted, and you continue to do so every day.
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