When to Use -Ish- : a Study in the Verbalization
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UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN EISH – WHEN TO USE -ISH-: A STUDY IN THE VERBALIZATION OF ENGLISH LEXICAL ITEMS IN SPOKEN XHOSA Ndumiso S. Madubela (MDBNDU001) A dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Arts iN African Languages and Literatures, School of Languages and Literatures, University of Cape Town Faculty of Humanities, University of Cape Town. 2016 Supervised by Dr T. Dowling The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town DECLARATION This work has Not been previously submitted whole, or in part, for the award of any degree. It is my own work. Each significant contribution to, and Quotation in this dissertatioN from the work(s) of other people has been attributed, cited and referenced. StudeNt Name: Ndumiso S. Madubela StudeNt Number: MDBNDU001 Supervisor: Dr. T. DowliNg InstitutioN: University of Cape TowN Department: School of Languages and Literatures: AfricaN LaNguages Signed:_____________________ Date: 27th September 2017 ii Table of Contents Declaration ................................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. v Abstract ........................................................................................................................... vi TRANSCRIPTION CONVENTIONS AND GLOSS KEY .............................................................. vii Chapter One: Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Questions .............................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Objective of Study ................................................................................................................ 2 1.3 Significance of the study ....................................................................................................... 3 Chapter Two: Methodology ............................................................................................... 4 2. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Data Collection ..................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Observations (passive participation) .................................................................................. 4 2.1.2 Media ................................................................................................................................ 5 2.1.2.1 Radio programme data ................................................................................................... 5 2.1.2.2 Facebook, blogs, WhatsApp chats, Twitter and internet entries ...................................... 5 2.1.3 Questionnaires with 30 Xhosa speakers in Cape Town ....................................................... 5 2.2 Participants .......................................................................................................................... 6 2.3 Ethnographic and auto-ethnographic observations ............................................................... 8 Chapter Three: Language contact and change .................................................................... 9 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 9 3.2 Language contact: code-switching and code-mixing .............................................................. 9 3.3 The influence of the media on language change ................................................................. 16 3.4 Language Contact and Change in South Africa .................................................................... 20 3.5 Lexical borrowing globally ................................................................................................. 22 3.6 Lexical Borrowing in South Africa ........................................................................................ 24 3.7 Verb borrowing globally ..................................................................................................... 28 3.8 Verb borrowing in South Africa ........................................................................................... 29 Chapter Four: the -ish- in practice .................................................................................... 34 4. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 34 4.1 Radio examples of -ish- ....................................................................................................... 36 iii 4.2 Television examples of -ish- ................................................................................................ 39 4.3 Social media examples of -ish- ............................................................................................ 40 4.3.1 WhatsApp ........................................................................................................................ 41 4.3.2 Twitter ............................................................................................................................. 41 4.3.3 Facebook ......................................................................................................................... 42 4.4 Questionnaires and interviews with 30 participants ........................................................... 44 4.5 Rules for the use of -ish- when adopting English verbs ........................................................ 45 Rule 1: English verbs ending -er/-ire/-our use the suffix -ish- .................................................... 46 Rule 2: English verbs -y use the suffix -ish- ................................................................................ 48 Rule 3: English verbs ending -le use the suffix -ish- ................................................................... 49 Rule 4: English verbs ending -ure/ur use the suffix -ish- ............................................................ 50 4.6 Productivity of -ish- with verbal extensions ........................................................................ 51 4.7 Styling and -ish- .................................................................................................................. 52 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 53 References ...................................................................................................................... 54 List of figures ............................................................................................................................ 60 APPENDIXES .................................................................................................................... 61 Appendix A – full radio transcript ............................................................................................. 61 Appendix B - full TV transcript .................................................................................................. 74 Appendix C – Questionnaire for 30 participants ........................................................................ 77 Appendix D - Maps ................................................................................................................... 81 Appendix F – Dictionary of -ish- verbs ...................................................................................... 84 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Firstly, I would like to thank my Supervisor Dr Tessa DowliNg whose expertise, understanding, and patience added coNsiderably to my post-graduate experience. This work would never have been possible without her motivatioN and guidance. I would like to thaNk my mother for her prayers and constaNt love aNd support: she has been my motivatioN aNd a pivotal part of me haviNg the will to succeed. Many thanks go to my family (too maNy to couNt) who have always beeN there for me. I recognize that this research would Not have been possible without the financial assistance of UCT FiNaNcial aid, The Lestrade Scholarship as well as the NRF GraNt Holder Bursary. I am extremely grateful for this funding. My partner Prudence Mothupi for her coNsistaNt motivatioN, for her patieNce as I always Needed someoNe to talk to about the festival of ideas I had. She has beeN my pillar of streNgth. I appreciate and love her abuNdantly for all her support. Prof RajeNd Mesthrie for guidiNg me aNd for hiNtiNg to me that this pheNomeNoN is Not as moderN as I thought – he poiNted me to some of the ealiest references to a verb with the suffix -ish-. AgaiN, a big thank you to Prof Mesthrie for his hand in securing financial assistance for me as well as beiNg aN iNspiratioN aNd a fouNtaiN of wisdom from which I frequently drank. The AfricaN