IPP240

Ethnic Minority Development Plan for the WUAGEF adaptation to climate change Pilot Program under IAIL-3 Project in Hui Nationality Autonomous Region,

Public Disclosure Authorized 1.Review on the legal and institutional framework applicable to the ethnic minority groups, and the summary of their baseline data

1.1 Review on the legal and institutional framework applicable to the ethnic minority groups

Ningxia Autonomous Region has 5, 880,000 population and 34.9% of the total population is Hui nationality, which is called “Muslim province”. Hui nationality believes in the Muslim religion, there are more than 3000 mosques. Usually Hui nationality lived collectively, prefecture and Qing Tongxia prefecture have more Hui nationality relatively. Public Disclosure Authorized Based on the documentations provided by Ethnic Group and Religion Affairs Administration Committee in province, municipality and county level, legal and institutional framework applicable to the ethnic minority groups in Ningxia is summarized as follows:

1.1.1 Propagandize and carry out the legal and institutional framework applicable to the ethnic minority groups. In July, 2000, Ethnic Affairs Committee of Ningxia Autonomous Region and Bureau of Religious Affairs of Ningxia Autonomous Region compiled the “Selected articles on legal and institutional framework applicable to the ethnic minority groups” in order to facilitate all levels of leaders, cadres and common people to learn and master the related theories, laws and regulations. Public Disclosure Authorized In 2003, five prefectures and most counties of Ningxia Autonomous Region made decision on “strengthening ethnic work and stepping out the economic and social development of the ethnic minority regions”. Which aim to promoting the economic and social development of the ethnic minority regions and improve the level of living for ethnic minority group. In May of 2005, the province government release “Suggestions on implementing the ‘Decision on strengthening ethnic work and stepping out the economic and social development of the ethnic minority regions of State Council ’”, which required local government in different level to make more efforts to do better job on ethnic minority group development. In the March of 2005, Bureau of Religious Affairs of Ningxia Autonomous Region compiled “Rules on Religion Affairs”.

Public Disclosure Authorized 1.1.2 Propagandize and make educational and cultural policy applicable to the ethnic minority groups to improve local ethnic group development.

1 In Sept.2001, on the 21st conference of the 8th national people’s congress of Ningxia Autonomous Region, Ethnic education Statutes of Ningxia Autonomous Region was passed. Since then, many projects implemented to improve school condition such as “Word bank poverty alleviation project II and project IV”. Education conditions of Primary schools and high schools in Ningxia have been improved a lot. In 2005, local government started Standardization of 100 Hui nationality high and primary schools project. Until the end of 2005, 60 school had reached the standard.

1.2 The summary of the baseline data on the ethnic minority groups in the project areas In the project areas in Ningxia Autonomous region, there are 3 project prefectures – Yingchuan, Nongken and Wuzhong city, 20 project townships and 109 project villages. Among them, there are 18 project townships and 82 project villages having the Ethnic Minority Groups (EMG). There are 39752 project households and159081 project population totally, and 27911 project households and 110157project population in the project townships having EMG. Among them, there are 11269 EMG households and 39937 EMG population, accounting respectively to 28.3% and 25.1% of total project areas’ households and population, and 40.4% and 36.25% of the households and population of the project villages having EMG. The EMG is Hui. Among the project households, 26.3% have migrated labors, and among the labors, 42.9% are permanent migrants. While these two figures account to 25.1 and 34.3% for the project EMG households and their labors (see Table 1.1) Table 1.1 Administration and households of the project areas in terms of total and Ethnic Minority Groups (EMG)

Prefect Project PT Project PV Proje Project HHs Popul. EMG EMG ure towns. with village with ct popul. in PV/ in PV/ HHs popul. EMG s EMG HHs EMG EMG

Yinchu 9 7 38 26 20234 84238 13368 56916 9261 31649 an

Wuzho 5 5 27 18 11181 45797 7080 27133 1148 4934 ng

Nongk 6 6 44 38 8337 28956 7463 26108 860 3354 en

Total 20 18 109 82 39752 159081 27911 11015 11269 39937 7

In the project areas, there are 26.3% of households having wage labors migrated, this figure accounts 25.1% for the EMG households – without significant difference with the non EMG households. However, there are differences among the counties. For example, the figures are 4.8 % in Nongken, much lower than the ones 35.3% and 32.2% in Yinchuan and Wuzhong city. Farms in Nonken are state-owned. Farmers there are agriculture workers. This may be attributed for the difference. In the project areas, there are 28.3% of labors migrated for wage income, among them 42.9% are permanent ones with more than 6 months a year not coming back during the peak season of farming. These figures account 25.7% and 34.3% for the EMG labors. (See Table 1.2)

2 Table 1.2 Labors, migrants and the permanent ones of the project villages having EMGs in terms of total and EMG HHs

Prefectur HHs with EMG Labors Migrated Perman EMG EMG EMG e migrants HHs with in PV/ labors in ent ones labors in migrants Perman in PV/ migrants EMG PV/ among PV/ in PV/ ent migr. EMG in PV/ EMG them EMG EMG in PV/ EMG EMG

Yinchuan 35.3% 24.1% 29528 29.4% 38.4% 21348 26.0% 31.2%

Wuzhong 32.2% 50.9% 18925 40.5% 43.3% 2801 37.7% 48.3%

Nongken 4.8% 2.4% 12926 7.7% 81.1% 1921 4.8% 58.1%

Total 26.3% 25.1% 61379 28.3% 42.9% 26070 25.7% 34.3%

In the project areas, there are 516385 mu of arable land, ranging from 8.46 (in Nongken) to 2.03(in Yinchuan) mu per capita, for Wuzhong is 2.19. Because farms in Nongken are state-owned, so the figure is different from the ones in other two places. Among the land, 73.3-80.1% are irrigated, 71.0-90.8% for crop production and 14.0%-16.9% for cash crops. The food crop production accounts 476.8 -703.1kg/mu a year. Because Wuzhong located in the upward of Huang River, where there has good irrigation and rich soil, the food crop production is relatively high.

Table 1.3 Land use composition, food and cash crops and incomes of the project villages with EMG

Prefectur Arab. Irrigated Food Yield Main Yuan/ Remitta Cash e Land(mu) crops (kg/m cash capita nce income u) crops Y/ca Y/ca

Yinchuan 171028 80.1% 90.8% 476.8 16.9% 1202.5 1170.9 2770.26

Wuzhong 100282.4 77.0% 90.0% 703.1 17.8% 1074.7 408.9 3718.1

Nongken 208983.5 71.0% 71.2% 515.0 13.4% 778.3 3743.8 5015.1

Total 516385 76.3% 81.2% - - - - -

There are 15 poverty villages among the project villages. And there are 4014 poor households in the project villages with EMG, which accounts 14.4% of the total households. These two figures are 2812 and 10.1% for the EMG poor households. Within these project villages, the female-headed households, the households with the disabled, the lonely elders’ households and the households with drop-outs pupils account 1.2%,1.8%, 0.5%and 0.4 % of the total households. While the figures for the EMG account0.7%, 1.0%, 0.3%and0.4%.

Table 1.4 Poverty situations in the project villages with EMG

Prefect Poor Femal HH The HH EMG EMG EMG The EMG ure HH e with lonely with Poor Femal HH with EMG HH heade disabl elders dropou HH e disable lonely with d e t heade elders dropo d ut

Yinchu 25.2% 1.7% 2.3% 0.7% 0.4% 20% 1.4% 2.1% 0.6% 0.4% an

Wuzho 3.1% 0.7% 3.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.2% 0.08 0.85% 0.03% 0.7% ng %

3 Nongk 13.7% 1.8% 2.9% 0.4% 0.0% 1.8% 0.2% 0.3% 0.01% 0 en

Total 14.4% 1.2% 1.8% 0.5% 0.4% 10.1% 0.7% 1.0% 0.3% 0.4%

In the project areas, the females and EMG account 46.0 %and 36.3% of total population respectively. While within the village leadership (the party branch and villagers committee), the females account 13.1% of total members, much lower than the proportion within the population. The EMG accounts 21.7% of the total member, also lower then their proportion within the population, and among them the females account 3.9%, quite low. Within the leadership of Women Federation (WF), the EMG take up 23.9%, and Youth League (YL), the females increased the proportion to 28.9% , EMG to 37.5% and EMG female to 12.5%.

Table 1.5 Percentage of females and EMG within the village leadership

Prefectur % of % of % of % of % of % of % of % of % of e female EMG female EMG EMG EMG female EMG EMG F. popul. popul. leaders leaders female WF YL YL YL leaders leaders leaders leaders leaders

Yinchuan 46.0% 55.6% 20.3% 62.3% 13.6% 55.1% 25.7% 56.8% 20.3%

Wuzhong 50.9% 18.2% 15.3% 1.1% 0 12.1% 33.3% 11.1% 1.9%

Nongken 40.9% 12.8% 8.3% 8.0% 0.2% 5.3% 0 0 0

Total 46.0% 36.3% 13.1% 21.7% 3.9% 23.9% 28.9% 37.5% 12.5%

Table 1.6 is about the self-help organizations in the project areas, and EMG participation in the organizations. There are totally 28 self-help organizations in Yinchuan and Wuzhong, amongst them 16 are economic cooperation, and 12 are service organizations. These organizations have absorbed 6051 households, including 99 EMG HH. The number of the organization leaders is 106, among them, there are 12 female leaders, 14 EMG leaders and 1 female EMG leader.

Table 1.6The self-help organizations in the project townships with EMG

Prefectur No. of Econo. Service Particip Particip No. of No. of No. of No. of e organiz Cooper ating EMG leaders F EMG F EMG ation ation HH HH leaders leaders leaders

Yinchuan 8 5 3 2329 51 30 2 13 1

Wuzhong 20 11 9 3722 48 76 10 1 0

Nongken 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 28 16 12 6051 99 106 12 14 1

Note: Farms in Nongken are state-owned, so there is no self-help organization.

There are totally109 project villages and 498 sub-villages in the project townships with EMG. Among them, 52 project villages have no primary schools, 42 no clinic and 10 no access to road. 10 project sub-villages have no feeder road. 20 project villages and 86 sub-villages have no safe water for drink. Because these villages have no tap water, they have to fetch water from wells. And the water from wells is not safe.

4 Table 1.7 The public infrastructures in the project townships with EMG

Prefectur Project Project PV w/t PV w/t PV w/t PSV w/t PV w/t PSV w/t e villages sub- primary clinic road feeder safe safe villages school access road water water

Yinchuan 38 311 1 5 0 0 10 76

Wuzhong 27 143 11 2 0 0 0 0

Nongken 44 44 40 35 10 10 10 10

Total 109 498 52 42 10 10 20 86

The GEF project sits in Xiamaguan township, Tongxin county of Wuzhong city. It covers 10 natural villages with a total population of 19,042 wherein ethnic minority accounts for 47%, or 9035 people.

Table 1.8 Basic outline of GEF project area in Tongxin county

Basic outline of GEF project area in Xiamaguan township, Tongxin county

population person Net income Net income Village Area No. of 2 % of per capita in per capita in name km household Wherein Subtotal total 2004 Yuan 2005 Yuan minority population

Nanguan 61 780 3393 3393 100% 1700 1800

Beiguan 21 230 1358 1222 90% 1700 1800

Xigou 55 536 2790 2623 94% 1700 1600

Wulidun 35 305 1567 235 15% 1500 1600

Wangguyao 36 304 1547 1470 95% 1500 1600

Shenjiatan 40 296 1425 0 0% 1500 1600

Chenerzhuang 46 342 1688 0 0% 1300 1400

Zhaojiamiao 19 176 838 92 11% 1300 1400

Shangheng 53 460 2497 0 0% 2100 2200

Xiaheng 39 350 1939 0 0% 2100 2400

Total 405 3779 19042 9035 47%

GEF project activities

5 The following measures are taken to deal with climate change and its negative impacts on agriculture all in light of the current circumstances in agriculture activities in Tongxin county. (1) Adjustment on grain industrial structure and layout Adjustment on agricultural structure and growing pattern will be promoted. The layout of agriculture zones will be optimized with dominant agricultural products to be produced in concentrated zones to form its industrial zone to enhance productivity in agriculture. The planting area for cash crop and forage will be enlarged to promote the conversion to the ternary structure: grain crop, forage and cash crop. Adjustment on cropping pattern, development of multiple harvests, enhancement of intensity index consist the main measures taken to deal with global warming. The specific measures to take place in Tongxin county, Ningxia region are to reduce plantation of wheat, increase that of corn so as to cut costs and enhance production with water saving irrigation. Agriculture protection measures will be applied to continuously enhance comprehensive productivity in agriculture. (2) To improve crop variety by cultivating and selecting new anti type varieties The specific measures include: cultivating new varieties with high productivity of anti-pest and photosynthesis, improving the layout of crop patterns, cultivating and selecting varieties resisting to drought, flood, high temperature and low temperature by plan, such as: genetic improvement by molecular biological methods and mastering the mechanism of biological nitrogen fixation and hormone adjustment. (3)The management and coordination of water resources will be strengthened. Small scale water storage projects will be built up for water control and rational development and utilization of space water. Standardized construction pilot will be set up in Maguan demonstration area in Tongxin county for active development of water saving dry agriculture. Efforts will be put into small scale on-farm water works, field irrigation/drainage works, small scale irrigation districts, anti-drought water resource project in non-irrigation districts will be at the core of the efforts. Rain water collection projects in hilly areas and other water shortage areas will be accelerated. (4) Improve farming modes by extension of free-silage and rural Biogas technology Less plough is encouraged to protection soil texture. Rich roots plants such as bean type forage will be planted to reduce plough and increase organic content in soil. Bio-energy utilization will be enhanced such as power generation with biogas produced from livestock manure, the biogas slurry can be used as forage or fertilizer so as to enhance the utilization of material and energy. Free

6 silage is also named protective silage, different to traditional ways of overall plough, the free silage covers soil surface with huge amount of straw stubble as long as it ensures the germination of seeds. Pesticide is used to control weeds and plant disease for water and soil reservation.

II Results and findings

The summary of the SA work

Based on the results of zoning exercises made at the county level, totally 9project villages - one from each project township with EMG were selected as the representatives for the SA fieldwork. The different activities made for SA and successive community consultations were summarized as the following table.

Table 2.1 The scope of SA and community consultation in the project townships with EMG

Prefectur Survey Key Resource/ Wealth Stakehold Problem & Consultati e villages informant communit ranking er analysis counterme on on interview y mapping asure inclusive analyses framework

Yinchuan 3 4 3 3 3 6 3

Wuzhong 3 3 3 3 3 6 3

Nongken 3 3 3 3 3 6 3

Total 9 10 9 9 9 18 9

2.1 Residence of EMG within the project villages

With resource/community mapping made in the survey villages, a pattern of EMG residence could be found. In Ningxia, most of the EMG are Hui nationality, and some of them relatively lived together in several sub-villages within an administrative village, others mixed with Han. In the congregated village, population of Hui nationality takes up more than 70%.

Some of the sub-villages have poorer irrigation condition due to some locational reasons. For example, In Jingjiqiao village in Yinchuan , three sub-villages, that are the first, the seventh and the tenth sub-village have difficulty on irrigation because 50% of their arable land are on the highland, the water have to be pumped up. Wuzhong also has the same cases, such as the fourth sub-village of Tanqiao village. For another example, like the fifth sub-village of Youhao village, it locates along the end of sub-canal of Han canal, so as to have less water to irrigate. Such a pattern was also found in the other project counties.

7 Figure 2.1 the result of resource/community mapping in Tongbei Village, Yinchuan County

By such exercises of resource/community mapping, the sub-villages with EMG residence and/or poorer irrigation conditions were identified. Then their representatives were included in the SA and community consultation, and even, very often, to conduct SA and community consultation in such communities.

2.2 Identification of the key stakeholder

Through wealth ranking and stakeholder analysis, various types of households and stakeholders within the community were identified to ensure their representatives, esp. the poor and EMG, to be included in SA and community consultation, and the stakeholders’ interests in, and potential functions to, the project were analyzed. Those stakeholders include the communities with different irrigation conditions, esp. the sub-villages with more EMG residents and poorer conditions, various types of households and social groups, esp. the poor ones, women and youth. The results gained in different project villages in Ningxia could be summarized into the following table.

8 Figure 2.2 the result of stakeholder analysis made in Tanqiao Village, Qing Tongxia County

Table 2.2 The stakeholders at the community level, their interests in, and functions to project

Stakeholders Interests in project Potential functions to project Party branch/ Reduce their burden on Supervise WUA Village committee irrigation management and have more time to solve other Help WUA to resolve some problems in the village.(+) management problem Women federation Help women to express their needs for water use Poor households It might be help poor farmers Actively participate in the to use water with low price. consultation on E&D of WUA. Have enough water to Can give some suggestions. irrigate, and the yield of rice is improved and get more income Women Do not have to irrigate in the Actively participate in the night. Save labour and time consultation on E&D of WUA Youth and Middle- Young people might do not Middle-aged people will be aged care about this thing, the main members of WUA, because most of them are they can take more long-time migration. responsibilities. Some of young people who do not WUA can save labour and migrate out can participate in time and make people have the WUA, more time to do their own 9 more time to do their own business Mosque Help WUA to resolve water management use conflict between farmers committee Old Rich experience; Give suggestions EMG There are no difference with Can have same benefits with Han for irrigation water use Han

From the results of Stakeholder Analysis, it could be found that:

- For Party branch and Village committee, the foundation of WUA can reduce their burden. In Ningxia, most of the irrigation water is in charge of the members of Party branch or Village committee and water management has taken up them so much time. If WUA take the charge of the work, Party branch and Village committee can save time to do other things. However, they can be supervisor, and if there are some troubles which can not be settled only by WUA, they can help.

- Women federation can help women to reflect women’s demands on irrigation water use.

- For poor households, they think WUA can help them manage water, and make them have enough irrigation water which will improve the yield of rice. If they have good harvest, they will have enough money to pay the water fee. Some of the poor people are handicapped; they hope WUA can reduce some water fee for them. After the WUA established, some of poor people can be member of the organization, and other ones also can provide some suggestions.

- For women, they need not to irrigate water during night. Since most of the male labors have been long-time wage migration, women have to take on most of the farm work, including irrigating water. Sometimes, water came in night, women had to irrigate during night. But working in night is dangerous for them. If the WUA established, they will not irrigate the water in nights, and they would be very happy. Most of the women said they would to participate in the consultation on E&D of WUA, they said woman were more equitable than man, they could be good supervisors.

- In Ningxia project villages with EMG, mosque management committees always play an important part on resolve conflicts, and they can help WUA resolve some problems.

- The youth and middle-aged people are the main management members of WUA, they can take more responsibilities, except who went for long-time migration.

- For the old, they do not work on farming, but they also can give some useful suggestions due to their rich experience.

10 2.3 Assessment of the project effects on EMG in project areas

With the causal diagramming and focused group discussion in the survey villages of the project counties, the situation and problems of the project villages, esp. the EMG communities and households, women and youth in irrigation water uses were analyses, the potential adverse and positive effects of WUAs’ E&D on their participation and getting benefit were assessed, and the countermeasures to eliminate or mitigate the adverse ones were identified. The following diagram shows one of the results, made in the sixth group village in Tongbei village in Yinchuan.

The core problems of the marginalized EMG communities in irrigation water use are hard to irrigate and hard to charge. The causes could attribute to the following:

- Hard to irrigate. For woman group, they thought irrigation foundation was destroyed badly. Because the trench gates are made of iron, most of them were stolen, and the thieves still at large. Another reason is the trenches are too old, and are blocked seriously. They also mentioned that they located on the end of sub canal and have less water. For man group, they mentioned that trenches were too narrow, and the mouths of them were small. They also said pump could not lift water to high land.

- Both man group and woman group mentioned that it was hard to charge the water fee. One reason is the low transparence on the water charge. They paid same money for water with different quality. And they have to pay 80% water fee in advance which is too much for farmers. Figure2.1 Irrigation problem analysis of the sixth sub-village in Tongbei village (man group)

The quality of lift water is bad. No water for irrigation, low 11 yield

Difficult to use irrigate water The mouth of trench Note: Arrow means causal relation, beeline means correlation.

12 Figure2.2 Irrigation problem analysis of the sixth sub-village in Tongbei village (woman group)

Rice can not grow; more fertilizer and pesticide; low yield, and less income Difficult to charge watering fee

Difficult to use irrigation water

Low transparence Pay same money on the water charge for water with Sub-canal is Located on the end of Irrigation foundation different quality. too long sub-canal and can’t get were destroyed badly enough water

Prepay 80% Pay same money for water fee. watering highland and lowland

Sub-canal gates Sub-canals are Sub-canal is were stolen. too old to use blocked.

Electronic Some sub-canal are built by Sub-canal gates are equipments are mud made of iron. too old to use

13 2.4 Consultation with local EMG on their participation in and benefit from the project

After the situation and problem analyses on irrigation water use, the different focused group discussions were made in survey villages, esp. with the EMG and women respectively, on their participation in, and benefit from, the project, to see if there is any adverse possibility and how to eliminate or mitigate it. The following table is the summary of the discussions’ results in the sixth sub-village in Tongbei village in Yinchuan.

Table 2.3 the analyses on the stakeholders’ participation in, and benefits from, the project (man group)

Stakehol Participation ders Election + being elected in Problem discussion + decision Training WUA making Old They can not be elected to be Old people would like to pay they would not participate people the head of WUA because attention to this matter; and in it, but can give some they are old and less energy; they have rich experience , suggestions but they can be elected to be they can be monitors and give the representative, they can suggestions provide good advice instead of manual work.

Young Young men who do not go out Young men have more They would like to attend people for work, would like to opportunity to express their trainings which they think participate, and have the ideas, and they always join the can improve their capacity to do it. discussion actively knowledge and capacity

Middleag They are afraid of wasting They are better than young Some are the main ed working time. men due to their capacity and labours, and they worried experience; and they like to about wasting time people participate the discussion

women For women, they are The WUA constitution must impossible to be elected, prescribe that women should because they are always be be involved in the executive busy with house work.. Only a council few capable women can be elected, but most can not be elected.

14 Poor It is difficult for poor people to They have little opportunity to They would like to attend people pay for the water fee, so they express their ideas. training. can not be elected.

Table 2.4 the analyses on the stakeholders’ participation in, and benefits from, the project (woman group)

Stakeholders Participation Benefits Election + being Problem Training elected in WUA discussion + Irrigation water use/water decision making fee woman They would like to Women did not They would Water fee became more attend the election, but attend the like to stable. they cannot be head of election of the participate, the WUA, because representative of but there is If WUA can do better job sometimes they need WUA and all of no training for the water to get a short-term the management, women loan, but it is difficult representatives could get around do some for women to get the are male. So The housework, and men loan from bank. WUA constitution could go out for migrate must stipulate job Hui women do not like that women show their face in should be public. elected as representatives The WUA constitution must stipulate that women should be involved in the executive council

Old people They have no time and They would like People who Irrigation water price will energy to manage to participate. are be lower and can save because of the five interested in money. pilgrimages each day. the training would like to attend.

Some do not like to attend due to their different ideas with young man.

Young and If they are not long- They would like There is no Save labours are and middle-aged time migration, they to participate, place more people can go out people would like to because it for migrate job participate, and they relates to will be responsible. everybody’ benefit

15 Poor people No money, no They have no Most of them It is difficult for poor prestige. power to make are people to pay for water decision. handicapped fee. Poor people can not ; they are be selected. not convenient to attend.

Through the fieldwork of SA and Community Consultation, the local leaders of the survey villages and the representatives of various ethnic groups, farm household types and gender have gained the awareness on the necessity of WUA’s E&D and the equity among the social groups including the poor, women, old and youth. Because in Tongbei village, 98% of the population is Hui nationality, we did not discuss for the EMG. The followings are the consensuses agreed upon during the process in the survey villages of the project counties:

- The establishment of WUA will be helpful to liberate more labors, especially for women and old men.

- The constitution of WUA should stipulate that EMG and women should occupy a certain proportion of the leaders, and one quota of people for each sub-village, to ensure the countermeasures formulated could reflect the opinions of EMG, women and communities.

- WUA should have the place to conduct its activities such as training, meetings and discussions and the daily operation.

- The training should ensure every household has opportunities to attend, especially for women; and the consultation on the countermeasures and activities should include and involve the representatives of various EMG water users.

- The necessary devices to measure water flow should be added for the villages/sub-villages and water user households to check and ratify the volume of water use.

3 The framework for ensuring extensive consultation and informed participation of local EMG during project implementation

3.1 Some social and cultural differences of EMG needing being considered for the community consultation framework

Through the key informant interviews, some social and cultural differences of EMG were found, which need to be considered for the community consultation framework:

- Compared with Han nationality, Hui nationality has a better business sense. For example, in Xinlin village of , most of raised cattle and sheep, which made them to earn more money.

- Hui nationality has its own religion, and the religious organization played an important role in the community affairs. For example, the mosque management

16 committee of Shi Lipu village in Yinchuan, which has 8 members, always coordinated or resolved some conflicts between the ethnic groups. It also can give some help on water management.

- There is no obvious difference between Hui and Han in division of labor. Men are always charge of hard physical labor, and women take on most of the housework. Nowadays, more and more young and middle-aged men go out for work, women have to take on most of the farm work, such as cultivation and breed. And for the same reason, women have more chance to attend public activities, such as training, meeting, and etc. Relatively, women of Hui would not like to show their face in public. They do not like to attend public affairs, especially to be leaders, except several women with relatively high education.

- Although there are social and cultural difference between Hui and Han, the relationships between them are quite good in the survey villages. There were no significant conflict or dispute happened in water use and the other affairs.

3.2 The framework for ensuring the consultation and participation of local EMG during project implementation

Based on the results of the community consultations above-presented, the framework should consist of the organization structure, regulations and norms, actual operation and supervision or M&E.

- Organizational structures:

„ WUA should be organized with the hydrological boundaries and, at the same time taking the administrative boundaries into account. The irrigation acreage and household number could accord with the requirement of SOCAD’s feasibility study.

„ WUA needs to be organized into three layers – water users’ group, water users’ representative congress and WUA. The Group could take the sub- village as the unit. The Congress is the top power or decision making institute of WUA.

„ The water users’ representatives could be elected with the ratio of one quota of people every 5 households. Among them, EMG representatives must be at least in the proportion to their population, and women should occupy 1/4 – 1/3. Women representative should take more proportion in the place where there are more men go outside for migration

„ The number of WUA’s leaders should not exceed 3 – 5 people to reduce the operation costs, among whom EMG member must be included, and try the best to have woman member too. Ensure the operational costs be spent on the people who genuinely make the irrigation management.

- Regulations and norms:

17 „ The constitutions of WUA and Federation should stipulate the articles to ensure the above mentioned concerns with the inclusion and proportion of EMG and women in the water users’ representatives and WUA/Federation’s leaders, be implemented.

„ The regulations should stipulate concretely to ensure the rights of EMG, women and youth to participate, be informed and benefited, for them to participate in the whole process of WUA mobilization, establishment, management and operation, supervision and M&E, and equally gain the benefit from WUA’s E&D.

- Actual operation: PMO staff should apply the Participatory methods and tools to:

„ Help the village/sub-village leaders to identify the stakeholders of the project, esp. including the EMG and communities/households with poor irrigation condition, the poor, women and youth, the leaders of EMG religions or organizations, e.g. the management committee of mosque, the elderly with high reputation, etc and to facilitate the EMG and women representatives to analyze the problems in irrigation water use and the countermeasures so as to understand the necessity of WUA E&D, to assess the positive and potential adverse impacts of the project, and their positive and possible negative roles/functions to the project, and analyze the countermeasures for playing the positive ones and eliminating or mitigating the negative ones.

„ To make the baseline survey and set up the database, combined with the maps, figures and tables produced with PRA, for the project, and identify the qualitative and quantitative indicators for M&E.

„ To facilitate the establishment and election process of the water users’ groups, water users’ representatives and WUAs, to ensure the constitution’s articles about the representation of EMG and women to the realized.

„ Together with water conservancy agencies, to help WUAs and federations to formulate the regulations of irrigation management, engineering management, financial management, etc., make planning of water demand and supply and engineering maintenance and improvement, esp. to ensure the rights of EMG communities and households to equally benefit from irrigation water use, and to express their problems, difficulties and rational requirement in/of the water use, sub-canal improvement and sharing of water fees, etc., to make the concrete reactions and establish the corresponding communication and respondence mechanisms, and to resolve the possible conflicts among WUAs or water users’ groups.

„ To help WUAs or federations and water supply institutes to set up the equal partnership, and the fair, open and transparent mechanisms for water fee pricing and sharing.

18 „ To make training and capacity building for the male and female water users, their representatives and WUA leaders, esp. to strengthen the WUA leaders and relevant persons’ abilities of team work and communication, and awareness on EMG equity and pro-poor, etc.

- 4. Supervision and M&E:

„ Elect the supervision director board at the same time as the election of WUA leaders. If there is the supervision institute such as the democratic financial management team in the village, the team members should be included into the board, and the supervision regulations should be formulated accordingly.

„ At the end of each year or combined with the project implementation cycle, periodically conduct the Participatory M&E to the project, having the beneficiaries, esp. the EMG communities/households and women representatives to be involved and compare the M&E indicators with baseline data and information.

5. The action plan of measures to ensure that local EMG receive social and economic benefits in WUA E&D.

- Conduct the training to the counterpart staff of PMO and relevant line agencies on the Participatory approach and methodologies and the awareness on EMG and gender.

- Carry out the fieldwork in the project townships and villages with PRA methods, to identify the residence or location of EMG communities and households as well as their representatives to participate in the situation and problem analyses for the irrigation water use in the villages/sub-villages, and express their difficulties, requirements and the appropriate solutions they considered, to have them and the other water users aware on the necessities of WUA’s E&D.

- According to the hydrological boundaries and the ones of village/sub-villages, organize water users’ groups, elect the heads of the groups and users’ representatives; through community consultation, draft the constitution and regulations, convene the representative congress, elect WUA leaders, and approve the constitution and regulations. All the relevant countermeasures should be identified as culturally appropriate and taken during the whole process to ensure the EMG communities/households’ participation in, and benefit from, the E&D of WUA.

- Make planning and implementation of the irrigation sub-canal and device improvement.

- Hold the consultation and negotiation with water supply institutes and poverty alleviation agency help resolve water fee problem of the poor households

- Hold the consultation and negotiation with water supply institutes on water fee pricing and supply services.

19 6. Action plan to avoid or alleviate the negative impacts of project activities.

- Constitution and institution of WUA

- Set up the institution of appeal and response, that is to help WUA reflect problems to related sectors (problem of water fee reflect to water supply sector, problem of irrigation sub-canal improvement to irrigation sector and problem of water fee delay from poor households to poverty alleviation). And the constitution should stipulate WUA has the responsibility to reflect water problem to superior sectors.

7. The costs estimated for the measures and actions designed in the EMDP, in consideration of combination with the project activities

The costs include the following areas and need SOCAD and POCAD to allocate the funds according to the budget of the project:

- Training of the counterpart staff of PMO and relevant line agencies, project townships and villages/WUAs and water users.

- The costs of the fieldwork by the counterpart staff of PMO and relevant line agencies, project township governments.

8 Feed back and complaint mechanism of local minority ethnic groups and the M&E mechanism (mentioned in previous chapters) of implementation of ethnic groups development plan 9 Selection of project target groups - Project coordination meeting will be held through farmers association, village group and ethnic temple management association where willingness tables will be issued before project activities are defined based on farmers’ will. - Project areas and conditions for implementation will be finalized based on farmers will and impacts of climate change. - Project target groups will be defined based on farmers’ willingness in line with requirements for project implementation. - Micro-adjustment will be conducted over the defined target groups published during village assembly based on rational comments input by villagers.

20 21