Rôle, Cinématique Et Comportement Sismique À Long Terme De La Faille De Yammoûneh INSTITUT DE PHYSIQUE DU GLOBE DE PARIS D´Epartement De Tectonique

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Rôle, Cinématique Et Comportement Sismique À Long Terme De La Faille De Yammoûneh INSTITUT DE PHYSIQUE DU GLOBE DE PARIS D´Epartement De Tectonique Mathieu Daëron Rôle, cinématique et comportement sismique à long terme de la faille de Yammoûneh INSTITUT DE PHYSIQUE DU GLOBE DE PARIS D´epartement de Tectonique Th`ese de Doctorat G´eophysique Interne Rˆole, cin´ematiqueet comportement sismique `along terme de la faille de Yammoˆuneh,principale branche d´ecrochante du coude transpressif libanais (faille du Levant) soutenue le 18 avril 2005 par Mathieu Da¨eron devant le jury compos´ede : J.-P. Valet Pr´esidentdu Jury T. Rockwell Rapporteur M. S´ebrier Rapporteur M. Campillo Examinateur E. Guidoboni Examinatrice P. Tapponnier Directeur de th`ese 2 Remerciements Je veux ici remercier chaleureusement le bouillonnant, stimulant, insupportable et passionnant Paul Tapponnier, mon directeur de th`ese,qui a jou´ede nombreux autres rˆolesau cours de ces quelques ann´ees, du garde-chiourme au garde- malade. J’ai eu la grande chance de le croiser par hasard en arrivant `al’IPGP et d’ˆetre emport´epar son enthousiasme pour ce projet libanais. Depuis, je n’ai pas une fois eu l’occasion de le regretter. Au Liban, rien n’aurait ´et´epossible sans le soutien permanent, l’implication et l’exp´erience d’Alexandre Sursock, directeur du Centre de Recherches G´eophysiques de Bhannes. Un grand `alui et `atous les membres du Centre : Tony Charbel, Rachid Jomaa, Walid Nohra, Marlene Brax, et Maya Hariri. Plus largement, depuis 1999, nous avons constamment ´et´esoutenus, financi`erement et humainement, par le Conseil National de la Recherche Scientifique du Liban, sous l’impulsion de son pr´esident, Georges Thom´e,et de son secr´etaire g´en´eral,Mouˆın Hamz´e, ainsi que par l’ambassade de France au Liban, qui a financ´eune part non n´egligeable des diverses missions. Le soutien de ces organismes, du CNRS fran¸cais et de l’INSU a jou´eun rˆole essentiel. Je veux ´egalement remercier ici l’Ecole´ Polytechnique, qui m’a soutenu financi`erement `adiverses occasions. Quotidiennement sur le terrain ou au labo, j’ai eu grand plaisir `atravailler avec les autres chercheurs impliqu´es dans ce projet. Que soient ici remerci´esAta Elias, un peu pour m’avoir fait d´ecouvrir Hallab, pour ses le¸cons d’Arabe et beaucoup pour sa gentillesse ; Yann Klinger, la preuve vivante qu’on peut faire fuir son cerveau `aCaltech sans que le prix `apayer soit trop lourd ; Eric Jacques, qui a accompagn´emes (nombreux, tr`es nombreux) premiers pas sur le cˆonede Yammoˆuneh, et sans qui je n’aurais jamais achet´ela boussole qui fait l’envie de mes petits camarades ; Geoff King, avec qui j’ai eu des discussions passionnantes, y compris, Allah merci, sur des sujets sans aucun rapport avec le Liban ou la tectonique ; Lucilla Benedetti, qui m’a fait forer la roche, casser des cailloux et jongler avec les bouteilles d’acide. Dans le d´esordre, merci aussi `aJean-Pierre Valet, Laure Meynadier, Faten Khatib, Albane Saintenoy, Anne-Lise Salom´e,Rachel Jorand, Faten Khatib, Tony Nemer, Nazem Shreif (Abou Ali) et sa famille. Diff´erentes ´equipes m’ont accueilli `ades ´etapes diverse de ma th`ese. Merci en particulier `aFran¸coise Gasse et aux autres chercheurs et techniciens du CEREGE, qui m’ont vu d´ebarquer avec mon sac `ados sur le plateau de l’Arbois ; `aceux du laboratoire de Livermore, qui m’ont fait (re)d´ecouvrir les joies de la datation radiocarbone, du wok et qui m’ont tak´e out to the ball game ; `aRoger Bilham et Rebecca Bendick, de l’universit´ede Boulder, qui ont tent´e(sans grand succ`es, mais j’en suis le seul responsable) de faire de moi un expert GPS en dix jours ; enfin `al’IFREMER et aux membres de la mission SHALIMAR, qui, en un mois, m’a fait parcourir autant de kilom`etres au large du Liban que j’en ai effectu´e`aterre en cinq ans de missions. Certains de mes amis ont pouss´ele d´evouement jusqu’`asacrifier une partie de leurs vacances au Liban pour m’aider `afinir l’´echantillonnage d’une tranch´ee.Merci donc `aC´eline, Jules, Laetitia et Antoinette de leur efficacit´e enthousiasme. Merci `aMichel S´ebrier et Tom Rockwell, qui ont bien voulu ˆetre les rapporteurs de cette th`ese,et `aEmanuela Guidoboni, Michel Campillo et Jean-Pierre Valet, qui ont accept´ede faire partie du jury. Malgr´el’amiante, les d´em´enagements, la surpopulation et les imprimantes, j’ai eu beaucoup de plaisir `atravailler au laboratoire de tectonique de l’IPGP. Merci `atous ceux que j’y ai crois´es,y compris ceux qui en sont partis depuis. Merci aussi `aGauthier Hulot, sans qui je n’aurais probablement jamais quitt´eles photons et l’ADN pour venir taquiner la faille. Si c’est Paul qui m’a ferr´e,c’est Gauthier qui avait appˆat´el’hame¸con. Un merci tout particulier aux coll`egues et aux amis qui m’ont envoy´eun petit mot au Mans. Pendant que j’y suis, le docteur Serra-Maudet n’est pas pour rien dans l’ach`evement de cette th`ese.Qu’elle en soit remerci´ee mille fois. A ma famille enti`ere,je veux exprimer ma profonde affection, apr`escette ann´ee2004 qui nous aura tous un peu secou´es. Merci `aMarc et Lili, `ama (grande, maintenant) sœur Cl´emence, et `aAntoinette : ce que j’aime bien chez moi vient beaucoup d’eux. Un petit clin d’oeil et un grand merci `aGermain, qui a encourag´emes tout premiers pas dans la recherche. Je ne sais pas si ¸case fait, mais je voudrais d´edier ce manuscrit `atous mes grands-parents. 3 R´esum´e La faille transformante s´enestre qui longe la cˆotelevantine (“faille du Levant”) s’infl´echit en suivant un coude transpressif de 160 km de long `ala latitude du Liban. La faille d´ecrochante de Yammoˆuneh, dont la trace traverse le territoire libanais de part en part, est g´en´eralement consid´er´ee comme la branche la plus active de ce coude transpressif, bien que certains auteurs aient r´ecemment mis en doute son degr´e actuel d’activit´etectonique. En combinant observations g´eologiques, g´eomorphologie quantitative et datation de surfaces et de d´epˆotspar mesure d’isotope cosmog´eniques in situ, nous d´emontrons que cette faille est bien active, et qu’elle a syst´ematiquement d´ecal´edes objets g´eomorphologiques divers, fa¸conn´espar diff´erents agents climatiques, de quantit´es allant de quelques m`etres `aquelques kilom`etres,accumul´ees par le jeu de s´eismes successifs. La vitesse moyenne de glissement sur cette faille, depuis environ 25 000 ans, est comprise entre 3,8 et 6,4 mm/an d’apr`esl’ˆaged’exposition de cˆonesalluviaux d´ecal´es par la faille. L’examen structural et g´eomorphologique de la cˆotelibanaise et du flanc occidental du Mont Liban r´ev`elel’existence de failles inverses et d’anticlinaux actifs croissant sur des rampes de chevauchement qui pilotent le raccourcissement et le plissement dans le pi´emont de la montagne libanaise. Ces rampes accommodent sans doute l’essentiel du raccourcissement dˆu`al’inflexion de la faille du Levant dans cette r´egion. Ces chevauchements actifs continuent en mer au large du Mont Liban, de Tripoli au nord jusqu’`a Beyrouth, voire Sa¨ıda, au sud. Dans ce mod`ele, la faille de Roˆumpeut ˆetreinterpr´et´eecomme une simple rampe lat´erale reliant la faille du Jourdain, au sud, `ace syst`eme de failles inverses. Le Mont Liban correspond donc `aun petit prisme crustal enti`erement bord´ede failles actives, entre la plaque Arabe et le bassin levantin. Ce nouveau mod`eledes principales failles actives du coude transpressif libanais permet de r´e- interpr´eterles sources des grands s´eismes historiques de la r´egion.Nous proposons que ce soit le syst`eme de chevauchement sous-marin du Mont Liban, plutˆotque la faille de Yammoˆuneh, qui soit responsable du s´eisme (M>7) et du tsunami qui ont ravag´eBeyrouth en 551 apr`esJ.C. Par ailleurs, grˆace au r´e-examen critique des sources historiques, `ades observations g´eomorphologiques qualitatives et `ades donn´ees pal´eo- sismologiques, nous d´emontrons que le dernier ´ev´enement sur la faille de Yammoˆuneh est le grand s´eisme de 1202 (M∼7.5), et que les s´eismes ult´erieurs de 1759 (M∼6.6 et 7.4) se sont produits sur le syst`eme de Rˆacha¨ıya-Serghaya. Enfin, les r´esultats de tranch´ees pal´eo-sismologiques dans les d´epˆotsdu pal´eo-lacde Yammoˆuneh ont permis de mieux contraindre la r´ecurrence des s´eismes sur la faille du mˆemenom, depuis environ 15 000 ans, soit ∼14 s´eismes. Pour ce site, le temps de retour moyen des s´eismes est d’environ 1 000 ans. A partir des r´esultats de cette th`ese, en particulier de la r´e-interpr´etationde l’histoire sismique libanaise, du temps de retour moyen des s´eismes sur la faille de Yammoˆuneh, et de sa vitesse de glissement de l’ordre de 5 mm/an, nous concluons que le prochain s´eisme sur cette grande faille active risque de se produire dans un futur plus proche qu’estim´ejusqu’ici. Dans cette r´egion en croissance d´emographique, il est donc urgent de r´e´evaluer l’al´ea sismique `ala lumi`erede ces nouvelles donn´ees. 4 Abstract The left-lateral Levant transform system (“Levant fault”) displays a conspicuous, 160-km-long restraining bend whose location coincides with modern-day Lebanon. The Yammoˆuneh strike-slip fault, whose surface trace bisects Lebanon, has usually been considered the main active strand of the Lebanese restraining bend, although several authors have recently voiced doubt on its present-day activity.
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