Resource Conservation Partners Arroyo Simi Habitat Restoration and Enhancement CDFG SAA Application January 26, 2012
ATTACHMENT 4
Calleguas Creek Watershed Arundo/Tamarisk Removal Program Arroyo Simi Pilot Project Implementation Plan
Prepared for: Ventura County Resource Conservation District P.O. Box 147 Somis, California 93066
Funded By: California State Water Resources Control Board Proposition 50 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan (IRWMP) Grant Program
Prepared by:
Wildscape Restoration, Inc. 2977 Sexton Canyon Road Ventura, California 93003 www.wildscaperestoration.com
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Calleguas Creek Watershed Arundo/Tamarisk Removal Program Arroyo Simi Pilot Project Implementation Plan
August 2009
Prepared For: Ventura County Resource Conservation District P.O. Box 147 Somis, California 93066
Funded By: State Water Resources Control Board Proposition 50 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan (IRWMP) Grant Program
Prepared By:
Wildscape Restoration, Inc. 2977 Sexton Canyon Road Ventura, California 93003 Phone: 805-644-6852 www.wildscaperestoration.com This page intentionally left blank. Calleguas Creek Watershed Arundo/Tamarisk Removal Program Page i Arroyo Simi Pilot Project Implementation Plan
FUNDING0B
Funding for this project has been provided in full or in part through an agreement with the State Water Resources Control Board. The contents of this document do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the State Water Resources Control Board, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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EXECUTIVE1B SUMMARY
The Calleguas Creek Watershed Arundo/Tamarisk Removal Program, Arroyo Simi Pilot Project Implementation Plan (Plan) describes the implementation of an arundo (Arundo donax) and tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) removal project (Pilot Project) along the Calleguas Creek watershed on behalf of the Ventura County Resource Conservation District (VCRCD). The Plan establishes guidelines for removing arundo and tamarisk within a 54.4 acre area in Arroyo Simi on property owned by the Simi Valley Water Quality Control Plant (SVWQCP), the Rancho Simi Recreation and Park District (RSRPD), and Ventura County Watershed Protection District (VCWPD). The amount of arundo and tamarisk removed from this area will be determined based on the current availability of funding for the Pilot Project. In addition, coordination with the City of Simi Valley will be required regarding a proposed bank stabilization project and the associated mitigation to occur within the Pilot Project area.
The removal efforts will reduce unnecessary water loss, improve water quality, reduce fire and flood danger, and improve the ecological value of the Pilot Project site. The Pilot Project will also serve as a model for future non-native invasive plant removal efforts as part of the Calleguas Creek Watershed Arundo/Tamarisk Removal Program (CCARP).
The Pilot Project and CCARP are funded by the Proposition 50 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan (IRWMP) grant program through the State Water Resources Control Board (State Water Board). This grant is administered by the Watersheds Council of Ventura County (WCVC), an umbrella organization for Ventura County’s IRWMP development process.
The Pilot Project will utilize manual and mechanical removal methods, as well as the application of aquatically approved herbicides to control arundo and tamarisk. In addition to the two target species, other non-native invasive plant species will be removed as they are encountered. All Pilot Project personnel will follow Best Management Practices (BMPs) and receive training by a qualified biologist in the identification of any special status plant and wildlife species that may be present on site to minimize impacts to these species. In addition, all initial removal efforts will be conducted outside of the bird breeding season to avoid impacts to the federally endangered least Bell’s vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus).
Monitoring of the removal site will occur for the duration of the Pilot Project to achieve sufficient mortality of the target species. Maintenance will occur year-round for two years following the initial removal efforts through the December 2011 to address any resprouting of non-native invasive plants. However, maintenance efforts for arundo are most effective if they are conducted for at least five years after the initial removal efforts are completed. Focused species surveys will be conducted for least Bell’s vireo each year to determine presence or absence. If least Bell’s vireos are present, all monitoring and maintenance activities from March 1 to September 15 will use established BMPs to avoid impacts to this subspecies. Natural recruitment of native riparian habitat after removal efforts are complete will help prevent arundo and tamarisk from re-colonizing the Pilot Project area. If sufficient recolonization of native plant species does not occur, additional funding should be sought for the removal of any remaining arundo and tamarisk at the 54.4 acre site, and for native habitat restoration.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page FUNDING...... i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... iii 1.0 INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.1 Objectives...... 2 1.2 Location...... 2 1.3 Ownership and Responsible Parties ...... 2 1.4 Funding ...... 9 1.5 Regulatory Compliance ...... 9 2.0 PILOT PROJECT SETTING ...... 9 2.1 Hydrology ...... 9 2.2 Soils ...... 10 2.3 Existing Vegetation Communities...... 10 2.3.1 Arroyo Willow and Red Willow Woodland...... 10 2.3.2 Arundo ...... 18 2.3.3 Riparian Scrub ...... 18 2.3.4 Adjacent Upland Communities...... 19 3.0 TARGET NON-NATIVE INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES...... 19 3.1 Arundo (Arundo donax) ...... 19 3.2 Tamarisk (Tamarix spp.)...... 21 3.3 Other Non-Native Invasive Plant Species...... 22 4.0 POTENTIAL IMPACTS TO NATURAL RESOURCES ...... 22 4.1 Positive Impacts...... 22 4.2 Negative Impacts ...... 24 4.3 Special Status Species ...... 24 4.3.1 Special Status Plants ...... 25 4.3.2 Special Status Wildlife ...... 27 5.0 IMPLEMENTATION...... 30 5.1 Water Quality Monitoring ...... 31 5.2 Pre-construction Surveys...... 31 5.3 Personnel Education ...... 31 5.4 Staging Areas...... 32 5.5 Site Access...... 32 5.6 Signage ...... 32 5.7 Arundo and Tamarisk Removal Methods ...... 32 5.7.1 Cut and Paint Application...... 35 5.7.2 Mechanical Removal...... 35
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Section Page 5.7.3 Foliar Spray ...... 36 5.8 Plant Disposal Methods ...... 36 5.8.1 Chipping...... 36 5.8.2 Landfill Disposal ...... 36 6.0 BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs) ...... 41 6.1 General BMPs...... 41 6.2 Technique-Specific BMPs...... 42 6.2.1 Chipping...... 42 6.2.2 Biomass Removal...... 42 6.2.3 Landfill Disposal ...... 42 6.2.4 Herbicides ...... 42 6.2.5 Foliar Application (Full Stands, Cut Stands, Resprouts) ...... 43 6.2.6 Cut-and-Paint ...... 43 6.3 Biological Resources BMPs ...... 44 6.3.1 Migratory Birds ...... 44 6.3.2 Least Bell’s Vireo...... 44 6.3.3 Plants...... 45 7.0 MONITORING ...... 45 7.1 Progress Monitoring...... 45 7.2 Photo Documentation ...... 45 8.0 MAINTENANCE...... 46 9.0 HABITAT RESTORATION...... 46 10.0 REFERENCES...... 48
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Section Page
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 – Pilot Project Location ...... 3 Figure 2 – Pilot Project - Parcel Ownership...... 5 Figure 3 – Photos of Pilot Project Site ...... 7 Figure 4 – Pilot Project - Existing Vegetation ...... 11 Figure 5 – Pilot Project - Arundo Percentages...... 13 Figure 6 – Pilot Project - Tamarisk Percentages...... 15 Figure 7 – Access Points, Staging Areas, and Photo Points ...... 33 Figure 8 – Photos of Removal Methods ...... 37 Figure 9 – Photos of Disposal Methods ...... 39
LIST OF TABLES Table 1 – Pilot Project Permits ...... 9 Table 2 – Native Plant Species Currently Present at Pilot Project Site ...... 17 Table 3 – Non-native Plant Species Currently Present at Pilot Project Site ...... 23 Table 4 – Special Status Plant Species ...... 26 Table 5 – Special Status Wildlife Species...... 28 Table 6 – Native Plant Palette ...... 47
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1.0 INTRODUCTION2B
The Calleguas Creek Watershed Arundo/Tamarisk Removal Program, Arroyo Simi Pilot Project Implementation Plan (Plan) outlines an arundo (Arundo donax) and tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) removal project (Pilot Project). This 54.4 acre site is located in Arroyo Simi on the Calleguas Creek watershed. Other non-native plant species will also be removed as they are encountered. The amount of the target species removed from this area will be determined based on the current availability of funding for the Pilot Project. The Pilot Project will serve as a model for future removal projects as part of the Calleguas Creek Watershed Arundo/Tamarisk Removal Program (CCARP). CCARP provides recommendations for the eradication of arundo and tamarisk from the entire Calleguas Creek watershed. The Plan and CCARP are being prepared and managed by the Ventura County Resource Conservation District (VCRCD).
Field crews will begin removal work at the upstream boundary of the Pilot Project site, and continue the work in phases by progressing downstream until the budget limit is reached. In addition, the City of Simi Valley will be conducting a proposed bank stabilization project and all or a portion of the associated mitigation within the current boundary for the Pilot Project. Therefore, Pilot Project personnel will coordinate with the City of Simi Valley during implementation.
Crews will utilize manual and mechanical methods, such as brush grinding and/or crews with hand tools, and the application of herbicide to remove arundo and tamarisk from the Pilot Project area. Herbicides will be applied under controlled circumstances using Best Management Practices (BMPs) and following all label instructions.
Monitoring will be required for the duration of the Pilot Project, along with two years of maintenance following the initial removal efforts (through December 2011), to achieve control of all target species. Maintenance efforts for arundo are most effective if they are conducted for at least five years after the initial removal is completed. However, funding for the Pilot Project provides for two years of maintenance. Therefore, arundo is likely to continue to resprout once it is completed in 2011. We recommend that additional funding be sought to continue maintenance efforts through 2014 to increase the chance for successful arundo eradication at the Pilot Project site. If sufficient recolonization of native plant species does not occur, additional funding should be sought for the removal of any remaining arundo and tamarisk at the 54.4 acre site, and for native habitat restoration.
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1.1 Objectives12B
The Pilot Project objectives include the following: • Improvement of water quality. • Reduction in surface water and groundwater loss. • Reduction in erosion and associated damage. • Reduction to the risk of wildfire and flooding. • Improvement of wildlife habitat. • Increased biodiversity. • Provide a pilot arundo/tamarisk removal project as a model for further removal projects along the Calleguas Creek watershed for the CCARP program.
1.2 Location13B
The Pilot Project site is located in a 54.4 acre area on property within Arroyo Simi in the Calleguas Creek watershed. Arroyo Simi encompasses the upper portion of Calleguas Creek, one of the three major subwatersheds of the larger watershed. In this area, Arroyo Simi is a broad alluvial channel, varying between 350 to 750 feet in width. As Arroyo Simi flows west, the channel becomes known as Arroyo Las Posas. Calleguas Creek makes up the lowest portion of the subwatershed, continuing south until it empties into the Pacific Ocean.
The Pilot Project site is owned by the Simi Valley Water Quality Control Plant (SVWQCP), located at 600 W. Los Angeles Avenue in Simi Valley, California, the Rancho Simi Recreation and Park District (RSRPD), and the Ventura County Water Protection District (VCWPD). The surrounding landscape is dominated by a mix of urban development, agricultural areas, ranchland, and natural vegetation communities. The northern edge of the Pilot Project site is bounded by the various businesses and agencies located along Los Angeles Avenue in Simi Valley. The southern boundary is bordered by open space made up of upland vegetation communities and owned by the RSRPD.
A detailed description of the Pilot Project site setting is provided in Section 2.0. The location, parcel ownership, and photos of the Pilot Project site are provided in Figures 1 through 3 below.
1.3 Ownership14B and Responsible Parties
Property Ownership: Simi Valley Water Quality Control Plant
Rancho Simi Recreation and Park District
Ventura County Watershed Protection District
Pilot Project Proponent: Ventura County Resource Conservation District
Preparers of the Plan: Wildscape Restoration, Inc.
W:\Projects\_VCRCD\CCARP\PPIP\Plan\CCARP PPIP Final - 20090831 Reduced photos.doc er Riv lara ta C £150 San Santa Paula
£23 £126
Moorpark ^ £118 Arro imi Las Posas yo S Arroyo Simi Valley
jo e n o C o y o Camarillo rr A Oxnard £34 £101
R ek e e v r £23 o C lo s n a S u
l g Thousand Oaks o le Project Location u l a g
h C in Ventura County
£23
£1 ^ CCARP PIP
Major Roads
Major Rivers
County Boundary !
Calleguas Watershed Calleguas Creek Watershed Arundo/Tamarisk Removal Program (CCARP) FIGURE 1 Arroyo Simi Pilot Project Location 00.5 1 2 3 4 5 Miles O Prepared by Wildscape Restoration, June 2008 Calleguas Creek Watershed Arundo/Tamarisk Removal Program Page 4 Arroyo Simi Pilot Project Implementation Plan
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500029116 Simi Valley Water Quality Control Plant
500029115 500029114
579005036 Arroyo Simi 579005014 579005013
500037042 579005012
500037014
C-10 ArroyoSimi PIP Boundary Parcel Ownership Simi Valley County Sanitation District Rancho Simi Recreation and Parks District Ventura County Watershed Protection District
FIGURE 2 CCARP Arroyo Simi Pilot Project
Parcel Ownership Prepared by Wildscape Restoration, June 2008 0 250 500 1,000 Aerial Imagery Source: Digital Globe, July 2007 Feet O Parcel Data Source: Ventura County GIS Dept. Calleguas Creek Watershed Arundo/Tamarisk Removal Program Page 6 Arroyo Simi Pilot Project Implementation Plan
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Stand of arundo intermixed with native vegetation at Pilot Project site Close-up of arundo at Pilot Project site
o/Tamarisk Removal Program
Figure 3 – Photos of Pilot Project Site Arundo at Pilot Project site Calleguas Creek Watershed Arund Arroyo Simi Pilot Project Implementation Plan View of Pilot Project site
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o/Tamarisk Removal Program
Calleguas Creek Watershed Arund Arroyo Simi Pilot Project Implementation Plan Calleguas Creek Watershed Arundo/Tamarisk Removal Program Page 9 Arroyo Simi Pilot Project Implementation Plan
1.4 Funding15B
Funding for the Pilot Project and CCARP is provided by the Proposition 50 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan (IRWMP) grant program through the State Water Resources Control Board (State Water Board). This grant funding is administered by the Watersheds Council of Ventura County (WCVC), the umbrella organization for the development of IRWMP in Ventura County.
1.5 Regulatory16B Compliance
The VCRCD, as the lead agency for the Pilot Project, approved a California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Notice of Exemption for this project. Table 1 below lists all permits that are pending for the Pilot Project.
Table 1 – Pilot Project Permits
Regulatory Agency Type of Permit or Agreement
California Department of Fish and Game Streambed Alteration Agreement Ventura County Water Protection District Water Course and Encroachment Permit
2.0 PILOT3B PROJECT SETTING
Agricultural and urban development within the Calleguas Creek watershed has led to a number of negative impacts to this system. These impacts include the establishment of non-native invasive plants, as well as the degradation of water resources, loss of native habitat, and an increase in flooding, erosion, and sedimentation. The quality of water and native habitat will continue to decline without a coordinated effort to address these issues, including the expansion of non-native invasive plants such as arundo and tamarisk. In addition, agricultural production will be adversely affected by the continued deterioration of water quality and loss of top soil. Increased flood flows will also continue to damage property and erode private and public land close to the creek (CMWD 2005).
2.1 Hydrology17B
The Calleguas Creek watershed is made up of three major sub-watersheds and their associated hydrologic networks; Calleguas Creek, Conejo Creek, and Beardsley Wash/Revolon Slough. Historically, this watershed was an intermittent system with seasonal flow from its origin in the Santa Susana Mountains south and west onto the Oxnard Plain. In the twentieth century, much of the watershed was channelized and modified by drainage projects to facilitate the conversion of the Oxnard Plain into rich agricultural land. Until the 1940’s, the watershed was characterized by intermittent flow, primarily providing drainage for agricultural irrigation and stormwater discharge. Over the last 50 years, urban development has led to the discharge of highly treated wastewater into this watershed (CMWD 2005).
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This increase in flows has significantly affected the Calleguas Creek watershed. The main channel, including Arroyo Simi, is now a perennial stream predominantly fed continuously by these treated wastewater flows, secondary surface flows originating from groundwater re- surfacing, agricultural and urban runoff, irrigation return flows, as well as periodic stormwater runoff (CMWD 2005). The watershed also has an active creek channel that shifts frequently, especially during high-water events. In addition, the increased runoff from large areas of impermeable surfaces is causing an increase in flooding and scouring in the watershed.
2.2 Soils18B
The channel substrates in the Calleguas Creek watershed are primarily composed of coarse to fine sand. The primary soil type in the Pilot Project area is Riverwash (Rw). Soil types in the surrounding area include clay, sandy, and gravel substrates such as San Benito clay loam (ScE2, ScF2), Sespe clay load (SoG), Pico loam, sandy substratum (PsA), Sandy alluvial land (Sd), Calleguas-Arnold complex (CbF2), and Soper gravelly loam (SvF2) (USDA 2007). Slopes in the areas surrounding the main channel range between two to 75 percent.
2.3 Existing19B Vegetation Communities
Current vegetation communities within the 54.4 acre Pilot Project site include willow woodland, monocultural stands of arundo, and riparian scrubland (Figure 4). In addition, significant stands of arundo and a few tamarisk trees are intermixed with the native riparian vegetation (Figures 5 and 6).
The flooding of January and February of 2005 substantially reduced in-channel vegetative cover of the Pilot Project site. However, riparian vegetation, including arundo and other non-native plant species, has largely re-colonized the flooded areas. In particular, very dense stands of willow are present in the Pilot Project area.
Limited areas of upland communities are adjacent to the site. The channel banks and adjacent hillsides to the south of the Pilot Project area support coastal sage scrub and oak woodlands. Several access roads and disturbed areas filled with non-native annual grass species are present, especially on the eastern and western sides.
A list of native plant species currently present at the Pilot Project site is provided in Table 2 below. This list includes all plant species detected during a field visit on June 5, 2008. However, a comprehensive floristic survey was not performed and the visit was not conducted during the optimal season to detect herbaceous species.
2.3.1 Arroyo38B Willow and Red Willow Woodland
A large portion of the Pilot Project site is dominated by two willow species, red willow (Salix laevigata) and arroyo willow (Salix lasiolepis). Both species are usually present in close to equal proportions. However, one species may be more abundant than the other in some areas. Both arroyo and red willow require large amounts of water and are found mainly in areas of
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Simi Valley Water Quality Control Plant
Arroyo Simi
Vegetation Type Arundo Arroyo Willow Red Willow Arroyo Willow - Red Willow Mixed Riparian Scrub Mule Fat - Sandbar Willow Ruderal Herb C-10 ArroyoSimi PIP Boundary
FIGURE 4 CCARP Arroyo Simi Pilot Project Existing Vegetation 0 250 500 1,000 Prepared by Wildscape Restoration, June 2008 Feet O Aerial Imagery Source: Digital Globe, July 2007 Calleguas Creek Watershed Arundo/Tamarisk Removal Program Page 12 Arroyo Simi Pilot Project Implementation Plan
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!(
Arundo Percentages 0 - 5 % 6 - 20 % 21 - 40 % 41 - 75 % 76 - 100 % !( Arundo Outlier C-10 ArroyoSimi PIP Boundary
FIGURE 5 CCARP Arroyo Simi Pilot Project Arundo Percentages 0 250 500 1,000 Prepared by Wildscape Restoration, June 2008 Feet O Aerial Imagery Source: Digital Globe, July 2007 Calleguas Creek Watershed Arundo/Tamarisk Removal Program Page 14 Arroyo Simi Pilot Project Implementation Plan
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Tamarisk Percentages 0 % 0.2 % 1 % !( Tamarisk Outlier C-10 ArroyoSimi PIP Boundary
FIGURE 6 CCARP Arroyo Simi Pilot Project Tamarisk Percentages 0 250 500 1,000 Prepared by Wildscape Restoration, June 2008 Feet O Aerial Imagery Source: Digital Globe, July 2007 Calleguas Creek Watershed Arundo/Tamarisk Removal Program Page 16 Arroyo Simi Pilot Project Implementation Plan
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Table 2 – Native Plant Species Currently Present at Pilot Project Site
Scientific Name Common Name Alnus rhombifolia white alder Ambrosia psilostachya western ragweed Amsinckia menziesii rancher's fireweed, fiddleneck Artemisia californica California sagebrush Artemisia douglasiana mugwort Atriplex lentiformis Quailbush Baccharis pilularis coyote brush Baccharis salicifolia mule fat Conyza canadensis horseweed Datura wrightii Jimson weed Eriogonum fasciculatum California buckwheat Heliotropium curassavicum heliotrope Heterotheca grandiflora telegraph weed Isomeris arborea bladderpod Lepidospartum squamatum scale broom Marah macrocarpus wild cucumber Opuntia sp. prickly pear Phacelia ramosissima branching phacelia Platanus racemosa California sycamore Populus fremontii Fremont cottonwood Quercus agrifolia coast live oak Salix exigua sandbar willow Salix laevigata red willow Salix lasiolepis arroyo willow Salvia mellifera black sage Sambucus mexicana Mexican elderberry Solanum douglasii white nightshade Stephanomeria virgata twiggy wreath plant Typha spp. cattail Urtica dioica stinging nettle Yucca whipplei chaparral yucca
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perennial soil moisture. In general, areas subject to frequent disturbance have higher proportions of arroyo willow, while terraces and areas with a relatively stable streambank support higher proportions of red willow. Red willow often takes the form of a tall, single- stemmed tree, while arroyo willow tends to have several stems and take the form of a large shrub or small tree.
In the Pilot Project area, willow woodland consists of a dense, closed-canopy stand, or an open stand with a shrubby understory. Dense stands are most likely to occur in areas of high moisture. These stands may also contain other native trees such as white alder (Alnus rhombifolia), California sycamore (Platanus racemosa), or Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii). The understory tends to be sparse and may contain patches of cattail (Typha spp.). Arundo is also present in scattered locations. The open willow woodland stands, which tend to occur in xeric areas, support Mexican elderberry (Sambucus mexicana) and Fremont cottonwood in the overstory in association with willow species. The understory in these stands contains mule fat (Baccharis salicifolia) and sandbar willow (Salix exigua).
Arundo is present throughout the willow woodlands of the Pilot Project area, with the highest densities in downstream (western) areas. Tamarisk is also present in low densities. Arundo is most abundant in dense, mesic willow stands, while tamarisk tends to occur in xeric stands. Mexican fan palm (Washingtonia robusta) is present in low concentrations in some mesic willow stands.
2.3.2 Arundo39B
A monoculture stand of arundo, with some canes over five meters tall, occurs along and downstream from the SVWQCP water discharge area. Red willow and arroyo willow are present at low concentrations along the edges of this stand. A few individuals of Peruvian pepper (Schinus molle) are also present.
2.3.3 Riparian40B Scrub
Along the southern edge of the Pilot Project site, several areas of riparian scrub are present. These stands generally occur in relatively xeric areas of coarse substrate, or in areas subject to frequent flood scouring. Some riparian scrub areas are dominated by mule fat and/or sandbar willow, while other areas of riparian scrub consist of a varied mix of plants including Mexican elderberry, arroyo willow, and scale broom (Lepidospartum squamatum). Most of these plants occur as shrubs under five meters in height. However, a few tree-sized individuals of Fremont cottonwood or red willow are also present.
Arundo is present in some areas of riparian scrub at lower densities than in willow woodland. Several large individual tamarisk plants were also found in alluvial scrubland stands. However, fan palm was not noted.
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2.3.4 Adjacent41B Upland Communities
To the south of the Pilot Project site, the vegetation communities are dominated by upland plants. These communities may be dominated by non-native invasive herbs such as ripgut brome (Bromus diandrus) and shortpod mustard (Hirschfeldia incana), or may support coastal sage scrub plants including coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis) or California sagebrush (Artemisia californica). A small, oak woodland dominated by coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) is also present. A small, drought-stressed stand of arundo was found in a patch of coyote brush to the southeast of the Pilot Project area.
3.0 TARGET4B NON-NATIVE INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES
According to the California Invasive Plants Council (Cal-IPC), a non-native invasive species, 1) is not native to and introduced to an ecosystem as a direct or indirect result of human activity, and 2) causes or is likely to cause environmental harm by displacing native species, hybridizing with native species, altering biological communities, or effecting ecosystem processes (Cal-IPC 2008). Monocultures of non-native invasive plants alter ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycles, disturbance and fire regimes, and hydrology. In addition, the presence of invasive plants reduces habitat quality, and leads to a loss of biodiversity (Bossard et al. 2000, Gordon 1998).
3.1 Arundo (Arundo donax)
Arundo is a large, woody, perennial grass believed to be native to eastern Asia (Polunin and Huxley 1987). It has been cultivated for thousands of years on several continents including other parts of Asia, southern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. During the last 2 centuries, it has been introduced throughout North and South America (Perdue 1958, Zohary 1962). Arundo was introduced to the Los Angeles area from the Mediterranean in the 1820’s and used for erosion control in drainages and thatching for roofs (Hoshovsky 1987). Arundo is now common throughout the watersheds of southern California. It was historically used for fencing, roofing, fiber production, fodder, and as a windbreak. It is no longer widely used for these purposes, but is still occasionally used in landscaping.
Arundo produces dense, plume-like flower heads at the upper ends of its stems in the early autumn. However, these flower heads rarely contain viable seed. Instead, arundo reproduces primarily from rhizomes (underground stems) and stem segments, as it grows outward from the existing rhizomes of a parent plant. Arundo is also easily spread when rhizomes from an existing population are washed downstream during a large rain or flooding event. Shoots have also been observed on small stem segments containing only a single node.
Arundo is able to rapidly colonize watersheds due to its robust growth rate. It is one of the fastest growing plants in the world, and also grows quickly in response to elevated nitrogen levels (Dudley 2000). A single stand of arundo may have many hundreds of stems that grow close together and as rapidly as several inches per day during the spring and summer months. In addition, the dense nature of its extensive rhizome system enables arundo to out-compete native riparian vegetation (Bossard et al. 2000).
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Arundo infestations have severely damaged a significant portion of southern California’s riparian resources (Bell 1997, Bossard et al. 2000). The following list describes the negative impacts of arundo to watersheds and riparian habitats.
• Arundo reduces surface and ground water quantity through rapid transpiration. It uses three to 20 times the amount of water as native riparian vegetation, or as much as 17.3 liters per square meter per day (Hendrickson and McGaugh 2005). Therefore, dense infestations can desiccate riparian habitat in arid areas (Dudley 2000). In addition, a reduction in surface and ground water affects water-dependent plants and wildlife, and urban and agricultural areas.
• Arundo affects water quality by displacing native trees, thereby reducing the shading of surface water and increasing water temperature. This increase in light exposure and temperature can decrease water oxygen content and encourage algal blooms that elevate pH levels. These effects reduce the available habitat for aquatic organisms (Adamus et al. 1997), diminishing the food supply for native riparian wildlife. Increased pH also leads to the conversion of usable ammonia to a toxic byproduct, which degrades water quality. All of these changes adversely affect wildlife, including rare and sensitive species.
• Arundo displaces native riparian plants through monopolization of soil moisture, space, and sunlight.
• Large arundo stands cause a decrease in wildlife usage of riparian areas (Dudley 2000). It does not provide suitable structure for bird nesting. In addition, many insects and other herbivorous animals are not able to use arundo as a food source due to the noxious chemicals it contains and its defensive cellular structure (Bell 1997).
• Arundo alters stream geomorphology by trapping and stabilizing sediment, which narrows stream channels, widens floodplains, and causes increased flooding (Zouhar 2003). Arundo biomass also creates blockages that redirect the flow of rivers, streams, or creeks. In addition, it has a shallow root structure that is easily undermined during periods of high flow. These impacts increase flooding and bank erosion along the effected waterway. The resulting bank failures increase turbidity and discharge excess sediment that carries contaminates into the waterway.
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• Arundo is extremely flammable, adapted to fire, and increases fire fuel loads through the buildup of thatch and dead plant matter. Therefore, large monocultures of arundo escalate the spread and intensity of wildfires. Tall arundo canes act as ladder fuel and spread fire into tree canopies. Dense stands of arundo in river channels can rapidly spread fire along riparian corridors. In addition, its rhizomes resprout rapidly after fires, and will outgrow native species that may otherwise germinate in post-fire environments (Bell 1997).
3.2 Tamarisk20B (Tamarix spp.)
Tamarisk is a shrubby tree native to arid regions of south Eurasia. It was introduced as an ornamental plant to the western United States in the early 1800s. It was most likely brought to California by Spanish settlers (De Louch et al. 1999), and was present in the state by the early 1900s (Horton 1977). Tamarisk is now found in rivers, streams, wetlands, desert alkali sinks, playas, and springs throughout southern and central California and the western United States (De Louch et al. 1999, Gaskin and Schaal 2002). It has been used for firewood, shading, landscaping, and as a windbreak. There are currently five known species of tamarisk in California including Tamarix ramosissima, T. parviflora, T. gallica, T. aphylla, and T. chinensis.
Tamarisk spreads primarily by seed. However, under favorable, mesic conditions it can also become established from stem and root segments. The plants are able to flower after one year of growth, and full-grown mature trees can produce 500,000 seeds per year. These seeds are extremely small with a terminal tuft of exposed fibers that allows them to travel great distances by wind or water. In addition, they remain viable up to five weeks and, if produced in the fall, may survive to the next spring (DiTomaso and Healy 2003).
Tamarisk can cause negative long-term effects to water conservation, water quality, and native biological resources, and can increase the intensity of flood and fire. The following list describes the negative impacts of tamarisk to watersheds and riparian habitats.
• Tamarisk consumes at least twice the amount of water that native vegetation uses, or about 3.3 liters per square meter per day (Shafroth et al. 2005). Water consumption by tamarisk is so high that dense infestations can desiccate riparian habitat in arid areas (Egan and Walker 2000). In addition, a reduction in surface and ground water affects water-dependent plants and wildlife, and urban and agricultural areas.
• Tamarisk can obtain water in inhospitable and fluctuating groundwater environments, and reproduces more efficiently than native riparian plants. Therefore, tamarisk monocultures can outcompete native vegetation by monopolizing water resources, increasing shade, and altering flood regimes critical to the establishment of native riparian vegetation (Bell 1997). In particular, tamarisk has replaced native woody species, such as cottonwood, willow, and mule fat, in large tracts of riparian ecosystems in the western United States (Zalaveta 2001).
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• Tamarisk concentrates soil salts by bringing salt up through its roots to its leaves. As tamarisk leaf litter accumulates, the surface soil can become highly saline, thereby impeding future colonization by native understory plant species (Carpenter 1998).
• Tamarisk reduces habitat quality and food supply for native wildlife including insects and bird species (Bell 1997). The scaly, salty leaves of tamarisk are unpalatable to most wildlife species that predate on native plants, including mammals and insects.
• Dense stands of tamarisk and its associated leaf litter are highly flammable, causing an increase in the intensity and spread of fire along riparian corridors. In addition, tamarisk is likely to persist following a fire and, with the repeated burning of riparian plant communities, can expand its dominance over native vegetation (Busch 1995).
• Tamarisk alters stream geomorphology by trapping and stabilizing sediment, which narrows stream channels, widens floodplains, and causes increased flooding (Carpenter 1998, Lovich 2000). Large stands of tamarisk also obstruct flows and cause floodwaters to expand into areas that historically have not experienced water flow. This impact can exacerbate bank erosion and lead to a loss of adjacent public and private property, including farmland.
3.3 Other21B Non-Native Invasive Plant Species
In addition to arundo and tamarisk, other non-native plant species are present within the Pilot Project site (Table 3). Some of these species that are invasive or present in small enough quantities to eradicate efficiently will also be removed when encountered. These species include tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus), poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.), tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca), prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica), castor bean (Ricinus communis), and Mexican fan palm. Removal of any mature, non-native heritage trees will be addressed during the implementation of the removal efforts.
4.0 POTENTIAL5B IMPACTS TO NATURAL RESOURCES
4.1 Positive2B Impacts
In spite of short to mid-term disturbances to vegetation and habitat, non-native invasive plant removal projects have rapid, positive, long term effects on native plant and wildlife populations. By removing invasive non-native invasive plants such as arundo and tamarisk, water quality and availability for native plants and wildlife will increase. In addition, available habitat for native plant species, such as willows, mule fat, and sycamores, will expand, providing substantial improvement in habitat quality for wildlife.
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Table 3 – Non-native Plant Species Currently Present at Pilot Project Site
Scientific Name Common Name *Ailanthus altissima tree of heaven Ambrosia artemisiifolia common ragweed Bassia hyssopifolia five-hook bassia Brassica nigra black mustard Bromus diandrus ripgut brome Bromus madritensis red brome *Carduus pycnocephalus Italian thistle Centaurea melitensis tocalote Chamomilla suaveolens pineapple weed *Conium maculatum poison hemlock Cyperus sp. non-native nutsedge Erodium cicutarium redstem storksbill *Eucalyptus spp. eucalyptus Hirschfeldia incana shortpod mustard Lactuca serriola prickly lettuce Malva parviflora cheeseweed Marrubium vulgare horehound Melilotus albus white sweetclover *Nicotiana glauca tree tobacco *Opuntia ficus-indica prickly pear Piptatherum miliaceum smilo grass Polypogon monspeliensis annual rabbits foot grass *Ricinus communis castor bean Schinus molle Peruvian pepper tree Sonchus asper spiny sow thistle Sonchus oleraceus common sow thistle *Washingtonia robusta Mexican fan palm Vulpia sp. fescue
*To be removed when encountered at the Pilot Project site
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4.2 Negative23B Impacts
Any negative impacts triggered by the Pilot Project will be temporary in nature and will be accompanied by positive long-term benefits. Negative impacts include limited amounts of soil disturbance and temporal losses to native vegetation caused by vegetation grinding equipment. These impacts will be minimized by following the set of BMPs described in Section 6.0. Vegetation grinding will be performed on a selective basis where possible. Equipment operators will be made aware of the target species and of common, desirable native plant species. However, in areas where native plant species are heavily intermixed with species targeted for removal, hand equipment will be utilized for plant removal efforts. Soil compaction will be minimized by the use of low pressure (per square inch) equipment. In addition, equipment operators will be instructed to keep grinding machinery heads above ground level.
Immediate control, containment, and cleanup of fluids and herbicides due to spills or equipment failure (broken hoses, punctured tanks, etc.) will be implemented. All contaminated materials will be disposed of promptly and properly to prevent contamination of the site. To reduce the potential for spills, the refueling of portable equipment will occur within a contained area. Where that is not possible, barriers will be placed around the site where the fuel nozzle enters the fuel tank. The barriers will be such that spills can be contained and easily cleaned up. Refueling activities will be conducted so that the potential for spillage from overfilling, nozzle removal, or other action is minimized to the extent feasible.
4.3 Special24B Status Species
Historical locations for sensitive plant and wildlife species and species of special concern within a 10 mile radius of the Pilot Project site were determined by conducting a search of the California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB) (CDFG 2008a).
The results of the habitat assessments and preliminary surveys were used to evaluate the potential for occurrence for special status species known to occur near the Pilot Project site during database/literature reviews, and/or during field surveys. The categories for occurrence potential are as follows:
Present: Species is known to occur within the Pilot Project area, based on recent records, and/or was observed within the Pilot Project area during the field survey(s).
May occur: Species is known to occur in the vicinity of the Pilot Project site (based on CNDDB or other records within 10 miles), and there is suitable habitat within the Pilot Project site. Alternatively, there is suitable habitat within the Pilot Project site and the limits are within the known range of the species. For avian species, a distinction was made between occurrence potential in the Pilot Project area as a forager, nester, and/or transient.
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Not likely to occur: Species is known to occur in the vicinity of the Pilot Project site; however, there is poor quality or marginal habitat. If the species occurs in the Pilot Project site, it would likely be as a migrant, and the species is not likely to reproduce (breed or nest) within the Pilot Project area due to a lack of suitable habitat or because it is outside of their known breeding range.
None: There is no suitable habitat for the species within the Pilot Project site, or the Pilot Project site is located outside of the known range of the species. Alternatively, a species was surveyed for during the appropriate season with negative results for species occurrence at the Pilot Project site.
4.3.1 Special42B Status PlantsH
A total of 16 special status plant species are known to occur within 10 miles of the Pilot Project site. Of these 16 species, three have the potential to occur in the Pilot Project area (Table 4). Two of these species are listed by the California Native Plant Society (CNPS) and one, the San Fernando Valley spineflower, is listed as state endangered and a federal candidate for listing. Habitat for these species is marginal due to unsuitable soil types, physical properties, and surrounding vegetation communities. Based on these assessments, these species are not likely to occur at the Pilot Project site. A discussion of pre-construction surveys and the education of personnel regarding special status species that may be present at the Pilot Project site are provided in Section 5.2 and 5.3. BMPs for biological resources are detailed in Section 6.3.
San Fernando Valley spineflower (Chorizanthe parryi var. fernandina)
State Status: Endangered Federal Status: Candidate for Listing CNPS: List 1B
The San Fernando Valley spineflower (Chorizanthe parryi var. fernandina) is an annual herb that is native to California. This plant was believed to be extinct until recently rediscovered in Ventura County. It is now known to occur at two locations, one in the southeastern portion of Ventura County and one in southwestern Los Angeles County. The San Fernando Valley spineflower inhabits coastal sage scrub habitats, alluvial scrubland, sandy uplands, and occasionally sandy washes with an elevation range of 200 to 350 meters (Hickman 1993). It blooms from April to July. This plant is threatened by proposed development at one of the occurrence sites.
The historic range for San Fernando Valley spineflower included the San Fernando Valley, the Los Angeles Basin, the area near Lake Elizabeth, and the Santa Clarita Valley. However, most historic populations have been extirpated by development. It is not known to occur in the Pilot Project area, but does occur approximately 10 miles to the southeast in the Newhall Ranch area. Although this plant most frequently occurs in upland areas, it may also occur in sandy washes. The riparian scrubland along the southern boundary of the Pilot Project site contains marginal habitat for this species. More suitable habitat exists in upland areas to the south of the site. However, if the plant is present, it is unlikely to occur adjacent to the established roads and trails that could be used as access to the Pilot Project site.
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Table 4 – Special Status Plant Species
Common Scientific Name Status Potential to Occur in Pilot Project Area Name None. No suitable habitat. Occurs in gravely soils Braunton’s Astragalus brauntonii FE, List 1B overlaying bedrock in xeric upland areas. Pilot Project milkvetch area is sandy creek bed. round-leaved None. No suitable habitat. Occurs in clay soils of California macrophylla List 1B filaree upland areas. Pilot Project area is sandy creek bed. Calochortus clavatus slender None. Occurs only in upland areas. Pilot Project area List 1B var. gracilis mariposa lily is sandy creek bed. Plummer’s None. Occurs in upland areas. May be present in hills Calochortus plummerae List 1B mariposa lily adjacent to site, which contain suitable habitat. Not likely to occur. Occurs in wetland near South Centromadia parryi var. southern Branch of Arroyo Conejo. Pilot Project contains wash List 1B australis tarplant and willow riparian habitats which probably are not suitable for this species. San Fernando Not likely to occur. Generally occurs in coastal sage Chorizanthe parryi var. SE, FC, scrub but does occur in xeric washes. Pilot Project area Valley fernandina List 1B too disturbed and densely vegetated to support this spineflower plant. Santa Susana None. Occurs in sandstone outcroppings in open Deinandra minthornii SR, List 1B tarplant areas. Pilot Project area is sandy creek bed. None. No suitable habitat. Occurs on rock Dudleya blochmaniae Blochman’s List 1B outcroppings or in shallow areas of clay soil. Pilot ssp. blochmaniae dudleya Project area is sandy creek bed. Dudleya cymosa ssp. Agoura Hills None. No suitable habitat. Occurs on rock FT, List 1B agourensis dudleya outcroppings. Pilot Project area is sandy creek bed. None. No suitable habitat. Occurs on rock Dudleya parva Conejo dudleya FT, List 1B outcroppings or in shallow areas of clay soil. Pilot Project area is sandy creek bed. Conejo None. No suitable habitat. Occurs on rock Eriogonum crocatum SR, List 1B buckwheat outcroppings. Pilot Project area is sandy creek bed. None. No suitable habitat. Occurs in upland chaparral Nolina cismontana chaparral nolina List 1B areas with sedimentary substrates California Orcutt FE, SE, None. No suitable habitat. Generally grows in vernal Orcuttia californica grass List 1B pools. Pilot Project area is sandy creek bed. None. No suitable habitat. Occurs in grassland or Lyon’s FE, SE, Pentachaeta lyonii openings in chaparral. Pilot Project area is sandy creek pentachaeta List 1B bed. None. Occurs on steep slopes of loose substrate or in Senecio aphanactis rayless ragwort List 2 drying alkali flats. Not known to occur in riparian areas. Not likely to occur. Prefers mesic riparian areas in Symphyotrichum Greata’s aster List 1B narrow canyons of mountainous areas. Pilot Project greatae area is a sandy, open riparian area amidst low hills.
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Table 4 – Special Status Plant Species (continued)
Status Federal FC: Federal candidate species (former Category 1 candidates) FE: Federally listed as endangered FT: Federally listed as threatened FPD: Federally proposed for delisting FPE: Federally proposed for listing as Endangered FTE: Federally proposed for listing as Threatened California State SE: State listed as endangered SSC: State species of special concern SC: State candidate for listing SCD: State candidate for delisting SCE: State candidate for listing as Endangered SCT: State candidate for listing as Threatened SR: State listed as rare ST: State listed as threatened
California Native Plant Society (CNPS) List 1A: CNPS - Plants Presumed Extinct in California List 1B: CNPS - Plants Rare, Threatened, or Endangered in California and Elsewhere List 2: CNPS - Plants Rare, Threatened, or Endangered in California, But More Common Elsewhere
Source: (CDFG 2008a)
Possible negative impacts to this plant are constrained to the far southern end of the Pilot Project site and along access routes entering the site from the south. If non-native invasive plant removal occurs during this plant’s active growing period (approximately January to July) in open, sandy washes or alluvial terraces in these areas, focused surveys will be conducted for this species. If project activities occur during this plant’s dormant period, and if no significant soil disturbance will occur in the riparian scrubland areas, negative impacts are very unlikely. Positive long-term impacts may also occur with removal of non-native plants, including tamarisk, as their removal may help facilitate the natural recruitment of native plant species.
Any populations found will be reported to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), and no Pilot Project activity will occur in the vicinity of this plant without permission from the USFWS.
4.3.2 Special43B Status Wildlife
A total of 21 special status wildlife species are known to occur within 10 miles of the Pilot Project site (Table 5). Of these 21 species, nine have the potential to occur. Of these nine, eight are state listed as species of special concern and one, the least Bell’s vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus), is federally listed as endangered (USFWS 1986). A discussion of pre-construction surveys and the education of personnel regarding special status species present at the Pilot Project site are provided in Section 5.2 and 5.3. BMPs for biological resources are detailed in Section 6.3.
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Table 5 – Special Status Wildlife Species
Scientific Name Common Name Status Potential to Occur in Each Reach/Tributary
Mammals
May occur. Could use the Pilot Project area as Antrozous pallidus pallid bat SSC foraging habitat. Known to occur in Fillmore and Thousand Oaks.
May occur. Could use the Pilot Project area as Eumops perotis western mastiff bat SSC foraging habitat. Known to occur in Santa Monica californicus Mountains and Santa Clarita area.
Macrotus California leaf-nosed May occur. Could use the Pilot Project area as SSC californicus bat foraging habitat. Known to occur in Calabasas.
May occur in upland areas adjacent to Pilot Project Neotoma lepida San Diego desert SSC area, especially steep rocky slopes. Known to occur intermedia woodrat in Simi Valley area. Birds Not likely to occur in Pilot Project area due to high Aquila chrysaetos golden eagle FP levels of human disturbance onsite. Occurs in Simi Hills including upper Arroyo Simi area.
Not likely to occur. No suitable habitat in Pilot Project area. Potentially found in upland, sand dune, and sandy wash habitats in all reaches and tributaries. Athene cunicularia burrowing owl SSC Burrows are located on banks or nearby water conveyance structures. Recorded in Santa Susana Mountains north of Simi Valley.
Not likely to occur in Pilot Project area, habitat too Coccyzus disturbed. Typically occurs in mature riparian forests western yellow-billed americanus FC, SE with cottonwood overstory. Known occurrences in cuckoo occidentalis Val Verde and Fillmore along the Santa Clara River from the 1900’s.
Dendroica petechia Present. Suitable habitat present on site. Individuals yellow warbler SSC brewsteri heard on site visit on June 5, 2008.
Not likely to occur in Pilot Project area. Habitat too Icteria virens yellow-breasted chat SSC disturbed. One record near Val Verde along the Santa Clara River.
None. No suitable habitat in Pilot Project area. Could Polioptila californica coastal California be present in upland areas of intact coastal sage FT, SSC californica gnatcatcher scrub adjacent to Pilot Project area. Has been recorded north of Moorpark.
Not likely to occur. No suitable habitat in Pilot Project Riparia riparia bank swallow ST area. Occurs in areas with banks or cliffs consisting of fine substrate.
Present. Suitable habitat present on site. One individual heard on June 5, 2008 site visit in area Vireo bellii pusillus least Bell’s vireo FE, SE without arundo. Has been reported in Moorpark area.
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Table 5 – Special Status Wildlife Species (continued)
Reptiles May occur. May be found in intact native upland Phrynosoma vegetation adjacent to Pilot Project area; records of coronatum coast horned lizard SSC occurrence in Moorpark area. May forage in Pilot blainvillei Project area.
May occur. May be found in Pilot Project area, Thamnophis two-striped garter SSC generally near perennial water. Has been reported in hammondii snake Conejo Creek and Arroyo Simi. Amphibians Rana aurora California red-legged Not likely to occur. Habitat too disturbed in Pilot FT, SSC draytonii frog Project area. Present in Las Virgenes Canyon.
May occur. Known to occur in Simi Valley and western spadefoot Moorpark areas; potential to occur in areas where Spea hammondii SSC toad water seasonally collects (including artificial depressions). Fishes None. Not known to occur in the Calleguas Creek Catostomus Santa Ana sucker FT, SSC watershed. Occurs in Santa Clara River and santaanae tributaries.
Gasterosteus unarmored None. Not known to occur in the Calleguas Creek aculeatus FE, SE threespine stickleback watershed. Occurs in Santa Clara River watershed. williamsoni
Not likely to occur. Downstream barriers to fish Gila orcutti Arroyo chub SSC access occur in Pilot Project area. Present in lower portions of watershed.
Oncorhynchus southern steelhead None. Downstream barriers to fish access occur in FE, SSC mykiss irideus trout Pilot Project area. No suitable spawning habitat.
Invertebrates
Streptocephalus None. No habitat in Pilot Project area. Vernal pool Riverside fairy shrimp FE woottoni obligate. Known to occur near Moorpark. Status Federal FC: Federal candidate species (former Category 1 candidates) FE: Federally listed as endangered FT: Federally listed as threatened FPD: Federally proposed for delisting FPE: Federally proposed for listing as Endangered FTE: Federally proposed for listing as Threatened SC: Species of Concern – list established by National Marine Fisheries Service California State FP: CDFG fully protected SE: State listed as endangered SCD: State candidate for delisting SCE: State candidate for listing as Endangered SCT: State candidate for listing as Threatened SSC: CDFG species of special concern ST: State listed as threatened
Source: (CDFG 2008a, b)
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Least Bell’s Vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus)
Federal Status: Endangered State Status: Endangered
The least Bell’s vireo is the western-most subspecies of Bell’s vireo. Presently, it breeds only in riparian woodlands in southern California and northern Baja California, Mexico from mid-March to mid-September. It winters along the coast of Mexico and Central America. This subspecies typically inhabits areas of riparian woodland that combine an understory of dense, young willows or mule fat with a canopy of mature willow. Therefore, it requires young successional habitat or older habitat with a dense understory. However, it will also forage in chaparral habitats adjacent to riparian areas. Least Bell’s vireos feed on insects picked from the bark and foliage of trees (USFWS 1998).
The decline in the population of this subspecies has been caused by the loss, degradation, and fragmentation of riparian habitat due to agricultural and urban development, and the channelization of streams and rivers. Designated critical habitat for the least Bell’s vireo occur along the Santa Ynez River (Santa Barbara County), Santa Clara River (Ventura and Los Angeles Counties), Santa Ana River (Riverside and San Bernardino Counties), and the Santa Margarita River, San Luis Rey River, Sweetwater River, San Diego River, Tijuana River, Coyote Creek, and Jamul-Dulzura Creeks in San Diego County (USFWS 1994).
An individual least Bell’s vireo was detected at the Pilot Project site during the breeding season while conducting a site visit on June 5, 2008. Given the date of the observation, this subspecies may nest within or adjacent to the boundaries of the Pilot Project area. In order to minimize impacts to least Bell’s vireos, the avoidance measures described in Biological Resources BMPs (Section 6.3.2 below) will be implemented for all Pilot Project activities.
5.0 IMPLEMENTATION6B
The primary non-native invasive plant species targeted for removal during the Pilot Project are arundo and tamarisk. Other non-native plant species listed in Section 3.3 will also be removed as they are encountered. Removal will include mechanical and manual methods accompanied by the application of approved herbicides as needed. The project implementation tasks such as the establishment of staging areas, site access, and signs, and the implementation of water quality monitoring and preconstruction surveys will also be conducted as described below.
The City of Simi Valley will be conducting a proposed bank stabilization project and all or a portion of the associated mitigation within the current boundaries of the Pilot Project. Therefore, Pilot Project personnel will coordinate with the City of Simi Valley prior to Pilot Project implementation.
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5.1 Water25B Quality Monitoring
As stipulated in the Proposition 50 IRWMP grant funding for CCARP, water quality monitoring will be conducted along the main channel of the Calleguas Creek watershed. For detailed information regarding this monitoring effort, please refer to the Water Quality Monitoring Plan (WQMP) and Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) prepared for the CCARP program.
5.2 Pre-construction26B Surveys
Pre-construction surveys for threatened, endangered, and other sensitive plant and animal species will be conducted prior to initiating work for the Pilot Project. Strict avoidance of impacts to these species will be implemented by measures appropriate for each species. Any vehicles onsite will be operated consistently with any usage guidelines and/ or travel corridor restrictions identified during that consultation.
5.3 Personnel27B Education
All Pilot Project implementation personnel will participate in an educational program to identify the target plant species, other non-native plant species, and native plant species that may be present on site prior to proposed activities. This training will be conducted by a qualified biologist and will include how the target and incidental plant species are distributed in order to prevent spread of viable biomass.
If special status plant and/or wildlife species occur on a site, a qualified biologist will conduct an educational program on how to avoid impacts to these species for all Pilot Project personnel prior to proposed activities. This training will cover a description of all listed species (or species of concern) and their habitats which occur within the site boundaries. This training will also include a description of the applicable regulations, such as the Federal and California Endangered Species Act (CESA and FESA) regulations, the need to adhere to these regulations, penalties associated with violations, and measures being implemented to conserve the species within the Pilot Project site.
All Pilot Project implementation personnel will be briefed on environmental concerns by a qualified biologist, including the use of herbicides, appropriate work practices (including spill prevention and response measures), and other measures needed to minimize impacts. Personnel will be informed of the locations of foot and vehicle access paths, areas that are sensitive, and areas that are closed to access.
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5.4 Staging28B Areas
Movement of personnel and equipment will be limited to designated work zones, staging areas, and access roads. Locations for staging areas and access roads for the Pilot Project are shown in Figure 7. The selection of each staging area was be based on available space, ease of access to the staging area, ease of access between the eradication site and the staging area, avoidance of disturbance to operations at the SVWQCP, and avoidance of impacts to any sensitive species. In addition, the following BMPs were incorporated in the selection of staging areas:
• Staging areas will be located outside the active channel on the upper terrace, levee, or bank of the creek or tributary.
• Staging areas will be located in compacted and degraded areas, preferably near access points when site conditions allow.
5.5 Site29B Access
General access to the Pilot Project site and staging areas will be through the SVWQCP grounds. Daily trips will be made to each staging area by personal vehicles, pick-up trucks, and haul trucks. Access points to the site will be located at pre-existing ramps/roads, in areas infested with non-native or invasive plant species, or in areas that are already degraded. Areas with compacted soil will be used preferentially over areas with loose soils.
5.6 Signage30B
Prior to removal activities, treatment areas will be marked, and signs will be clearly posted along access points to the Pilot Project site. Signs will be posted on affected trails for a sufficient time to warn trail users of heavy-duty equipment crossings. The signs will be posted on either side of the active access and maintained for the entire period of Pilot Project-related trail use. In addition, signs and flaggers will be used in areas where equipment use would access high speed roads (e.g., blind corners).
5.7 Arundo31B and Tamarisk Removal Methods
Removal efforts will begin in the upstream section of the site, and continue downstream as target plant species are removed. Initial removal work will utilize mechanical brush grinding equipment and hand equipment on a selective basis, followed by herbicide treatment. After initial removal of target species is complete, re-growth will be periodically treated with herbicide.
Proposed herbicides will be approved by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) for use on the target species. Aquatic approved formulations, such as the glyphosate-based Aquamaster™, will be used in locations where there is risk of the herbicide contacting water during application. A DPR and EPA approved non-ionic surfactant such as Agri-Dex® will be used with all herbicide applications. A
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FIGURE 7 CCARP Arroyo Simi Pilot Project Access Points, Staging Areas, and Photo Points 0 250 500 1,000 Prepared by Wildscape Restoration, June 2008 Feet O Aerial Imagery Source: Digital Globe, July 2007 Calleguas Creek Watershed Arundo/Tamarisk Removal Program Page 34 Arroyo Simi Pilot Project Implementation Plan
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non-toxic colorant will also be added to enable crews to see where herbicide has already been applied after the initial evaporation of the solution.
A certified herbicide applicator who holds a current California DPR Qualified Applicator License (QAL) or a Qualified Applicator Certificate (QAC) will supervise all herbicide applications. In addition, a written recommendation of herbicide application methods will be obtained from a certified Pest Control Advisor (PCA). Herbicides will be applied under controlled circumstances following all label requirements and the PCA recommendation.
BMPs for herbicide use and application are provided in Section 6.2.
5.7.1 Cut4B and Paint Application
Cut-and-paint application, also known as the cut-and-daub method or the cut-stump method, will be used to remove the target species in areas where non-native plants are closely mixed with native species (Figure 8), or in areas where spray drift from foliar herbicide application is at risk of contacting water or desirable native vegetation. This method combines the removal of aboveground biomass with the application of herbicide to the remaining cut stem surface.
For this removal technique, work crews use gas-powered chainsaws, loppers, weed whips, or similar hand equipment to cut aboveground biomass (Figure 8). The main stem or trunk of the plant is cut as close to the ground as possible. All biomass will be removed from the site for disposal at a landfill.
The next phase of this method involves the use of a hand-held sponge painter or a hand pump sprayer to apply a full-strength herbicide solution to the stems of the cut plants (Figure 8). Since translocation ceases within minutes after cutting, herbicide will be applied immediately to the freshly cut stems or trunks for best efficacy.
5.7.2 Mechanical45B Removal
In areas of the Pilot Project site where arundo has become established in dense colonies, mechanical removal with a brush grinder will be employed to efficiently remove the targeted aboveground biomass (Figure 8). Brush grinding involves the use of a tractor or crawler with a mechanical grinding attachment to shred target biomass into mulch. The biomass will be cut with the grinder to lengths of four inches or less to avoid the potential for resprouts. While arundo will be the primary target, other non-native invasive plant species will be ground as encountered, and native plants will be preserved whenever possible. Brush grinding is very effective in reducing the volume of aboveground arundo biomass. However, the rhizomes and roots of the targeted vegetation are not affected by this method. Therefore, arundo resprouts will be treated with herbicide.
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5.7.3 Foliar46B Spray
Foliar spray involves the application of a diluted herbicide (concentrations in accordance with labels) to the stems and leaves of a targeted plant. This method will be used at the Pilot Project site for the treatment of resprouts after the aboveground biomass of the targeted species has been cut or ground. The leaves and stems need to be adequately wetted with spray solution, and care must be taken to avoid spraying non-target vegetation. Work crews will use backpack sprayers, truck-mounted spray equipment, or spray equipment mounted on a rubber-tired all-terrain vehicle to apply herbicide to the target species.
Plants treated with foliar spray will be left in place to decompose naturally unless they present an immediate flood or fire hazard. Plants will be left in place for three to six months after spraying in order to allow adequate time for the herbicide to be effective. Once mortality is achieved, aboveground biomass will be removed using manual or mechanical methods as described in Section 5.8.
5.8 Plant32B Disposal Methods
5.8.1 Chipping47B
Cut arundo biomass will be chipped onsite to a size of four inches or less (Figure 9). This chipped biomass will be used for mulch or other beneficial purposes. Chipping will not be used to dispose of arundo rhizomes or any plant material which contains viable seed. For example, tamarisk branches bearing seed should not be chipped, as the small, wind dispersed seeds could be spread by the chipping equipment.
5.8.2 Landfill48B Disposal
When seed-bearing plants are removed for the Pilot Project, their biomass will be hauled offsite for disposal at a local landfill to avoid re-infestation of the site (Figure 9). Cut seed-bearing biomass may be stored in staging areas for a maximum of five days before transport to a landfill. This biomass will be placed on and covered by a plastic sheet or tarp during storage and transport to prevent the seeds from dispersing. Cut biomass that does not contain viable seed may be chipped prior to disposal to reduce the volume of material to be transported and the number of trips to be made to the landfill. In addition, chipped arundo biomass may be hauled to a landfill if no beneficial use is identified.
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Cut arundo treated with herbicide Mechanical removal of arundo with a brush grinder t species at Pilot Project site
o/Tamarisk Removal Program
Figure 8 – Photos of Removal Methods Arundo intermixed with native plan Calleguas Creek Watershed Arund Arroyo Simi Pilot Project Implementation Plan Crew removing arundo using hand removal methods
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o/Tamarisk Removal Program
Figure 9 – Photos of Disposal Methods Transporting arundo biomass to chipper Calleguas Creek Watershed Arund Arroyo Simi Pilot Project Implementation Plan Moving and stacking arundo biomass to be chipped or hauled a landfill
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6.0 BEST7B MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPS)
Although the removal of the target species will improve habitat quality, some removal techniques may affect native habitat surrounding and within the Pilot Project site. BMPs are designed to reduce the ecological footprint of non-native invasive plant removal projects and minimize deleterious impacts. Regulatory permits further necessitate the use of BMPs.
There are three categories of BMPs, which focus on 1) reducing overall Pilot Project impacts, 2) reducing impacts for each removal method, and 3) reducing impacts to specific biological resources.
The BMP list provided below will be implemented during all phases of the Pilot Project.
6.1 General3B BMPs
• All vehicles will observe a maximum speed limit of 15 miles per hour or lower at Pilot Project sites and staging areas to avoid generation of dust.
• Emissions from construction equipment will be controlled by adherence to the recommended maintenance schedules for each individual equipment type. Repairs to malfunctioning equipment will be made as soon as possible.
• All trash items will be enclosed in sealed containers and regularly removed from the site.
• Disposal of Pilot Project related waste materials such as trash, used equipment, oil, grease, and chemicals will be done in accordance with federal, state, and local regulations.
• Erosion control measures (e.g., silt fencing, mulch, matting, soil binder, seeding) will be implemented as appropriate to inhibit sediment transport into the waterways.
• If work is to occur during the rainy season, no potential erosive work will occur unless there is a three-day clear weather forecast.
• Weather: No activity will occur during a rain event or if forecasts indicate that rain is likely within 24 hours. If rain does occur, erosion control measures such as sand bags and/or silt fences will be employed to reduce offsite flow of soil. If storm flow enters the Pilot Project site, work will only resume once the flow has receded and soil is dry enough to accommodate equipment.
• Extraneous noise will be limited to the maximum extent possible (e.g., radios for entertainment).
• Equipment and machinery use will comply with all applicable local noise ordinances and policies.
• Open Water: Hand crews and equipment will avoid any contact with open water.
• Staging areas will be used to temporarily store arundo until it is chipped, and to house the brush grinder when not in use.
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• Staging areas will serve as parking locations for work vehicles.
• All vehicles and equipment, including the brush grinder, will be moved to a staging area or removed from the site overnight.
6.2 Technique-Specific34B BMPs
6.2.1 Chipping49B
• All chipped biomass will be disposed of off-site in a landfill or will be used as mulch.
• All measures will be taken to reduce the noise of chippers and to prevent noise disturbance to potentially sensitive receptors.
• Necessary measures will be taken to reduce and control dust generated by chipping.
• All removed plant biomass will be stored and chipped within designated staging areas.
• Chipping will occur in staging areas only with prior approval of the appropriate landowner and/or agency.
6.2.2 Biomass50B Removal
• No unchipped biomass greater than four inches in length will be left overnight within the stream channel.
• Stockpiled biomass, loose soil, or other debris will not be left overnight within the stream channel or on its banks. If stockpiled biomass must be left overnight, it will be moved to staging areas. Seed bearing biomass will be stored on a plastic sheet and covered with a tarp to prevent soil contamination or the dispersal of seed by wind.
6.2.3 Landfill51B Disposal
• If seed bearing plants are removed, they will be cut and disposed to a local landfill to avoid re-infestation of the Pilot Project site.
• Cut biomass will be hauled to the designated landfill at the end of each workday when possible.
6.2.4 Herbicides52B
• A California DPR licensed PCA will prepare a written recommendation for the use of herbicides on the Pilot Project.
• All herbicide usage will occur only as directed by the written recommendation from a licensed PCA.
• Only herbicides registered for use in California by the EPA and the DPR will be used.
• Only herbicides approved for aquatic use may be used within the banks of rivers and streams.
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• All adjuvants will be registered by the EPA and approved for use by the resource agencies.
• Herbicide application will be conducted and/or supervised by an individual with a current California DPR QAL or QAC.
• Herbicide usage will be limited to the minimum amount required to be effective.
• Herbicides will be applied according to the manufacturer’s label specifications.
• Herbicides will be colored with a biodegradable dye to facilitate visual control of application.
• Avoidance measures such as pulling back or temporarily tarping desired vegetation will be used to the extent feasible to prevent unintended herbicide impacts.
• Herbicides will be secured or removed from staging areas at night.
• Herbicide storage during application, and the fueling and lubrication of mechanical equipment will be confined to staging areas.
• Herbicide will not be left unattended unless it is locked in a secure container, vehicle, or structure.
• Herbicide will not be applied during rain events or when rain is forecast in the next 24 hours.
6.2.5 Foliar53B Application (Full Stands, Cut Stands, Resprouts)
• Herbicide will not be applied when conditions are windless or during winds greater than ten miles per hour.
• Herbicide will not be applied if air temperature exceeds volatization limits of herbicide, unless adjacent native species are protected (e.g., tarped).
• Tarps will be used to cover desired vegetation (to the extent feasible) to prevent unintended herbicide impacts.
6.2.6 Cut-and-Paint54B
• Target species’ canes/trunks will be cut to less than twelve inches in height and straight across to prevent sharp points from injuring Pilot Project personnel or the public.
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6.3 Biological35B Resources BMPs
• Pre-construction surveys for threatened, endangered, and other sensitive plant and animal species will be conducted prior to initiating work for the Pilot Project.
• If listed species or species of concern are known to occur in the area, a qualified biologist will be retained to recommend measures to protect these species such as Pilot Project scheduling, delineation of the work area, staging area, and access points.
• If listed species are present, a qualified biologist will monitor Pilot Project activities as directed by regulatory agencies.
6.3.1 Migratory5B Birds
• All initial removal work will be performed from September 15 to March 1, outside of the bird breeding season, to avoid impacts to nesting birds including the Yellow Warbler, a State Species of Special Concern, as described in the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA).
6.3.2 Least56B Bell’s Vireo
• The initial Pilot Project removal effort will be conducted between September 15 and March 1 to avoid impacts to listed bird species, including the federally endangered least Bell’s vireo, during the breeding season.
• Prior to undertaking monitoring and maintenance activities during the bird breeding season from March 1 to September 15, focused species surveys will be conducted by a permitted biologist to determine presence/absence of any least Bell’s vireo. These surveys will use spot mapping to map nesting territory boundaries. If possible, the exact locations of least Bell’s vireo nests will be determined.
• If a least Bell’s vireo nest is detected, no monitoring or maintenance activities will be performed within 100 feet of a nest. If a least Bell’s vireo is observed within 100 feet of the work area, work will be halted until the least Bell’s vireo departs.
• A 500 foot radius buffer area will be clearly marked around any least Bell’s vireo nesting territory or nest.
• Monitoring and maintenance activities during the bird breeding season will be restricted as much as possible to areas outside of the 500 foot buffer around each least Bell’s vireo nesting territory or nest.
• A qualified biological monitor will be present during all monitoring and maintenance activities to ensure that work activities avoid any 500 foot buffer area around any least Bell’s vireo nesting territory or nest.
• Maintenance activities during the bird breeding season will be restricted to non- mechanical activities including cut and paint application (Section 5.7.1) and foliar spray (Section 5.7.3). No chainsaws will be used and no trucks or rubber-tired vehicles mounted with spray equipment will be driven within any 500 foot buffer area for any least Bell’s vireo nesting territory or nest.
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• If monitoring and maintenance activities must take place within the 500 foot buffer, crews will be accompanied by a qualified biological monitor who will search habitat along the access route and work area prior to entry by the work crew.
• If maintenance activities must take place within the 500 foot buffer, all resprouts will be searched for least Bell’s vireo nests before they are cut and/or treated with herbicide.
6.3.3 Plants57B
• Known special status plant locations will be fenced to avoid disturbance and accidental damage or mortality.
• Herbicides will not be used near known or probable locations of special status plant species.
• Areas identified as potential special status plant habitat will be surveyed by a qualified botanist prior to commencing work.
7.0 MONITORING8B
Monitoring will be performed to document and evaluate the success of the removal effort for the duration of the Pilot Project. Qualitative information will be collected monthly during the first year and quarterly thereafter. Progress reports containing this qualitative information will be provided to VCRCD, California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), and the State Water Board on a quarterly basis. Annual progress reports will be prepared and provided to CDFG. GPS location information for the Pilot Project site will be provided in digital format to the State Water Board, as required by the grant funding. In addition, photographs of the site will be provided to the Grant Manager, as stipulated in the funding requirements for this grant. Monitoring activities that occur during the bird breeding season (March 1 to September 15) will follow all BMPs described in 6.3 above.
7.1 Progress36B Monitoring
Monitoring efforts will consist of collecting qualitative data on the status of the Pilot Project site, including the presence of target species, regeneration of native species, natural and human disturbances in the area, and general conditions of the site. This information will be included in all progress reports to VCRCD.
7.2 Photo37B Documentation
Permanent photographic reference points were established to document the progress of the Pilot Project as shown in Figure 7. Progress photographs will be taken from each reference point during regular progress and annual monitoring visits, with location coordinates included in progress reports. The location, direction and angle of view will also be recorded with each photograph.
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8.0 MAINTENANCE9B
Resprouting within the Pilot Project site may occur from treated stands of arundo, or new colonies may become established if arundo biomass is washed downstream from upstream populations following a rain event. Therefore, maintenance treatments will occur year-round in the Pilot Project area for two years after the initial removal through December 2011. Repeated herbicide treatments may be required to achieve complete control of these two target species.
Resprouts will be treated with the cut and paint method (Section 5.7.1) or foliar application of herbicide (Section 5.7.3) using the same BMPs employed in the original removal effort. Herbicide application will be supervised and/or performed by an applicator with a current California DPR QAL or QAC. Maintenance activities that must occur within the 500 foot buffer around least Bell’s vireo nesting territories will follow BMPs described in Section 6.3.2 above.
Maintenance efforts for arundo are most effective if they are conducted for at least five years after the initial removal efforts are completed. However, as described above, funding for the Pilot Project provides for two years of maintenance. Therefore, arundo is likely to continue to resprout once maintenance is completed in December 2011. We recommend that additional funding be sought to continue maintenance efforts through 2014 to increase the chance for successful arundo eradication at the Pilot Project site.
9.0 HABITAT10B RESTORATION
Areas where arundo and tamarisk are removed from the Pilot Project site may be revegetated through passive means, including the establishment of native plant propagules washed into the site by flooding, or from the presence of a native seed bank. After removal efforts are completed at the site, the establishment of native riparian habitat will help prevent arundo and tamarisk from recolonizing the area. If natural recruitment of riparian vegetation does not occur after the completion of the Pilot Project, additional funding should be sought for a native riparian restoration effort. Table 6 below provides a plant palette with recommended native plant species to consider if restoration is necessary upon completion of the Pilot Project.
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Table 6 – Native Plant Palette
Scientific Name Common Name Planting Notes
Plant cuttings 18”-24”, 3-4 in a planting hole to compensate for Salix lasiolepis arroyo willow expected mortality, approximately 5- to 12-feet apart in riparian woodland areas.
Plant cuttings 18”-24”, 3-4 in a planting hole to compensate for Salix laevigata red willow expected mortality, approximately 5- to 12-feet apart in riparian woodland areas.
Plant cuttings 18”-24”, 3-4 in a planting hole to compensate for Salix exigua sandbar willow expected mortality, approximately 5- to 12-feet apart in riparian woodland areas.
Plant cuttings 18”-24”, 3-4 in a planting hole to compensate for Baccharis salicifolia mule fat expected mortality, approximately 5- to 12-feet apart in riparian scrub areas.
Sambucus Plant one-gallon containers, in groups of 3-5, approximately 5- to 12- Mexican elderberry mexicana feet apart in riparian scrub areas.
Plant one-gallon containers, in groups of 3-5, approximately 5- to 12- Populus fremontii Fremont cottonwood feet apart in riparian woodland and scrub areas.
Plant one-gallon containers, in groups of 3-5, approximately 5- to 12- Rosa californica California wild rose feet apart in riparian scrub areas.
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Zohary, M. 1962. Plant Life of Palestine. Ronald Press. New York.
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Science Laboratory". Accessed June 23, 2008. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/H .H
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