JULY 1993 SPHECOS AFORUM FOR ACULEATE WASP RESEARCHERS

(Micropterocheilus) on my desk for The Mud D'aub Speaks ARNOLD S. MENKE, Editor Terry Nuhn, Assistant Editor more than a year. It is not totally satis­ A number of individuals responded to Systematic Entomology laboratory factory. Anyway, I am dividing it in half my "Cloudy future for Sphecos?" note Agricultural Research Service, USDA by taking out the five mostly all red spe­ r:Jo National Museum of Natural History cies (three new). That means more on the front page of Sphecos 24. Jus­ Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 tin Schmidt of Tucson and Jacques FAX: (202) 786-9422 Phone: (202) 382-1803 work, including a rearrangement of il­ Hamon of Gaillard, France, both came lustrations." up with suggestions that may offer a means of circumventing the possible This postdoctoral research will take him James M. Carpenter (Dept. of Ento­ demise of Sphecos. Others sent unso­ some time to complete. due to the size mology, American Museum of Natural licited letters to my boss, Douglas Mill­ and complexity of the genus. Enrico re­ History, Central Park West at 79th er, telling him how important Sphecos turned home at the end of March, Street, N.Y., N.Y. 10024) reports: "My is to them, and the consequences for 1993. Eduardas Budrys of Vilnius, Lith­ study of the subgenera of Polistes is the world of wasp research if Sphecos uania, arrived at the end of October to nearing completion (June 15 dead­ were to disappear. To those of you who study our Pemphredoninae. Eduardas line!). Analysis of the subgenera shows responded, I thank you, your support is was only here for a little more than two four main lineages, Nygmopo/istes + appreciated. I don't want the newsletter. weeks unfortunately, but he worked long (Gyrostoma + Megapolistes), Po/istel/a to disappear any more than you· do. hours and accomplished much during + Stenopolistes, and (Polistes + USDA budgets for fiscal year 94 are his short visit. I was very impressed by Sulcopolistes) + the five American sub­ not yet known, but they will surely be these three young men, the next gener­ genera. Polistella and Po/istes are defi­ reduced from FY93 figures, but hope­ ation of sphecologists, and it was a nitely paraphyletic, and monophyly of fully Sphecos will survive somehow. great experience having them around. Nygmopolistes is only weakly support­ This issue includes an interesting All three left with much more baggage ed. Breaking Polistel/a, Aphanilopterus collecting report by Servia Amarante of than they came with! Servia and Eduar­ and Epicnemius into species-groups for Sao Paulo, Brazil. He has been survey­ das left the USA with brand new com­ analysis extends the conclusions to ing Hymenoptera in the dry area of puters. Servia had so much stuff I don't include rejecting Aphanilopterus and northeastern Brazil: the states of Bahia know how he managed to get it all on Epicnemius. I will reclassify the sub­ and Piaui. He has collected some amaz­ the airplane. genera into four, Polistes, Gyrostoma, ing wasps in the region, a few of which Polistella and Aphanilopterus. Biogeo­ extend the known distributions of three graphic analysis leads to rejection of sphecid genera far northward. This long the traditional center of origin in the neglected region is likely to contain Oriental tropics, in favor of gondwanian many more exciting critters. It is time to origin with the main split between the forsake the jungles and get into the Old World (African + Oriental) and New deserts of Brazil! World tropics." I had three long term visitors last year. RESEARCH NEWS Servia Amarante arrived in September Arkady Lele] (Institute of Biology & to begin his revision of the sphecid ge­ Richard Bohart (Dept. of Entomolo­ Pedology, Vladivostok-22 690022 Rus­ nus Penepodium for his doctorate. He gy, University of California, Davis, CA sia) writes: "I am now working on the was here about two months. In Octo­ 95616-8584) writes: "My paper on phylogeny and classification of the high­ ber, 1992, Enrico Negrisolo of Padua, Belomicrus has finally been typed. It is er taxa of Scolioidea with special refer­ Italy arrived to begin his revision of the nearly 50 pages doublespaced. I ence to Mutillidae, but first I must pre­ sphecid genus Uris in the New World. have had a manuscript of Pterocheilus pare my doctoral thesis before the end

sonal sonal contact contact with with my my Colombo, Colombo, colleagues, colleagues, Sri Sri Lanka Lanka to to talk talk for for several several weeks weeks

tant tant aspect aspect of of my my trip trip Washington, Washington, was was to to get get DC DC in in per­ 20560) 20560) left left 6 6 July July for for

(National (National Museum Museum interesting interesting of of Natural Natural material. material. History, History, Another Another very very impor­

Karl Karl Krombeln Krombeln ure ure to to come come and and to to Beth Beth the the U.S. U.S. Norden Norden and and to to study study this this

definitely definitely worthwhile worthwhile and and also also a a pleas­

"Looking "Looking back, back, long long I I must must term term say say project. project. that that it it was was

imens imens on on hand, hand, through through this this too too this this will will interesting interesting be be a a fairly fairly collection. collection. gional gional basis." basis."

of of his his doubters. doubters. kind kind With With help of of help thousands thousands George George of of spec­ I I was was able able to to go go sequent sequent parts, parts, except except perhaps perhaps on on a a re­

World World Ammophila, Ammophila, a a remarkable remarkable much much to to scoliid scoliid the the chagrin chagrin collection. collection. With With the the smaller smaller species species to to be be dealt dealt with with in in sub­

ues ues working working on on lems lems his his of of revision revision scoliids. scoliids. of of As As the the a a New New result, result, Cornell Cornell has has standard standard keys keys to to the the females females of of all all the the

genus genus when when appropriate. appropriate. Arnold Arnold contin­ many many years years on on the the taxonomical taxonomical prob­ eventually eventually prove prove impossible impossible to to provide provide

ogy ogy and and the the Here Here like, like, will will J. J. Chester Chester be be cited cited Bradley Bradley under under the the worked worked for for species species of of 4 4 mimicry mimicry groups. groups. It It may may

es es to to keys, keys, taxonomic taxonomic Eickwort Eickwort at at discussions, discussions, Cornell Cornell University, University, biol­ Ithaca. Ithaca. structural structural keys keys have have been been make make to to the the

their their respective respective this this species species time time I I lists. lists. made made Referenc­ a a short short trip trip to to George George ciated, ciated, and and no no unidentified unidentified specimens); specimens);

synonyms synonyms will will that that be be time time placed placed was was at at a a the the big big head head snowstorm). snowstorm). of of During During (only (only a a single single female female remains remains unasso­

lished lished names. names. two two Generic Generic weeks. weeks. names names (The (The and and only only their their limiting limiting factor factor at at ished, ished, including including descriptions descriptions and and maps maps

raphy raphy will will include include references references for for all all pub­ ed ed in in going going through through this this material material in in about about the the entire entire genus genus (130 (130 species) species) is is fin­

included included so so help help far far as as of of possible. possible. Karl Karl and and The The Beth Beth bibliog­ Norden Norden I I succed­ solutely solutely fascinating). fascinating). The The taxonomy taxonomy of of

information information studied studied for for all all for for species species the the first first taxa taxa time. time. will will be be With With the the kind kind write write up up the the biogeography biogeography (which (which is is ab­

synonymy synonymy published published since since 1976. 1976. Type Type ern ern palearctic palearctic areas. areas. Many Many species species were were to to make make a a few few more more illustrations illustrations and and

of of the the World, World, esting esting with with new new material material taxa taxa from from and and western western new new and and east­ tually tually resolved; resolved; to to finish finish this this part part I I need need

checklists checklists included included there there where where in in some some Sphecid Sphecid series series Wasps Wasps of of very very inter­ lem lem in in the the phylogenetics phylogenetics of of Part Part 2 2 is is vir­

term term project. project. The The goal goal is is to to update update the the was was really really a a great great surprise surprise to to see see that that "Pepsis "Pepsis continues; continues; the the last last major major prob­

log log of of Sphecidae. Sphecidae. This This will will be be a a long long grant grant from from the the Smithsonian. Smithsonian. For For me me it it Road, Road, London London SW7 SW7 5BD 5BD UK) UK) reports: reports:

skl skl have have begun begun work work on on their their new new cata­ was was supported supported by by a a short short term term visitors visitors The The Natural Natural History History Museum, Museum, Cromwell Cromwell

and and lan lan Gauld. Gauld. Smithsonian. Smithsonian. Arnold Arnold and and This This Woj Woj trip trip Pulaw­ from from March March 8-21 8-21 Colin Colin Vardy Vardy (Dept. (Dept. of of Entomology, Entomology,

versity versity Press), Press), Washington Washington edited edited by by to to Paul Paul study study Hanson Hanson the the scoliids scoliids in in the the

Hymenoptera Hymenoptera of of Costa Costa (Oxford (Oxford Rica Rica Uni­ tion tion and and offered offered to to have have me me to to come come to to annotated annotated catalogues. catalogues. • •

ta ta Rica Rica for for the the V. V. forthcoming forthcoming Krombein Krombein was was book book informed informed on on the the of of my my situa­ nal nal still still willing willing to to deal deal with with such such large, large,

general general review review of of the the Sphecidae Sphecidae of of Cos­ Ron Ron McGinley McGinley last last May May in in Madrid, Madrid, Karl Karl tend tend to to publish publish all all this this if if I I can can find find a a jour­

and and Paul Paul Hanson Hanson have have completed completed a a After After talking talking about about my my problems problems with with a a start start on on the the Cameron Cameron sphecids. sphecids. I I in­

genera genera and and higher higher categories. categories. Arnold Arnold many many collections collections and and much much literature. literature. tween tween us us and and the the NHM NHM and and have have made made

keys keys in in Spanish Spanish to to neotropical neotropical sphecid sphecid these these problems problems I I have have gone gone through through Smith Smith type type series series of of Sphecidae Sphecidae split split be­

lombia lombia on on a a manuscript manuscript that that will will provide provide arctic arctic ones, ones, is is really really a a horror. horror. To To solve solve "I "I have have now now finished finished processing processing the the

Fernando Fernando Fernandez Fernandez of of Bogota, Bogota, Co­ tic tic Scoliidae, Scoliidae, even even in in the the western western palae­ on on the the Mutillidae. Mutillidae.

Arnold Arnold Menke Menke is is collaborating collaborating with with tablished tablished that that taxonomy taxonomy in in the the palaearc­ to to come come to to terms terms with with giving giving up up the the work work

formerly formerly called called 'Scolioidea' 'Scolioidea' I I have have es­ the the NHM NHM and and us. us. I I have have therefore therefore had had

too, too, will will help help speed speed things things up." up." on on phylogenetic phylogenetic questions questions in in the the group group type type series series of of aculeates aculeates split split between between

student student to to work work on on the the project. project. That, That, gart gart 1, 1, Germany) Germany) writes: writes: "While "While working working ratorial ratorial duties, duties, including including the the work work on on the the

proved, proved, will will help help support support a a graduate graduate Naturkunde, Naturkunde, Rosenstein Rosenstein 1, 1, D D 7000 7000 Stutt­ required required to to continue continue with with my my normal normal cu­

erable erable progress. progress. The The NSF NSF grant, grant, if if ap­ Till Till Osten, Osten, (Staatliches (Staatliches Museum Museum tor tor registered registered as as a a post-doc post-doc student, student, I I am am

6-month 6-month sabbatical sabbatical allowed allowed for for consid­ me me to to complete complete the the DPhil. DPhil. Although Although now now

vote vote only only spare spare time time to to the the project. project. The The style." style." mutillids mutillids in in the the time time scale scale allowed allowed for for

slow slow progress progress when when I I am am able able to to de­ ty ty to to return return to to late late winter winter Wisconsin­ could could not not do do justice justice to to both both bees bees and and

product product in in It It about about two two years. years. makes makes for for ted ted having having to to leave leave the the fantastic fantastic diversi­ impinge, impinge, I I had had to to admit admit to to myself myself that that I I

get get it it in in print). print). I I hope hope to to have have the the final final a a new new species species for for my my life life list. list. I I regret­ as as a a side-line, side-line, but, but, as as reality reality began began to to

finish finish the the project project (analyze (analyze the the data data and and ny ny I I encountered encountered during during the the week week was was that that I I could could carry carry on on with with the the mutillids mutillids

ing ing for for another another NSF NSF grant grant to to help help me me ing ing was was fantastic, fantastic, as as nearly nearly every every colo­ atics. atics. At At first, first, I I entertained entertained the the fantasy fantasy

supported supported by by an an NSF NSF grant. grant. I I am am apply­ untainted? untainted? The The (eusocial) (eusocial) wasp wasp collect­ many many years, years, to to working working on on bee bee system­

leave leave (sabbatical), (sabbatical), with with the the travel travel being being Explornapo Explornapo Camp; Camp; is is there there no no place place left left October October 1991, 1991, I I have have returned, returned, after after

last last summer summer was was a a 6-month 6-month study study mead mead Club Club plaque plaque at at Peter Peter Jensen's Jensen's Oxford Oxford OX1 OX1 3PW, 3PW, U.K.) U.K.) reports: reports: "Since "Since

Dasymutil/a Dasymutil/a of of North North America. America. My My trip trip reto reto Province, Province, Peru. Peru. I I noted noted the the Ash­ logical logical Collection, Collection, University University Museum, Museum,

am am working working on on a a revision revision of of the the Amazon Amazon and and lower lower Napo Napo Rivers Rivers in in Lo­ Christopher Christopher O'Toole O'Toole (Hope (Hope Entomo­

ence, ence, SC SC 29501-9603) 29501-9603) writes: writes: "I "I blissful blissful week week of of wasping wasping on on the the upper upper

Educ. Educ. Center, Center, Route Route 1, 1, Box Box 531, 531, Flor­ tells tells us: us: "I "I recently recently returned returned from from a a nian nian and and Cornell Cornell for for their their kind kind help: help:

Donald Donald G. G. Manley Manley (Pee (Pee Dee Dee Res. Res. den den Drive, Drive, & & Madison, Madison, Wisconsin Wisconsin 53706) 53706) thank thank all all my my colleagues colleagues at at the the Smithso­

gy, gy, 237 237 Russell Russell Laboratories, Laboratories, 1630 1630 Lin­ and and arranging arranging the the collections. collections. I I want want to to

those those of of D. D. Brothers: Brothers: Sean Sean O'Donnell O'Donnell (Dept. (Dept. of of Entomolo­ one one step step forward forward in in better better determining determining

lem. lem. The The preliminary preliminary results results differ differ from from in in these these scoliid scoliid collections, collections, but but this this was was

want want to to prepare prepare a a paper paper on on this this prob­ in in India. India. ment. ment. course course there there Of Of is is still still lots lots to to do do

year, year, but but when when I'm I'm somewhat somewhat free free I I there there will will be be visits visits to to several several collections collections and and to to have have a a look look at at museum museum manage­

of of 1993. 1993. So So I I will will be be very very busy busy this this in in the the field. field. Following Following the the field field work work with with them, them, to to learn learn of of their their problems problems

2 2 SPHECOS25 SPHECOS25

beneficial beneficial

mutually mutually

develop develop and and

create create

eusocial eusocial including including insects insects

interesting interesting

Alexander, Alexander, Byron Byron like like people people with with tact tact

to to

suggestion suggestion

the the

with with

abroad abroad

leagues leagues many many enjoy enjoy will will I I

Okinawa. Okinawa.

on on

versity versity

con· con· in in be be to to plan plan I I future future near near the the "In "In

col­

our our all all

to to

appeal appeal we we

Therefore Therefore

uni­ private private small small a a of of professor a a came came

regions. regions. these these from from specimens specimens see see

me me

science. science.

Russian Russian

for for

embarrassment embarrassment

be­ and and 31, 31, March March on on

University University

goya goya

help help can can who who people people with with contact contact in in

get get

financial financial

of of

period period

difficult difficult

this this survive survive Na­ from from retired retired "I "I

writes: writes:

Yosiakllto Yosiakllto

to to like like would would I I and and Australia, Australia, and and Africa Africa

to to

support support and and

help help

need need

we we

ence. But But ence.

from from material material limited limited very very only only have have we we

sci­

Russian Russian

in in

future future

long-term long-term our our

see see

Japan. Japan. City, City, Miyazaki Miyazaki University, University,

nicipal nicipal

general, general, in in sphecids sphecids For For material. material.

some some

We We

West. West.

the the

to to

emigrate emigrate to to

intend intend not not

Mu­ Miyazaki Miyazaki of of President President

as as

pointed pointed

me me send send could could they they if if it it apreciate apreciate much much

do do

us us of of

Most Most

stabilize. stabilize. and and

recover recover will will ap­ recently recently was was Hirashlma Hirashlma

Y. Y.

Dr. Dr.

very very would would I I genera, genera, these these from from material material

economy economy the the

years years few few a a

in in

that that hope hope

has has anybody anybody If If Xerostictia. Xerostictia.

and and Selman Selman

we we and and

however, however,

intolerable, intolerable, yet yet not not

NEWS NEWS THE THE IN IN PEOPLE PEOPLE

Arigorytes, Arigorytes, Liogorytes, Liogorytes, Psammaecius, Psammaecius,

is is situation situation

The The level. level.

subsistence subsistence der der

Pterygorytes, Pterygorytes, Nursea, Nursea, Tanyoprymnus, Tanyoprymnus,

un­

now now are are

scientists scientists most most of of

salaries salaries

Handlirschia, Handlirschia, Perisson, Perisson, Psamma/etes, Psamma/etes,

The The

trips. trips.

collecting collecting on on go go to to

portunity portunity

52-10936 52-10936 (36) (36)

Eogorytes, Eogorytes, Xerogorytes, Xerogorytes,

Austrogorytes, Austrogorytes,

op­

no no almost almost

have have we we now now

and and duced duced Hungary: Hungary: Debrecen, Debrecen, Karsai, Karsai, lstv'n lstv'n

Trichogorytes, Trichogorytes, Hemidu/a, Hemidu/a, Neogorytes, Neogorytes,

re­

substantially substantially were were

expeditions expeditions entific entific 81·98-888-3116 81·98-888-3116 Japan: Japan:

ldionysson, ldionysson, Losada, Losada, Antomartinezius, Antomartinezius,

sci­

for for funds funds The The

equipment. equipment. new new any any Okinawa Okinawa Naha, Naha, Kokuba, Kokuba, Ito, Ito, Yosiaki Yosiaki

Car/obembix, Cresson, Cresson, Car/obembix, Hovanysson, Hovanysson,

purchase purchase

to to

money money

no no have have we we and and

506·249367 506·249367

Neonysson, Neonysson, Tiguipa, Tiguipa,

Nippononysson, Nippononysson,

equipment equipment laboratory laboratory

our our

repair repair and and tain tain Rica: Rica: Costa Costa Jose, Jose, San San Hanson, Hanson, Paul Paul

Hyponysson, Hyponysson, Acanthocausus, Acanthocausus, lacking: lacking:

main­ to to just just

funds funds of of

shortage shortage siderable siderable

359257 359257 3702 3702

are are genera genera following following the the

Nyssoninae, Nyssoninae,

con­

a a

is is

There There

adequately. adequately. increase increase not not Lithuania: Lithuania: Vilnius, Vilnius,

Budrys, Budrys,

Eduardas Eduardas

the the Within Within collection. collection. the the in in resented resented

did did

education education

and and

science science of of funding funding

rep­ are are genera genera all all not not

hymenopterists, hymenopterists,

the the but but year year

last last

10,000% 10,000%

exceeded exceeded NUMBERS NUMBERS FAX FAX

these these of of contributions contributions the the all all of of spite spite

Inflation Inflation

impossible. impossible.

utterly utterly

here here entists entists

In In the Museum. Museum. the to to donated donated also also was was

sci­ for for work work

and and life life

normal normal made made have have

1993) 1993)

Hensen Hensen Raymond Raymond of of collection collection portant portant

Union Union

Soviet Soviet former former

the the

in in

opments opments Sept. Sept. 30 30 to to May May

1 1

(From (From

Sweden. Sweden.

im· im· the the recently recently Only Only collection. collection. this this in in

devel­

economic economic

and and

political political

Recent Recent Farjestaden, Farjestaden, S-386 S-386 6280, 6280,

Skogsby Skogsby

genera genera many many of of material material is is there there rhoeff, rhoeff,

Union. Union. Soviet Soviet

former former

the the of of

republics republics University, Olands Olands University, Uppsala Uppsala of of

Station Station

Ve· Ve· and and Lith Lith van van Vecht, Vecht, der der van van like like

the the

all all nearly nearly

in in

members members 60 60 about about have have Research Research Ecological Ecological Paxton: Paxton:

R.J. R.J.

Dr. Dr.

hymenopterists hymenopterists great great to to Thanks Thanks torie). torie).

we we

Now Now

Insects. Insects. Social Social

of of

the Study Study the for for

Germany. Germany.

Berlin, Berlin,

His· His· Natuurlijke Natuurlijke van van Rijksmuseum Rijksmuseum mer mer

Section Section Society Society

Entomological Entomological

All-Union All-Union 12249 12249 D, D, Haus Haus 74·100, 74·100,

teserstrasse teserstrasse

(for· (for· Leiden Leiden in in Museum Museum tuurhistorisch tuurhistorisch

the the

as as

originally originally 1989 1989

in in

organized organized was was Mal­ Berlin, Berlin, Universitaet Universitaet

Freie Freie tology, tology,

Na· Na· Nationaal Nationaal the the of of collection collection sphecid sphecid

I.U.S.S.I. I.U.S.S.I.

the the of of Section Section Russian Russian The The Paleon­ of of

Institute Institute

Kohring: Kohring:

Rolf Rolf

Dr. Dr.

extensive extensive the the on on mainly mainly rely rely I I study study

Austria. Austria.

lositirol, lositirol, Lienz Lienz

9900 9900

my my For For

Nyssoninae. Nyssoninae. the the of of

subgenera) subgenera)

USSR USSR

FORMER FORMER

THE THE

A· A· 3, 3,

MeranerstraBe MeranerstraBe Kofler: Kofler:

Alols Alols

Dr. Dr.

(and (and genera genera

the the studying studying

am am I I moment moment

IN IN

TRAVEL TRAVEL

RESEARCH RESEARCH

0. 0. H-401 H-401 Hungary Hungary

Debrecen, Debrecen, 3 3

Box: Box:

the the At At student). student). PhD PhD a a (as (as Sphecidae Sphecidae

P.O. P.O.

University, University,

Kossuth Kossuth Zool., Zool.,

Evol. Evol.

the the of of analysis analysis phylogenetic phylogenetic a a on on ing ing

Dept. Dept. Fellow, Fellow, Research Research

Karsal: Karsal:

lstv'n lstv'n

work­ am am I I 22, 22, Sphecos Sphecos in in mentioned mentioned

Japan. Japan. 902 902

Okinawa Okinawa

Naha, Naha,

ba, ba,

already already Menke Menke Dr. Dr. "As "As writes: writes: lands) lands)

Koku· Koku· 555 555 University, University,

Okinawa Okinawa Arts, Arts,

Nether· Nether· The The Leiden, Leiden, RA RA 2300 2300 9517, 9517,

and and Science Science

of of Faculty Faculty

ItO: ItO: Yoslakl Yoslakl

Postbus Postbus Museum, Museum, Natuurhistorisch Natuurhistorisch

657. 657.

Japan Japan City, City,

Kobe Kobe

Nada-ku, Nada-ku,

(Nationaal (Nationaal Zuljlen Zuljlen van van Wlllem Wlllem Jan Jan

3·3-27·302, 3·3-27·302, Miyayama-cho Miyayama-cho llda: llda: T. T.

880Japan. 880Japan.

Germany Germany

collection.• collection.•

City, City,

Miyazaki Miyazaki

University, University,

Municipal Municipal

Heinsberg-Unterbruch, Heinsberg-Unterbruch, of of Plucken Plucken Frank Frank my my in in aculeates aculeates 10,000 10,000 around around have have

Miyazaki Miyazaki

President, President,

Hlrashlma: Hlrashlma: Y. Y. Dr. Dr.

Texas Texas Station, Station, I I specimens. specimens. of of need need in in scientists scientists any any

Republic. Republic. uanian uanian

College College of of Merritt Merritt J. J. Sammie Sammie Ms. Ms. to to identifications, identifications, for for exchange exchange in in el), el),

Lith­ 2600, 2600, Vilnius Vilnius

2, 2,

Akademijos Akademijos

gy, gy,

Mexico Mexico D.F., D.F., lev­ family family (by (by loans loans for for available available mens mens

Ecolo­ of of Institute Institute

Budrys: Budrys:

Eduardas Eduardas

Mexico Mexico Alto, Alto, Palo Palo M. M. of of Labougle Labougle Juan Juan speci· speci· my my make make to to like like also also would would Ml Ml

Kansas Kansas there. there. better better are are

ADDRESSES ADDRESSES NEW NEW

City, City, Baldwin Baldwin of of Johanning Johanning W. W. Bruce Bruce prospects prospects if if job job Africa) Africa) South South or or tralia tralia

U.K. U.K. Cambridge, Cambridge, of of Field Field Jeremy Jeremy Aus­ (particularly (particularly overseas overseas moving moving er er

N.Y. N.Y. York, York, New New of of Chu Chu Jocelyn Jocelyn consid­ would would I I arthropods. arthropods. related related and and

Portugal Portugal Braga, Braga, insects insects of of lives lives the the interpreting interpreting on on sis sis

of of Corrlea Corrlea Almeida Almeida de de Marla Marla Dr. Dr. empha· empha· an an with with ideally ideally and and U.S., U.S., west west

south­ the the in in

preferably preferably center, center, nature nature

PERSONS PERSONS MISSING MISSING or or museum museum zoo, zoo, insect insect an an at at educator educator

naturalist/ naturalist/ a a as as work work seeking seeking rently rently

effort." effort." of of plication plication cur­ am am Ml Ml 45204) 45204) OH OH Cincinnati, Cincinnati, #3, #3,

du· du· areas." areas." avoid avoid to to natural natural of of Sphecidae, Sphecidae, of of analysis analysis netic netic Avenue Avenue Price Price (2812 (2812 Eaton Eaton R. R. Eric Eric

conservation conservation the the for for work work also also phyloge­ and and the the in in land land engaged engaged also also are are who who

is­ subtropical subtropical this this on on Ohl Ohl aphids aphids and and Michael Michael wasps wasps and and NEEDED NEEDED HELP HELP Prentice Prentice Michael Michael

3 3 JULY93 JULY93 4 SPHECOS25

relationships with members of our sec­ JOURNAL OF OBITUARY tion. Let us work out some joint scientif­ HYMENOPTERA ic projects to pursue in Russia and oth­ RESEARCH Erik Tetens Nielsen er former Soviet republics. Due ·to the (1903-1992) extremely low value of the ruble (now Contents of Vol. 2, almost 1000 Rb for $1), travel in the due out August 1993 A pioneer in the study of insect be­ former Soviet Union is extraordinarily havior passed away in April, 1992 at cheap for foreigners, especially if they S.R. Shaw - Systematic status of the age of 89. Erik Tetens Nielsen's are able to make all their arrangments Eucystomastax Brues and Character­ work on Bembix and other Hymenopte­ with the aid of Russian friends. We can ization of the neotropical species (Hy­ ra in the twenties, thirties and forties assist you in reaching any part of Rus­ menoptera: Braconidae, Rogadinae). established him as a behaviorist of the sia or the former Soviet Union for field D.W. Davidson and D. McKey -The ev­ first rank. A few years ago, he gave work or for other purposes. Hyou suc­ olutionary ecology of symbiotic ant­ readers of Sphecos a synopsis of his ceed in obtaining grants or other funds plant relationships. early days and his work with wasps for such joint projects, we would be able A.P. Rasnitsyn - Archaeoscolinae, an (Sphecos 9:19-22). to organize scientifiC expeditions to .any extinct subfamily of scoliid wasps (In­ By the end of WWII Erik had turned region of our country. These expeditions secta: Vespida • Hymenoptera: Sco­ his attention to mosquito swarming be­ would be considerably less expensive liidae). havior, butterfly migrations, and other compared to similar trips in any other A.S. Menke - A new species of things. Early in 1949 he moved to Flori­ country. For us each expedition would Apocharips from Costa Rica (Hyme­ da where, thanks to Richard Archbold, be a unique opportunity (now that we noptera: Cynipoidea, Charipidae). he and his family lived at the Archbold have no money for expeditions at alii) T. Piek - New neurotoxins from venom Field Station. There he took up the study to go to some interesting regions for of aculeate Hymenoptera: a contribu­ of the migratory habits of the Great field collecting and research. In addi­ tion to the knowledge of stinging be­ White Butterfly, Ascia monuste. After a tion, such joint projects would help us haviour. year or so, Nielsen began working on obtain substantial financial support for· S.L Heydon - Syntomopus Walker: the mosquitoes for the Florida State Board our laboratory work and simply for our Nearctic species with a review of of Health in Vera Beach where he re­ existence in this country, and would help known host associations (Hymenop­ mained for about 10 years. In 1961 Erik us outlast this period of economic trou­ tera: Pteromalidae). returned to his native Denmark as pro­ ble in Russia. P.S. Ward - Systematic studies on fessor in the University of Aarhus. There We call on you to make the effort to Pseudomyrmex acacia-ants (Hyme­ he took up the study of rhythmic behav­ find opportunities and funds to develop noptera: Formicidae: Pseudomyrme­ ior, mostly with grasshoppers and crick­ joint scientific projects in Russia These cinae). ets. He often spent his spring months projects will be equally productive and J.M. Heraty, D.P. Wojcik and D.P. in Morocco. beneficial both for you and your Rus­ Jouvenaz - Species of Orasema par­ In March 1973 Nielsen moved back sian colleagues. asitic on the So/enopsis saevissima­ to Florida to live with one of his daugh­ We are very much looking forward to complex in South America (Hyme­ ters. He used the Sherwood Hammock hearing from you about possible joint noptera: Eucharitidae, Formicidae). Biological Laboratory in Fort Pierce as projects and/or expeditions in Russia G.A.R. de Melo and LA. de 0. Campos a homebase for his studies of rhythmic and the former Soviet Union. - Nesting biology of Microstigmus behavior. In 1987, at age 84, Erik final­ myersi Turner, a wasp with long­ ly got back to his first Jove, wasps. He Vladllen E. Klpyatkov haired larvae (Hymenoptera: Spheci­ began to observe a colony of Sphex Chairman of the dae, Pemphredoninae). jamaicensis (see Sphecos 17:3-4). Erik Coordination Council I. Togashi - Sawflies of the genus established that this species is a pro­ Russian Section of the I.U.S.S.I. Perineura Hartig from Japan (Hyme­ gressive provisioner. Within a year Erik Dept. of Entomology noptera: Tenthredinidae). had constructed a MHouse" of tubes so Faculty of Biology J.F. Genise and LS. Kimsey - Revision that he could observe tube dwelling Hy­ St. Petersburg University of the South American thynnine ge­ menoptera. He devised an infrared sen­ Universitetskaya nab., 719 nus Elaphroptera Guerin-Meneville sor to monitor the comings and goings St Petersburg, 199034, Russia (Hymenoptera: liphiidae). of the inhabitants (see Sphecos 18:14). V.L Kazenas and B. A. Alexander - Because his observations were incom­ The nest, prey and larva of plete, they were never published, but in Entomosericus kaufmani Radosz­ 1989 he gave a talk about his wasp kowski (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). studies at Vero Beach, Florida. We have D.J. Brothers and J.M. Carpenter - printed excerpts from this talk in the Sci­ Phylogeny of Aculeata: Chrysidoidea entific Note section. and Vespoidea {Hymenoptera). The day before he succumbed to A. Willink and A.R. Alsina - Scientific heart failure, Erik was out stalking mi­ Note: On Odynerus rachiphorus grating butterflies. Schletterer, a Masarinae (Trimeria), Arnold Menke not a Eumeninae (Hymenoptera, Ves­ Reidia tumeri Krombein (Chrysididae: Amiseginae. from South Africa) pidae).

ment ment of of the the dorsoventral dorsoventral indirect indirect flight flight

1062 1062 p. p. exactly exactly defined defined as as the the area area direct direct of of wing wing attach­ levator. levator.

Zweite Zweite Auflage. Auflage. Gustav Gustav Fischer, Fischer, Jena. Jena. separated separated by by a a furrow furrow it it can can be be more more the the site site of of primary primary attachment attachment of of the the in­

nopteran nopteran Nord- und und Mitteleuropas. Mitteleuropas. the the lateral lateral part part of of scutum; scutum; when when not not pose pose to to introduce introduce a a new new term term to to denote denote

0. 0.

Schmiedeknecht, Schmiedeknecht,

1930. 1930. Die Die Hyme­ 3. 3. "Parapside" "Parapside" of of Macleay Macleay (1830) (1830) is is hymenopterous hymenopterous insects. insects. Instead Instead I I pro­

37:511-632. 37:511-632. don don the the similar. similar. term, term, at at least least concerning concerning the the

midden. midden. Verh. Verh. zool.-bot. zool.-bot. Ges. Ges. Wien Wien can can Apocrita Apocrita workers workers .. .. ." ." or or something something doned. doned. I I propose propose in in particular particular to to aban­

Mayr, Mayr,

G., G., 1887. 1887. SOdamerikansiche SOdamerikansiche For­ changed changed to to "most "most contemporary contemporary Ameri­ ates ates the the confusion confusion and and should should be be aban­

nal nal 5:145-179, 5:145-179, pis. pis. 5 5 and and 6. 6. (1929) ... " " is is too too broad; broad; it it should should be be using using the the term term parapsidal parapsidal line line perpetu­

ture ture of of its its parts. parts. The The Zoological Zoological Jour­ lines lines sensu sensu Emery Emery (1900) (1900) In In and and my my Tulloch Tulloch opinion, opinion, the the present present practice practice in in

of of the the present present state state of of the the nomencla­ contemporary contemporary workers workers use use parapsidal parapsidal nal nal one one (indirect (indirect wing wing depressor). depressor).

rax rax in in winged winged insects, insects, with with a a review review respect respect Arnold's Arnold's assertion assertion that that "most "most muscle muscle and and the the medial medial dorsal dorsal longitudi­

the the comparative comparative anatomy anatomy of of the the tho­ topic topic for for a a separate separate large large article). article). In In this this ment ment areas areas of of the the above above mentioned mentioned

Macleay, Macleay, W. W. S. S. 1830. 1830. Explanation Explanation of of would would be be appropriate appropriate here, here, but but that that is is a a the the line line or or suture suture separating separating the the attach­

1443. 1443. of of these these terms terms in in all all orders orders of of insects insects monly monly used used to to denote denote another another structure, structure,

structures. structures. Canadian Canadian Ent. Ent. 117: 117: - 1395 alise alise that that a a historical historical analysis analysis of of the the use use this this external external indication, indication, the the term term is is com­

ra, ra,

with with a a review review

of of terms terms

used used

for for the the apsidallines" apsidallines" sensu sensu Emery Emery (1900) (1900) (I (I re­ rans, rans, the the suborder suborder Siricina), Siricina), which which lack lack

phylogenetic phylogenetic analysis analysis of of Hymenopte­ grooves grooves called called notauli, notauli, but but not not for for "par­ insects insects (including (including the the lower lower hymenopte­

mesothoracic mesothoracic structures structures important important for for furrows furrows also also in in Hymenoptera Hymenoptera for for the the muscle muscle (indirect (indirect wing wing levator). levator). In In other other

Gibson, Gibson, Gary, Gary, 1985. 1985. Some Some pro- and and argument argument to to use use the the term term parapsldal parapsldal itial itial attachment attachment of of the the tergopleural tergopleural

tri. tri. Bu II. II. Soc. Soc. Ent. Ent. Italian a a 32:1 32:1 03-119. 03-119. notauli). notauli). In In my my opinion, opinion, this this is is a a strong strong plied plied to to the the external external indication indication of of the the in­

Formiche Formiche e e particolarmente particolarmente dei dei neu­ of of Hymenoptera Hymenoptera sensu sensu Mayr Mayr (1887) (1887) (= (= (suborder (suborder Vespina) Vespina) it it is is generally generally ap­

Emery, Emery, C., C., 1900. 1900. lntorno lntorno al al torace torace delle delle i.e. i.e. homologous homologous to to parapsidal parapsidal furrows furrows fusing. fusing. In In the the higher higher hymenopterans hymenopterans

Calif. Calif.

Publ. Publ. Ent. Ent. 39:1-77. 39:1-77. and and dorsoventral dorsoventral indirect indirect flight flight muscles, muscles, The The term term "parapsidalline" "parapsidalline" is is thus thus con­

of of the the honey honey Apis Apis bee bee Univ. Univ. me/litera. me/litera. the the areas areas of of attachment attachment of of longitudinal longitudinal throughout). throughout). The The list list can can be be enlarged. enlarged.

phogenesis phogenesis of of the the thorax thorax and and wings wings ly ly for for scuta! scuta! structures structures located located between between (1981: (1981: Fig. Fig. 200); 200); Brodsky Brodsky (1991, (1991, 1992, 1992,

Daly, Daly, H., H., 1964. 1964. Skeleto-muscular Skeleto-muscular mor­ orders orders of of insects, insects, as as far far as as I I know, know, most­ Fig. Fig. 440), 440), Steinmann Steinmann and and Zombori Zombori

lish) lish) used used also also in in thorax thorax morphology morphology in in other other 126); 126); Jacobs Jacobs and and Seidel Seidel (1975: (1975: p. p. 266, 266,

24-31. 24-31.

(in (in Russian, Russian,

summary summary

in in Eng­ dal dal lines lines or or parapsldal parapsldal furrows furrows are are p. p. 103 103 and and Fig. Fig. 173; 173; 1975, 1975, Figs. Figs. 125, 125,

ra, ra, Sphecidae). Sphecidae). Zool. Zool. Zhurn. Zhurn. 71 71 (8): (8): 2. 2. The The terms terms parapsldes, parapsldes, parapsl­ p. p. 469, 469, Pl. Pl. 30, 30, Fig. Fig. 8); 8); Rasnitsyn Rasnitsyn (1969, (1969,

Diodontus Diodontus

genus genus Curtis Curtis (Hymenopte­ other other orders. orders. (1934: (1934: p. p. 111 111 and and Fig. Fig. 42); 42); Kaler Kaler (1963: (1963:

New New species species of of digger digger wasps wasps of of the the homologous homologous structures structures in in the the scutum scutum of of and and Figs. Figs. 128a, 128a, 157, 157, 182c); 182c); Badonnel Badonnel

Diodontus Diodontus

(Hymenoptera, (Hymenoptera,

Sphecidae)] Sphecidae)]

Apocrita. Apocrita. As As far far as as I I know know there there are are no no (1933: (1933: Fig. Fig. 971); 971); Weber Weber (1933: (1933: p. p. 144 144

[Novye [Novye vidy vidy royushchikh royushchikh os os roda roda Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera, namely namely Orussoidea Orussoidea and and ples; ples; here here are are several several more: more: Handlirsch Handlirsch

Budrys Budrys E.R. E.R. and and V.L. V.L. Kazenas, Kazenas, 1992. 1992. and and Gibson, Gibson, 1985) 1985) appear appear only only in in some some the the notaulus. notaulus. Arnold Arnold cites cites few few a exam­

("anteroadmedian" ("anteroadmedian" sensu sensu Daly, Daly, 1964 1964 in in reference reference to to what what hymenopterists hymenopterists call call

Literature Literature cited cited

as as well well as as analogous analogous admedian admedian lines lines widely widely applied, applied, and and are are still still in in wide wide use, use,

1. 1. "Parapsidallines" "Parapsidallines" sensu sensu Emery Emery (1900) (1900) dal dal line" line" and and its its equivalents equivalents have have been been

ery ery (1900) (1900) and and Tulloch Tulloch (1929). (1929). using using parapsldal parapsldal furrows furrows sensu sensu Mayr: Mayr: The The reason reason is is that that the the term term "parapsi­

24) 24) for for the the "parapsidallines" "parapsidallines" sensu sensu Em­ right right one. one. So So I I propose propose my my reasons reasons for for the the wasp wasp mesonotum. mesonotum.

(E.R. (E.R.

Budrys Budrys

and and V.L. V.L. Kazenas, Kazenas,

1992: 1992:

ing ing that that his his use use of of the the terms terms is is the the only only apply apply it it to to the the alternative alternative structure structure in in

recently recently

used used a a term term adlateral adlateral lines lines everybody everybody can can find find reasons reasons for for believ­ plete plete enough, enough, however, however, to to force force me me to to

analogy analogy to to similar similar admedian admedian lines, lines, I I have have furrows furrows Americans Americans call call "notauli". "notauli". I I think think the the notaulus. notaulus. The The story story is is not not com­

4. 4.

On On

the the advise advise

of of Rasnitsyn Rasnitsyn

and and in in (mainly (mainly after after Schmiedeknecht) Schmiedeknecht) for for the the line• line• to to the the structure structure otherwise otherwise called called

line" line"

of of Emery Emery

(1900). (1900).

terists terists have have used used the the term term parapsldes parapsldes to to stop stop applying applying the the term term "parapsidal "parapsidal

creating creating

of of a a new new term term for for "parapsidal "parapsidal and and notaull. notaull. Most Most European European hymenop­ is is impressive impressive enough enough to to persuade persuade me me

parapsidal parapsidal

furrow furrow of of Mayr Mayr (1887) (1887) and and similar similar case case occurs occurs with with parapsldes parapsldes piece piece of of history history of of the the terms terms involved. involved. It It

its its shorter shorter synonym synonym notaulus notaulus for for the the use use of of pro-, pro-, meso- and and metasoma. metasoma. A A The The note note by by Arnold Arnold is is an an important important

would would be be to to use use parapsldal parapsldal furrow furrow or or sonal sonal inclination. inclination. A A good good example example is is the the

Personally, Personally,

I I

think think

the the best best solution solution on on national national traditions, traditions, or or even even on on per­ 123, 123, Russia Russia 117647 117647

mended mended because because of of possible possible confusion. confusion. essentially essentially on on the the insect insect group group of of Sciences Sciences and/or and/or Moscow, Moscow, Profsoyuznaya Profsoyuznaya Str. Str.

But But such such usage usage should should not not be be recom­ Paleontological Paleontological Institute, Institute, Russian Russian Academy Academy The The use use of of a a system system of of terms terms is is based based

"line" "line" see see Daly, Daly, 1964 1964 and and Gibson, Gibson, 1985). 1985). The The Arthropoda Arthropoda Laboratory Laboratory FORUM FORUM topic topic (Sphecos (Sphecos 24:9)1 24:9)1

Alexandr Alexandr P. P. Rasnltsyn Rasnltsyn ference ference between between the the terms terms "furrow• "furrow• and and Thank Thank you, you, Arnold, Arnold, for for an an interesting interesting

by by in in the the middle middle of of parapside parapside (for (for the the dif­

-A -A Comment Comment medially, medially, and and "parapsidal "parapsidal line", line", located located Vilnius Vilnius 2600, 2600, Lithuanian Lithuanian Republic Republic

Notaull Notaull and and Parapsldal Parapsldal Lines Lines "notaulus"), "notaulus"), delimiting delimiting the the parapside parapside Institute Institute of of Ecology, Ecology, Akademijos Akademijos 2, 2,

both both structures: structures: "parapsidal "parapsidal Eduardas Eduardas furrow" furrow" Budrys Budrys (= (=

term term "parapsidal" "parapsidal" could could be be used used for for by by

apsidal apsidal furrows. furrows. Psyche Psyche 36:376-382. 36:376-382. formed formed parapsides. parapsides. Some Some Consequently, Consequently, Thoughts Thoughts the the on on Parapsldes Parapsldes

use use of of the the terms terms parapsides parapsides and and par­ ple ple of of an an insect insect bearing bearing completely completely

FORUM FORUM Tulloch, Tulloch, George George S., S., 1929. 1929. The The proper proper muscle muscle Chalcis, Chalcis, as as in in Macleay's Macleay's exam­

JULY93 JULY93 5 5

Rasnitsyn Rasnitsyn

1969: 1969: 103, 103, etc.). etc.).

line line for for parapsidal parapsidal line line sensu sensu Emery. Emery.

a a number number of of similar similar variations variations in in - termi

of of Parapsidalleisten Parapsidalleisten (e.g. (e.g. p. p. 144), 144), and and so so did did I I (e.g. (e.g.

uardas uardas proposes proposes a a new new term, term, adlateral adlateral

phology phology (not (not just just in in insects) insects)

there there

exist exist

'Weber 'Weber incorrectly incorrectly

used used

Parapsiden Parapsiden

as as a a synonym synonym

age age of of the the old old term term parapsidal parapsidal line, line, Ed­ tauli. tauli. I I am am sure sure that that in in the the field field of of mor­

Because Because of of the the duplicity duplicity historic of of us­ Verlag, Verlag, Jena. Jena. 377 377 p. p. definitions definitions of of parapsidial parapsidial lines lines and and no­

Zoologie: Zoologie: lnsekten. lnsekten. ans. ans. Gustav Gustav Fischer Fischer very very clearly clearly to to the the different different opinions opinions or or

bucher bucher der der that that Biologie. Biologie. they they prefer prefer Systematische Systematische to to be be known known as as Canadi­ Arnold Arnold Menke Menke refers refers in in Sphecos Sphecos 24 24

nadians nadians are are "Americans", "Americans", Jacobs, Jacobs, but but W. W. I I and and presume presume F. F. Seidel, Seidel, 1975. 1975. Worter­

da. da. I I suppose suppose one one could could argue argue that that Ca­ zig. zig. P. P. 895-1036. 895-1036. Rosenstein Rosenstein 1 , D D , 1 7000 7000 Stuttgart Stuttgart 1, 1, Germany Germany

authors authors in in Europe, Europe, Australia Australia Walter Walter de de and and Gruyter, Gruyter, Cana­ Berlin Berlin und und Leip­ Staatliches Staatliches Museum Museum fOr fOr Naturkunde, Naturkunde,

USA. USA. The The 8 8 remaining remaining buch buch works works der der represent represent Zoologie. Zoologie. 4/2 4/2 Insecta Insecta 2. 2. Till Till Osten Osten

only only 7 7 were were authored authored flugler. flugler. by by people people In: In: W. W. in in Kukenthal Kukenthal the the (ed.) (ed.) Hand­ by by

Pterygogenea: Pterygogenea: is is made made Hymenoptera Hymenoptera of of I I the the 15 15 works works Haut­ that that In In Scolllds Scolllds cited, cited, z z

Handlirsch, Handlirsch, A. A. means means 1933. 1933. scientists scientists 17. 17. H Ordnung Ordnung in in the the der der USA). USA). a a tally tally Remarks Remarks on on Parapsldlal Parapsldlal Lines Lines

mainly mainly to to "Americans• "Americans• Calif. Calif. (I (I Publ. Publ. suppose suppose Ent. Ent. 39:1-77. 39:1-77. he he

1903 1903 and and Tulloch Tulloch 1929 1929 of of the the is is honey honey not not confined confined bee bee Apis Apis me/litera me/litera Univ. Univ.

psidal psidal line line sensu sensu Emery Emery phogenesis phogenesis 1900, 1900, Morley Morley of of the the thorax thorax and and wings wings Arnold Arnold Menke Menke

Daly, Daly, H., H., 1964. 1964. temporary temporary Skeleto-muscular Skeleto-muscular usage usage sentimentality! sentimentality! of of notaulus notaulus mor­ and and para­

Entomological Entomological Contrary Contrary Review Review to to 71 71 Eduardas' Eduardas' (9):20-28) (9):20-28) comments, comments, con­ guess guess science science is is finally finally winning winning out out over over

Russian, Russian, translated translated vey vey was was not not into into exhaustive. exhaustive. English English in in name name dominulus dominulus in in their their publications. publications. I I

cheskoye cheskoye taxonomists. taxonomists. obozrenie obozrenie temporary temporary Obviously Obviously 71 71 :39-59. :39-59. workers workers my my (in (in literature literature quickly quickly sur­ adopted adopted the the

sects sects of of different different influence influence orders. orders. on on subsequent subsequent Entomologi­ generations generations of of amazed amazed therefore, therefore, to to see see that that most most con­

hensiveness, hensiveness, will will likely likely of of a a have have wing-bearing wing-bearing the the most most tergal tergal sensu sensu plate plate traditional traditional in in in­ usage. usage. I I was was rather rather

II. II. sects. sects. Peculiarities Peculiarities tions, tions, which which of of by by organization organization virtue virtue of of their their compre­ petitioned petitioned for for conservation conservation of of ga/licus ga/licus

and and evolution evolution dal dal lines lines of of tergum tergum by by citing citing in in alate alate only only in­ major major publica­ some some even even suggested suggested that that the the ICZN ICZN be be

--:-- 1992. 1992. Structure, Structure, functioning functioning usage usage of of the the terms terms notauli notauli and and parapsi­ strenuously strenuously on on sentimental sentimental grounds; grounds;

essay essay I I attempted attempted to to illustrate illustrate modern modern Review Review 70(9):64-82) 70(9):64-82) 21 21 ), ), there there were were scientists scientists who who objected objected

lated lated into into English English they they do do in in with with Entomological Entomological a a lot lot of of other other things. things. In In my my Mick Mick Day Day in in 1979 1979 (see (see Sphecos Sphecos 12: 12:

renie renie 70:297-315. 70:297-315. roles roles in in (in (in determining determining Russian, Russian, trans­ term term usage, usage, just just as as naeus). naeus). When When this this change change by by was made made was

opinion opinion and and local local tradition tradition structure. structure. play play Entomologicheskoye Entomologicheskoye strong strong oboz­ (Christ) (Christ) (• (• ga//icus ga//icus of of authors, authors, not not Lin­

insects. insects. I. I. Generalized Generalized I I agree agree with with scheme scheme Eduardas Eduardas of of that that personal personal pean pean paper paper wasp, wasp, Polistes Polistes dominulus dominulus

ing ing and and evolution evolution of of tergum tergum in in alate alate scientific scientific names names of of the the common common Euro­

A.K. A.K. Brodsky, Brodsky, (response (response 1991. 1991. Structure, Structure, to to Budrys Budrys function­ and and Rasnltsyn) Rasnltsyn) what what analagous analagous to to the the recent recent change change in in

On On Budrys' Budrys' versitaires versitaires Line Line de de France, France, Paris. Paris. 241 241 p. p. The The parapsidal parapsidal line line wars wars are are some­

Supplement Supplement XVIII. XVIII. La La presses presses uni­ line/ad line/ad lateral lateral line. line.

logique logique de de France France at at de de Belgique, Belgique, ture ture taxonomists taxonomists deal deal with with parapsidal parapsidal

l'anatomie l'anatomie des des psoques. psoques. ie. ie. Gustav Gustav Bulletin Bulletin Fischer, Fischer, bio­ Jena. Jena. 726 726 p. p. ant. ant. It It will will be be interesting interesting to to see see how how fu­

Badonnel, Badonnel, A. A. Weber, Weber, 1934. 1934. H. H. Recherches Recherches 1933. 1933. Lehrbuch Lehrbuch sur sur der der Zoolog­ of of the the term term parapsidal parapsidal line line is is inconsist­

Kiado, Kiado, Budapest. Budapest. 248 248 p. p. less, less, he he has has demonstrated demonstrated that that usage usage

Literature Literature atlas atlas of of cited cited insect insect morphology. morphology. Akademia Akademia likely likely will will have have less less influence. influence. Nonethe­

Steinmann, Steinmann, L. L. Hand Hand Zombori, Zombori, 1981. 1981. An An from from outside outside the the order order Hymenoptera Hymenoptera and and

145. 145. direct direct wing wing depressor depressor (Daly (Daly 1964). 1964). Emery Emery 1900. 1900. Some Some of of his his examples examples are are

muscle muscle attachment, attachment, particularly particularly the the in­ Vespida). Vespida). Oriental Oriental Insects Insects - 22:115 biased biased in in favor favor of of parapsidal parapsidal line line sensu sensu

notes notes a a scar scar at at of of the the the the site site hymenopterous hymenopterous of of the the primary primary insects insects (order (order I I suppose, suppose, that that my my presentation presentation was was

--:-:-- 1988. 1988. An An outline outline of of evolution evolution of of the the admedial admedial line. line. The The latter latter also also de­ sensu sensu Mayr Mayr 1887 1887 in in an an attempt attempt to to show, show,

in in his his unpublished unpublished Moscow. Moscow. thesis thesis 192 192 as as p. p. a a (in (in twin twin Russian) Russian) term term authors authors that that have have used used parapsidal parapsidal line line

eral eral line, line, coined coined by by Eduardas Eduardas Budrys Budrys Acad. Acad. Sci. Sci. USSR. USSR. 174. 174. Nauka Nauka Press, Press, Alex Alex adds adds more more examples examples of of modern modern

I I propose propose to to use use a a new new one, one, the the adlat­ Hymenoptera. Hymenoptera. Trans. Trans. Paleontol. Paleontol. lnst. lnst. psidal psidal furrow furrow instead. instead.

-~- 1980. 1980. and and Origin Origin tablished, tablished, and and evolution evolution none none of of do do I I like. like. That That is is why why I I chen•. chen•. think think he he intended intended to to use use para­

of of None None the the above above terms terms is is well well es­ Press, Press, Moscow: Moscow: 134 134 pp. pp. (in (in Russian) Russian) Schmiedeknecht Schmiedeknecht called called "Parapsidenfur­

sky sky 1992: 1992: 52, 52, Sciences Sciences Fig. Fig. 15). 15). of of the the U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. 147. 147. Nauka Nauka and and equates equates it it with with linear linear grooves grooves that that

or or "additional "additional leontological leontological parapsidal parapsidal suture• suture• Institute, Institute, (Brod­ Academy Academy of of uardas uardas uses uses the the area area term term parapsides parapsides

eral eral scutal scutal lines• lines• of of (Rasnitsyn (Rasnitsyn Mesozoic. Mesozoic. Transactions Transactions 1988: 1988: 123), 123), of of the the Pa­ In In his his title title and and opening opening paragraph paragraph Ed­

-.....,....,....,....- 1975. 1975. Hymenoptera Hymenoptera lateral lateral suture• suture• Apocrita Apocrita (Rasnitsyn (Rasnitsyn 1980: 1980: 62), 62), "lat­ Why Why shorter! not not call call it it Budrys Budrys line? line?

nitsyn nitsyn 1975: 1975: Fig. Fig. cow: cow: 125, 125, 196 196 126), 126), pp. pp. "additional "additional (in (in Russian) Russian) has has appeal. appeal. But But Budrys Budrys line line is is even even

1 1 03), 03), "lateral "lateral longitudinal longitudinal U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. suture• suture• 123. 123. Nauka Nauka (Ras­ Press, Press, Mos­ apsidal apsidal line, line, I I admit admit that that adlateral adlateral line line

lish), lish), "additional "additional suture• suture• tute, tute, Academy Academy (Rasnitsyn (Rasnitsyn of of 1969: 1969: Sciences Sciences of of the the another. another. Because Because it it is is shorter shorter than than par­

ary ary parapsis/parapsidal parapsis/parapsidal actions actions of of furrow· furrow· the the Paleontological Paleontological in in Eng­ Insti­ world world uses uses parapsidal parapsidal line line one one way way or or

chen• chen• (Kaler (Kaler 1963: 1963: lution lution 469, 469, of of etc.), etc.), lower lower c-second­ Hymenoptera. Hymenoptera. Trans­ adopt adopt adlateral adlateral line line while while the the rest rest of of the the

Fig. Fig. 157) 157) or or "sekundare "sekundare Rasnitsyn, Rasnitsyn, Parapsidenfur­ A.P., A.P., 1969. 1969. Origin Origin and and evo­ haps haps his his east east European European colleagues colleagues will will

XVI+774 XVI+774 p. p. + + 33 33 kundare kundare pl. pl. Parapsiden•1 Parapsiden•1 (Weber (Weber 1933: 1933: gests, gests, people people do do what what they they want. want. Per­

ture ture are are already already exist. exist. These These are are "se­ Worterbuch. Worterbuch. Akademie Akademie Verlag, Verlag, Berlin. Berlin. diE! diE! usage usage further, further, for for as as Eduardas Eduardas sug­

·· ·· Alternative Alternative Kaler, Kaler, terms terms S., S., for for von, von, the the above above 1963. 1963. struc­ Entomologisches Entomologisches This This new new term term will will probably probably only only mud­

6 6 SPHECOS25 SPHECOS25

Radoszkowski Radoszkowski mangich/akensis mangich/akensis ffaviceps ffaviceps Scalia Scalia

Menke Menke Arnold Arnold

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7 7 JULY93 JULY93 8 SPHECOS25

SCIENTIFIC NOTES The excavated nest burrows were utes, three of the four carrying prey. short, the first only 18.7 em. long, termi­ Since it is the usual behavior of Crabro Nests and Prey of Crabro mont/co/a nating 11.2 em. below the surface, and monticola to enter its burrow rapidly, (Hymenoptera: Sphecldae) the second 14.5 em. long, ending only even when transporting prey (Evans, by 9.3 em. from the surface. These are con­ 1960), we placed small, clear-plastic George W. Byers, Christine A. siderably shorter than those reported by cups over nest entrances to delay entry Nalepa, Melndert Bloemers and Evans (1960), who found burrows about and exit briefly. The wasps were seen Robert Dusenbury 35 to 40 em. in length but at such an to use their hind legs to hold their prey Mountain Lake Biological Station, angle to the surface that the brood cells and to carry the flies dorsal side up. University of Virginia! were at a depth of only 7.5 to 17.5 em. Both these observations contrast with On excavating the nests, we found that those of C. advena, which grips the Crabro monticola (Packard) is a com­ the soil became abruptly more compact prey (again tabanids) with the middle mon species of digger wasp, widespread (in fact, quite hard) just below the lev­ legs and transports it venter-up (Evans, in eastern North America (Maine and On­ els at which the burrows terminated. 1960: 124). One of us (GWB) captured tario southward to Georgia, westward to Relatively new brood cells (i.e., with­ a wasp carrying its tabanid prey venter­ Minnesota and Arkansas) (Bohart, 1976). out evidence of feeding by a wasp lar­ up. It apparently nests primarily in firm but va) contained 3 or 4 tabanid flies (those Several kinds of flies, particularly Ta­ sandy soil, such as in sand pits, paths with 4 possibly for rearing females and banidae, have been recorded as brood­ and roadways. Entrances of its nests those with 3 for the smaller males). Flies cell provisions, or prey, of Crabro are often surrounded by a conspicuous in all cells were apparently paralyzed, monticola Evans (1960) listed Tabanus tumulus, and nests may occur in large showing no signs of desiccation or de­ lasiophthalmus Macquart (now aggregations. Because C. monticola is composition (cf. "killed at the time of Hybomitra lasiophtha/ma), Tabanus an unusually large and conspicuous capture" - Evans, 1960). The wasp's egg microcephalus Osten Sacken (now crabronine, there have been several was in each case attached transversely Hybomitra microcephala), Chrysops reports on its nesting behavior, e.g., between the head and prothorax on the celer (Osten Sacken) (now C. Evans (1960), Alcock (1982), Evans, ventral side, i.e., across the fly's neck. cincticornis Walker) and Stonemyia Kurczewski and Alcock (1980) and In one of our excavated nests, the tranquil/a (Osten Sacken), all Tabani­ Pechuman (1963). two cells farthest from the entrance (and dae, and Thereva sp. (Therevidae), We had an opportunity to observe 120 and 165 mm. below the surface) from Connecticut and Maine. Pechu­ some details of the behavior of this contained small, perhaps half grown man (1963) identified S. tranquil/a and wasp and its nest structure near Moun­ larvae of Crabro. One of these cells Chrysops venus Philip as prey of C. tain Lake Biological Station, Giles Coun­ contained four tabanid flies, some dam­ montico/a in the Parry Sound region of ty, Virginia in late July and early August aged by larval feeding. From the other, southern Ontario. Evans et al. (1980) 1992. Nests were discovered along the only one fly was recovered. Three cells added Chrysops geminatus Wiedemann, edge of an unpaved road about 4.3 km. nearer the entrance (92, 92 and 75 mm. Hybomitra soda/is (Williston), Thereva northeast of the north end of Mountain from ground surface) contained respec­ frontalis Say, Eristalis arbustorum (Lin­ Lake, at an elevation of approximately tively four, three and four flies, with a nasus) (Syrphidae), and two species of 11 00 m. Most nests were in the narrow wasp egg attached to one fly in each Calliphoridae, Pollenia rudis (Fabricius) shoulder of the road, in compact sand, cell. These findings agree with those of and Phormia regina (Meigen), from var­ and a few were actually in the road. The Evans (1960), that is, that a female ious localities. Alcock (1982) recorded road at this site was essentially level Crabro excavates a burrow, then com­ as prey, at Lake Itasca, Minnesota, "pri­ and was bordered on both sides by pletes and provisions cells in sequence marily Tabanidae; a few syrphids and second-growth forest, primarily of oaks, from those farthest from the entrance to tachinids." that shaded the nest area except for those nearest. Approximately 10 mm. At the Mountain Lake site, all prey about five hours in the middle of the below the termination of the burrow (as brought to nests appeared to be males day. indicated by the plaster), five intact ta­ of Goniops chrysocoma (Osten Sack­ On 26 July, we found 14 nests (12 banids were recovered with neither lar­ en), a primitive pangoniine tabanid. All open, 2 plugged with loose sand) along va nor egg of Crabro. Possibly this was prey from excavated cells were also 13 meters of the roadside. By 29 July a temporary prey-storage area. Our sec­ males of this rather uncommon species. 21 nests were found and marked, with­ ond excavated nest had only two cells, Goniops chrysocoma has a wide range, in this same narrow zone; and by 5 one containing fragments of four flies from southern Ontario southward to August 25 nests were evident, of which and an apparently mature larva of C. South Carolina and westward to Arkan­ 4 showed no signs of activity by the monticola, and the other a few frag­ sas, but within this area it has only oc­ wasps. On 12 August, we found that the ments of prey and a bombyliid larva. casionally been collected. Females of road had just been graded, obliterating Many female wasps were marked with G. chrysocoma are not known to feed all but two nests and their markers. We different colors of paint in order to de­ on any vertebrate host, and males, un­ poured plaster-of-Paris into these two termine whether there was any nest­ like those of some tabanids, are rarely remaining burrows and a short time lat­ sharing. Three instances were record­ found associated with flowers. McAtee er excavated the nests. ed of two females entering the same (1911 ), in a paper on the life history of 'Copies of this paper may be requested from the nest, and twice nestsharing by three fe­ G. chrysocoma, did not mention feed­ first author, Snow Entomological Museum, Snow males was observed. At one nest, four ing by either the female or male flies. Hall, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas female wasps entered within 40 min- One of us (GWB) has collected insects 66045-2119, U.S.A. JULY93 9

during 21 summers in the Mountain Lake wasp Crabro montico/a (Hymenopte­ year. In Denmark, for example, a colony vicinity and has from time to time found ra: Sphecidae). Canadian J. Zool. 60: of Bembix rostrata (Linnaeus) that I females of Goniops chrysocoma guard­ 921-925. studied remained in one place for twen­ ing their egg-masses on the undersides Bohart, R. M. 1976. A review of the ne­ ty years, moving only slightly when the of leaves but has only rarely taken a arctic species of Crabro (Hymenopte­ nest site was disturbed by plowing. I re­ male. It is clear that females of Crabro ra: Sphecidae). Trans. Amer. Entomol. visited the jamaicensis colony sites in monticola are hunting their prey in Soc. 102:229-287. mid December and was surprised to some particular habitat to which males Evans, H. E. 1960. Observations on see that the wasps were still active and of Goniops are differentially attracted. the nesting behavior of three species in fact had formed a fifth colony. Two Other tabanids of similar size (Chrysops of the genus Crabro (Hymenoptera, nests contained wasp larvae and newly species) were active in the forest at the Sphecidae). J. New York Entomol. caught tree-crickets [probably Tettigo­ time of these observations but were not Soc. 68:123-134. niidae, Conocephalus sp.]. Other nests being utilized by C. montico/a Evans, H. E., F. E. Kurczewski and J. dug up contained wasp cocoons. Helen Court sent (to GWB) three fe­ Alcock. 1980. Observations on the The first time I visited the site was males of C. montico/a from the collec­ ·nesting behavior of seven species of August 11, 1987 and only females tion of the California Academy of Sci­ Crabro (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). J. were observed. Obviously males had ences, each wasp pinned with its prey. Natur. Hist. 14:865-882. appeared earlier, mated, and died. The These insects were captured by F. X. McAtee, W. L. 1911. Facts in the life females seen August 11 were at least Williams in the Blue Hills (Norfolk Co., history of Goniops chrysocoma. Proc. one week old. They lived at least 4 and at the southern edge of Milton, a sub­ Entomol. Soc. Washington 13:21-29. a half months, an amazingly long time urb of Boston), Massachusetts, on 13 Pechuman, L. L. 1963. Another record for a wasp. In 1988 a June visit to the August 1913. The flies have been iden­ of Tabanidae as prey of Crabro site revealed large numbers of males tified (by GWB) as Stonemyia rasa monticola (Packard) (Hymenoptera: flying in circles over the colony, about (Loew) (Tabanidae; two males pinned Sphecidae). J. New York Entomol. 10-20 em above the surface. There were with one Crabro) and Tolmerus sadyates Soc. 71 :218-219. even a few females which were trying (Walker) (Asilidae; one male, one fe­ to make nests, but they were perpetual­ male). This is the first record of Asilidae ly interrupted by males who would not as prey of C. monticola Observations on Wasps In Florida take NO for an answer. During the fol­ Alcock (1982) saw several instances by lowing week the number of females in­ of nest usurpation in Crabro monticola, Erik Tetens Nielsen creased and by the first of July nearly as many as six females sequentially pro­ Sherwood Hammock Biological Laboratory the whole dike seemed to be a seeth­ visioning a particular nest during a 26- Fort Pierce, Florida ing mass of these large wasps. The day period. But usurpation, he found, males died away during the first week never resulted in joint occupation of a [The following notes are extracted and of July as expected. But the female burrow. In fact, it appeared that females rewritten from a talk given by the late population was declining also, and by sometimes abandoned their nests be­ Erik Tetens Nielsen in February 1989. August 11 , 1988, a year after my first cause another female had entered the He passed away before he completed observations, there were only a few nest while the provisioner was away. his studies - edit.] left. Most of the females had left to Accordingly, our observation that four make a colony at another place. different females entered a single nest Sphex jamaicensis (Drury) within 40 minutes, three of them trans­ As reported in Sphecos 17:3 I ob­ The Tube-Dwellers: porting prey, is difficult to understand. served a large colony of these beautiful I'm sorry I am not a Muslim. If I had wasps nesting in an old dike on South been, after my stoke, I would undoubt­ Acknowledgments Beach near Fort Pierce in 1987. My su­ edly have received special training to be perficial observations revealed a num­ able to perform the prayers five times a We thank Helen Court, of the Califor­ ber of differences between this wasp day including the exercises. That would nia Academy of Sciences, for confirm­ and some of the better studied species have made it much easier for me to ing our identification of Crabro montico/a of Sphex. For example, jamaicensis is a study ground nesting wasps such as and for providing additional prey rec­ progressive provisioner, a trait hereto­ Sphex jamaicensis. To observe them ords, Dr. Henry M. Wilbur, Director of fore known in only the Oriental species properly you have to lie outstretched on Mountain Lake Biological Station (Uni­ subtruncatus. Dahlbom (see Krombein your belly so that you can look them in versity of Virginia), for making transpor­ 1984). The colony found in 1988 occu­ the eye. So after my stroke I decided to tation and laboratory facilities available pied an area about 6x1 Om2 on the dike, study other Hymenoptera with whom I to us during the period of our field ob­ but marked individuals established a could communicate in a sufficiently inti­ servations, and Byron Alexander and new site on the dike. In a week or two mate way without doing gymnastics. So Frank Kurczewski for helpful sugges­ the new colony was fully developed. I took up the study of bees and wasps tions for improvement of this paper. During the time of observation, August­ that utilize pre-existing cavities such as November, 1988, the colony occupied hollow stems of bramble or elder, or the Literature Cited four different sites on the dike. In my galleries of wood-boring beetles. The experience such colony movement is French call them "rubicolles• (of Rubus, Alcock, J. 1982. Nest usurpation and se­ atypical of colonial wasps. Colonies tend bramble). The Germans call them "Li­ quential nest occupation in the digger to remain in the same place year after nienbauten" because the chambers are

the the mallength. mallength. developing developing The The wasp wasp female female larvae. larvae. spent spent During During each each this this night night produced produced because because of of a a hindrance hindrance to to

tubes tubes and and the the is is vestibular vestibular consumed, consumed, cell cell more more was was are are of of nor­ brought brought could could in in distinguish distinguish for for differences differences in in sounds sounds

structed structed by by this this the the eggs eggs wasp wasp hatch, hatch, were were in in and and shorter shorter the the first first muscles. muscles. prey prey Bembix Bembix item item In In I I believed believed that that I I

lar lar cell. cell. The The laid laid third third right right and and behind behind fourth fourth nests nests the the left left con­ foreleg. foreleg. When When is is almost almost certainly certainly produced produced by by the the wing wing

bers. bers. It It had had out out an an unusually unusually walls walls between between long long vestibu­ Sphex Sphex them. them. Each Each jamaicensis jamaicensis egg egg is is when when digging, digging, and and

end end of of the the tube tube male male and and tree-crickets tree-crickets contained contained 5 5 are are cham­ deposited deposited with­ Such Such sound sound is is produced produced Bembix Bembix by by and and

chamber chamber tructed tructed in in by by which which this this wasp wasp two two or or started started three three adult adult at at the the fe­ far far short, short, hissing hissing sounds sounds when when they they work. work.

tion tion is is very very rare. rare. Nickle]. Nickle]. The The The The second second back back nest con­ nest room room is is It It the the is is well well brood brood known known that that many many wasps wasps emit emit

without without it it and and probably probably Conoeephalus Conoeephalus Krombein Krombein says says this this situa­ sp., sp., Trypargilum Trypargilum nus nus det. det. David David has has to to do do with with sound. sound.

tibular tibular cell. cell. I I pass pass have have [T with with never never tree-cricket tree-cricket seen seen a a prey prey nest nest ettigoniidae, ettigoniidae, Another Another remarkable remarkable thing thing in in the the ge­

entrance entrance which which on on Krombein Krombein the the side side through through called called the the which which ves­ the the wasp wasp can can ly ly November. November.

tween tween the the outer outer center center most most of of chamber chamber the the tube. tube. and and One One the the ope-ning ope-ning male male was was is is left left still still watching watching a a nest nest until until ear­

Usually Usually there there en en is is together together an an empty empty into into space space a a firm firm cushion cushion be­ near near the the were were last last seen seen in in October, October, but but the the last last

of of the the tube. tube. There There collecting collecting was was no no these these vestibular vestibular straws straws cell. cell. which which are are wov­ than than females. females. 1988 1988 In In the the fall fall of of females females

bers bers which which took took all all space space the a a to to new new the the nest nest end end a a considerable considerable time time males males is is spent spent appear appear to to live live as as long long or or longer longer

dle dle of of the the tube, tube, friend friend and and Gilles Gilles then then Parbeau). Parbeau). built built 5 5 cham­ The The day day first first of of she she then then entered entered the the nest. nest. In In this this genus genus

nest nest with with a a palm palm rather rather fronds fronds thick thick wall wall (this (this in in the the I I learned learned mid­ from from my my into into her her nest. nest. Copulation Copulation completed, completed,

haH haH of of the the tube. tube. straw-like straw-like The The wasp wasp material material began began was was her her obtained obtained from from tubes, tubes, during during which which another another male male flew flew

that that the the wasp wasp couple couple had had only only of of important important used used the the outer outer things. things. First First the the late late with with a a male male on on the the table table under under the the

hidalgo hidalgo ed ed by by construction construction and and found found to to of of my my 4 4 nests, nests, surprise surprise and and learned learned a a inside. inside. I I have have also also seen seen a a female female copu­

quaert). quaert). I I opened opened lowed lowed Jsodontia Jsodontia the the an an first first nest nest complet­ female female ter ter during during the the tube tube her her partly partly united united and and disappear disappear

Euodynerus Euodynerus lsodontia lsodontia hidalgo hidalgo boreoorientalis boreoorientalis mexicana mexicana (Saussure). (Saussure). (Be­ I I fol­ ten ten successful. successful. In In some some cases, cases, they they en­

of of which which was was length. length. identified identified This This by by was was Krombein Krombein my my first first as as meeting meeting with with tries tries to to mate mate with with the the female, female, and and is is of­

rived. rived. These These were were vespids, vespids, one one I I 6 6 expected, expected, species species maybe maybe times times her her body body the the nest nest entrance entrance the the male male frequently frequently

1988 1988 Early Early in in May May the the first first broomstick broomstick wasps wasps ar­ was was very very much much longer longer than than they they are are hanging hanging at at the the underside underside of of

where where since since my my tubes tubes were were the the too too size size small. small. of of a a fairly fairly large large wasp, wasp, and and the the take take the the burden burden from from the the female. female. While While

the the soil soil supply, supply, ing ing into into and and my my it it carried carried view; view; she she it it else­ was was small, small, about about to to meet meet her, her, but but I I never never saw saw the the male male

quadridens quadridens (Linnaeus) (Linnaeus) availed availed afternoon afternoon itseH itseH of of of of August August 14 14 she she came came sail­ When When she she arrives arrives he he often often comes comes out out

only only the the large, large, vespid, vespid, beautiful Monobia Monobia time time I I witnessed witnessed this this phenomenon. phenomenon. The The the the nest nest awaiting awaiting the the arrival arrival the the female. female.

make make use use of of sticks. sticks. it it in in 1988 1988 their their The The nest nest summer summer building, building, of of but but was was the the first first ers, ers, Trypargilum Trypargilum that that in in the the male male sits sits in in

wall wall hoping hoping know know that that that that tube-dwellers tube-dwellers witches witches travel travel could could by by riding riding broom­ the the observation observation (1928) (1928) of of Rau Rau and and oth­

vent vent invasion invasion ebrate ebrate by by ants. ants. midsummernight midsummernight I I made made the the clay clay instead. instead. You You youth youth in in Denmark. Denmark. I I was was able able confirm confirm

rested rested on on bricks bricks in in a a dish dish of of water water tle tle too too to to cold cold pre­ so so early early in in the the and and year cel­ us), us), a a species species I I knew knew so so well well in in my my

boo boo tubes tubes over over a a 1. 1. clay clay wall. wall. May May The The house house The The Danish Danish witches witches find find it it a a lit­ my my old old Trypoxylon Trypoxylon friend friend figu/us figu/us (Linnae­

I I made made a a "house• "house• Harzen Harzen with with to to celebrate celebrate a a roof roof of of bam­ Walpurgis Walpurgis night, night, socks socks on on the the It It hind hind feet. feet. is is related related to to

tion. tion. German German witches witches gather gather on on Bracken Bracken in in immediately immediately recognizable recognizable by by its its white white

having having Krombein's Krombein's "bible" "bible" for for consulta­ From From Goethe's Goethe's Faust Faust we we know know that that all all Krombein]. Krombein]. This This medium medium sized sized wasp wasp is is

out out of of (1988) (1988) this this year's year's work work thrown thrown without without out out by by the the rightful rightful owner. owner. Trypargilum Trypargilum Jactitarse Jactitarse (Saussure) (Saussure) [det. [det.

that that I I would would never never have have gotten gotten found found as as much much cell cell contents contents of of wood-roaches wood-roaches my my roof roof during during 1988 1988 summer summer the of of was was

tal-ethological tal-ethological way. way. I I daresay, daresay, bers bers however, however, between between those those of of others. Twice, Twice, others. I I By By far far the the most most dominant dominant species species in in

study study the the animals animals in in a a more more experimen­ At At least least I I have have always always found found their their cham­ needed. needed. This This needs needs further further study. study.

by by Krombein, Krombein, I I think think I I may may a a be be single single able able cell cell to to in in the the nest nest of of other other wasps. wasps. vae vae signal signal the the mother mother that that more more food food is is

tary tary work work has has been been so so excellently excellently seem seem to to done done make make a a nest nest for for itseH, itseH, but but makes makes the the nest nest as as usual. usual. Possibly Possibly hungry hungry lar­

animals, animals, and and just just because because the the together together elemen­ by by resin. resin. Podium Podium The The does does not not more more food, food, but but after after a a short short closed closed while

biologist; biologist; I I want want to to shake shake hands hands made made with with of of the the pieces pieces of of organic organic matter matter held held is is that that the the mother mother wasp wasp did did not not carry carry in in

seum-man, seum-man, but but I I am am an an experimantal experimantal roaches roaches for for its its larvae larvae and and the the walls walls are are larva larva eventually eventually died. died. More More interesting interesting

Well, Well, for for one one thing, thing, Krombein Krombein is is a a mu­ tubes, tubes, and and not not flying flying It It much. much. uses uses wood­ again. again. Only Only one one egg egg hatched hatched but but the the

up up the the study study of of animals animals so so well well cius), cius), known? known? sneaking sneaking around, around, trying trying all all the the their their wasp wasp eggs eggs and and closed closed the the tube tube

than than 3700 3700 nests. nests. How How did did I I dare dare to to take take group. group. One One Podium Podium was was rufipes, rufipes, (Fabri­ and and pulled pulled the the three three crickets crickets out out with with

75 75 no no observations observations of of species species from from less less Sphecidae Sphecidae was was by by far far the the largest largest user user two. two. After After a a couple couple of of days days it it I I opened opened

Archbold Archbold Station. Station. His His book book cility cility represents represents than than the the one one described described earlier]. earlier]. end end of of the the open open tube tube of of nest nest number number

at at various various places, places, one one of of which which [Erik [Erik was was by by then then the the had had a a much much larger larger tube tube fa­ nest? nest? Well Well I I put put a a rubber rubber stopper stopper in in one one

sonian. sonian. He He set set out out drilled drilled tubes possible possible in in wood wood for for me me to to keep keep track track of of them them goes goes on on inside inside the the closed closed section section of of the the

bein, bein, senior senior hymenopterist hymenopterist at at many many the the Smith­ users users of of the the tubes tubes that that it it was was im­ You You might might ask, ask, how how did did I I know know what what

Nesting Nesting Wasps Wasps and and Bees Bees by by Karl Karl In In July July Krom­ and and August August there there were were so so hang hang outside outside the the completed completed nest. nest.

able able to to 1967 1967 utilize utilize great great the Trap Trap ing ing book book on on the the first first trip trip of of the the day. day. kinds kinds of of straw straw and and a a number number of of them them

da da I I have have had had the the advantage advantage maining maining of of being being there there 50 50 minutes minutes before before depart­ ber. ber. The The outer outer room room is is filled filled up up with with all all

In In studying studying the the tube-dwellers tube-dwellers Usually Usually in in Flori­ she she retreated retreated into into the the tube, tube, re­ cushion. cushion. This This closes closes the the brood brood cham­

that that is is what what they they are. are. male male would would come come to to the the nest nest opening. opening. up up the the empty empty room room outside outside the the straw straw

rather rather call call them them tube-dwellers tube-dwellers positing positing because because an an egg. egg. In In the the morning morning the the fe­ gins gins to to gather gather straws straws with with which which she she fills fills

nesters nesters for for unknown unknown reasons. reasons. into into I I the the would would tube, tube, just just as as she she does does when when de­ wasp, wasp, but but after after days, days, 5-6 she she again again be­

in in a a line. line. The The Americans Americans call call them them trap­ in in the the tube. tube. She She does does this this by by backing backing period period very very little little is is seen seen of of the the mother mother

10 10 SPHECOS25 SPHECOS25

ly ly or or not not indented. indented.

The The lower lower lip lip of of the the clypeallobe clypeallobe is is weak­

0.80 0.80 X X the the lower lower interocular interocular distance. distance.

these these specimens specimens ranges ranges from from 0. 0. 78 78 to to

The The upper upper interocular interocular distance distance in in dulatory dulatory organ. organ.

represented represented in in the the B.M. B.M. also also have have a a stri­

26 26 August August 1992, 1992, 3 3 females. females. males males of of the the species species of of these these genera genera

jo), jo), 27-31 27-31 May May ·1992, ·1992, 17 17 July July 1992, 1992, 1 - 0 (Sphecidae). (Sphecidae). Sphecos Sphecos (23):8-10. (23):8-10. a a stridulatory stridulatory organ. organ. I I can can confirm confirm that that

Finca Finca Montezuma Montezuma (3 (3 km km SE SE Rio Rio Naran­ 1992. 1992. Pison Pison in in Costa Costa Rica Rica Tanyoprymnus Tanyoprymnus of of Ammatomus Ammatomus and and have have

Amer. Amer. Ent. Ent. Soc. Soc. 24(3):1-171. 24(3):1-171. given given the the impression impression that that only only females females

Pison Pison eu eu Menke Menke Sphecidae: Sphecidae: Trypoxylini). Trypoxylini). Contrib. Contrib. My My note note in in Sphecos Sphecos 24 24 may may have have

World: World: a a revision revision (Hymenoptera: (Hymenoptera: developed. developed.

the the terga terga have have creamy creamy apical apical bands. bands. Menke, Menke, A.S. A.S. 1988. 1988. Pison Pison in in the the New New also also has has the the hind hind wing wing jugal jugal lobe lobe well­

The The gaster gaster is is entirely entirely black; black; none none of of cies, cies, like like the the species species from from Colombia, Colombia,

Literature Literature cited cited Pterygorytes Pterygorytes triangulatus triangulatus Sm. Sm. This This spe­

jo), jo), 18-28 18-28 December December 1992, 1992, one one female. female. History) History) and and examined examined specimens specimens of of

Finca Finca Montezuma Montezuma (3 (3 km km SE SE Rio Rio Naran­ May May 1990, 1990, W. W. J. J. Hanson, Hanson, 2 2 females. females. I I visited visited the the British British Museum Museum (Natural (Natural

Pinchincha: Pinchincha: E. E. Santo Santo Domingo, Domingo, 6-12, 6-12, After After Sphecos Sphecos 24 24 was was at at the the printers printers

Pison Pison cresson/ cresson/ Rohwer Rohwer

versity, versity, Logan, Logan, Utah. Utah. D7T D7T 3EL 3EL England England

females, females, 5 5 males. males. "Hillcrest", "Hillcrest", and and Ware Ware Systematics Systematics Lane, Lane, Lyme Lyme Regis, Regis, Lab., Lab., Utah Utah Dorset Dorset State State Uni­

Martin Martin Cooper Cooper vember vember 1991, 1991, 4-18 4-18 December December 1992, 1992, 6 6 based based on on material material in in the the Bee Bee Biology Biology

by by 1992, 1992, 10-26 10-26 August August 1992, 1992, 18-28 18-28 No­ add add the the following following Ecuadorian Ecuadorian record record

(Sphecos (Sphecos ary ary 1992, 1992, 10-15 10-15 24) 24) June June 1992, 1992, 17-29 17-29 July July America America are are scarce scarce (Menke, (Menke, 1988). 1988). I I can can

on on a a Stridulating Stridulating jo), jo), 1 1 0-23 0-23 January January Sphecld Sphecld 1992, 1992, 15-24 15-24 Febru­ American American wasp, wasp, but but records records in in South South

Addendum Addendum to to Note Note Finca Finca Montezuma Montezuma (3 (3 km km SE SE Rio Rio Naran­ This This species species is is a a common common Central Central

Pi Pi son son forme forme con Smith Smith Pi son son conforms conforms Smith Smith from from Ecuador Ecuador

St. St. Louis Louis Acad. Acad. Sci. Sci. 25:325-489. 25:325-489.

havior havior of of the the non-social non-social wasps. wasps. gonostyle gonostyle Trans. Trans. is is slightly slightly different. different. 1991, 1991, 23 23 June-15 June-15 July July 1991, 1991, 5 5 females. females.

Rau, Rau, P., P., 1928. 1928. Field Field studies studies ferent ferent in in the the and and be­ the the midventral midventral lobe lobe of of the the Canas), Canas), 8-15 8-15 February February 1991, 1991, 1-7 1-7 March March

1-30. 1-30. cept cept that that the the volsellar volsellar form form is is quite quite dif­ Enrique Enrique Jimenez Jimenez Nunez Nunez (14 (14 km km SW SW

ea). ea). Smithsonian Smithsonian Contrib. Contrib. Zoot. Zoot. figures figures (387): (387): 215-220 215-220 in in Menke Menke (1988) (1988) ex­ males, males, 1 1 male; male; Estacion Estacion Experimental Experimental

Sphecidae Sphecidae (Hymenoptera: (Hymenoptera: genitalia genitalia Sphecoid­ and and sternum sternum VIII VIII agree agree with with November November 1991, 1991, December December 1991,5 1991,5 fe­

havioral havioral and and life life history history notes notes HOD. HOD. on on The The some some UID UID is is 0.74X 0.74X the the LID. LID. The The 5-10 5-10 April April 1992, 1992, 10 10 May May 1992, 1992, 18-28 18-28

studies studies of of Ceylonese Ceylonese wasps, wasps, found found XII: XII: on on Be­ Ill-VI. Ill-VI. The The OOD OOD is is 0.66X 0.66X the the ranjo), ranjo), 1 1 May May 1992, 1992, 14-18 14-18 March March 1992, 1992,

K. K. Krombein, Krombein, V., V., 1984. 1984. Biosystematic Biosystematic like like tyloid tyloid in in addition addition to to the the normal normal ones ones Finca Finca Montezuma, Montezuma, (3 (3 km km SE SE Rio Rio Na­

gellomere gellomere II II has has a a weakly weakly formed formed welt­

Literature Literature cited cited The The male male is is somewhat somewhat atypical. atypical. Fla­ Pison Pison pllosum pllosum Smith Smith

and and wife. wife. male. male. tember- 9 9 October, October, 1992, 1992, 7 7 females. females.

to to the the conversations conversations between between female, female, husband husband 29 29 July-26 July-26 August August 1991, 1991, one one 15 15 June, June, 1992, 1992, 17 17 July, July, 1992, 1992, 11 11 Sep­

turbance. turbance. But But that that is is nothing nothing gua, gua, compared compared 20 20 km km S S Upala, Upala, 17 17 July July 1992, 1992, one one jo), jo), 24-29January, 24-29January, 1993, 1993, April, April, 1992, 1992, - 1Q

than than a a minute minute complaining complaining over over the the dis­ 1992, 1992, 2 2 females; females; Alajuela Alajuela Prey Prey : : Bija­ Finca Finca Montezuma Montezuma (3 (3 km km SE SE Rio Rio Naran­

shock shock and and he he may may continue continue for for more more jo), jo), 11-18 11-18 September September 1992, 1992, 1-11June 1-11June

a a guarding guarding male. male. It It feels feels like like Finca Finca an an electric electric Montezuma Montezuma (3 (3 km km SE SE Rio Rio Naran­ P/son P/son longlcorne longlcorne Menke Menke

od od cannot cannot be be used used Trypargilum Trypargilum in in with with

low low the the progress progress of of the the nest. nest. This This meth­ Pi Pi son son cameronli cameronli Kohl Kohl 1991, 1991, one one female. female.

dweller dweller nests nests I I insert insert a a thin stick stick thin to to fol­ Nunez Nunez (14 (14 km km SW SW Canas), Canas), 1-22 1-22 June June

very very foul foul language. language. When When studying studying Utah. Utah. tube­ Estacion Estacion Experimental Experimental Enrique Enrique Jimenez Jimenez

ries ries of of sounds. sounds. They They sounded sounded to to me me like like tematics tematics Lab., Lab., Utah Utah State State Univ., Univ., Logan, Logan,

giving giving off off an an unusual unusual long long and and loud loud se­ collection collection of of the the Bee Bee Biology Biology and and Sys­ Plson Plson krombelnl krombelnl Menke Menke

stone stone a a long long way way from from the the nest nest while while by by Frank Frank Parker Parker and and deposited deposited in in the the

she she became became agitated agitated and and carried carried the the ing ing records records are are from from material material collected collected from from this this locality locality (Menke, (Menke, 1992). 1992).

peated peated this this several several times. times. The The third third time time Unless Unless specified specified otherwise, otherwise, the the follow­ comments comments that that I I made made on on specimens specimens

the the stone. stone. To To be be sure sure I I got got it it right, right, I I re­ This This specimen specimen agrees agrees with with earlier earlier

photograph photograph as as the the wasp wasp carried carried away away Arnold Arnold S. S. Menke Menke

a a stone stone in in the the nest nest entrance entrance and and took took a a by by la), la), 1-11 1-11 June June 1991, 1991, one one female. female.

rying rying a a stone stone from from the the nest. nest. So So I I placed placed Costa Costa Rica Rica Alajuela Alajuela Prey.: Prey.: Bijagua Bijagua (20 (20 km km S S Upa­

ed ed to to take take photographs photographs Bembixcar­ of of a a from from Guanacaste Guanacaste Province, Province,

work, work, or or satisfaction satisfaction to work. work. with with I I want­ Further Further records records Plson Plson of of mainly mainly Plson Plson gnythos gnythos Menke Menke

JULY93 JULY93 11 11 12 SPHECOS25

Mating Flights of campsomerls At that time- it was 2 p.m. on April10 In '86, big flights occurred March 30 plum/pes (Drury) at Weymouth - a big flight was seen over recently and April 6 while fair flights occurred Woods, North Carolina (Scollldae) burned pine straw, some 26 feet to the April 27 and May 6. That on the 27th by right of the main building. (What became was quite spread out over the flight Charlotte 0. Gantz the established flight ground was 15 feet ground, lawn and trails. In July quite a P.O. Box 2004, to the left of the building.) On April 11 few wasps were patrolling the lawn. Southam Pines, NC 28388 no wasps were to be seen until noon, This behavior is usually preliminary to a and then only a few were in flight. This flight. It occurred on Aug.6. The Scoliid wasp Campsomeris seems to be typical. The concentration In '87, a few wasps were in flight on plumipes is one of the common wasps comes on marked days, and the sud­ Apr. 8 and 14. A controlled burn prob­ at the Weymouth Woods Sandhills Na­ den drops can't be explained by adverse ably disrupted any main flight. On June ture Preserve in Moore County, east of weather conditions. Often a big flight 28, a conspicuous flight occurred along Southern Pines, North Carolina. The over the main area will be preceded by the driveway, not on the flight ground. Sandhills Region, covering one million scattered flights over the nearby lawn On July 16 a tremendous flight occurred acres in south central North Carolina, is and trails, and quite often a big flight is on the usual ground. There was quite a a subdivision of the Atlantic Coastal followed by a day or two of inactivity. In good flight in early August, but no wasps Plain. Flat-topped sandy ridges sep· '79 another big flight of at least 1 00 were seen from mid-August on. arated by broad level valleys make this wasps was in full swing by 12:30 p.m. In '88, we had another enormous con­ area unique. Extensive longleaf pine fo­ By April 30, no wasps were to be seen. centration on the flight ground in early rests once covered the area, but at the More flights of several hundred wasps April. A good number were seen on July present time there are only scattered were seen on June 26, June 28 and July 26 and even as late as Aug. 29. surviving remnants. 3. I didn't note the exact time, but they In '89, a big flight occurred on March This Pine Barrens Preserve was es­ took place between 9:30 and 11 :30. The 18, mostly on the flight ground, but tablished in 1963 on 425 acres of long· flights now were over the lawn and brick also spreading out into the surrounding leaf pine forest donated to the state by walks immediately in front of the build­ woods and lawn. In July, some wasps Mrs. James Boyd, wife of a noted North ing, and between the burned area and were seen, but no big flight. Carolina author. Later this was expand­ what became the normal flight ground. '90 gave us wasp flights on March 16 ed to 657 acres. Its purpose was to pre­ There was a major flight at 2 p.m. on and 18, but we saw none later that. serve and protect some of the specially March 31, 1980. May again provided a In '91, there was a good flight on adapted plant and animal communities big gap with very few in flight, but by March 23 and a fair one on July 29. of the Sandhills Region - notably those mid-summer we had tremendous flights In '92, there was another fair flight on of the longleaf pine forest. Many of these again. '81 gave us the usual big flights March 11. On July 23, a good flight oc­ plants and animals are dependent upon in spring and mid-summer. In '82 there curred near the flight ground, not over recurring fires. While the Red-cockaded were no noticeable flights in the spring, it. This was the first real flight of the year. Woodpecker is the best known member and I failed to pick up any in the sum­ I've included all of this data to show of this community, the sandy soil and mer, but one ranger thought we had the there is a variation in time and place, controlled burning are an important fac­ normal ones. All were in what had be­ although it's not too great. We've noted tor in providing extensive populations of come the usual flight ground. mating on only five occasions. Four of many insects, particularly of species of By the summer of '83, I decided upon these were reported by the rangers; one Hymenoptera, including Campsomeris more careful notes. The big flights then I watched. In each case a little ball was plumipes. occurred from Aug. 4 through 16, the formed as three or four males tried to The mating flights of this wasp are biggest one being on the 12th. On the mate with one female. When I observed frequently a conspicuous feature in the 4th the wasps were in full flight by 9:50. this, quite a number of males were fly­ spring and again in mid-summer. Hav­ It was over by 10:30. Full flight on the ing in a very agitated manner above the ing noted these flights for the past four­ 8th was at 8:50, on the 9th at 9:15, and ball on the ground. We thought this in­ teen years, I've become aware of some on the 1Oth at 9:1 0 (this was over at dicated a shortage of females, and I was distinct patterns. The major part of the 10:35). On the 11th full flight was at interested in J. Chester Bradley's (1928) flights occur in a definite section, an area 11 :15, and on the 16th at 9:00. The last comments on thismatter. He said: "Any­ roughly 40 by 45 feet with pine straw wasp for the year was seen Sept. 4. The one with field experience in the vicinity, covering white sand, and no grasses or last sightings are generally some time let us say of Philadelphia or New York, low vegetation. Five longleaf pines oc­ in September. knows that the males of plumipes are cur in the area. The wasps fly 1 to 2 In '84, there were flights from Apr. 14 extremely common insects, but that the inches above the ground, and a major to 16, the biggest on the 16th at 10:20. females are very seldom met with. As flight may include from 2 or 3 dozen On Apr. 27 there was another flight, boys collecting in the pine barrens of wasps to several hundred in a really big while a big drop occurred in May. On New Jersey, we used to consider them flight. They generally prefer the sunny ar­ July 19, flights occurred over sandy ar­ as real rarities, and I have often won­ eas. At times females as well as males eas and sidewalks. From Aug. 2 to 25, dered why there should be such a dis­ have been noted in the flight. good flights occurred on the main flight parity between the sexes. It is equally Normally the flights occur in the morn­ ground, principally on 2, 8, 22, and 25. true that farther south, let us say in Geor­ ing hours, although both these rules of In '85, no notes were taken in the gia and Florida, no such disparity exists. time and place were broken in '79, the spring. A big flight occurred on July 18 One can collect there quantities of what year when I first noted their occurrence. from 10:00 to 10:30. pass for females of plumipes. I have long

Press. Press.

that that Scoliid Scoliid

wasps wasps

use use the the larvae larvae of of the the North North of of Mexico. Mexico. Smithson. Smithson. lnstit. lnstit. tionally tionally durable durable carton, carton, and and local local guides guides

again again on on March March Catalog Catalog 30, 30, '93. '93. of of It's It's Hymenoptera Hymenoptera been been stated stated in in America America These These nests nests are are constructed constructed of of excep­

R. R. of of beetle beetle

grubs; grubs;

vid vid

once once Smith Smith in in April April and and '80 '80 B.D. B.D. and and Burks, Burks, 1979. 1979. Peru Peru in in reference reference to to the the nest nest shape. shape.

females females

digging digging

into into the the ground ground in in search search Krombein, Krombein, Karl Karl V., V., Paul Paul D. D. Hurd, Hurd, Jr., Jr., Da­ as as campana campana (bell) (bell) avispa avispa in in amazonian amazonian

that that

we we

have have

twice twice gous gous seen seen Insects. Insects.

Hafner Hafner Campsomeris Campsomeris Pub. Pub. Co. Co. nests nests high high in in trees trees and and are are referred referred to to

seen seen

have have

taken taken Clausen, Clausen,

place, place,

Curtis Curtis and and P. P. it's it's 1940. 1940. here here Entomopha­ 2. 2. Chartergus Chartergus spp. spp. build build large large white white

such such Campsomeris Campsomeris Carolina. Carolina. matings matings N. N. Car. Car. as as we we Dept. Dept. have have of of Agri. Agri. turbed. turbed.

and and

a a few few pines pines

Brimley, Brimley, overhead. overhead.

C.S. C.S. 1938. 1938. And And yet yet The The here here Insects Insects of of North North duce duce on on their their nest nest cartons cartons when when dis­

cept cept for for the the pine pine

straw straw

on on

the the

ground ground

Acad. Acad.

of of Nat. Nat. Sci. Sci. Phila. Phila. because because of of the the rasping rasping sounds sounds they they pro­

cies. cies.

The The

area area

tilles, tilles, is is

apparently apparently and and the the Bahama Bahama barren barren ex­ Islands. Islands. Proc. Proc. to to as as guitarron guitarron (big (big guitar) guitar) in in Costa Costa Rica Rica

dered dered why why it it should should ing ing the the attract attract United United either either States, States, spe­ the the Greater Greater An­ dillos. dillos. These These wasp wasp colonies colonies are are referred referred

Campsomeris Campsomeris

idae) idae)

plumipes, plumipes, of of the the and and I've I've plumipes plumipes won­ group, group, inhabit­ Synoeca Synoeca nests nests resemble resemble arboreal arboreal arma­

it it quite quite

frequently, frequently,

often often flying flying with with of of Campsomeris Campsomeris (Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Scoli­ lo) lo) avispa avispa in in amazonian amazonian Peru Peru because because

ground. ground.

Three Three Bradley, Bradley, or or

four four J. J. may may Chester. Chester. be be found found 1928. 1928. on on The The Species Species local local name name for for the the nine-banded nine-banded armadil­

lid lid wasps wasps also also Insects. Insects. use use Van Van this this Nostrand Nostrand same same flight flight Reinhold Reinhold Co. Co. They They are are called called carachupa carachupa (= (= suck suck face, face,

I've I've

been been

interested interested to to

find find that that mutil­ Arnett, Arnett, Ross Ross H. H. Jr. Jr. 1985. 1985. American American often often distinguished distinguished from from other other wasps. wasps.

Euonymus Euonymus sp. sp. endary endary for for painful painful stings, stings, and and are are thus thus

when when

they they are are

often often

to to be be found found on on a a Literature Literature cited cited gated gated nests nests on on tree tree trunks trunks and and are are leg­

commonly commonly

seen seen

feeding feeding in in the the fall fall 1. 1. Synoeca Synoeca spp. spp. build build beautiful beautiful corru­

is is a a favorite), favorite), but but the the males males are are most most in in their their notes notes on on Scolia Scolia dubia dubia (Rohwer). (Rohwer). Spanish Spanish word word for for wasp. wasp.

frequently frequently

on on description description flowers flowers

provided provided (Ciethra (Ciethra by by the the alnifolia alnifolia Raus Raus (1918) (1918) striking striking nest nest architecture. architecture. Avispa Avispa is is the the

needed. needed. Both Both

males males

and and females females occur occur monotonous monotonous flight" flight" comes comes closer closer to to the the tent tent defensive defensive capabilities capabilities and and often often

as as to to their their

scarcity, scarcity,

and and more more study study is is tern tern of of a a "zigzag "zigzag course" course" and and a a "vague "vague wasps wasps are are not not excepted, excepted, with with their their po­

doesn't doesn't bear bear out out

our our

conclusions conclusions original

havior havior

of of our our wasps wasps and and their their flight flight pat­ in in the the habitats habitats around around them. them. Eusocial Eusocial

males). males).

This This

greater greater number number

of of females females many many of of the the Scoliidae. Scoliidae. The The general general be­ animals animals and and plants plants important important or or notable notable

plumipes plumipes

scribed scribed plumipes plumipes

by by (3 (3 males males Curtis Curtis and and P. P. Clausen Clausen fe­ 5 5 (1940) (1940) for for give give insightful, insightful, descriptive descriptive names names to to the the

(6 (6

males males

and and cular cular 10 10 or or

females) females) figure-S figure-S course course and and 8 8 such such were were as as that that de­ Rural Rural people people in in Latin Latin America America often often

Preserve, Preserve, 16 16 were were plumipes plumipes fossulana fossulana One One last note. note. last We We have have seen seen no no cir­

Of Of the the 24 24 specimens specimens

collected collected

in in

the the

work work to to be be done done here here in in the the future. future. Local Local Names Names of of Wasps Wasps

da, da, west west to to established. established. Texas. Texas. Obviously Obviously there there is is much much

troriparian troriparian zone zone from from Maryland Maryland to to Flori­ that that any any prey-host prey-host relationship relationship has has been been lection. lection.

and and of of C. C.

plumipes plumipes

fossulana fossulana

as as

Aus­

specimen specimen

can can be be collected, collected, we we can't can't say say from from anyone anyone who who can can add add to to this this col­

Massachusetts Massachusetts

to to Georgia, Georgia,

Kentucky Kentucky

ous ous

answer. answer. However, However,

until until an an actual actual vorites; vorites; I I would would very very much much like like to to hear hear

plumipes plumipes

as as

and and the the

Carolinian Carolinian

Phyl/ophaga Phyl/ophaga zone zone seems seems from from the the most most obvi­ search. search. Here Here I I outline outline some some of of my my fa­

Krombein Krombein et et al. al.

give give that that

of of

C. C.

plumipes plumipes

acceptable acceptable

prey prey larva larva is is also also indicated, indicated, definite definite potential potential for for future future scientific scientific re­

the the two two subspecies subspecies

which which

we we have, have,

found found

in in the the Preserve, Preserve, a a large large number number of of liefs liefs raise raise interesting interesting questions questions with with

complete complete this this account account of of the the range range of of

great great

number number of of Campsomeris Campsomeris wasps wasps not not well well understood. understood. A A few few of of these these be­

in in the the south south and and

east east

of of the the

state." state."

To To

species species of of Phyllophaga. Phyllophaga. In In view view of of the the the the fantastic fantastic to to the the well well documented, if if documented,

the the preceding preceding which which

it it

mostly mostly

replaces replaces

larvae larvae

of of

scarab scarab beetles, beetles, especially especially the the rural rural people. people. The The legends legends range range from from

"essentially "essentially a a more more

southern southern

form form

than than wasps wasps

are are parasitic parasitic on on the the white white grub grub ed ed by by Latino Latino and and indigenous indigenous (Indian) (Indian)

olina), olina), while while

C. C.

plumipes plumipes

fossulana fossulana was was

(1985) (1985)

states states

that that the the larvae larvae of of Scoliid Scoliid about about eusocial eusocial vespid vespid wasps, wasps, as as relat­

plumipes plumipes was was state-wide state-wide

(in (in

North North

Car­ regular regular

flight flight ground. ground. Ross Ross H. H. Arnett, Arnett, Jr. Jr. nating nating local local names, names, beliefs, beliefs, and and stories stories

S. S. Brimley Brimley (1938) (1938)

said said that that

C. C.

plumipes plumipes cies cies

took took place place

on on the the lawn lawn close close to to the the have have come come across across a a number number of of fasci­

confluenta confluenta and and

fossulana fossulana

in in Kansas. Kansas.

C. C.

flight. flight. Another Another similar similar

mating mating of of this this spe­ through through Central Central and and South South America America I I

confluenta confluenta and and

plumipes plumipes

in in

Ohio, Ohio,

and and

where where we we first first noted noted a a big big Campsomeris Campsomeris Over Over the the course course of of my my peregrinations peregrinations

there there is is such such intergradation intergradation between between ing ing in in the the leaf leaf litter litter (pine (pine straw straw and and oak) oak)

fossulana fossulana meet meet in in North North Carolina, Carolina,

micans micans

(Knoch) (Knoch) has has

been been observed observed mat­ Wisconsin, Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI WI 53706 53706

where where the the ranges ranges of of plumipes plumipes and and species species of of Phyllophaga, Phyllophaga, and and Phyllophaga Phyllophaga 1630 1630 Linden Linden Drive, Drive, University University of of

ing ing that that while while there there is is no no intergradation intergradation ab ab beetles beetles occurring occurring at at Weymouth Weymouth are are Department Department of of Entomology, Entomology,

tween tween the the majority majority of of the the females, females, stat­ Preserve. Preserve. The The greatest greatest number number of of scar­ Sean Sean O'Donnell O'Donnell

out out an an obvious obvious structural structural distinction distinction be­ area, area, but but has has never never been been collected collected the the at by by

(Say) (Say) in in the the Great Great Plains. Plains. He He pointed pointed North North Carolina Carolina and and might might well well be be in in our our Neotroplcal Neotroplcal Social Social Wasp Wasp Folklore Folklore

in in the the south, south, and and plumipes plumipes confluenta confluenta lationship? lationship? Catalpa Catalpa /anigera /anigera is is found found in in

United United States, States, plumipes plumipes fossulana fossulana (Fab.) (Fab.) our our wasps wasps have have a a similar similar prey-host prey-host re­

(Drury) (Drury) in in the the northeastern northeastern part part of of the the us). us). Our Our immediate immediate question question was was do do ies ies Afield. Afield. Princeton Princeton Univ. Univ. Press. Press.

species species of of plumipes: plumipes: plumipes plumipes plumipes plumipes ing ing the the larva larva of of lanigera lanigera Catalpa (Linnae­ Rau, Rau, Philip Philip and and Nellie. Nellie. 1918. 1918. Wasp Wasp Stud­

Bradley Bradley (1928) (1928) recognized recognized three three sub­ confluenta confluenta when when he he found found this this wasp wasp us­ Kans. Kans. Ent. Ent. Soc. Soc. Jour. Jour. 40:208-209. 40:208-209.

such such is, is, in in fact, fact, by by the the Frank Frank case. E. E. • • Kurczewski Kurczewski (1966) (1966) p. p. for for C. C. lanigera lanigera (Scarabaeidae), (Scarabaeidae), in in Kansas. Kansas.

the the northern northern and and southern southern forms, forms, and and larva larva for for Campsomeris Campsomeris is is that that provided provided ing ing on on the the Gold Gold Beetle, Beetle, Catalpa Catalpa

might might point point to to other other differences differences between between know know the the only only record record of of a a specific specific prey prey plumipes plumipes confluenta confluenta (Scoliidae) (Scoliidae) prey­

suspected suspected that that this this biological biological distinction distinction Scarabaeidae Scarabaeidae for for prey, prey, but but as as far far as as I I Kurczewski, Kurczewski, F. F. E. E. 1967. 1967. Campsomeris Campsomeris

JULY93 JULY93 13 13 14 SPHECOS25

assured me that they are continuously is biting down on the tip of one's tongue to a depth of 1 m to envenomate vic­ occupied for at least several years. while approaching the nest, shirt in hand. tims lulled into a false sense of aquatic 3. Epipona spp. are very aggressive Seasonal changes in nest sites: security. I was unable to ascertain the and cling tightly to vertebrate objects of Polybia ignobilis, a large black wasp wasp species, ·but it was said to nest their wrath when stinging (don't they, with a reputation in the Venezuelan lla­ under leaves. Jim?); they are referred to as quita cal­ nos for a nasty temper, moves onto and Sting cure?: Many people have told zen (roughly, take off your underwear) into buildings (including houses) in the me that relief of sting pain is obtained in Costa Rica. wet season and builds large nests. The by crushing the offending wasp's body 4. In many areas, certain wasps are arrival of P. ignobilis colonies is a de­ on the sting site. This is a commonly observed to scavenge vertebrate flesh. spised wet season event. This wasp is held belief in Costa Rica, Panama, and These species are widely known as car­ rarely seen in the dry season, and ap­ Peru. I have not been able to bring my­ nicera (lady butcher); in my experience, parently never on buildings. An espe­ self to try it, in part for fear of incurring local people recognize both flying for­ cially observant llanero cowboy showed more stings in the attempt. agers and the nests of these wasps. Ex­ me two active late dry season colonies The sting is, indeed, the thing: I have amples include Agelaia multipicta in the under scrap metal within 0.5 m of the been told of an impressive amazonian Venezuelan llanos, and both A hamiltoni ground; both were without brood and Indian rite of passage into manhood. and Angiopolybia pal/ens in amazonian were only meekly defended. The initiates climb a platform to a large Peru. Suffocating wasp: Several Costa Ri­ arboreal carton nest (possibly belong­ 5. Po/ybia sericea is common in the cans told me· that the sting of Polistes ing to Po/ybia li/eacsa), and beat on the Venezuelan llanos, where I have found carnifex, an impressive bright yellow nest with sticks. This is continued until that it builds larger nests and achieves wasp in the p_ major group, results in the boys fall unconscious from the stings greater colony sizes than it does in the rapid cessation of the victim's breath­ received. Something to remember next brazilian amazon near Santarem (R.L. ing. The required remedy is to enter a time you're feeling tough because you Jeanne, pers. comm.). Its local name in stream or pond submerged up to the work with vespid wasps.••. the llanos is mata mono (monkey kill­ chin, which restores the breath, and re­ er); one ranch owner related the tale of main there for several hours. Referencs a P. sericea colony attacking and killing Avispa bufeo (Dolphin wasp): In Am­ a young horse tied near the nest. azonian Peru, the wasps are apparently Young, A.M. 1978. A human sweat­ super-serious about stinging. One spe­ mediated defense against multiple at­ Social Wasp Folklore cies reputedly follows people who mo­ tacks by the wasp Po/ybia diguetana lest its nests and jump into water to es­ in northeastern Costa Rica Biotropi­ Good luck charms: In Guanacaste cape attack; the wasps are said to dive ca 10:73-74. Province, Costa Rica, the swarm­ founding wasp, Polybia occidentalis, is Entrance often found nesting on the eaves of houses. Successful colony establish­ ment on a house is taken as a sign of good fortune by local people (Guana­ castecos). Sweat calms the savage wasp: In Costa Rica and in northeastern Peru it is commonly held that swarm-founding wasps are calmed by the smell of hu­ man sweat, to the point that occupied nests can be crushed or collected with­ out evoking stinging attacks. There is disagreement as to whether this is true for all humans, or whether only certain individuals can succeed as "wasp charm­ ers•. A friend from Guanacaste, Costa Rica assured me that her father was re­ nowned around the town of Santa Cruz as a wasp nest removal specialist be­ cause he was immune from attack. An account of this phenomenon in north­ eastern Costa Rica was published by Young (1978). Peruvians in the vicinity of lquitos carry this belief further, claim­ ing that wasp nests can be collected safely by anyone who wraps them in a sweaty shirt. In this area, an important added precaution in calming the wasps Nest of Synoeca surinama on the underside of a large branch. JULY93 15

ICZNNEWS COLLECTING REPORTS time we now have specimens preserved in ethanol. Usually success spurs one's Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 46 Misiones Province, Argentina collecting effort, but we just ended up (3):209, September 1989: by changing our flights and coming back James M. Carpenter early after we got the target taxon. Driv­ OPINION 1559 Dept of Entomology, American ing thousands of kilometers looking for Museum of Natural History, Central Park potential sites is not my idea of fun, and Ludlta Nagy,1967 {Insecta, Hyme­ West at 79th Street, N.Y., N.Y. 10024 scoring in timber spoil is a little too iron­ noptera): Tlphia villosa Fabricius, ic. The wave of the future as far as trop­ 1793 designated as the type species This past September John Wenzel ical collecting goes, I fear. and I went to Misiones Province in Ar­ Oh yeah, we learned a couple of Guar­ Ruling gentina, hunting social wasps. The prov­ ani names for wasps, which showed (1) Under the plenary powers all pre­ ince is famous as the site of lguazu that the aborigines could distinguish be­ vious designations of type species for Falls, recently seen as the spectacular tween the nests of Polybia scutellaris the nominal genus Ludita Nagy, 1967 scenery in the film "The Mission•. The ("cabichui•, a. k. a. "caraboza• in Brazil) are hereby set aside and Tiphia villosa forest certainly appears lush in that film, and paulista ("carnoatij. And we bought Fabricius, 1793 is designated as type and 36 species of Polistinae are re­ a couple of sets of boleadores as tourist species. corded from the province, including the trophies and upped our serum choleste­ (2) The name Ludita Nagy, 1967 (gen­ monotypic genus Protonectarina. This rol level on the incomparable Argentine der: feminine), type species by desig­ genus was one of only four for which beef. And the Falls really are worth see­ nation under the plenary powers in (1) we had no ethanol-preserved specimens ing. So we really can't be too negative. above, Tiphia vil/osa Fabricius, 1793, is for the molecular analysis now being hereby placed on the Official List of Ge­ undertaken by Wenzel as an American neric Names in Zoology. Museum postdoc. The Entomology De­ The Search for Aquatic Mutllllds (3) The name villosa Fabricius, 1793 partment of the AMNH has an NSF fau­ by as published in the binomen Tiphia nal surveys grant specifically for collect­ Donald G. Manley villosa (specific name of the type spe­ ing in Argentina and Chile, and funding Dept. of Entomology, Clemson cies of Ludita Nagy, 1967). is hereby was thus not a problem. So we antici­ University, Pee Dee Res. & Educ. placed on the Official List of Specific pated good collecting, even though we Center, Route 1, Box 531, Names in Zoology. came towards the end of the dry sea­ Florence, SC 29501-9603 son (roads being a problem in the wet season, as we learned to our regret in Although my title is somewhat tongue­ Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 47 Bolivia the previous year). But the trip in-cheek, it pretty accurately describes (1 ):73, March 1990: was saddening; most of the forest in Mis­ my research excursion of 1992. I was on iones is gone, replaced by pine and eu­ sabbatical leave from Clemson Univer­ OPINION 1578 calyptus plantations! Even the national sity from April through September in or­ park around the falls was logged, selec­ der to study velvet ants, especially those Vespa triangulum Fabricius, 1 n5 tively but heavily, 70 years ago. The lush belonging to the genus Dasymutil/a. The {currently Philanthus triangulum; understory is mostly cane, close to im­ first month was spent traveling to vari­ Insecta, Hymenoptera): specific penetrable and sterile if you can pene- ous museums in order to examine type name conserved . trate it. We did find better, intact forest specimens. I visited the Philadelphia in the provincial park Urugua-1 (south of Academy of Science, the American Mu­ Ruling Puerto lguazu) and in the sierra running seum of Natural History, Cornell Univer­ (1) Under the plenary powers the down the spine of the province. But sity, the Canadian National Collection, specific name ruspatrix Linnaeus, 1767, even in the mountains the timber trails the University of Laval (Quebec), and the as published in the binomen Vespa were visible where the big trees had al­ University of Minnesota. Many thanks to ruspatrix, is hereby suppressed for the ready been dragged out on chains, and all of you who assisted me. It was dur­ purposes of the Principle of Priority but Paraguayan squatters were everywhere. ing this month that I was most worried not for those of the Principle of Homon­ The economics of the situation are pret­ about the weather. However, the weath­ ymy. ty compelling: the pine is at marketable er during this northern excursion was (2) The name triangulum Fabricius, height in about ten years; by 13 the most cooperative. 1775, as published in the binomen stands are halved, and all of the stand is I then set out for five months of col­ Vespa triangulum, is hereby placed on cut by 15 years. We still collected nine lecting and field study. Although my trav­ the Official List of Specific Names in genera of polistines (23 species), but few els were widespread, most of that time Zoology. nests (the only epiponines were Agelaia was spent in the Southwest (Texas to (3) The name ruspatrix Linnaeus, multipicta, Apoica pal/ens, Polybia California), a hotbed of mutillid diversi­ 1767, as published in the binomen pau/ista and Synoeca cyanea). We did ty. During that five months, I doubt that Vespa ruspatrix and as suppressed in find Protonectarina sylveirae- foraging there were five days in which I did not (1) above, is hereby placed on the Offi­ at timber spoil! Workers were coming to encounter at least some rain. There were cial Index of Rejected and Invalid Spe­ old campfire ash, licking up salt or some­ often periods of 1-2 weeks at a time cific Names in Zoology. thing (a behavior we'd never observed when it did not stop raining (hence my in polistines). No nests, but in the mean- title). I brought rain to some desert lo-

ed ed to to work work with with a a dangerous dangerous snake snake as as attacking attacking their their enemies, enemies, the the Indians Indians used used

rant. rant. Obviously, Obviously, Eliana Eliana had had not not intend­ of of hard hard wood wood filled filled with with pebbles. pebbles. When When

the the jararaca's jararaca's territory territory in in first first her quad­ ite ite weapons weapons being being hollow hollow clubs clubs made made

for for quadrants, quadrants, she she managed managed to to include include tury. tury. They They were were very very fierce, fierce, their their favor­

mites. mites. With With all all the the woodland woodland available available that that inhabited inhabited the the region region in in the the 17th 17th cen­

string, string, for for quantitative quantitative samplings samplings of of ter­ tle tle village village was was named named after after the the Indians Indians

used used to to demarcate demarcate 10 10 m2 m2 quadrants quadrants with with first first collection collection station, station, Maracas. Maracas. This This lit­

lo lo was was the the first first of of us us to to meet meet her. her. Eliana Eliana quista quista (State (State of of Bahia), Bahia), we we reached reached our our

this this

trip. trip.

very very methodical methodical animal. animal. Eliana Eliana Cancel­ nas nas Gerais), Gerais), Anaje Anaje and and Vit6ria Vit6ria da da Con­

who who

helped helped

me me during during

the the course course

of of the the backwoods. backwoods. Our Our neighbor neighbor was was a a brief brief stops stops at at Pedra Pedra Azul Azul (State (State of of Mi­

cold, cold,

weather. weather.

Again, Again,

to to thanks all all of of you you dangerous dangerous and and poisonous poisonous creatures creatures in in ra, ra, Pontes, Pontes, Diniz Diniz and and me. me. After After three three

in in of of spite

extremely extremely

wet, wet, unseasonably unseasonably

deserved deserved reputation reputation as as one one of of the the most most composed composed of of Brandao, Brandao, Cancello, Cancello, Olivei­

about about

15 15 velvet velvet

ants ants

per per

day. day.

All All

of of this this to to our our inlanders, inlanders, having having a a terrible terrible and and vember, vember, 1990. 1990. The The team team on on this this trip trip was was

provinces, provinces,

and and collected collected

an an average average

of of as as the the "jararacan", "jararacan", and and very very well well known known State State of of Bahia Bahia during during the the month month of of No­

miles, miles,

visited visited

37 37

states states

and and 3 3

Canadian Canadian

Bothrops Bothrops sp. sp. snake, snake, popularly popularly known known central central and and south south central central regions regions of of the the

Austin, Austin,

Texas. Texas.

In In

all, all,

I I traveled traveled

37,000 37,000

our our stay stay at at Maria Maria lnacia lnacia Farm Farm was was a a On On the the first first trip trip we we collected collected in in the the

tional tional

Park, Park,

and and several several

locations locations

around around The The most most peculiar peculiar neighbor neighbor during during van, van, always always starting starting from from Sao Sao Paulo. Paulo.

logical logical

Station Station

(Oklahoma), (Oklahoma),

Big Big

Bend Bend

Na­ leaves, leaves, probably probably looking looking for for roaches. roaches. field, field, traveling traveling at at least least 18,000 18,000 km km in in a a

ment ment

Area Area

(Texas), (Texas),

Lake Lake

Texoma Texoma

Bio­ ing ing short short flights, flights, creeping creeping among among the the 1991, 1991, each each lasting lasting 30-35 30-35 days days in in the the

Arizona), Arizona),

the the

Chaparral Chaparral

Wildlife Wildlife

Manage­

wasps wasps were were very very active, active, running running and and tak­ ta. ta. We We made made three three trips trips in in 1990 1990 and and

Southwestern Southwestern

Research Research

Station Station

(Portal, (Portal, leaves leaves that that covered covered the the soil. soil. These These little little this this project project was was to to collect collect flying flying Aculea­

Highlighted Highlighted

collecting collecting

stops stops

were were

at at

the the (maranhensis (maranhensis ?), ?), collected collected over over fallen fallen riana riana Reis-Menezes Reis-Menezes (ants). (ants). My My role role in in

Texas, Texas,

Texas Texas

A A

I, I, and and & & Montana Montana State. State. the the trophies trophies were were two two Parado/ichurus Parado/ichurus (bees), (bees), Marcia Marcia Francteso Francteso (ants) (ants) and and Ad­

vis, vis, New New

Mexico Mexico

State, State,

the the

University University of of some some very very interesting interesting sphecids. sphecids. Among Among lo lo Moutinho Moutinho (ants), (ants), Dr. Dr. Celso Celso Martins Martins

Science. Science.

I I also also

made made stops stops

at at

UC UC Da­ net. net. However, However, at at this this locality locality I I collected collected Marcelo Marcelo T. T. Pontes Pontes (termites), (termites), Prof. Prof. Pau­

versity, versity,

and and the the

California California

Academy Academy

of of ably ably too too high high to to be be captured captured with with my my project project was was Prof. Prof. Jorge Jorge M. M. Diniz Diniz (ants), (ants),

State State

University, University,

Washington Washington

State State

Uni­ over over the the trail; trail; flying, flying, of of course, course, invari­ veira veira (ants). (ants). Also Also participating participating in in this this

examine examine

type type specimens specimens

at at

Kansas Kansas tures. tures. There There were were always always flying flying insects insects Cancello Cancello (termites) (termites) and and Dr. Dr. Paulo Paulo Oli­

During During

the the western western

trek, trek,

I I stopped stopped to to Pepsis, Pepsis, Bombus Bombus and and other other flying flying crea­ association association with with Dr. Dr. Eliana Eliana Marques Marques

for for

synonymizing synonymizing

certain certain

species. species.

paths paths by by large large specimens specimens of of Xy/ocopa, Xy/ocopa, Dr. Dr. Carlos Carlos Roberto Roberto F. F. Brandao Brandao (ants) (ants) in in

few. few.

I I was was

also also

able able

to to collect collect evidence evidence

with with convenient convenient tracks tracks also also used used as as flight flight gion. gion. The The project project was was coordinated coordinated by by

had had hoped, hoped,

but but was was

still still

able able

to to make make

a a found found a a good good reserve reserve of of native native forest, forest, of of vegetation vegetation zones zones that that cover cover the the re­

make make as as many many

sex sex

associations associations

as as

I I

Farm, Farm, 4 4 km km E E of of the the village. village. There There we we be be visited visited as as samples samples of of different different kinds kinds

undescribed undescribed

species. species.

I I was was

not not able able

to to at at a a cattle cattle farm, farm, named named Maria Maria lnacia lnacia ern ern Brasil. Brasil. We We selected selected the the localities localities to to

subspecies) subspecies)

of of Dasymutilla, Dasymutilla,

plus plus

a a few few

reappear reappear in in the the field. field. We We chose chose to to work work the the main main vegetation vegetation zones zones of of Northeast­

This This

number number included included

86 86 species species

(or (or wasps wasps and and bees bees had had recently recently begun begun to to of of social social Hymenoptera Hymenoptera and and lsoptera lsoptera in in

these, these, about about

1750 1750 were were

Dasymutilla. Dasymutilla.

season season was was just just beginning, beginning, and and the the ecological ecological and and geographical geographical distribution distribution

tinue tinue

to to

pick pick up up the the

same same species). species).

Of Of When When we we arrived arrived at at Maracas Maracas the the rainy rainy to to study study the the behavioral behavioral ecology ecology and and the the

(once (once

I I got got

a a

good good

series, series,

I I did did not not con­ vines vines away away from from the the trails. trails. pated pated were were part part of of a a project project designed designed

and and could could have have

picked picked

up up many many

more more

side side the the woods, woods, provided provided one one pulls pulls the the The The collection collection trips trips in in which which I I partici­

lected lected nearly nearly

2500 2500

mutillid mutillid

specimens, specimens,

reality reality it it was was relatively relatively easy easy to to walk walk in­ sil sil to to the the northeastern northeastern Brasilian Brasilian coast. coast.

would would have have been been

very very

successful. successful.

I I col­

appearance appearance of of a a very very intricate intricate forest. forest. In In empty empty band band that that runs runs from from Central Central Bra­

Had Had it it been been

just just a a collecting collecting

trip, trip, it it

great great number number of of vines vines that that give give a a false false distribution distribution of of taxa, taxa, represented represented by by an an

often often thickly thickly

covered covered

with with

mud. mud.

The The forest forest is is somewhat somewhat dense, dense, with with a a noptera noptera fauna fauna one one can can see see a a gap gap in in the the

ingly ingly well. well. Freshly Freshly

emerged emerged

females females

were were

trunks trunks no no more more than than 30 30 em em in in diameter. diameter. studies studies on on the the South South American American Hyme­

seemed seemed to to

weather weather

the the

storms storms

surpris­

composed composed of of trees trees up up to to 10 m m 10 high high and and material material from from this this region. region. Also Also in in many many

were were scarce scarce

or or non-existent. non-existent.

The The

females females

cip6" cip6" (that (that literally literally means means vine vine forest) forest) is is Universidade Universidade de de Sao Sao Paulo Paulo has has little little

as as there there were were

many many times times

when when males males

even even wanting. wanting. The The so so called called "mata "mata de de collection collection of of the Museu Museu the de de Zoologia Zoologia da da

weather weather seriously seriously

hampered hampered

this this

effort, effort,

rainy rainy season season that that can can be be very very short short or or ness, ness, has has attracted attracted many many explorers. explorers. The The

about about a a third third

from from

males males

only. only. The The

wet wet

son son lasting lasting at at least least six six months, months, and and a a azon azon forest forest which, which, because because of of its its lush­

third third are are known known

from from

females females

only, only,

and and

The The climate climate is is semi-arid, semi-arid, with with a a dry dry sea­ tion tion that that collectors collectors have have given given to to the the Am­

Dasymutilla Dasymutilla

(North (North

of of Mexico), Mexico),

about about

a a

other other plants plants adapted adapted to to dry dry climates. climates. This This region region has has not not received received the the atten­

approximately approximately

150 150

described described

species species

of of

etation, etation, with with many many kinds kinds of of cacti cacti and and known known and and collected collected in in South South America. America.

sex sex associations associations

within within

the the

group. group.

Of Of

ized ized by by a a xerophytic, xerophytic, semideciduous semideciduous veg­ eastern eastern Brasil Brasil is is one one of of the the most most poorly poorly

work work was was to to

be be able able

to to make make

proper proper

zone zone of of northeastern northeastern Brasil, Brasil, character­ The The Hymenoptera Hymenoptera fauna fauna of of North­

of of One One the the major major goals goals of of my my field­ Caatinga Caatinga is is the the vegetation vegetation predominant

rainmaker.) rainmaker.)

called called by by their their habitants habitants "mata "mata de de cip6•. cip6•. 01064- Sao Sao Paulo, Paulo, Brasil Brasil

should should

have have

hired hired

out out my my services services as as a a mainly mainly by by a a kind kind of of arboreal arboreal "caatinga•, "caatinga•, de de sao sao Paulo, Paulo, Caixa Caixa Postal7172, Postal7172,

don't don't believe believe that that it it has has stopped stopped yet. yet. (I (I Museu Museu de de Zoologia Zoologia The The da da region region Universidade Universidade of of Maracas Maracas is is covered covered

nia nia about about the the time time of of my my first first visit, visit, and and I I S6rvlo S6rvlo Tullo Tullo P. P. Amarante Amarante sound. sound.

in in decades. decades. started started It It raining raining in in Califor­ by by bles, bles, produced produced a a frightening frightening maraca maraca

cations cations that that I I don't don't believe believe had had seen seen rain rain Collecting Collecting In In Northeastern Northeastern Brasil Brasil to to shake shake the the clubs, clubs, which which due due the the peb­

16 16 SPHECOS25 SPHECOS25

Trypoxylon Trypoxylon of of lenkoi lenkoi 3-4 3-4 Amarante, Amarante, months months and and and and a a wet wet - ob period period cilities cilities of of as as 7-8 7-8 well well as as trails trails and and - accommo

climate climate opportun~y opportun~y is is characterized characterized of of collecting collecting dry dry by by a a some some was was a a period period males males good good place place of of to to work, work, w~h w~h some some fa­

only only to to annoy annoy states states me. me. However, However, of of Bahia Bahia and and I I had had Minas Minas the the joins joins Gerais. Gerais. the the The The Amazon Amazon drainage drainage basin. basin. This This

hours hours of of the the day. day. mainly mainly I I think think in in the the that that Espinhaqo Espinhaqo they they did did ~ ~ Range Range in in the the km km to to the the south, south, while while the the northern northern one one

ing ing ones ones seem seem that that to to occurs occurs prefer prefer from from the the an an hottest hottest altitude altitude of of 900 900 m m sin, sin, reaching reaching Buenos Buenos Aires Aires some some 4000 4000

creatures creatures flying flying "campos "campos in in this this place, place, ruprestes", ruprestes", but but the the a a typical typical fly­ grassland grassland southern southern one one flows flows into into the the Parana Parana ba­

It It noon. noon. was was true true that that there there vegetation vegetation were were few few in in the the region region is is composed composed creeks creeks depart depart of of in in oppos~e oppos~e directions. directions. The The

to to enjoy enjoy it, it, having having the the Combuca Combuca their their activity activity River. River. peak peak The The at at predominant predominant the the same same spring spring inside inside the the reserve, reserve, two two

no no wind. wind. However However the the wasps wasps Andarai-Mucuge Andarai-Mucuge appeared appeared road, road, near near the the bank bank of of dadas dadas (joining (joining waters) waters) because because from from

was was very very also also dry dry At At and and Mucuge, Mucuge, there there we we was was worked worked almost almost beside beside the the in in central central It It Brazil. Brazil. is is called called Aguas Aguas Emen­

durable, durable, reaching reaching of of a a great great 40°C 40°C diamond. diamond. in in the the shade. shade. It It rado, rado, the the predominant predominant vegetation vegetation zone zone

had had not not begun. begun. yet The The heat heat Champaign Champaign was was unen­ to to celebrate celebrate the the discovery discovery serve serve incorporates incorporates an an area area of of typical typical cer­

When When we we arrived arrived there, there, the the rainy rainy used used season season to to bathe bathe their their horses horses with with French French ed ed 25km 25km northeast northeast of of Brasilia. Brasilia. This This re­

It It very very was was hard hard to to work work in in tales, tales, this this as, as, place. place. for for example, example, the the miners miners that that Biol6gica Biol6gica de de Aguas Aguas Emendadas, Emendadas, locat­

aceae. aceae. provided provided some some interesting interesting stories stories and and We We began began to to collect collect at at the the Reserva Reserva

the the crevices, crevices, mainly mainly cacti cacti and and of of old old Bromeli­ houses. houses. Those Those days days of of prosper~y prosper~y or or in in the the south south of of Piaui. Piaui.

rocks rocks with with some some vegetation vegetation town town growing growing one one in in can can see see the the remains remains of of walls walls somewhere somewhere in in the the northwest northwest of of Bahia Bahia

posed posed only only of of huge huge nude nude sedimentary sedimentary more more than than 5,600, 5,600, and and surrounding surrounding the the vegetation vegetation in in the the State State of of Goias Goias and and

do do are are bare bare areas areas habitants. habitants. were were the the Today Today soil soil the the is is com­ population population is is no no collect collect at at three three localities localities with with cerrado cerrado

many many spiny spiny brushes. brushes. pered, pered, reaching reaching The The so-called so-called more more than than laje­ 100,000 100,000 in­ Menezes Menezes and and me. me. Our Our purpose purpose was was to to

many many cacti, cacti, some some prospecting, prospecting, Bromeliaceae Bromeliaceae the the city city and and grew grew and and pros­ composed composed of of Brandao, Brandao, Franqoso, Franqoso, Reis­

jedo", jedo", characterized characterized el el of of the the by by Combuca Combuca the the presence presence River. River. of of With With diamond diamond again. again. This This time time the the group group was was in~ially in~ially

type type of of caatinga, caatinga, called called "caatinga "caatinga a a muleteer muleteer de de la­ found found diamonds diamonds in in the the grav­ June June of of 1991, 1991, we we took took to to the the road road

This This locality locality was was covered covered city city by by was was another another established established about about 1840, 1840, when when Seven Seven months months later, later, at at the the end end of of

Urussu, Urussu, some some 30 30 minutes minutes from from surrounded surrounded the the town. town. by by steep steep rocky rocky hillsides. hillsides. The The looked looked too too hungry hungry my my for for taste. taste.

lecting lecting base base ture. ture. at at another another The The little little farm, farm, town town Riacho Riacho is is nestled nestled do do in in a a valley, valley, go go in in the the opposite opposite direction, direction, as as the the ants ants

At At ltaberaba ltaberaba we we established established provided provided our our col­ us us with with another another beautiful beautiful pic­ action action was: was: first first locate locate the the raid raid and and then then

fans, fans, which, which, obviously, obviously, was was our our rock rock choice. choice. formations. formations. Our Our arrival arrival at at Mucuge Mucuge and and collect collect in in these these woods, woods, my my first first re­

were were rooms rooms strange, strange, windows windows w~h w~h due due the the equipped equipped peculiar peculiar with with vegetation vegetation and and huge huge number number of of individuals. individuals. To To explore explore

a a strong strong mold mold smell. smell. Fortunately, Fortunately, another another there there planet. planet. The The scenery scenery very very was was had had a a width width of of at at least least 1.5 1.5 m, m, with with a a

bers bers in in a a cold cold mountains. mountains. storage storage plant, plant, This This was was and and like like had had travelling travelling on on there. there. Some Some columns columns of of these these army army ants ants

out out windows. windows. darai darai They They and and looked looked began began like like to to cham­ ascend ascend into into the the were were in in the the statary statary phase phase during during our our stay stay

tioned tioned rooms rooms base base were were of of available, available, the the plateau plateau but but we we with­ passed passed by by An­ woods woods was was a a raid raid of of Eciton Eciton ants ants that that

we we stayed stayed in in a a peculiar peculiar hotel. hotel. in in Air Air front front condi­ of of us us was was impressive. impressive. At At the the ever, ever, the the most most impressive impressive event event in in the the

finally finally reached reached ltaberaba. ltaberaba. In In the the ltaberaba ltaberaba road road with with the the Chapada Chapada Diamantina Diamantina but but exhibiting exhibiting the the same same behavior. behavior. How­

cionilio cionilio Souza, Souza, Joao Joao Amaro, Amaro, ter ter of of laqu, laqu, the the and and State State of of Bahia. Bahia. The The view view from from cies cies from from the the one one collected collected in in Maracas, Maracas,

valley valley of of the the Paraguassu Paraguassu River), River), plateau plateau Mar­ s~uated s~uated in in the the geographical geographical cen­ imen imen of of Paradolichurus, Paradolichurus, a a different different spe­

one one can can see see a a magnificent magnificent the the vista vista heart heart of of the the of of the the Chapada Chapada Diamantina, Diamantina, a a worked worked here, here, I I collected collected one one more more spec­

passed passed through through Planaltino Planaltino ge, ge, (from (from our our where where next next stop. stop. Mucuge Mucuge is is located located in in tinga tinga domain. domain. In In the the two two days days that that we we

did did scenery. scenery. Departing Departing from from Maracas Maracas Leaving Leaving we we ltaberaba ltaberaba we we went went to to Mucu­ the the Atlantic Atlantic Rain Rain Forest Forest inside inside the the Caa­

gave gave us us a a lot lot ritorial ritorial of of shaking, shaking, behavior. behavior. but but also also splen­ woods woods are are a a remnant remnant of of an an enclave enclave of of

chose chose to to go go there there on on a a cart-road cart-road might might have have that that been been the the reason reason for for this this ter­ the the road, road, circa circa 10 10 km km E E of of the the city. city. The The

we we went went to to our our next next stop: stop: ltaberaba. ltaberaba. but but did did not not We We find find any any vestige vestige of of a a nest nest that that Here Here we we collected collected in in a a wooded wooded area area by by

Upon Upon finishing finishing our our work work bottle. bottle. in in Maracas, Maracas, I I have have examined examined the the broken broken twig, twig, the the city city still still has has many many of of its its old old houses. houses.

graphs graphs of of her her under under the the sun. sun. which which I I had had 5 5 wasps wasps inside inside my my killing killing as as conspicuous conspicuous as as that that of of Mucuge, Mucuge, and and

in in Maracas, Maracas, and and even even took took some some ing ing routine routine photo­ 4 4 more more times, times, at at the the end end of of ing. ing. The The decadence decadence of of Andaraf Andaraf was was not not

routine routine during during the the 5 5 days days that that impact impact we we spent spent of of my my net, net, I I repeated repeated this this collect­ founded founded because because of of diamond diamond prospect­

turn turn to to her her hiding hiding place. place. I I confirmed confirmed new new one. one. this this Until Until I I broke broke the the twig twig w~h w~h the the was was Andaraf, Andaraf, a a small small town town that that was was also also

leaving leaving ~ ~ punctually punctually O:OO O:OO at at 1 male, male, a.m. a.m. who who to to re­ was was promptly promptly replaced replaced by by a a Our Our next next and and last last stop stop on on the the first first trip trip

sun-baths sun-baths everyday everyday the the on same same With With my my trunk, trunk, net, net, I I collected collected one one perching perching es es in in the the rocks. rocks.

raca's raca's penthouse. penthouse. She She used used minutes, minutes, to to take take her her I I decided decided to to collect collect the the wasps. wasps. side side the the numerous numerous cavities cavities and and crevic­

ered ered that that the the fallen fallen trunk trunk was was the the jara­ I I had had observed observed this this behavior behavior for for some some Trypoxylon Trypoxylon albitarse albitarse F., F., constructed constructed in­

one one for for the the jararaca. jararaca. Later Later we we discov­ er, er, returning returning to to his his initial initial pos~ion. pos~ion. After After There There I I found found a a number number of of nests nests of of

to to move move to to a a new new area, area, leaving leaving abandoning abandoning the the old old his his perch, perch, chased chased the the intrud­ net net w~hout w~hout tangling tangling it it in in the the vegetation. vegetation.

among among her her many many options, options, Eliana Eliana chose chose the the perched perched male. male. The The perched perched male, male, an an open open field field that that allow allow me me to to use use the the

just just beside beside her her collecting collecting male male tools. tools. arose arose From From and and launched launched himseH himseH over over mild mild temperatures, temperatures, pretty pretty landscape landscape and and

raca raca taking taking a a sun-bath sun-bath on on ward ward a a fallen fallen its its extremity. extremity. trunk trunk Occasionally Occasionally another another conditions. conditions. It It was was a a nice nice place place to to work: work:

this this local~y. local~y. Eliana Eliana discovered discovered perched perched the the jara­ at at the the tip tip of of the the twig, twig, facing facing to­ cies, cies, strongly strongly adapted adapted to to the the poor poor soil soil

ing, ing, when when we we really really began began tree. tree. to to collect collect The The owner owner in in of of the the position position remained remained etation etation has has a a number number of of endemic endemic spe­

ing ing under under a a fallen fallen trunk. trunk. The The perch perch next next morn­ at at the the tip tip of of a a dried dried twig twig at at one one very very is is poor, poor, with with many many rocks. rocks. The The veg­

quadrant, quadrant, our our jararaca jararaca friend friend was was sleep­ were were engaged engaged in in a a kind kind of of dispute dispute for for a a between between 17° 17° and and 20° 20° C. C. Its Its sandy sandy soil soil

a a partner. partner. When When she she first first delimited delimited her her served served their their interesting interesting behavior. behavior. They They months, months, with with an an average average temperature temperature

JULY93 JULY93 17 17

ever ever tried. tried. Our Our collecting collecting field field was was a a instead instead wasps. wasps. Another Another example example of of how how

the the most most pleasant pleasant much). much). ing ing collecting collecting me me to to catch catch methods methods a a lot lot of of I I pebbles pebbles and and mud mud

collect collect the the nonswimming nonswimming for for less less bugs; bugs; than than 5 5 one one seconds seconds of of at at not not a a time, time, please please caus­ the the hotel's hotel's manager manager very very

under under a a hot hot sun, sun, above above we we would would the the soil soil swim swim and and and and resting resting to to near near destroy destroy the the pool pool the the roof roof (which (which I I believe believe would would

end end of of the the day, day, nests, nests, after after are are since since very very 10 10 to to hours hours fast, fast, do do so so flying flying of of would would work work no no require require more more than than me me 1 0 0 1 em em

trap, trap, acting acting like like a a huge huge net. net. This This blue blue was was pan. pan. a a At At great great the the feat, feat, but but as as unfortunately, unfortunately, the the wasps wasps I I could could not not get get any any

tel's tel's pool pool was was also also a a convenient convenient insect insect eumenoides eumenoides specimens specimens nested nested of of Podium Podium in in rufipes rufipes the the straw straw F. F. roof, roof, with with my my

tioned tioned rooms rooms (with (with five five windows!). windows!). days days that that The The we we ho­ stayed stayed and and there, there, Zeta Zeta I I got got sp. sp. 9 9 were were nesting. nesting. The The A. A.

good good hotel, hotel, with with a a was was pool pool to to and and sit sit around around air air condi­ and and wait wait Shuckard, Shuckard, them. them. (l.) (l.) In In Sce/iphron Sce/iphron the the asiaticum asiaticum

converged converged on on er. er. this this Here Here pool; pool; we we stayed stayed all all I I had had for for to to the the do do first first time time at at a a eumenoides eumenoides Oucke, Oucke, Trypoxylon Trypoxylon aurifrons aurifrons

on on the the south south bank bank season, season, of of the the Parnaiba Parnaiba the the creatures creatures Riv­ where where from from the the many many vicinity vicinity individuals individuals of of Aulacophilus Aulacophilus

As As we we were were at at ed ed the the collecting collecting beginning beginning at at Floriano, Floriano, of of the the dry dry a a city city located located styled styled dressing dressing rooms, rooms, with with a a straw straw roof roof

tes, tes, Moutinho, Moutinho, Martins Martins place place and and to to catch catch me. me. We We wasps, wasps, start­ a a Around Around small small mud mud the the pool. pool. pool pool there there were were two two rustic­

grassland. grassland. Soon Soon this this time time I I discovered discovered was: was: Brandao, Brandao, the the best best Cancello, Cancello, Pon­ looked looked like like pea pea soup: soup: green green and and dense. dense.

characterized characterized ing ing by by 35 35 trees trees five five spaced spaced days days in in the the over over field. field. a a The The team team The The pool pool was was out out of of order order and and its its water water

cerrado, cerrado, called called trip. trip. "campo "campo We We traveled traveled sujo", sujo", about about which which 6,000 6,000 is is km, km, spend­ got got the the best best material material for for this this locality. locality.

of of Piaui. Piaui. This This was was The The the the locality locality last last and and was was longest longest covered covered by by a a kind kind of of ever, ever, it it was was near near the the hotel hotel pool pool where where I I

ra ra Geral Geral de de Goias, Goias, road road again, again, just just above above this this time time the the going going city. city. to to the the State State site site to to work: work: just just behind behind our our hotel. hotel. How­

Four Four months months work work later later on on we we a a were were cattle cattle on on farm farm the the on on top top of of the the Ser­ jedo. jedo. There There we we found found very very a convenient convenient

morning morning began began Santa Santa our our work. work. Rita Rita was was We We our our chose chose last last stop stop to to on on this this trip. trip. riti riti were were we we worked worked in in a a caatinga caatinga de de la­

geographical geographical distribution distribution entertaining entertaining in in Argentina. Argentina. rodeo rodeo and and the the following following From From Oeiras Oeiras we we went went to to Canto Canto do do Bu­

Antomartinezius, Antomartinezius, very very meates meates far far from from our our its its van. van. known known There There we we watched watched an an net net a a few few centimeters centimeters above above the the soil. soil.

ered ered by by a a fine fine specimens specimens dust, dust, which which that that today today I I took took still still here here per­ were were some some ing ing along along the the road road while while sweeping sweeping my my

Prete Prete River, River, going going east. east. rived rived Among Among at at Alvorada Alvorada the the good good do do Norte Norte entirely entirely cov­ mens mens of of these these wasps wasps merely merely by by walk­

had had to to move move found found by by pulling pulling it it by by following following a a rope. rope. We We the the bank bank ar­ of of the the Rio Rio long. long. In In one one day day I I got got about about 90 90 speci­

that that resembled resembled ing ing a a for for ferryboat, ferryboat, a a better better which which place place we we to to collect. collect. We We occupied occupied a a stretch stretch of of road road at at least least 50 50 m m

bridges bridges and and the the One One Parana Parana afternoon, afternoon, River River Celso Celso on on a a thing thing and and I I went went look­ lection lection site. site. The The nests nests of of these these wasps wasps

to to cross cross at at one one least least Aulacophilus Aulacophilus two two creeks creeks eumenoides eumenoides without without Oucke. Oucke. the the sandy sandy road road just just in in front front of of our our col­

cart-road cart-road was was spp., spp., very uneven, uneven, very one one Pison Pison aureofaciale aureofaciale and and we we had had Strand Strand and and Bembecinus Bembecinus quinquespinosus quinquespinosus (Say) (Say) on on

Here Here I I caught caught a a number number River River valley, valley, of of Trypoxylon Trypoxylon a a very very deserted deserted region. region. The The also also found found a a huge huge aggregation aggregation of of

Norte, Norte, we we and and travelled travelled an an impressive impressive across across the the number number Parana Parana of of Aculeata. Aculeata. only only from from Argentina Argentina and and Paraguay. Paraguay. I I

Going Going to to found found our our next next a a cattle cattle stop, stop, well, well, Alvorada Alvorada with with muddy muddy do do water water sphecid sphecid genus genus was was previously previously known known

tures tures in in the the woods, woods, skinned skinned but but fortunately fortunately things things we we found found I I were were bugs. bugs. border border of of the the Caninde Caninde River. River. This This

its its leaves. leaves. There There wild wild were were trick trick few few walks. walks. flying flying However, However, crea­ the the only only green green sp., sp., collected collected beneath beneath a a bush bush at at the the

due due to to its its healthy healthy rived, rived, climate climate and and the the and and vegetation vegetation amusing amusing had had lost lost all all of of that that I I got got here here was was a a female female of of Tiguipa Tiguipa

tra-terrestrials) tra-terrestrials) rain rain in in South South for for at at America, America, least least one one perhaps perhaps month month when when we we ar­ season. season. The The most most unexpected unexpected creature creature

of of the the preferred preferred km km visiting visiting from from the the sites sites town. town. of of E.Ts. E.Ts. There There (ex­ had had been been no no flourish flourish due due to to the the start start of of the the rainy rainy

among among "new "new age" age" named named people, people, Riacho Riacho of of being being do do Veredao, Veredao, one one about about 20 20 typical typical caatinga caatinga that that was was beginning beginning to to

culiarities culiarities of of this this locality locality is is its its reputation, reputation, Here Here we we collected collected at at a a rural rural district, district, 5 5 km km E E of of the the town. town. Here Here we we found found a a

invertebrates. invertebrates. similar similar One One of of to to the the the the interesting interesting Maracas' Maracas' pe­ mata-de-cip6. mata-de-cip6. city, city, at at a a cattle cattle farm, farm, Fazenda Fazenda Talhada, Talhada,

regulations regulations ered ered for for collecting, collecting, by by an an arboreal arboreal even even caatinga, caatinga, for for small small somewhat somewhat interest. interest. We We worked worked not not too too far far from from the the

like like all all national national parks parks in in Brasil, Brasil, has has rigid rigid being being 100 100 km km away. away. The The region region is is cov­ tiful tiful old old churches churches and and houses houses of of historic historic

onal onal da da Chapada Chapada dos dos Veadeiros, Veadeiros, which which a a very very isolated isolated place, place, the the nearest nearest city city the the 18th 18th century, century, and and having having some some beau­

outside outside the the borders borders of of the the Parque Parque Naci­ the the left left bank bank of of the the Rio Rio Prato Prato River. River. It It is is beautiful beautiful city, city, founded founded in in the the middle middle of of

within within the the cerrado cerrado from from the the domain. domain. border border We We of of the the worked worked State State of of Piaui, Piaui, on on mer mer capital capital of of the the State State of of Piaui. Piaui. It It is is a a

in in campo campo rupreste rupreste Bahia. Bahia. This This vegetation, but but vegetation, city city is is situated situated now now about about 30 30 km km ras, ras, an an old old town town that that had had been been the the for­

during during our our to to trips. trips. Santa Santa Here Here Rita Rita we we de de again again Cassia, Cassia, collected collected in in northwestern northwestern Our Our next next collecting collecting station station was was Oei­

the most most the beautiful beautiful Leaving Leaving places places Alvorada Alvorada that that do do we we Norte Norte saw saw we we went went Menke, Menke, among among others others aculeates. aculeates.

other other small small return return town, town, with with but but located located a a larger larger in in net. net. one one of of and and one one example example of of Pison Pison p/aumanni p/aumanni

we we went went to to Alto Alto Paralso Paralso de de Goias, Goias, an­ left left the the bee bee to to fly fly freely, freely, but but promised promised to to fine, fine, catching catching some some Trypoxylon Trypoxylon species species

Departing Departing from from Aguas Aguas Emendadas, Emendadas, ter ter many many unsuccessful unsuccessful attempts, attempts, Celso Celso pended, pended, and and the the yellow yellow pans pans worked worked

America America higher higher when when he he passed passed over over Celso. Celso. Af­ aises, aises, one one Townes Townes model model and and one one sus­

sidered sidered as as restricted restricted to to southern southern South South justed justed his his path, path, taking taking care care to to fly fly a a little little design design of of my my yellow yellow pans. pans. The The two two Mal­

ed ed this this far far north. north. Both have have Both been been con­ to to get get him, him, the the male male Centris Centris merely merely ad­ made made Malaise Malaise traps traps and and improved improved the the

These These genera genera have have never never been been record­ just just above above the the tree. tree. When When Celso Celso tried tried other other trips, trips, I I had had fixed fixed up up my my home­

rin-Meneville) rin-Meneville) and and Antomartinezius Antomartinezius sp. sp. flying flying in in a a constant constant figure-eight figure-eight pattern pattern cacti. cacti. After After many many experiments experiments on on the the

such such as as Stangeella Stangeella ers ers of of cyaniventris cyaniventris a a tree tree when he he when (Gue­ noted noted a a "fat" "fat" bee bee and and the the caatinga caatinga species species by by bushes bushes and and

lected lected some some very very interesting interesting sphecids sphecids before, before, was was catching catching bees bees at at the the flow­ cies cies were were represented represented by by higher higher trees trees

advantage advantage of of this this local local feature, feature, I I col­ male. male. Celso, Celso, who who had had joined joined us us few few days days ga ga and and cerrado. cerrado. The The cerrado cerrado plant plant spe­

many many suitable suitable places places to to nest. nest. Taking Taking between between Celso Celso Martins Martins and and a a Centris Centris culiar, culiar, composed composed of of a a mixture mixture of of caatin­

for for digging digging wasps wasps and and bees bees as as it it has has was was entomologists an an episode episode occurring occurring Floriano. Floriano. The The vegetation vegetation was was very very pe­

dations. dations. The The trails trails are are also also convenient convenient flying flying creatures creatures defend defend themselves themselves from from place place called called Buriti Buriti Sol, Sol, 20 20 km km south south of of

18 18 SPHECOS25 SPHECOS25

Saussure Saussure (Ad) (Ad)

4 4 florare florare Richards Richards Stigmus Stigmus (SR) (SR) sp. sp. (AN) (AN) Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) (Trypargilum) lactitarse lactitarse

3 3 Stigmus Stigmus cf. cf. sp. sp. Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Oe) (Oe) (Trypoxylon) (Trypoxylon) sp. sp. punctulatum punctulatum Taschenberg Taschenberg (FI) (FI)

2 2 Stigmus Stigmus sp. sp. fitzgera/di fitzgera/di (AN) (AN) Richards Richards (Co, (Co, 2 2 Fl) Fl) Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) (Trypargilum) sp. sp. aft. aft.

1 1 Stigmus Stigmus sp. sp. Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Ma) (Ma) (Trypoxylon) (Trypoxylon) sp. sp. aft. aft. punctulatum punctulatum Taschenberg Taschenberg (AN) (AN)

Strand Strand (Co, (Co, AE) AE) Spilomena Spilomena sp. sp. (AE) (AE) Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) (Trypargilum) 1 1 sp. sp. aft. aft.

Pemphredonini Pemphredonini Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypoxylon) (Trypoxylon) asuncicola asuncicola Amarante Amarante Mu) Mu) (It, (It, Aj, Aj,

Pluto Pluto smithii smithii (Fox) (Fox) Richards Richards (Ad) (Ad) (Oe, (Oe, Fl. Fl. CB) CB) Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) (Trypargilum) lenkoi lenkoi

Pseneo Pseneo etiasivan etiasivan Trypoxylon Trypoxylon Lith Lith (AN) (AN) (Trypoxylon) (Trypoxylon) cornigerum cornigerum (Oe, (Oe, obidense obidense Richards Richards SR, SR, Fl. Fl. AN) AN)

Psenini Psenini ct. ct. nitidissimum nitidissimum Richards Richards (Ma) (Ma) Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) (Trypargilum) sp. sp.

3 3 PEMPHREDONINAE PEMPHREDONINAE Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypoxylon) (Trypoxylon) sp. sp. aft. aft. nitidum nitidum Smith Smith (Ma) (Ma)

nitidissimum nitidissimum Richards Richards (Co) (Co) Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) (Trypargilum) sp. sp. aft. aft.

2 2 Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypoxylon) (Trypoxylon) Ammophila Ammophila sp. sp. sp. sp. aff. aff. (Ma) (Ma) Shuckard Shuckard (Co, (Co, CB, CB, Ma) Ma)

nitidissimum nitidissimum Ammophilini Ammophilini Richards Richards (CB) (CB) Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) (Trypargilum) aurifrons aurifrons

Sphex Sphex opacus opacus Trypoxylon Trypoxylon Dahlbom Dahlbom 1 1 (Trypoxylon) (Trypoxylon) (Ma) (Ma) sp. sp. (Co, (Co, aft. aft. Smith Smith Fl, Fl, Ma, Ma, SR, SR, Oe, Oe, VC, VC, AP) AP)

Sphex Sphex latro latro Erichsen Erichsen Pison Pison plaumanni plaumanni (AP, (AP, AN) AN) Menke Menke (Co, (Co, Fl) Fl) Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) (Trypargilum) nitidum nitidum

Prionyx Prionyx thomae thomae Menke Menke (Fabr.) (Fabr.) (AN) (AN) (It) (It) triodon triodon Richards Richards (Co, (Co, Fl) Fl)

Prionyx Prionyx spinolae spinolae Pison Pison (Smith) (Smith) pilosum pilosum * (AN, (AN, Smith Smith Fl) Fl) or or vincenti vincenti 5 5 Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) (Trypargilum) sp. sp. aft. aft.

2 2 lsodontia lsodontia sp. sp. Pison Pison (AN) (AN) euryops euryops Menke Menke (AP) (AP) triodon triodon Richards Richards (Ma) (Ma)

Pison Pison 1 1 delicatum delicatum Menke Menke /sodontia /sodontia (AE) (AE) sp. sp. (It, (It, Mu) Mu) Trypoxylon Trypoxylon 4 4 (Trypargilum) (Trypargilum) sp. sp. aft. aft.

Sphecini Sphecini Pison Pison brasilium brasilium Menke Menke (AP) (AP) triodon triodon Richards Richards (SR) (SR)

Sce/iphron Sce/iphron asiaticum asiaticum AN) AN) (CB, (CB, Oe, Oe, (L.) (L.) Aj) Aj) 3 3 Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) (Trypargilum) sp. sp. aft. aft.

Pison Pison aureofaciale aureofaciale Strand Strand Podium Podium (Co, (Co, rufipes rufipes SR. SR. Fabr. Fabr. (AN, (AN, AE) AE) triodon triodon Richards Richards (AN) (AN)

(CB, (CB, SR) SR) (Guerin-Meneville) (Guerin-Meneville) (AE) (AE) 2 2 Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) (Trypargilum) sp. sp. aft. aft.

Stangeella Stangeella cyaniventris cyaniventris Au/acophilus Au/acophilus * * eumenoides eumenoides Ducke Ducke triodon triodon Richards Richards (AN) (AN)

Sceliphrini Sceliphrini Trypoxylini Trypoxylini Trypoxylon Trypoxylon 1 1 (Trypargilum) (Trypargilum) sp. sp. aft. aft.

SPHECINAE SPHECINAE Bothynostethus Bothynostethus sp. sp. (Oe) (Oe) optimum optimum Richards Richards (SR) (SR)

Bothynosthetini Bothynosthetini Trypoxy/on Trypoxy/on aft. aft. (Trypargilum) (Trypargilum) sp. sp.

2 2 3 3 Paradolichurus Paradolichurus Solierella Solierella sp sp (Ad) (Ad) sp. sp. (SR) (SR) mutatum mutatum Kohl Kohl (AN) (AN)

2 2 Paradolichurus Paradolichurus 1 1 Solierella Solierella sp sp (Ma) (Ma) sp. sp. (AP) (AP) Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) (Trypargilum) sp. sp. aft. aft.

AMPULICINAE AMPULICINAE Solierella Solierella sp. sp. 1 1 (Co, (Co, CB) CB) Kohl Kohl (FI, (FI, Co, Co, SR, SR, CB, CB, Oe) Oe)

Nitela Nitela sp. sp. (Ma) (Ma) Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypargi/um) (Trypargi/um) mutatum mutatum

dicated dicated by by an an asterisk. asterisk. Lyroda Lyroda sp. sp. (Co) (Co) Fabricius Fabricius (Mu, (Mu, Co) Co)

BA). BA). Significant Significant range range extensions extensions are are in­ Miscophini Miscophini . . Trypoxy/on Trypoxy/on (Trypargilum) (Trypargilum) albitarse albitarse

sia, sia, BA) BA) and and VC VC Tachytes Tachytes (Vit6ria (Vit6ria sp. sp. da da (Co) (Co) Conquista, Conquista, sedis sedis (Ma, (Ma, Mu) Mu)

Oe Oe (Oeiras, (Oeiras, PI), PI), SR SR Tachytes Tachytes (Santa (Santa zuliae zuliae Rita Rita de de Bohart Bohart Cas­ (Ma) (Ma) Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypoxylon) (Trypoxylon) sp. sp. incertis incertis

ct. ct. Ma Ma (Maracas, (Maracas, Tachytes Tachytes BA), BA), Mu Mu (Mucuge, (Mucuge, pubescens pubescens BA), BA), Bohart Bohart (Ad) (Ad) figulus figulus (SR. (SR. AP, AP, (L.) (L.) CB) CB)

PI), PI), Fl Fl (Fioriano, (Fioriano, Tachytes Tachytes PI), PI), It It (ltaberaba, (ltaberaba, setosus setosus Taschenberg Taschenberg BA), BA), (AE) (AE) Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypoxylon) (Trypoxylon) sp. sp. aft. aft.

Co Co (Corrente, (Corrente, PI), PI), Tachytes Tachytes CB CB (Canto (Canto pretiosus pretiosus do do Buriti, Buriti, Cameron Cameron (Ma) (Ma) punctivertex punctivertex Richards Richards (Ma) (Ma)

GO), GO), Aj Aj (Anaje, (Anaje, Tachytes Tachytes BA), BA), Ad Ad (Andaraf, (Andaraf, amazonus amazonus BA), BA), Smith Smith (Ad) (Ad) Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypoxy/on) (Trypoxy/on) sp. sp. aft. aft.

2 2 Goias, Goias, GO), GO), AN AN Tachysphex Tachysphex (Aivorada (Aivorada sp. sp. do do (AN) (AN) Norte, Norte, Richards Richards (AN, (AN, Ma) Ma)

Emendadas, Emendadas, OF), OF), Tachysphex Tachysphex AP AP 1 1 (Alto (Alto sp. sp. Paralso Paralso (Mu, (Mu, de de Ma, Ma, AN) AN) Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypoxylon) (Trypoxylon) fiebrigi fiebrigi

following following abbreviations: abbreviations: (Mu) (Mu) AE AE (Aguas (Aguas duckei duckei Richards Richards (Co, (Co, Fl, Fl, Ma, Ma, AN) AN)

where where the the species species was was collected collected by by the the Tachysphex Tachysphex subandinus subandinus ct. ct. Pulawski Pulawski Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypoxy/on) (Trypoxy/on) sp. sp.

are are listed listed below. below. I I indicate indicate the the localities localities ruficaudis ruficaudis Tachysphex (Spinola)(Aj) (Spinola)(Aj) capitate capitate Richards Richards (FI) (FI)

The The Sphecidae Sphecidae collected collected on on these these trips trips Tachysphex Tachysphex iridipennis iridipennis ct. ct. (Smith) (Smith) (Co) (Co) Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypoxy/on) (Trypoxy/on) sp. sp.

ries ries to to tell. tell. (Mu, (Mu, SR, SR, It, It, Ad) Ad) belardi belardi Richards Richards (SR) (SR)

a a lot lot of of bugs bugs Tachysphex Tachysphex to to identify identify and and inconspicuus inconspicuus many many sto­ (Kirby) (Kirby) Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypoxy/on) (Trypoxy/on) sp. sp. aft. aft.

we we were were back back at at Pulawski Pulawski sweet sweet Sao Sao (Oe) (Oe) Paulo, Paulo, with with caldesianum caldesianum Richards Richards (Co) (Co)

1,906 1,906 cf. cf. 4 4 km km home. home. After After driving driving Tachysphex Tachysphex sp. sp. for for apoctenus apoctenus days days Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypoxy/on) (Trypoxy/on) sp. sp. aft. aft.

5 5 ing ing there there for for days, days, AP) AP) we we started started back back excel/ens excel/ens Strand Strand (Co) (Co)

ing ing homesick homesick and and Tachysphex Tachysphex tired; tired; so, so, ct. ct. after after advenus advenus work­ Pulawski Pulawski (AE, (AE, Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypoxy/on) (Trypoxy/on) sp. sp.

too too far far from from home, home, (SR, (SR, and and we we Oe) Oe) were were becom­ pentheri pentheri Richards Richards (Mu) (Mu)

many many untouched untouched places. places. However, However, it it is is Tachysphex Tachysphex acutemarginatus acutemarginatus Strand Strand 2 2 Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypoxy/on) (Trypoxy/on) sp. sp. aft. aft.

It It tinga. tinga. is is a a very very beautiful beautiful Ad, Ad, AP, AP, Oe, Oe, region, region, Co) Co) with with pentheri pentheri Richards Richards (Co, (Co, FL FL Oe, Oe, Ma) Ma)

while while in in the the plains plains Uris Uris you you spp. spp. can can see see (It, (It, SR, SR, the the Ma, Mu, Mu, Ma, caa­ AE, AE, VC, VC, Trypoxylon Trypoxylon 1 1 (Trypoxy/on) (Trypoxy/on) sp. sp. aft. aft.

ed ed to to the the top top of of the the chapadas chapadas (mesas), (mesas), Larra Larra sp. sp. (Co, (Co, Oe) Oe) segregatum segregatum Richards Richards (Ma, (Ma, AN) AN)

there there this this kind kind of of vegetation vegetation is is restrict­ Larrini Larrini Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypoxy/on) (Trypoxy/on) sp. sp. aft. aft.

on on the the border border of of the the cerrado cerrado zone, zone, and and LARRINAE LARRINAE Taschenberg Taschenberg (Ma) (Ma)

north north of of the the city. city. This This region region is is located located Trypoxylon Trypoxylon (Trypoxy/on) (Trypoxy/on) scutiferum scutiferum

we we worked worked a a cerrado cerrado at at locality locality 1 0 0 1 km km Astata Astata sp. sp. (SR) (SR) xenophon xenophon Richards Richards (Ad) (Ad)

Our Our next next stop stop was was Corrente, Corrente, ASTATINAE ASTATINAE at at were were Trypoxylon Trypoxylon aft. aft. (Trypoxy/on) (Trypoxy/on) sp. sp.

JULY93 JULY93 19 19 20 SPHECOS25

Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) vagulum MUSEUM/COLLECTION A NOVEL TREATMENT Richards (SR) NEWS FOR SNAKEBITE AND STINGS CRABRONINAE Manfredo Fritz Collection to Anacrabro sp. (Co) American Museum of Natural History C.D. Eardly {Biosystematics Div., Ectemnius carinatus (Smith) (Ma) by Plant Protection Res. lnst., Private Bag Enoplo/indenius sp. 1 (CB) James M. Carpenter X134, Pretoria 0001, South Africa), in Enoplolindenius sp. 2 (AE) Dept of Entomology, American response to Chris Starr's note on wasp Oxybelus genisei Bohart (Mu) Museum of Natural History, Central Park stings (Sphecos 24:3), sends the fol­ Oxybelus marginatus (Smith) (Ad) West at 79th Street, N.Y., N.Y. 10024 lowing letter from the PPRI newsletter Oxybelus sp. (AN, Co) INFO, which originally appeared in Get­ The American Museum of Natural away of Aug 1992: NYSSONINAE History has negotiated the purchase of "I refer to your articles on snakes by Nyssonini Manfredo Fritz's personal collection. This Mr. Austin J. Stevens in the May and •Antomartinezius sp. (SR, AE) consists of about 30,000 specimens of June issues of .Getaway. I was slightly Epinysson sp. (Co) Aculeata {bees and wasps), including surprised that Mr. Stevens made no Metanysson sp. (Co) about 1,200 paratypes, primarily collect­ mention in his otherwise excellent arti­ Heliocausini ed by Manfredo himself in Argentina, cle of the newly discovered electric­ • Tiguipa sp. Chile, Bolivia and Paraguay. Manfredo's shock treatment for snakebites. Here in Gorytini indefatigible collecting is well known to Kenya we also get most of the more Hop/isoides sp. (Ad) anyone who's been in the field with him, dangerous snakes, as you do in South Ochleroptera sp. (Co) and his collection is thus one of the best Africa Stizini in existence for the areas covered. Along "It has recently been proved that a Bembecinus quinquespinosus (Say) with the fruits of Jerry Rozen's innumer­ most effective treatment for snakebite is (Oe, Mu, AN, Co) able trips to Chile and Argentina, and to give the victim electric shocks of high Bembecinus sp. (Co) the material now accumulating under voltage but low amperage, such as you Bembicini the auspices of the NSF faunal surveys get from a cattle prod or from the igni· Bicyrtes angulata (Smith) (SR) grant to the AMNH Entomology Depart­ tion system of a vehicle, outboard mo­ Bicyrtes discisa (Taschenberg) (Mu) ment, we now have an extraordinarily tor or motorcycle. Bicyrtes variegata (Olivier) (Ad) complete aculeate collection for south­ "One of these can usually be ob­ Microbembex difformis (Handlirsch) ern South America. So far the Mutilli­ tained even in the bush. Treatment con­ (CB) dae and Polistinae have arrived in New sists of giving several shocks, both in Rubrica nasuta (Christ) York, with the remaining taxa to be the immediate vicinity of the bite and be­ shipped in lots over the coming year. tween the bite and the heart. This treat­ PHILANTHINAE ment is so effective that the Amref Fly­ Trachypus elongatus (Fabr.) (Mu) ing Doctor Service in Kenya now carries Trachypus patagonensis (Saussure) Types of Philippine Sphecidae and a cattle prod on board its aircraft in case (AE) Mutlllidae to Smithsonian of just such an emergency. Trachypus sp. 1 {AP, Ma) "An advantage of this treatment, apart Trachypus sp. 2 {Co) Prof. K. Tsuneki has been publish­ from its simplicity, is that there is very Trachypus sp. 3 (AP) ing papers on Philippine aculeates in little, if any, necrosis of the tissue sur­ Cerceris sp. 1 {Ad) recent issues of the Special Publica· rounding the bite. Cerceris sp. 2 {Ad) tions of the Japan Hymenopterists As­ "I can cite two cases in which this Cerceris sp. 3 {SR, AP) sociation. He has generously donated treatment almost certainly saved a life: Cerceris sp. 4 {Ma) the holotypes of the new taxa to the one of a young man bitten by a cobra Cerceris sp. 5 {AE) National Museum of Natural History, at Island Camp on Lake Baringo, and Cerceris sp. 6 {SR) Washington, D.C. These represent another of a girl bitten by a carpet viper Cerceris sp. 7 {Ma) species described in issues 39, 40 and at Koobi Fora, on the shores of Lake Cerceris sp. 8 {Ma) 41 of the SPJHA. Turkana. Both were miles from any hos­ A.S. Menke pital, and both survived with virtually no ill effects. "Our neighbour's dog was bitten on the eye by a spitting cobra, and was close to death when we administered the shocks from a cattle prod. Within one and a half hours the dog was on its feet, eating its dinner, and showed no signs of its ordeal. "Interestingly, we have found this treat­ ment also works for bee, scorpion and Anacrabro boerhaviae Piyumoides poisonous fish stings, and we have treat­ Facial portraits of females of the tribe Crabronini ed a number of cases of people stung

correct, correct, not not 1898. 1898.

er er than than wide wide and and it it is is 1 1 mm mm wide, wide, how how 0) 0) is is correct. correct.

p. p. 211, 211, LC, LC, L L 21 21 from from bottom: bottom: 1899 1899

is is

If If an an antennomere antennomere is is three three times times long­ p. p. 523, 523, LC, LC, L L 20 20 from from bottom: bottom: (fig. (fig. 159 159

annulatus. annulatus.

pleural pleural area). area).

alphabetical alphabetical order. order. It It belongs belongs before before

Food Food

for for

Thought Thought gastral gastral segments segments and and F F shows shows meta­

p. p. 184, 184,

LC, LC, L L 31: 31:

angustus angustus

is is

not not in in information information for for E E and and F F (E (E shows shows

correct, correct, not not 191 191 0; 0; Nigeria, Nigeria, Zaire. Zaire.

p. p. 519, 519, caption caption for for fig. fig. transpose transpose 178:

p. p. 172, 172, RC, RC, L L 11: 11: 1908; 1908; Kenya Kenya is is + +

733 733 p. p. 112 112 p. p. world world atlas. atlas. rect. rect.

correct. correct. Cambridge, Cambridge,

U.K., U.K.,

1988, 1988,

p. p. 511, 511, fig. fig. 172 172 C: C: Ammatomus Ammatomus is is cor­

p. p. 172, 172, RC, RC, L L 3: 3: 1908 1908 Kenya, Kenya, (Psen); (Psen);

is is

Cambridge Cambridge Univ. Univ. Press, Press, type. type. Transfer Transfer to to p. p. 522, 522, RC. RC.

not not

1910. 1910.

ed. ed. by by David David Munro. Munro. Vardy Vardy (in (in litt.), litt.), who who examined examined the the

p. p. 151, 151, RC, RC, last last two two L: L: 1908 1908 is is correct, correct,

Cambridge Cambridge

World World Gazetteer Gazetteer belongs belongs in in Sagenista Sagenista according according to to

is is correct, correct, not not 191 191 0. 0.

world: world: p. p. 506, 506, RC, RC, L L 13 13 from from bottom: bottom: sericatus sericatus

p.151, p.151, LC, LC, L L 11-12from 11-12from bottom: bottom: 1908 1908

be be the the longest longest place-name place-name in in the the is is correct, correct, not not (1968e, (1968e, 1969). 1969).

1910. 1910.

played played a a flute flute to to his his loved loved one'; one'; said said to to p. p. 502, 502, RC, RC, L 4 4 L from from bottom: bottom: (1969a,b) (1969a,b)

p. p. 144, 144, LC, LC, L L 21: 21: 1908 1908 is is correct, correct,

not not other other sides sides and and thus thus travelled travelled the the land, land, 1837. 1837.

1909. 1909.

climbed climbed

mountains mountains

and and slid slid down down the the p. p. 495, 495, LC, LC, L L 2: 2: 1838 1838 is is correct, correct, not not

p. p. 133, 133,

LC, LC, L 4 4 L 7: 7: 1908 1908 & & is is correct, correct, not not tea, tea, man man with with the the hot hot knees, knees, who who not not Tenuco. Tenuco.

p. p.

89, 89, RC. RC.

translates translates as as 'the 'the hill hill on on which which Tama­ p. p. 489, 489, LC, LC, Last Last L: L: Temuco Temuco is is correct, correct,

who who examined examined the the type. type. Transfer Transfer to to

Bay, Bay, North North Island, Island, New New Zealand; Zealand; it it 1811. 1811.

Ch/orion Ch/orion according according to to Vardy Vardy (in (in litt.), litt.), tion tion with with a a Maori Maori

place-name place-name

in in

Hawke's Hawke's

p. p. 475, 475, RC, RC, L L 1: 1: 1812 1812 is is correct, correct, not not

p. p. 115, 115, LC, LC, L L 13: 13: gratiosus gratiosus belongs belongs

in in horonukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu, horonukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu, loca­ 1811. 1811.

correct. correct.

uauotamateaturipukakapikimaunga­

p. p. 473, 473, RC, RC, L L 13: 13: 1812 1812 is is correct, correct, not not

p. p. 90, 90, LC, LC, L L 20 20 from from bottom: bottom: levilabre levilabre is is

"Tetaumatawhakatangihangakoa­ 1910. 1910.

correct, correct, not not 1898. 1898.

p. p. 473, 473, RC, RC, L L 6: 6: 1908 1908 is is correct, correct, not not

p. p. 78, 78, LC, LC, L 7 7 L from from bottom: bottom: 1899 1899 is is

Let's Let's collect collect here: here: not not 1811. 1811.

p. p. 78, 78, LC, LC, L L 22: 22: Kenya Kenya is is correct. correct.

p. p. 470, 470, LC, LC, L 3 3 L & & 16: 16: 1812 1812 is is correct, correct,

TRIVIA TRIVIA

correct, correct, not not 1811. 1811.

finding finding most most of of the the following. following.

p. p. 469, 469, RC, RC, L L 17,20 17,20 35: 35: 1812 1812 is is & &

Woj Woj Pulawski Pulawski again again gets gets credit credit

for for

correct, correct, not not 1811. 1811.

p. p. 469, 469, LC, LC, L L 20 20 from from bottom: bottom: 1812 1812 is is

Part Part 20 20

p. p. 393, 393, RC, RC, L L 12: 12: (Pa) (Pa) is is correct, correct, not not (E). (E).

BIG BIG BLUE BLUE BOOK BOOK ERRATA ERRATA

p. p. 393, 393, RC, RC, L L 6: 6: (Pa) (Pa) is is correct, correct, not not (?). (?).

p. p. 393, 393, RC, RC, L L 3: 3: (Pa) (Pa) is is correct, correct, not not (E). (E).

correct, correct, not not (?). (?).

Shimoni, Shimoni, Kenya. Kenya. p. p. 393, 393, LC, LC, L 6 6 L from from bottom: bottom: (Pa) (Pa) is is

Sea Sea Adventures Adventures p. p. 393, 393, LC, LC, L L 4: 4: (Po) (Po) is is correct, correct, not(?). not(?).

P.O. P.O. Hemphill Hemphill 1912. 1912.

ly ly at at that.• that.• sericeomarginatus sericeomarginatus "Kohl• "Kohl• Ferton, Ferton,

that that it it does does work, work, and and most most dramatical­ Bulletin Bulletin 46(2):141. 46(2):141. p. p. 370, 370, LC, LC, add add to to nomina nomina nuda: nuda:

some some time time ago. ago. It It is is perhaps perhaps enough enough from: from: The The Coleopterists Coleopterists under under uniglumis.] uniglumis.]

in in fact fact it it was was written written up up in in the the F. F. Werner, Werner, Lancet Lancet 1992 1992 under under trispinosus; trispinosus; and and pygmaeus pygmaeus

it it works, works, but but they they all all know know about about it it and and pugnax pugnax under under mucronatus; mucronatus; nigripes nigripes

doctors, doctors, and and none none of of them them can can say say how how "l.N-J "l.N-J 3. 3. • • as, as, • • or or armiger, armiger, bellicosus bellicosus under under = = lineatus; lineatus;

"I "I have have discussed discussed It's It's better better this this to to use use with with "three "three several several times times as as long long changes changes for for and and latro latro its its synonym synonym

ambiguity ambiguity is is to to avoid avoid pain pain eased eased using using at at the the once. once. phrase. phrase. correct, correct, not not 1811. 1811. [Make [Make same same

lead lead of of a a vehicle vehicle in in different different in in her her case, case, ways, ways, and and the the only only the the way way to to avoid avoid p. p. 368, 368, LC, LC, L L 23,27 23,27 43: 43: 1812 1812 is is & &

den den in in her her readers readers shoe. shoe. We We interpret interpret used used the the spark spark "3 "3 times times plug plug longer longer than" than" 1811. 1811.

the the time, time, was was other, other, stung stung not not by by make make a a scorpion scorpion or or stretch stretch hid­ a a point. point. If If p. p. 367, 367, LC, LC, L L 27: 27: 1812 1812 is is correct, correct, not not

"My "My own own granddaughter, granddaughter, are are trying trying to to communicate communicate aged aged five five at at with with each each correct, correct, not not 1910. 1910.

than, than, shorter shorter than, than, aided. aided. etc. etc. loosely. loosely. But But we we p. p. 347, 347, LC, LC, L L 27 27 from from bottom: bottom: 1908 1908 is is

hour hour the the victims victims Our Our could could mass media media mass walk walk away away use use un­ times times longer longer correct, correct, not not 1853. 1853.

hour hour the the pain pain and and had had three three eased eased times times and and longer? longer? after after No No an an difference. difference. p. p. 336, 336, RC, RC, L L 24 24 from from bottom: bottom: 1854 1854 is is

almost almost as as we we between between watched. watched. 300% 300% Within Within 300 300 haH haH per per (= (= an an 1 1 00) 00) longer longer correct, correct, not not 1858. 1858.

instant instant relief, relief, and and 300"k, 300"k, the the 4.0 4.0 swelling swelling mm. mm. went went What What down down is is the the difference difference p. p. 336, 336, LC, LC, L L 20 20 from from bottom: bottom: 1859 1859 is is

"The "The electric electric long; long; shocks shocks 1 1 00%, 00%, provided provided 2.0 2.0 mm; mm; almost almost 200%, 200%, 3.0 3.0 mm; mm; correct, correct, not not 1910. 1910.

and and were were almost almost longer longer in in a a than than state state wide, wide, of of collapse. collapse. it it would would be be 1.5 1.5 mm mm p. p. 336, 336, LC, LC, L L 24 24 from from bottom: bottom: 1908 1908 is is

long long distances distances try try using using by by canoe canoe If If percentages. percentages. to to reach reach us us it it were were 50% 50% correct, correct, not not 1858. 1858.

right right up up to to swer. swer. the the groin. groin. It It is is 4 4 They They mm mm long. long. had had come come Disagree? Disagree? Then Then p. p. 335, 335, RC, RC, L 7 7 L from from bottom: bottom: 1859 1859 is is

in-law, in-law, has has come come up up severe severe with with the the pain, pain, correct correct with with an­ the the whole whole leg leg swollen swollen 1899 1899 is is correct, not not correct, 1898. 1898.

been been stung stung hours hours only only one one before before person, person, and and my my were were 93-year 93-year in in old old father­ p. p. 291, 291, LC, LC, L L 16 16 18 18 from from bottom: bottom: & &

the the sea). sea). In In others others two two cases cases like like it it the the of of a a victims victims variety variety had had of of people people and and 1898. 1898.

by by stonefish stonefish in in shallow shallow water water (we (we live live by by long long is is it? it? I I have have asked asked this this question question or or p. p. 251, 251, RC, RC, last last L: L: 1899 1899 is is correct, correct, not not

JULY93 JULY93 21 21

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HTivfENOPTERA HTivfENOPTERA OF OF THE THE WORLD WORLD

and and enter enter after after L L 15. 15.

intermedia. intermedia. correct. correct. Transfer Transfer to to p. p. 548, 548, LC, LC,

p. p. 547, 547, LC, LC, L 1 1 L p. p. 0: 0: 596, 596, laeta laeta RC, RC, is is a a L 4 4 L synonym synonym from from bottom: bottom: of of 1969b 1969b is is cincta). cincta).

species. species. Transfer Transfer correct, correct, top. top. not not 547, 547, 1968e. 1968e. LC, LC, L L 20. 20. cinctus cinctus is is correct correct spelling spelling (not (not

Cameron, Cameron, p. p. 1908; 1908; 596, 596, Kenya, Kenya, RC, RC, L 7 7 L is is from from a a good good bottom: bottom: 1969a 1969a is is p. p. 526, 526, RC, RC, insert insert as as species species after after L L 8: 8:

p. p. 546, 546, LC, LC, L 8 8 L Tanzania. Tanzania. from from bottom: bottom: massaica massaica p. p. 495, 495, LC, LC, L L 2: 2: is is correct correct (not (not L 1 1 L ). ).

p. p. 580, 580, RC, RC, L L 9: 9: Kenya Kenya top. top. is is correct, correct, 547. 547. not not Spinola, Spinola, 1807). 1807).

valid valid species species bimacu/a bimacu/a from from Tanzania. Tanzania. (3 (3 places). places). Transfer Transfer p. p. 569 569 (lapsus (lapsus for for decemmacuta/us decemmacuta/us

correct, correct, not not 1910. 1910. Also Also massaica massaica is is a a p. p. 565, 565, footnote: footnote: change change bimacu/us bimacu/us to to Costa, Costa, 1869" 1869" of of Dalla Dalla Torre, Torre, 1897, 1897,

p. p. 546, 546, LC, LC, L 8 8 L locality locality from from bottom: bottom: is is probably probably 1908 1908 Brazilian, Brazilian, is is not not India. India. as as follows: follows: "decemnotatus "decemnotatus A. A.

Ferton, Ferton, 1912; 1912; nomen nomen nudum. nudum. the the genus genus Psaenythia Psaenythia The The type type not not sufficiently sufficiently clear. clear. Change Change entry entry

bottom bottom as as synonym: synonym: inimica inimica "Kohl" "Kohl" who who examined examined the the type. type. It It is is a a bee bee in in from from bottom). bottom). Information Information given given was was

p. p. 546, 546, LC, LC, insert insert sphecid sphecid after after L L according according 14 14 from from to to Vardy Vardy (in (in litt.), litt.), p. p. 469, 469, LC, LC, L L 22 22 (should (should read: read: L L 22 22

comantis comantis J. J. p. p. Parker, Parker, 565, 565, RC. RC. 1929; 1929; L L 34: 34: Brazil. Brazil. nigriceps nigriceps is is not not a a from from bottom). bottom).

p. p. 546, 546, LC, LC, insert insert p. p. 564, 564, as as RC. RC. species species L L 24: 24: after after bimacu/a bimacu/a L 1 : : 1 L is is correct. correct. p. p. 426, 426, LC, LC, L L 22 22 (should (should read: read: L L 22 22

Africa Africa is is correct, correct, not not Ethiopia. Ethiopia. stenebdoma stenebdoma as as the the correct correct spelling.] spelling.]

p. p. 545, 545, RC, RC, L L 15 15 Parker, Parker, from from bottom: bottom: 1929:83, 1929:83, South South validly validly selected selected Errata Errata 19 19 Errata Errata

Johnson Johnson and and Rohwer Rohwer ...... is is correct. correct. the the provisions provisions of of Art. Art. 32 32 of of the the Code, Code,

p. p. 538, 538, LC, LC, L L 25: 25: meliloti meliloti Rohwer Rohwer in in 79,andintheindex,p. 79,andintheindex,p. 154. 154. Under Under Leclercq, Leclercq, 197 4:284]. 4:284].

1945. 1945. stenebdoma stenebdoma is is in in the the key key on on page page [synonymy [synonymy was was established established by by

p. p. 532, 532, LC, LC, L L 8: 8: Parker, Parker, 1941 1941 is is 1917. 1917. correct, correct, The The not not spelling spelling p. p. 426, 426, LC, LC, L L 36: 36: delete delete entire entire line line

1945. 1945. stenobdoma stenobdoma occurred occurred on on p. p. 94 94 of of 426 426 .... • • etc. etc. as as follows: follows:

p. p. 531, 531, RC, RC, L L 13: 13: 1941 1941 is is correct, correct, not not correct correct spelling. spelling. [The [The spelling spelling right right column column in in Sphecos Sphecos that that reads: reads: "p. "p.

correct, correct, not not 1910. 1910. p. p. 548, 548, RC, RC, L L 24: 24: stenebdoma stenebdoma is is Change Change lines lines 1-5 1-5 at at the top top the of of the the

p. p. 530, 530, RC, RC, L L 18 18 not not from from India. India. bottom: bottom: 1908 1908 is is

after after L L 22 22 from from p. p. 548, 548, bottom]. bottom]. RC, RC, L L 30: 30: Pakistan Pakistan is is correct, correct, 18, 18, in in Sphecos Sphecos 23:15: 23:15:

ferrugineus ferrugineus [transfer [transfer 1910, 1910, distribution distribution to to p. p. 526, 526, should should RC, RC, read read Kenya Kenya mistake mistake in in Big Big Blue Blue Book Book Errata, Errata, part part

p. p. 527, 527, LC, LC, L L 6: 6: kohlii kohlii is is a a synonym synonym of of p. p. 548, 548, LC, LC, L L 20: 20: 1908 1908 is is correct, correct, not not Woj Woj Pulawski Pulawski found found the the following following

cincta cincta (F.). (F.). Change Change 1910, 1910, distribution distribution spelling spelling to to should should cinctus. cinctus. read read Kenya Kenya

ERRATA ERRATA ERRORS ERRORS p. p. 526, 526, RC: RC: in in p. p. Sphecos Sphecos 547, 547, LC, LC, L L 24 24 19: 19: I I inserted inserted 1908 1908 is is correct, correct, not not

SPHECOS25 SPHECOS25 22 22

Villa Villa Arrivabene Arrivabene - Piazza Piazza L.B. L.B. Alberti, Alberti, Ia Ia - 50136 50136 FIRENZE FIRENZE -Tel. -Tel. 055/667573 055/667573

General General Conclusions Conclusions

Social Social Behaviour. Behaviour.

15.00-19.00 15.00-19.00 Round Round Table: Table: The The influence influence of of Paper Paper Wasps Wasps (and (and Students Students of of Wasps) Wasps) on on the the History History of of Comparative Comparative Evolutionary Evolutionary Studies Studies of of

R. R. Burian Burian (Virginia (Virginia Tech., Tech., Blacksburg, Blacksburg, USA): USA): Model Model Organisms Organisms and and Research Research in in Evolutionary Evolutionary Biology. Biology.

P. P. Harvey Harvey (Univ. (Univ. of of Oxford, Oxford, UK): UK): The The limits limits of of Comparative Comparative Method. Method.

W. W. Hamilton Hamilton (Univ. (Univ. of of Oxford, Oxford, UK): UK): Learning Learning from from Gifted Gifted Insects. Insects.

M,J. M,J. West- Eberhard Eberhard (Smithsonian (Smithsonian Inst Inst Costa Costa Rica): Rica): The The Wasp Wasp World World as as a a Microcosm Microcosm Showing Showing the the Role Role of of Flexibility Flexibility in in Evolution. Evolution.

Comparative Comparative Studies Studies

9.00-13.00 9.00-13.00

October? October?

21.00 21.00 Round Round Table Table

F. F. Dessl Dessl Fulgheri Fulgheri (Univ. (Univ. of of Florence, Florence, Italy): Italy): Analogies Analogies between between Polistes Polistes and Vertebrate Vertebrate and Sociality. Sociality.

R. R. Gadagkar Gadagkar (Indian (Indian Inst. Inst. Science, Science, Bangalore, Bangalore, India): India): Other Other Polistes-Iike Polistes-Iike Societies: Societies: Social Social Evolution Evolution in in Ropalidia Ropalidia and and Mischocyttarus. Mischocyttarus.

S. S. Turlllazzl Turlllazzl (Univ. (Univ. of of Florence, Florence, Italy): Italy): Other Other Polistes-Iike Polistes-Iike Wasp Wasp Societies: Societies: Social Social Evolution Evolution in in Stenogastrinae Stenogastrinae and and BeloTUJgaster. BeloTUJgaster.

15.00-18.00 15.00-18.00

D. D. Queller Queller (Rice (Rice University, University, Houston, Houston, USA): USA): Demographic Demographic Advantages Advantages of of Sociality Sociality inPolistes. inPolistes.

J. J. Gervet Gervet (C.N.R.S. (C.N.R.S. Marseille, Marseille, France): France): Behavioural Behavioural Screening Screening and and Selection Selection through through Affinity: Affinity: The The Case Case of of Polygyny Polygyny in in Paper Paper Wasps. Wasps.

J, J, Strassmann Strassmann (Rice (Rice University, University, Houston, Houston, USA): USA): Relatedness Relatedness Between Between Nest Nest Foundresses Foundresses and and the the Origin Origin of of Sociality Sociality in in Polistes. Polistes.

Evolution Evolution of of Sociality Sociality

9.00-13.00 9.00-13.00

October6 October6

21.00 21.00 Round Round Table Table

15.00-19.00 15.00-19.00 Round Round Table Table

M.C. M.C. Lorenzi Lorenzi (Univ. (Univ. of Turin. Turin. Italy): Italy): The The Role Role of of Cuticular Cuticular Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons in in Colonial Colonial Organization. Organization.

G. G. Gamboa Gamboa (Oakland (Oakland Univ., Univ., USA): USA): Nestmate Nestmate Recognition. Recognition.

R.L. R.L. Jeanne Jeanne (Univ. (Univ. of of Wisconsin. Wisconsin. USA): USA): Glands Glands and and Behaviour. Behaviour.

A. A. Strambl Strambl (C.N.R.S. (C.N.R.S. Marseille, Marseille, France): France): Physiological Physiological Control Control of of Reproduction. Reproduction.

Social Social Organization Organization

9.00-13.00 9.00-13.00

OctoberS OctoberS

21.00 21.00 Round Round Table Table

A. A. Ugolini Ugolini (Univ. (Univ. of of Florence, Florence, Italy): Italy): Homing Homing Mechanisms Mechanisms in in Wasps. Wasps.

L. L. Beanl Beanl (Univ. (Univ. of of Florence, Florence, Italy): Italy): Mating Mating Systems Systems in in Polistes Polistes Wasps. Wasps.

R. R. Cervo Cervo (Univ. (Univ. of of Florence, Florence, Italy); Italy); Social Social Parasitism Parasitism and and its its Evolution Evolution in in Polistes. Polistes.

S. S. Yamane Yamane (Ibaraki (Ibaraki University, University, Mito, Mito, Japan): Japan): Ecological Ecological Factors Influencing Influencing Factors Colonial Colonial the Cycle Cycle in in Polistes Polistes Wasps. Wasps.

General General Life Life Histories Histories

15.00- 19.00 19.00

J. J. Wenzel Wenzel (American (American Museum Museum of of N.H., N.H., New New York, York, USA): USA): Evolution Evolution of of Nest Nest Architecture Architecture in in Polistes Polistes Wasps. Wasps.

J. J. Carpenter Carpenter (American (American Museum Museum of of N.H., N.H., New New York. York. USA): USA): Phylogeny Phylogeny and and Biogeography Biogeography of Polistes. Polistes.

Phylogeny Phylogeny and and Systematics Systematics

"Polistes: "Polistes: Analysis Analysis of of a a by by Society" Leo Leo Pardi Pardi

Introduction Introduction

9.00-13.00 9.00-13.00

October4 October4

PREUMINARY PREUMINARY PROORAM PROORAM

Castglioncello Castglioncello (LI), (LI), Italy, Italy, October October 4-7 4-7 1993. 1993.

the the Paper- Wasp Wasp case. case.

Natural Natural History History and and Evolution Evolution of of an an Animal Animal Society:

INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP WORKSHOP

FLORENCE FLORENCE CENTER CENTER FOR FOR THE THE HISTORY HISTORY AND AND PHILOSOPHY PHILOSOPHY OF OF SCIENCE SCIENCE

CENfRO CENfRO FIORENTINO FIORENTINO DI DI STORIA STORIA E E FILOSOFIA FILOSOFIA DEU.A DEU.A SCIENZA SCIENZA

JULY93 JULY93 23 23

menoptera: menoptera: SpheCJdae). SpheCJdae). The The Entomologist Entomologist 112( 1 1 ):17-24. ):17-24.

dae). dae).

Jpn. Jpn. J. J. Ent. Ent. 60(4):671-681. 60(4):671-681.

1993. 1993. Nesting Nesting of of the the solitary solitary biolog~ biolog~ digger digger Podalonia Podalonia wasp wasp affinis affinis (K.) (K.) (Hy­

1992. 1992. Colony Colony failure failure in in the the social social Vespa Vespa wasp wasp affinis affinis (Hymenoptera, (Hymenoptera, Vespi­

Field, Field, Jeremy Jeremy

Martin, Martin, Stephen Stephen J. J.

$24.95. $24.95. Ent. Ent. News News 104(1): 104(1): 15-16. 15-16.

47:99-102. 47:99-102.

Stroud. Stroud. 1992. 1992. Umvers1ty Umvers1ty of of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Press, Press, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 340. 340. pp. pp.

(Hymenoptera, (Hymenoptera, lchneumonidae, lchneumonidae, Vespidae). Vespidae). Boll. Boll. Ass. Ass. Romana Romana

Entomol. Entomol.

1993. 1993. Book Book Review: Review: Th~mas Th~mas Say: Say: new new world world naturalist. naturalist. Patricia Patricia Tyson Tyson

1993. 1993. Note Note Lalibulus Lalibulus su su argiolus argiolus parassitoide parassitoide di di alcune alcune specie specie Polistes Polistes di di

Evans, Evans, Howard Howard E. E.

Luchetti, Luchetti, Damiano Damiano

members members of of the the genus. genus. Ent. Ent. Mon. Mag. Mag. Mon. 128:31-38. 128:31-38.

Apoidea. Apoidea. Ann. Ann. Ent. Ent. Soc. Soc. Amer. Amer. 85(2):219-223. 85(2):219-223.

1993. 1993. Two Two new new species species Polybia Polybia of of (Hym., (Hym., Vespidae) Vespidae) with with notes notes on on other other

menoptera: menoptera: Sphecidae), Sphecidae), with with a a survey survey of of expanded expanded male male forelegs forelegs in in

Cooper, Cooper, M. M.

1992. 1992. Male Male

foretibial foretibial plates plates and and mating mating Crabro Crabro in in aibrellifer aibrellifer (Packard) (Packard) (Hy­

Zapateri Zapateri Revta. Revta. aragon. aragon. ent. ent. 1(2):21-34. 1(2):21-34. · ·

Low, Low, Bobbi Bobbi S. S. and and William William T. T. Wcislo Wcislo

1992. 1992. Sobre Sobre los los Eumenides Eumenides (Hym., (Hym., Vespoidea) Vespoidea) del del valle valle medio medio del del Ebro Ebro

Soc. Soc. dae). dae). Bull. Bull. Annis Annis r. r. beige beige Ent. Ent. 128:285-287. 128:285-287.

Castro, Castro, L. L.

1993. 1993.

Nids Nids Pemphredon Pemphredon de de montana montana Dahlbom, Dahlbom, 1845 1845 (Hymenoptera, (Hymenoptera, Spheci­

Vespidae: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Eumeninae). Great Great Lakes Lakes Ent. Ent. 26(1 26(1 ):15-19. ):15-19. · ·

103-105. 103-105.

1993. 1993. Methods Methods for for artificial artificial rearing rearing of of solitary solitary eumenid eumenid wasps wasps (Hymenoptera: (Hymenoptera:

Hongrie Hongrie et et en en Autriche Autriche (Hymenoptera, (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Sphecidae). Lambillionea Lambillionea 91(2): 91(2):

Chilcutt, Chilcutt, Charles Charles F. F. and and David David P. P. Cowan Cowan

1991. 1991. Le Le crabronien crabronien Rhopalum Rhopalum (Corynopus) (Corynopus) beaumonti beaumonti Moczar Moczar 1957 1957 en en

112(2):95-98. 112(2):95-98.

Leclercq, Leclercq, Jean Jean

Vesp1dae: Vesp1dae: Eumemnae) Eumemnae) preying preying on on weevil weevil larvae larvae in in Australia. Australia. Entomologist Entomologist

Ent. Ent. 26(1):15-19. 26(1):15-19.

1993. 1993. beha_viour beha_viour ~esting ~esting Para/astor Para/astor of of debilitatus debilitatus Perkins Perkins (Hymenoptera: (Hymenoptera:

1993. 1993. New New prey prey Crabro Crabro for for advena advena (Hymenoptera: (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Sphecidae). Great Great Lakes Lakes

Sphecidae) Sphecidae) in in Trinidad. Trinidad. Ent. Ent. Mon. Mon. Mag. Mag. 128:41-43. 128:41-43. ' '

Kurczewski, Kurczewski, Frank Frank E. E.

1993. 1993. Biological Biological notes notes on on Tachytes Tachytes some some Tachysphex Tachysphex and and species species (Hym. (Hym.

Ent. Ent. 7(3):81-122. 7(3):81-122.

McC. McC. Callan, Callan, E. E.

nendunen nendunen in in der der sudlichen sudlichen Senne. Senne. V. V. Teil). Teil). Min. Min. ArbGem. ArbGem. ostwestf.-lipp. ostwestf.-lipp.

(2):193-201. (2):193-201.

pilidae, pilidae, Sphecidae, Sphecidae, Apidae Apidae (lnsektenfauna (lnsektenfauna und und Okologie Okologie der der Bin­

Dolichovespula Dolichovespula net, net, maculata maculata (Hymenoptera: (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Vespidae). Sociobiology Sociobiology 21 21

1991. 1991. Zur Zur Hautfluglerfauna Hautfluglerfauna (Hymenoptera) (Hymenoptera) der der Senne. Senne. II. II. Eumenidae, Eumenidae, Pom­

1993. 1993. Discriminant Discriminant analysis analysis of of cuticular cuticular hydrocarbons hydrocarbons of of the the baldfaced baldfaced hor­

Kuhlmann, Kuhlmann, Michael, Michael, Hans Hans Retzlaff, Retzlaff, Werner Werner Schulze Schulze Heinrich Heinrich Wolf Wolf & &

Buns, Buns, Douglas Douglas P., P., Michael Michael A. A. Camann Camann and and Karl Karl E. E. Espelie Espelie

(1):31. (1):31.

Sphecidae). Sphecidae). Zool. Zool. Zh. Zh. 71(8):24-32. 71(8):24-32. ' '

noptera, noptera, Eumenidae) Eumenidae) in in Westfalen. Westfalen. Min. Min. Arb-Gem. Arb-Gem. ostwestf.-lipp. ostwestf.-lipp. Ent. Ent. 9 9

199. 199. New New species species of of digger digger wasps wasps of of the the genus genus Diodontus Diodontus (Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera

1993. 1993. Nachweis Nachweis Stenodynerus Stenodynerus von von steckianus steckianus (Schulthess, (Schulthess, 1897) 1897) (Hyme­

Budrys, Budrys, E. E. R. R. and and V. V. L L Kazenas Kazenas

Kuhlmann, Kuhlmann, Michael Michael

birds. birds. Trends Trends in in Ecology Ecology and and Evolution Evolution 8(1):2-3. 8(1):2-3.

(3):640-645. (3):640-645. (in (in Russian Russian with with English English summary) summary)

1993. 1993. Parasitizing Parasitizing conspecifics: conspecifics: comparisons comparisons between between Hymenoptera Hymenoptera and and

menoptera, menoptera, Sphecidae) Sphecidae) from from Kazakhstan Kazakhstan and and Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan. Ent. Ent. Obozr. Obozr. 72 72

Brockmann, Brockmann, H. H. Jane Jane

1992. 1992. New New

species species of of digger digger wasps wasps of of the the genus genus Harpactus Harpactus Shuckard Shuckard (Hy­

Indiana. Indiana. Ent. Ent. News News 104(1):1-14. 104(1):1-14. ' '

Kazenas, Kazenas, V.L. V.L.

1993. 1993. On On Thomas Thomas Say's Say's entomological entomological publications publications printed printed in in New New Harmony Harmony

Dahlb. Dahlb. Proc. Proc. 4th 4th ECEIXUI ECEIXUI SIEEC, SIEEC, Godollo Godollo 1991, 1991, pp. pp. 504-509. 504-509.

Bousquet, Bousquet, Yves Yves

1991. 1991. Characteristics Characteristics of of spiders spiders captured captured Anoplius Anoplius by by vialicus vialicus paganus paganus

secta secta Mundi Mundi 6(3):189-191. 6(3):189-191. (cover (cover date date 1992) 1992)

Karsai, Karsai, I. I. and and Z. Z. Vajda Vajda

Brethes. Brethes. Pate, Pate, and and Schronky Schronky (Hymenoptera, (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, Sphecidae, Crabroninae). Crabroninae). In­

10, 10, p. p. 334-342: 334-342: Wasps Wasps and and the the heat heat of of bailie) bailie)

1993. 1993. South South American American Oxybelus Oxybelus I. I. Notes Notes on on types types of of Spinola, Spinola, F. F. Smith, Smith,

tion. tion. Harvard Harvard Univ. Univ. Press, Press, Cambridge, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Massachusetts. 601 601 p. p. (Chapter (Chapter

Bohart, Bohart, Richard Richard M. M.

1993. 1993. The The hot-blooded hot-blooded insects. insects. Strategies Strategies and and mechanisms mechanisms of of thermoregula­

lnst. lnst. Res. Res. Rep. Rep. (71):5. (71):5.

Heinrich, Heinrich, Bernd Bernd

1993. 1993. Sri Sri Lankan Lankan wasps wasps supply supply rich rich treasure treasure trove trove for for study. study. Smithsonian Smithsonian

Linzer Linzer bioi. bioi. Beitr. Beitr. 25(1):43-50. 25(1):43-50.

Barrat, Barrat, John John

19g2. 19g2. Drei Drei neue neue palaarktische palaarktische Eumeniden-Arten(Hymenoptera, Eumeniden-Arten(Hymenoptera, Vespoidea). Vespoidea).

Hainaut Hainaut occidental occidental (Belgique). Notes Notes (Belgique). Fauniques Fauniques de de Gembloux Gembloux (21):23-38. (21):23-38.

poidea, poidea, Hymenoptera). Hymenoptera). Linzer Linzer bioi. bioi. Beitr. Beitr. 24(2):931. 24(2):931.

1990. 1990. de de Ia Ia fauna fauna Aper~ Aper~ des des Hymenopteres Hymenopteres Vespiformes Vespiformes de de deus deus terrils terrils du du

1992 .. .. Zwei Zwei neue neue Eumeniden-Ganungen Eumeniden-Ganungen und und -Arten -Arten aus aus Madagaskar Madagaskar (Ves­

Barbier, Barbier, Yvan, Yvan, Pierre Pierre Rasmont Rasmont and and Raymond Raymond Wahis Wahis

noptera, noptera, Vespoidea, Vespoidea, Eumenidae). Eumenidae). Linzer Linzer bioi. bioi. Beitr. Beitr. 24(2):851-856. 24(2):851-856.

Ann. Ann. Soc. Soc. Entomol. Entomol. Fr. Fr. (N.S.) (N.S.) 29(1):55-60. 29(1):55-60.

1992. 1992. Zwei Zwei neue neue Eumeniden-Arten Eumeniden-Arten aus aus dem dem aethiopischen aethiopischen Raum Raum (Hyme­

acters acters of of Pemphredonini Pemphredonini (Hymenoptera: (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Sphecidae: Pemphredoninae). Pemphredoninae).

noptera, noptera, Sphecidae). Sphecidae). Linzer Linzer bioi. bioi. Beitr. Beitr. 24(2):683-689. 24(2):683-689.

1993. 1993. The The larva larva Psenulus Psenulus of of schencki, schencki, with with some some remarks remarks on on the the larval larval char­

1992. 1992. Neue Neue und und bemerkenswerte bemerkenswerte Grabwespenfunde Grabwespenfunde fur fur Osterreich Osterreich (Hyme­

Asfs, Asfs, Josep Josep D., D., Severiano Severiano F. F. Gayubo Gayubo and and Jose Jose Tormos Tormos

Masaridae). Masaridae). Linzer Linzer bioi. bioi. Beitr. Beitr. 24(2):671-682. 24(2):671-682.

Ent. Ent. Mon. Mon. Mag. Mag. 128:45-47. 128:45-47.

Mall, Mall, na, na, Senegal Senegal und und Togo Togo (Hymenoptera, (Hymenoptera, Vespoidea, Vespoidea, Eumenidae Eumenidae und und

1993. 1993. Notable Notable wasps wasps and and bees bees (Hym., (Hym., Aculeata) Aculeata) taken taken on on Jersey Jersey

and and Sark. Sark.

1992. 1992. von von Fun~daten Fun~daten Eumeniden Eumeniden und und Marasiden Marasiden aus aus Elfenbeinkuste, Elfenbeinkuste, Gha­

Archer, Archer, M.E. M.E.

Gusenleitner, Gusenleitner, J. J.

72(1):190-193. 72(1):190-193.

tera) tera) and and Raphidiidae Raphidiidae (Neuroptera). (Neuroptera). Mem. Mem. Ent. Ent. Soc. Soc. Can. Can. 165:165-187. 165:165-187.

ronini ronini (Hymenoptera, (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) Sphecidae) from from South South America. America. Entomol. Entomol. Obozr. Obozr.

based based on on a a comparison comparison of of the the skeletomusculature skeletomusculature of of Xyefidae Xyefidae (Hymenop­

Alinia Alinia 1993. 1993. carinata carinata gen. gen. et et sp. sp. n.- a a new new representative representative of of the the tribe tribe Crab­

1993. 1993. Groundplan Groundplan st":Acture st":Acture and and homology homology of of the the pleuron pleuron in in Hymenoptera Hymenoptera

ed ed in in Central Central Africa. Africa. Russian Russian Entomol. Entomol. J. J. 2(1 2(1 ):53-55. ):53-55.

Gibson, Gibson, Gary Gary A.P. A.P.

1993. 1993. The The species species of of the the tribe tribe Trypoxylini Trypoxylini (Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Sphecidae) Sphecidae) collect­

19:491-503. 19:491-503.

Pempredoninae). Pempredoninae). Russian Russian Entomol. Entomol. J. J. 1(2):41-57. 1(2):41-57.

correlations correlations between between masarine masarine and and forage forage plant plant distributions. distributions. J. J. Biogeogr. Biogeogr.

the the ger ger wasps wasps of of genus genus SpDomena SpDomena Shuckard Shuckard (Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Sphecidae Sphecidae

sarinae), sarinae), with with particular particular emphasis emphasis on on the the southern southern and and taxa taxa African African on on

1 g93_ g93_ Further Further supplements supplements the the to to knowledge knowledge of of the the neotropical neotropical fauna fauna of of dig­

1992. 1992. Biogeography Biogeography of of the the masarine masarine wasps wasps (Hymenoptera: (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Vespidae: Ma­

ronto. ronto. 1990.1-XI 1990.1-XI + + 652 652 pp. pp. Russian Russian Entomol. Entomol. J. J. 1(1):91-96. 1(1):91-96. (in (in Russian) Russian)

Gess, Gess, Sarah Sarah K. K.

and and Richard Richard M. M. Bohart. Bohart. Oxford Oxford University University Press, Press, Oxford, Oxford, New New York, York, To­

and and Ratcliffe: Ratcliffe:

Reply. Reply. J. J. Paleonl Paleonl 65(4):705-706. 65(4):705-706.

1992. 1992. ~k ~k Review. Review. The The chrysidid chrysidid wasps wasps of of the the world. world. By By Lynn Lynn S. S. Kimsey Kimsey

1991. 1991. A A reassessment reassessment of of the the ichnofossil ichnofossil Chubutolithes Chubutolithes gaimanensis gaimanensis Bown Bown

described described species. species. Russian Russian Entomoi.J. Entomoi.J. 1(1):67-73. 1(1):67-73.

Genise, Genise, Jorge Jorge F. F. T. T. M. M. Bown Bown

Sphec1dae Sphec1dae Pemphredoninae), Pemphredoninae), with with additional additional comments comments on on the the previously previously

Secc. Secc. dae). dae). Phys1s, Phys1s, C, C, 47(113):61-66. 47(113):61-66.

1992. 1992. Fi":9 Fi":9 new new neotropical neotropical species species of of the the genus genus Spilomena Spilomena (Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera

1992. 1992. Las Las del del genero genero Scalia Scalia es~ecies es~ecies de de Ia Ia Argentina(Hymenoptera, Argentina(Hymenoptera, Scolii­

Antropov, Antropov, A.V. A.V.

nay nay paises paises vecinos. vecinos. ReV1a ReV1a Soc. Soc. enl enl argent. argent. 50(1-4):277-329. 50(1-4):277-329.

noptera: noptera: Vespidae), Vespidae), in in California. California. Ent. Ent. News News 104(3):123-128. 104(3):123-128.

1992. 1992. Las Las especies especies conocidas conocidas Ia Ia de de Tiphiidae Tiphiidae (Hym. (Hym. Tiphioidea) Tiphioidea) de de Argenti­

1993. 1993. A A huge huge nest nest of of the the common common yellowjacket, yellowjacket, Paravespula Paravespula vulgaris vulgaris (Hyme­

Genise, Genise, Jorge Jorge F. F.

Akre, Akre, Roger Roger D., D., Elizakbeth Elizakbeth A. A. Myhre Myhre and and Vi Vi Chen Chen

39-43. 39-43.

(1914-1992). (1914-1992). Med. Med. Zool. Zool. Leiden Leiden 66(18):309-311. 66(18):309-311.

tesliva tesliva en en Cuba Cuba (Hymenoptera: (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Sphecidae). Carribbean Carribbean J. J. Sci. Sci. 29(1-2): 29(1-2):

1992. 1992. Obituary Obituary and and bibliography bibliography of of Hermanus Hermanus Gerardus Gerardus Maria Maria Teunissen Teunissen

1993. 1993. Conducts Conducts de de nidificaci6n nidificaci6n Cerceris Cerceris de de y y cerverae, cerverae, C. C. cubensis cubensis C. C.

Med. Med. Leiden Leiden 66(17}:303-308. 66(17}:303-308.

Genaro, Genaro, Julio Julio Antonio Antonio and and Coralia Coralia S. S. sanchez sanchez

1992. 1992. Obituary Obituary and and bibliography bibliography of of Gerard Gerard van van Rossem Rossem (1919-1990). (1919-1990). Zool. Zool.

noptera noptera Soc. Soc. Sphecidae). Sphecidae). Boll. Boll. enl enl ital., ital., Genova Genova 124(3):201-208. 124(3):201-208.

Med. Med. Zool. Zool. Leiden Leiden 66(16):295-302. 66(16):295-302. · ·

1993. 1993. New New or or lillie-known lillie-known sphecid sphecid wasps wasps for for the the Iberian Iberian peninsula peninsula (Hyme­

1992. 1992. Obituary Obituary and and bibliography bibliography of of Jacobus Jacobus van van der der Vecht Vecht (1906-1992) (1906-1992)

Gayubo, Gayubo, Severiano Severiano F., F., Jose Jose Tormos Tormos and and Josep Josep D. D. Asfs Asfs

Achterberg, Achterberg, C. C. van van

nova nova 124(3):209-220. 124(3):209-220.

y y 1993. 1993. Lophomutilla Lophomutilla Sobre Sobre Mickel Mickel Pertyel/a Pertyel/a Mickel. Mickel. Boll. Boll. Soc. Soc. ent. ent. ital., ital., Ge­

(Worth (Worth a a look: look: Gibson, Gibson, 1993, 1993, Wolf, Wolf, 1992b.) 1992b.) and and Fritz, Fritz, Manfredo Manfredo A. A. Guido Guido Pagliano Pagliano

Lakes Lakes Great Great Enl Enl 26(1 26(1 ):31-34. ):31-34.

1993. 1993. Aphid Aphid prey prey PassaloeaJS PassaloeaJS of of cuspidatus cuspidatus

(Hymenoptera: (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Sphecidae). RECENT RECENT LITERATURE LITERATURE

Fricke, Fricke, John John M. M.

SPHECOS25 SPHECOS25 24 24 JULY93 25

Mead, F. and D. Gabouriaut Ouicke, Donald L.J., Simon N. Ingram, HelenS. Baillie and Pauline V. Gaitens 1993. Poat-eclosion sensitivity to social amtext in Polistes dominulus Christ 1992. Sperm structure and ultrastructure in the Hymenoptera (Insects). Zool. females (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Ins. Soc. 40:11·20. Scripta 21 (4):381·402. Melo, Gabriel Augusto R. de and Lucio Antonio de 0. Campos Scaramozzino, Pier Luigi 1993. Trophallaxis in a primitively social sphecid wasp. Ins. Soc. 40:107· 1992.1n Argentina a caccia di Dynatus. HY-MEN (3):5-6. 109. Schmidt-Egger, Christian and Heinrich Wolf Melo, Gabriel Augusto R. de and Howard E. Evans 1992. Die Wegwespen Baden-Wiirttembergs (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae). 1993. Two new Microsligmus species (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae), with the Veroff. Naturschutz Landschaftspflege Bad.-Wurtt. 67:267-370. description of their parasite, Goniozus miaosligmi sp. n. (Hymenoptera. Shimizu, Akira Bethylidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 95(2):258-263. 1992. Nesting behavior of the semi-aquatic spider wasp, Anoplius eous, Machi, Alessandro and Damiano Luchetti which transports its prey on the surface film of water (Hymenoptera, Pom­ 1993. Note faunistche su alcuni sfecidi italiani (Hymenotpera). Boll. Ass. Ro­ pilidae). J. Ethology 10(2):85-102. mana Entomol. 47:103-107. Sinha, A., S. Permnath, K. Chandrashekara and Raghavendra Gadagkar Nemkov, P.G. 1993. Ropalidia rufop/agiata: a polistine wasp society probably lacking per­ 1992. Digger wasps of the tribe Gorytini (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) of the manent reproductive division of labour. Ins. Soc. 40:69-86. fauna of Russia and neighbouring countries. The genera Lesliphorus Strassmann, Joan E., Karin R. Gastreich, David C. Cuellar and Colin R. Lepeletier, Oryttus Spinola and 0/gia Radoszkowski. Ent. Obozr. 71(4): Hughes 935·949. (in Russian with English summary) 1992. Demographic and genetic evidence for cyclical changes in queen Nishida, Gordon M. number in a neotropical wasp, Po/ybia emaciata. Amer. Nat. 140(3):363- 1992. Hawaiian terrestrial arthropod checklist. Bishop Museum Technical 372. Report No. [1) viii+ 262 p. Strumia, Franco O'Donnell, Sean 1992. Chrysis paglianoi sp. n. (Hymenoptera Chrysididae) from Sardina Is­ 1993. Interactions of predaceous katydids (Orthoptera: Tenigoniidae) with land. Frustula entomol. n.s. 15(28):133-142. neotropical social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): are wasps a defense Suzuki, Tadashi and M. Ramesh mechanism or prey? Ent. News 104(1):39-42. 1992. Colony founding in the social wasp, Po/istes stigma (Hymenoptera Olmi, Massimo Vespidae), in India. Ethol. Ecol. and Evol. 4:333-341. 1992. Contribution to the knowledge of the Gonatopodinae (Hymenoptera Tsuneki, K. Dryinidae). Boll. 1st. Ent. "G. Grandi" Univ. Bologna 46:109·122. 1993. Corrigenda et Addenda. Spec. Publ. Japan Hymen. Assoc. (41 ):38. 1992. Dryinidae of the Aggtelek National Park (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). (for issues 39 and 40) Folia Ent. Hung. 53:127·128. 1993. On some Taiwanese Mutillidae, collected in 1976, by Mr. T. Murota, 1992. New records of Dryinidae from Nicaragua and a description of a new with descriptions of new taxa (Hymenoptera). Spec. Publ. Japan Hymen. species (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Rev. Nica. Ent. 21:26-30. Assoc. (41):39-50. 1992. New species of Dryinidae (Hymenoptera). Acta Zool. Hung. 38(3- 1993. A new and an unrecorded species of Mutillidae from Is. Okinawa, the 4):281-292. Ryukyus (Hymenoptera). Spec. Publ. Japan Hymen. Assoc. (41):51-55. 1993. Descriptions of new taxa of Dryinidae (Hymenoptera Chrysidoidea). 1993. Opposing opinion against the new genus Petersenidia Lelej, 1992 Frustula Entomologica n.s. 15(28):19-62. (cover date 1992) (Mutillidae, Hym.). Spec. Publ. Japan Hymen. Assoc. (41):56-59. 1993. Dryinidae de Costa Rica: Catalogo e considerazioni biogeografiche ed Tsuneki, K., C. Nozaka, T. Tano, H. Kurokawa and T. Murota evolutive (Hymenoptera Chrysidoidea). Boll. Soc. ent. ital.. Genova 124 1993. Mutillidae recently collected in the Philippines (Hymenoptera). Spec. (3):186-200. Publ. Japan Hymen. Assoc. (41):1-38. Pagliano, Guido Wolf, Heinrich 1992. Sce/iphron caementarium (Drury) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) specie 1991. KOrperbau und Lebensweise unserer Sozialen Wespen als Ergebnis nuova della penisola italiana. HY-MEN (3):5. der Evolution. Verh. Westd. Entom. Tag. 1990:45-54. 1992. Nyssoninae italiani (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Parte I. Boll. Mus. reg. 1992. Zwiner von Tachysphex pompiliformis (Panzer) (Hym., Sphecidae) Sci. nat. Torino 10(1):21-50. und Trachusa byssina (Panzer) (Hym., Apidae). Linzer bioi. Beitr. 24 Pires-O'Brien, Maria Joaquina (1):29-30. 1993. An essay on the history of natural history in Brazil, 1500-1900. Arch. 1992. Bestimmungsschlussel fur die Ganungen und Unterganungen der Nat. 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ANNOUNCING ZOOLOGICAL CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIA VOL. 10 HYMENOPTERA: APOIDEA by J. CARDALE The first comprehensive catalogue on the Australian Apoidea for nearly 30 years is due for release in June, 1993. It is the second of seven proposed Zoological Catalogue volumes on the Hymenoptera of Australia. The volume is the authoritative source of information on the seven families and 13 subfamilies found in Australia. It lists over 60 valid genus names, some 200 available genus names, over 1500 valid species names and nearly 2000 available species names. Also listed are some 2000 flower visiting records of over 700 species. Infonnation on each genus and species includes synonymy, reference to primary literature, brief summaries of geographical distribution and ecological attributes, and useful bibliography. Type species and method of designation, status and location of type material and type localities are also given. All names are fully indexed. The 400 page volume, remarkable value at Aus$59.95, is an essential text for those involved with this superfamily and with pollination ecology. Orders may be placed through the Australian Government Publishing Service, GPO Box 84, Canberra ACI', Australia 2601. 26 SPHECOS25

Hymenoptera and Biodiversity

Edited by J LaSalle, International Institute of Entomology, and I D Gauld, The Natural History Museum, London

Increasing attention has been focused on biodiversity in recent years, based on a number of arguments to justify the conservaton of the world's flora and fauna. Such arguments may be economic -that species may have potential for food or medicine -or ecological -that the extinction of any species affects the overall ecological balance. Little attention, however, has been focused on which groups have the greatest impact on maintaining diversity.

Hymenoptera is one of these groups. It not only forms a major component of diversity itseH, but is vital in sustaining diversity in other groups. Hymenoptera species (bees, wasps, ants and sawflies) are major plant pollinators, seed dispersers, parasitoids and predators of other arthropods (and hence important in biological control). This volume therefore tackles an important subject and concentrates on three key issues: how species of Hymenoptera affect diversity in other organisms; whether Hymenoptera is a group prone to extinction; and the consequences if Hymenoptera species are differentially removed from terrestrial ecosystems. The book is essential reading for entomologists and those concerned with biodiversity and conservation.

Contents include

• Hymenoptera: their diversity, and their impact on the diversity of other organisms J LaSalle & I D Gauld • Intraspecific biodiversity in Hymenoptera: implications for conservation and biological control T R Unruh & R HMessing • Threats to the diversity of solitary bees in a Neotropical dry forest in Central America S B Vinson, G W Frankie & J Barthel/ • Effects of increasing land utilization on species representation and diversity of aculeate wasps and bees in the semi-arid areas of southern Africa F W Gess & S W Gess • Comparison of the arboreal ant mosaic in Ghana, Brazil, Papua New Guinea and Australia - its structure and influence on arthropod diversity J D Majer • Bees, pollination systems, and plant diversity J L Neff & B B Simpson • Diversity of native bees and agroecosystems C O'Toole • Parasitic Hymenoptera, biological control, and biodiversity J LaSalle • Parasitoid webs J Memmott & H C J Godfray • Refuges, host population dynamics, and the genesis of parasitoid diversity B A Hawkins • The role and enhancement of parasitic Hymenoptera biodiversity in agroecosystems M A Altieri, J R Cure & MA Garcia · • Spatial patterns in the description and richness of the Hymenoptera K J Gaston • What does tropical society want from the taxonomist? D H Janzen • Measuring biodiversity for choosing conservation areas PH Williams, R I Vane-Wright & C J Humphries • Costa Rica: an example for the study of tropical biodiversity R Gamez L & I D Gauld

February 1993 c . 300 pages HB CAB International Tel: (0491) 32111 ISBN 0 85198 830 X Wallingford Telex: 847964 (COMAGG G) Price: approx. £45.00 Oxon OX1 0 8DE, UK FAX: (0491) 33508

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