Observações Sobre Os Ninhos, Células, Casulos E a Ação

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Observações Sobre Os Ninhos, Células, Casulos E a Ação Observações sobre os ninhos, células, casulos e a ação de inimigos naturais de Pison aureofaciale Strand, 1910 (grupo Pilosum) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae, Crabroninae, Trypoxylini). 49 OBSERVAÇÕES SOBRE OS NINHOS, CÉLULAS, CASULOS E A AÇÃO DE INIMIGOS NATURAIS DE PISON AUREOFACIALE STRAND, 1910 (GRUPO PILOSUM) (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE, CRABRONINAE, TRYPOXYLINI) N.P.O. Pinto1, M. Scaglia2, N. Gobbi3, G.G. Zacarin4, A. Zanardo5 1Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Av. 24-A, 1515, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] RESUMO Vinte e um ninhos de Pison (Hym.: Sphecidae, Crabroninae, Trypoxylini) foram coletados desde 1998 no Campus da UNESP, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP e identificados como Pison aureofaciale. Os ninhos, células, casulos e os himenópteros encontrados, tais como crisidídeos, calcidídeos, mutilídeos e formigas, foram relatados. Observações de um destes ninhos, durante a construção de três células, também foram descritas. Tanto quanto é conhecido, aranhas são usadas como presas por Pison e quatro famílias destas foram relatadas para os ninhos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, Pison aureofaciale, ninhos de barro, inimigos natu- rais, aranhas. ABSTRACT OBSERVATIONS ABOUT THE NESTS, CELLS, COCOONS AND THE ACTION OF THE NATURAL ENEMIES OF PISON AUREOFACIALE STRAND, 1910 (PILOSUM GROUP) (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE, CRABRONINAE, TRYPOXYLINI). Twenty one nests of Pison (Hym.: Sphecidae, Crabroninae, Trypoxylini) were found and collected since 1998 in the Campus of UNESP, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil, and the species was identified as Pison aureofaciale Strand, 1910. The nests, cells, cocoons and hymenopterous occurrence, such as chrysidids, chalcidids, mutillids, and ants were listed. The construction of three cells in one of these nests was described. So far it is known that spiders are the prey of Pison and four families of these were reported to the nests. KEY WORDS: Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, Pison aureofaciale, mud nests, natural enemies, spiders. INTRODUÇÃO São variadas as formas e substratos utilizados na construção de seus ninhos: células construídas den- As vespas da família Sphecidae são cosmopolitas, tro de cavidades, e em ramos de plantas, utilização predadoras e algumas também são clepto-parasíticas. dos buracos feitos por besouros e com as células A maioria das espécies constrói ninhos individuais separadas por barro. Há espécies que constróem as com células separadas as quais são provisionadas células em locais abrigados podendo estar separadas com uma grande variedade de insetos e aranhas em fileiras ou agregadas e cobertas com uma camada (BOHART & MENKE, 1976; MENKE & FERNÁNDEZ, 1996). de barro. Ninhos de outras vespas como Eumenes e Em Sphecidae a maioria das espécies é solitária, Sceliphron podem ser também usadas por espécies de porém nidificações em densas colônias também ocor- Pison. Ninhos de pássaros e de vespas sociais podem, rem, como por exemplo, em alguns Bembicini (BOHART igualmente abrigar as células de barro de espécies do & MENKE, 1976). Há cerca de 250 gêneros na família, gênero. Nidificações no solo, em ribanceiras próxi- dos quais 141 são encontrados na Região Neotropical mas a riachos e mesmo em solo mais duro, também (MENKE & FERNÁNDEZ, 1996). O gênero Pison contém, ocorrem (BOHART & MENKE, 1976). Em algumas espé- mundialmente, cerca de 200 espécies (MENKE, 1988). cies de Pison o macho permanece no ninho enquanto 2. Depto. de Biologia – IB – UNESP – Rio Claro (SP) 3. Depto. de Ecologia e CEA – UNESP – Rio Claro (SP) 4. Depto. de Ecologia – IB – UNESP – Rio Claro (SP) 5. Depto. de Petrologia e Metalogenia – IGCE – UNESP – Rio Claro (SP) Arq. Inst. Biol., São Paulo, v.68, n.2, p.49-55, jul./dez., 2001 50 N.P.O. Pinto et al. a fêmea está ausente, agindo, no caso, como guarda levado para o laboratório e observado diariamente. (EVANS & EBERHARD, 1970; BOHART & MENKE, 1976). As As porções externa e interna dos casulos de Pison sp. presas são as aranhas de várias espécies que ficam foram observadas em microscópio petrográfico e fo- estocadas nas células. Algumas espécies de Pison ram feitas as respectivas análises, assim como parecem mostrar preferências por determinadas fa- fotomicrografias, nos laboratórios do Departamento mílias de aranhas e o ovo é depositado na última presa de Petrologia e Metalogenia do IGCE, UNESP, Campus (MASUDA, SHELDON & YOSHIMOTO in BOHART & MENKE, de Rio Claro, SP. 1976). As formas parasíticas de Pison incluem Eulophidae, Chrysididae e Diptera (SHELDON, 1968 in BOHART & MENKE, 1976). RESULTADOS As espécies fósseis descritas de Pison são: P. cockerellae Rohwer (1908), P. oligocenum Cockerell, Exemplares de Pison coletados no Biotério da UNESP (1908) (= oligocaenum Cockerell, 1909), P.electrum, em Rio Claro, SP, foram identificados como P. aureofaciale Antropov & Pulawski, (1989) e P. antiquum, Antropov sendo este o primeiro registro de sua presença no Estado & Pulawski (1996) o qual foi encontrado em âmbar de São Paulo, e não há maiores informações sobre seus datado do Oligoceno ao Eoceno superior, aproxima- ninhos, células, casulos e a ação de seus inimigos damente com 25 a 40 milhões de anos (LAMBERT et al., naturais, sendo inéditas as informações agora apresen- 1985: POINAR, 1992 apud A NTROPOV & PULAWSKI, 1996). tadas para a espécie, bem como a das famílias das Das espécies de Pison conhecidas, 44 estão no aranhas encontradas em seus ninhos. Novo Mundo preponderantemente na região A Figura 1 mostra um exemplar (macho) de Pison neotropical, porém nem todas são devidamente co- aureofaciale (Grupo Pilosum). Este grupo tem como nhecidas, ocorrendo espécies onde um dos sexos não característica a lamela polida que se estende ao redor é conhecido ou só existe 1 único exemplar (MENKE, da margem anterior do pronoto, a flange larga, a 1988). Estas 44 espécies estão segregadas em 12 gru- distorção da garra na perna anterior do macho, e pos. O grupo Pilosum contém 6 espécies (P. pilosum também os exemplares machos do complexo Pilosum Smith, P. aureofaciale Strand, P. vincentiMenke, P. possuem um espinho na parte inferior do trocanter gnythos Menke, P. oaxaca Menke e P. sphaerophallus anterior (MENKE, 1988). O exemplar da Figura 1 emer- Menke) sendo que os 3 primeiros formam o complexo giu do ninho 14 coletado no jardim, na face inferior de Pilosum. No Brasil há registros de P. pilosum em Santa uma folha de Strelitzia reginae (Musacea) e, 2 exempla- Catarina, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Pará; de P. res oriundos do ninho 16 coletado em uma janela, sphaerophallus no Pará e de P. aureofaciale na Bahia, e parcialmente abrigado do sol e da chuva, foram iden- possivelmente em Santa Catarina (MENKE, 1988). tificados como Pison aureofaciale, e estão incorporados Objetivou-se com o presente estudo observar ninhos, à coleção do MZUSP, São Paulo. No decorrer do células, casulos e excrementos característicos de Pison trabalho foram coletados mais 3 exemplares machos, (Grupo Pilosum), assim como é relatada a ação dos que foram enviados ao Ammophila Research Institute, inimigos naturais em ninhos de formatos semelhan- nos Estados Unidos, para identificação (amostras tes, e as famílias das aranhas encontradas em células números 70, 79, 80) e foram confirmados como P. desses ninhos. aureofaciale, e depositados no Smithsonian, Washing- ton, D.C., Estados Unidos, como espécies voucher. Não foram encontradas diferenças substanciais entre MATERIAL E MÉTODOS os casulos e excrementos das vespas construtoras dos ninhos 14 e 16. Os demais ninhos estavam situados O estudo foi realizado na área do Biotério (1.161 em locais variados como, armários de aço, paredes, m2) do Instituto de Biociências da UNESP, Campus de caixas de madeira e janelas, abrigados do sol e chuva. Rio Claro, SP (22°, 25' S, 47°, 32' W, Gr, 612 m). Ninhos Estes ninhos (Fig. 2) são construídos com barro e de formatos semelhantes foram coletados desde janei- apresentam um número variável de células, as vezes ro de 1998 até março de 2000 (n=21) e a maioria já apenas uma e mais comumente, de 3 a 6, ligadas entre possuía células com aberturas. Os ninhos foram ob- si, por vezes formando duas fileiras sendo que um dos servados em estereomicroscópio e tiveram os conteú- ninhos tinha as células dispostas em única coluna. A dos descritos quanto aos exemplares encontrados e média do comprimento de cada célula foi de aproxi- preliminarmente identificados, assim como os madamente 13 mm, sendo de 6 até 8 mm a largura na excrementos, casulos, presas, visitantes e inquilinos. parte mediana e algumas apresentavam a superfície Os exemplares foram colocados em solução de álcool externa mais lisa enquanto em outras eram irregula- 70%. Acompanhamos a construção do ninho 1 em res, mais grossas, com sulcos aproximadamente trans- suas 3 células finais (total de 5 células) e a ação de versais, como os encontrados nos ninhos 14 e 16. clepto-parasitóide em 2 destas células. Este ninho foi Peculiares são os casulos, constituídos de fragmentos Arq. Inst. Biol., São Paulo, v.68, n.2, p.49-55, jul./dez., 2001 Observações sobre os ninhos, células, casulos e a ação de inimigos naturais de Pison aureofaciale Strand, 1910 (grupo Pilosum) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae, Crabroninae, Trypoxylini). 51 d c a b Fig.1 - Exemplar macho de Pison aureofaciale (grupo Fig. 2 - Ninho nº 1, de Pison aureofaciale com as 5 Pilosum) ninho nº 14, com os detalhes: células, na face inferior de folha de Strelitzia reginae. a)mandíbula com entalhe b)perna posterior com 2 espinhos na tíbia cinza amarronzado claro, espessura média ao redor c)gaster com o tergo I corcunda de 100 µ, aspecto translúcido e microscopicamente d)Asas: anterior com as 3 células submarginais; e a demonstra ser constituída por grãos de quartzo (areia) posterior com as 2 fileiras de hamuli delicadamente arranjados um sobre o outro, forman- do uma única camada de grãos, cimentados por argilo- minerais misturados com óxidos e hidróxidos de ferro de origem mineral e possuem poucos fios incorpora- (hematita, goethita e ferro coloidal), com dimensões dos externamente (Fig.
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