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Biologia De Nidificação E Estrutura Sociogenética Intranidal Em Espécies De Trypoxylon (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae)”

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Biologia De Nidificação E Estrutura Sociogenética Intranidal Em Espécies De Trypoxylon (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae)” Universidade Federal de São Carlos Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Evolução “Biologia de Nidificação e Estrutura Sociogenética Intranidal em Espécies de Trypoxylon (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae)” Mariana Marchi Santoni SÃO CARLOS, SP 2008 Universidade Federal de São Carlos Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Evolução “Biologia de Nidificação e Estrutura Sociogenética Intranidal em Espécies de Trypoxylon (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae)” Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Evolução do Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Genética e Evolução, área de concentração: Genética e Evolução. Orientador: Marco Antonio Del Lama SÃO CARLOS, SP Março – 2008 Ficha catalográfica elaborada pelo DePT da Biblioteca Comunitária da UFSCar Santoni, Mariana Marchi. S237bn Biologia de nidificação e estrutura sociogenética intranidal em espécies de Trypoxylon (Hymenoptera:Crabronidae) / Mariana Marchi Santoni. -- São Carlos : UFSCar, 2008. 152 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) -- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008. 1. Crabronidae. 2. Sazonalidade. 3 Habitat (Ecologia). 4. Alocação sexual. 5. Parentesco. 6. Alozimas. I. Título. CDD: 595.798 (20a) --- -- -- -... \ -- 1 \ I UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SÃO CARLOS CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS E DA SAÚDE PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GENÉTICA E EVOLUÇÃO BIOLOGIA DE NIDIFICAÇÃO E ESTRUTURA SOCIOGENÉTICA INTRANIDAL EM ESPÉCIES DE Trypoxy/on (HYMENOPTERA: CRABONIDAE) Dissertação de Mestrado de Mariana Marchi Santoni Banca Examinadora Prat. Or. Marco Antonio Dei Lama +C0l!J...k.~!k:-. ~ Prata. Ora. Maria José de Oliveira Campos ~.C}ti.4..&.~ Prata. Ora. Maria Luisa Tunes Buschini J.JfJil.t~~.1:((.~............ “Onde estiver o teu tesouro, ali estará também o teu coração” (Lucas 12, 34) "O valor das coisas não está no tempo que elas duram, mas na intensidade com que acontecem. Por isso, existem momentos inesquecíveis, coisas inexplicáveis e pessoas incomparáveis." (Fernando Pessoa) Dedico este trabalho aos meus pais, familiares e amigos. AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus, por tudo que me tem oferecido. A todas as pessoas que, de alguma forma, participaram fundamentalmente para a realização deste trabalho. Pessoas que tornaram estes anos convívio, momentos inesquecíveis. Aos meus pais, Edson e Maria do Carmo, as pessoas mais importantes na minha vida, agradeço por todo o amor e dedicação. Por todo o trabalho e preocupação que me oferecem sem medidas. Obrigada por terem me ajudado a ser quem eu sou e a me ensinado a crescer em meus sonhos. Agradeço também a todos os meus familiares, avós e primos, que sempre me apoiaram e ensinaram muito. A José Eduardo, pelo seu amor, carinho, amizade e compreensão, que me oferece sempre de braços abertos, de uma forma muito generosa. Agradeço a você por fazer parte de minha vida e por compartilhar sua vida comigo. Obrigada por oferecer sua “veia artística”, me presenteando com a maravilhosa arte gráfica em meus pôsteres e capas de trabalho! Ao professor Marco, pela oportunidade de convívio durante estes anos, por me receber de portas abertas em seu laboratório, confiando-me a realização deste trabalho. Foi uma honra ter sido sua aluna. Agradeço pela ajuda, incentivo, paciência, orientação e amizade. Obrigada por me ensinar a “voar”. Às amigas da graduação, Inessa, Nathalia e Lívia, pela grande amizade, carinho e compreensão. Mesmo distantes, a certeza de uma amizade sincera é percebida diariamente. Agradeço a Thaís, Rogério, Otávio, Natália, Regina e Juliano por fazerem parte de minha vida e me ajudarem a crescer como pessoa e como profissional, sendo exemplos, conselheiros e ouvintes. Muito obrigada pela amizade e pelos almoços sempre tão divertidos! À Isabel, por sua amizade, carinho, paciência e dedicação. Obrigada pelo convívio e pela ajuda, amiga e profissional, nas análises alozímicas. Aos (muitos) coletas de laboratório, Amanda, Bruno, Camilla, Cíntia, Kátia, Keize, Luci, Margarita e Vanessa, pessoas que se revelaram muito amigas e prestativas, fazendo com que o ambiente de trabalho fosse harmonioso e agradável. Agradeço pela ajuda e convívio. Agradeço também aos colegas de departamento, em especial Samantha, Vanessa e Patrícia. Pessoas que tornam o ambiente de trabalho mais amigável. À professora Silvia, por alguns anos de convivência e pela calma, paciência e perseverança que transmite. Aos alunos do Laboratório de Genética de Aves, Juliana, Luiza, Iara, Carolina, Thaís, Mateus e Rafael. Por compartilharem suas experiências. À professora Maria Cristina Arias, por me receber em seu laboratório no Instituto de Biociências da USP-SP e por toda ajuda durante minha estada. Agradeço também a todo o pessoal de seu laboratório, Suzy, Alayne, Alyson, Paulo Henrique e Elaine, que muito me ensinaram de técnicas laboratoriais, além de me receberem de uma forma muito amigável. Agradeço às pessoas que convivi por algum tempo em São Paulo, e em especial, àquelas que muito me ensinaram, como a Nice e o Renato. Aos professores e funcionários do Programa de Pós-graduação de Genética e Evolução da UFSCar, pelo profissionalismo, dedicação e ajuda na carreira profissional dos alunos que ingressam neste programa. Ao Dr. Sérvio Túlio Pires Amarante (Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo) e ao Técnico José Carlos Serrano (Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP) pela identificação das vespas. Ao Dr. Antonio Brescovit, do Instituto Butantã, pela identificação das aranhas. A Dr. Adhemar Rodrigues Alves, dono da Fazenda Rio Branco (Rifaina – SP). À Dra. Maria José de Oliveira Campos pela leitura de manuscrito e sugestões. À Fapesp, pela bolsa de estudos a mim conferida para a realização deste trabalho. ÍNDICE LISTA DE TABELAS..............................................................................................................i LISTA DE FIGURAS..............................................................................................................v RESUMO.................................................................................................................................ix ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................x 1. INTRODUÇÃO ..................................................................................................................1 1.1. Aspectos da ordem Hymenoptera.......................................................................................1 1.2. Vespas Esfecídeas .............................................................................................................3 1.3. Aspectos do gênero Trypoxylon ........................................................................................4 1.5. Justificativa ........................................................................................................................6 2. OBJETIVOS .......................................................................................................................6 3. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS ...............................................................................................8 3.1. Espécies estudadas ............................................................................................................ 8 3.2. Local de estudo ................................................................................................................12 3.3. Método de amostragem ...................................................................................................14 3.4. Dados analisados ..............................................................................................................16 4. RESULTADOS ..................................................................................................................19 4.1. Ocupação Diferencial do Habitat por vespas do gênero Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae)...............................................................................................19 4.1.1 Introdução ................................................................................................................22 4.1.2 Material e Métodos ..................................................................................................23 4.1.3 Resultados ................................................................................................................26 4.1.4 Discussão .................................................................................................................27 4.2. Nesting biology of the trap-nesting Neotropical wasp Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) aurifrons Shuckard (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) ............................................................38 4.2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................41 4.2.2 Material and Methods ..............................................................................................42 4.2.3 Results .....................................................................................................................44 4.2.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................47 4.3. Estrutura do pupário de duas espécies de Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae)..........................................................................................................................57
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