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A Systematic Revision of Charissa, Subgenus Pterygnophos Wehrli, 1951, with Description of a New Species (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

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A Systematic Revision of Charissa, Subgenus Pterygnophos Wehrli, 1951, with Description of a New Species (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) Zootaxa 4341 (3): 400–418 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4341.3.4 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FF11A5C7-2DAD-444C-8520-6098932AE208 A systematic revision of Charissa, subgenus Pterygnophos Wehrli, 1951, with description of a new species (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) SVEN ERLACHER1,3,4, LAURA MARRERO PALMA1,2 & JOSEPHA ERLACHER3 1 Museum für Naturkunde, Moritzstraße 20, D-09111 Chemnitz, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Calle Giralda 13, E-41930 Bormujos (Sevilla), Spain 3 Further Straße 18, D-09113 Chemnitz, Germany 4Corresponding author Abstract The subgenus Pterygnophos Wehrli, 1951 within the genus Charissa Curtis, 1826 nomen protectum (= Hyposcotis Hüb- ner, [1825] nomen oblitum) is taxonomically revised based on morphology and DNA barcoding. The subgenus comprises four species in total which are presented in detail. Diagnostic characters are depicted and keys to the species based on the morphology of male and female genitalia are provided. Males and females of each species and their genitalia are illustra- ted. The distribution of all species is described and figured on a map, and a neighbor joining tree based on DNA barcoding of 17 specimens is presented. Charissa (Pterygnophos) beljaevi spec. nov. from Mongolia is described as new. A neotype for Gnophos creperaria Erschoff, 1877, and lectotypes for Gnophos deliciaria shantungensis Wehrli, 1953, Gnophos dor- kadiaria Wehrli, 1922, Gnophos ochrofasciata Staudinger, 1895, and Gnophos finitimaria Fuchs, 1899 are designated. The following synonyms are recognized: Gnophos finitimaria Fuchs, 1899 syn. nov. is a synonym of Gnophos ochrofa- sciata Staudinger, 1895 and Gnophos deliciaria shantungensis Wehrli, 1953 syn. nov. is a synonym of Gnophos agnitaria Staudinger, 1897. Key words: Gnophos, Hyposcotis, Charissa (Pterygnophos) beljaevi spec. nov., DNA barcoding, morphology, syn- onyms, taxonomy, Asia Resumen El subgénero Pterygnophos Wehrli, 1951 dentro del género Charissa Curtis, 1826 nomen protectum (= Hyposcotis Hüb- ner, [1825] nomen oblitum) es revisado taxonómicamemte basándose en morfología y DNA barcoding. El subgénero comprende cuatro especies en total, las cuales están presentadas en detalle. Los caracteres diagnósticos han sido descritos y se adjuntan claves para su determinación basadas en la morfología de los aparatos genitales masculinos y femeninos. Ejemplares de machos y hembras de cada especie han sido ilustrados. La distribución de todas las especies está descrita e ilustrada en mapas adjuntos. Charissa (Pterygnophos) beljaevi spec. nov. de Mongolia se describe como nueva. Han sido designados un neotipo para Gnophos creperaria Erschoff, 1877, y lectotipos para Gnophos deliciaria shantungensis Weh- rli, 1953, Gnophos dorkadiaria Wehrli, 1922, Gnophos ochrofasciata Staudinger, 1895, y Gnophos finitimaria Fuchs, 1899. Los siguientes sinónimos son reconocidos: Gnophos finitimaria Fuchs, 1899 syn. nov. es un sinónimo de Gnophos ochrofasciata Staudinger, 1895 y Gnophos deliciaria shantungensis Wehrli, 1953 syn. nov. es un sinónimo de Gnophos agnitaria Staudinger, 1897. Introduction Charissa Curtis, 1826 is a species-rich genus within the Ennominae, the largest subfamily of Geometrid moths. Most of the species of Charissa occur in the Palearctic region. They look externally very similar due to their adaptation to rocks, and this is the reason why they are generally considered to be hard to determine. For this purpose it is often necessary to analyze their genitalia, but even on that basis finding of differences between species 400 Accepted by A. Saldaitis: 2 Aug. 2017; published: 1 Nov. 2017 is sometimes difficult. Until now, about 30 species have been newly transferred from Gnophos Treitschke, 1825 to Charissa (Parsons et al. 1999). The taxon Pterygnophos Wehrli, 1951 was originally proposed as a subgenus of Gnophos by Wehrli (1951). The type species is Gnophos ochrofasciata Staudinger, 1895. It was again proposed when the former French article was translated into German and published in Wehrli (1953). Subsequently, Pterygnophos was raised to generic rank by Vojnits (1975) and so the taxon was retained by Viidalepp (1988, 1996). In his study on the Gnophos-group, Sauter (1990) treated Pterygnophos along with other subgenera of Gnophos as a subgenus of Charissa. However, Parsons et al. (1999) retained the species of Pterygnophos within Gnophos and listed the subgenus as a synonym of the latter, as they did with all previously described subgenera, without giving any reasons. Finally, Beljaev (2016) treated Pterygnophos as a subgenus of Charissa and transferred the three known Pterygnophos species to Charissa without emphasizing this action as a taxonomic act. Members of Pterygnophos are distributed across Central Asia and the Far East. Apart from some short comments and somewhat ambiguous illustrations by Viidalepp (1975, 1988), there has been no revision of this group since Wehrli (1953). Recently collected material of Charissa spp. from Mongolia and the Russian part of the Altai Mountains has revealed difficulties in identification which necessitate a revision of the subgenus Pterygnophos. Some previous researchers have not succeeded in establishing a clear taxonomic order in the subgenus because of a number of taxonomic problems, for example: the type series of Gnophos ochrofasciata contained specimens of another species (C. agnitaria); the genitalia of some types were stored in glycerol or even in wax; the genitalia of the holotype of “Gnophos erschoffi” Wehrli, 1922 (an unnecessary replacement name for Gnophos creperaria Erschoff, 1877) were poorly prepared by a previous colleague (Pl. 2, Fig. 3e); and last but not least females have been almost impossible to associate with conspecific males and even with subgenera. Our studies have concluded that the subgenus Pterygnophos comprises four species. Morphological characters are described in detail, and keys for determination of all species are given. One species is described as new. Additionally, DNA barcoding was used to support the results obtained by morphological examination. Methods Morphology. Moths were identified on the basis of both external and internal morphological characters. Genitalia preparation was conducted as described in Trusch & Erlacher (2001). Photographs of the genitalia were taken with the stereomicroscope Nikon SMZ1000 and a connected Nikon D90 camera. In order to obtain optimally focused images several photographs with different focal planes were combined by means of the freely available software CombineZP. Photos were enhanced and arranged to plates with Adobe® Photoshop® software. The following external characters were measured: wingspan (widest distance between forewing margins in set specimens); forewing length (length of the costa from the base to the apex); forewing width (longest line of the forewing parallel to the body in set specimens). Terminology of male and female genitalia is explained in Fig. 1. The following genitalia characters were measured (see Fig. 2): in the male genitalia—total length (tl; distance from the posterior end of the uncus to the anterior end of the saccus); length of ventral valva margin (vm.l; straight measured distance from the base of the strongly sclerotized valva margin to the distal end of the valva process); aedeagus length (ae.l); in the female genitalia—total length (tl; distance from the posterior end of the ovipositor to the anterior end of the corpus bursae); antrum length (an.l; distance from the ostium to the anterior end of the strongly sclerotized antrum); antrum width (an.w; widest lateral extension of the antrum); length of the spined longitudinal folding (slf.l; distance from the antrum-bursa junction to the anterior end of the strongly sclerotized folding). DNA analysis. All specimens were processed at the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding (CCDB, Guelph) to obtain DNA barcodes using the standard high-throughput protocol as described in Ivanova et al. (2006) and deWaard et al. (2008) (regularly updated protocols used at the CCDB can also be found at http://www.ccdb.ca/ resources.php). PCR amplification with a single pair of primers consistently recovered a 658 bp region near the 5’ end of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene that includes the standard 648 bp barcode region for the animal kingdom (Hebert et al. 2003). DNA extracts are stored at the CCDB. Complete specimen data including images, voucher deposition, barcode identification number, sequence process ID, barcode index number (BIN), REVISION OF CHARISSA, SUBGENUS PTERYGNOPHOS Zootaxa 4341 (3) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 401 GPS coordinates, sequence and trace files can easily be accessed in BOLD (Barcode of Life Data System, Ratnasingham & Hebert 2007; Ratnasingham 2017) in the public data set DS-PTERYGNO (https://doi.org/ 10.5883/DS-PTERYGNO). 17 specimens were successfully sequenced and analyzed with BOLD’s tools (http:// www.boldsystems.org). Gnophos furvata [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, was used as outgroup. A neighbor joining tree (Saitou & Nei 1987) with all barcoded species of this article has been made with BOLD, analyzing the nucleotide sequences with a pairwise distances model and including fragment lengths of >400 bp. Genetic distances between species were obtained from a barcode gap analysis of full-length barcode fragments using the analytical tools of BOLD and are reported
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