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Voluntary Resettlement in China Policy and Outcomes of Government-Organised Poverty Reduction Projects

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Voluntary Resettlement in China Policy and Outcomes of Government-Organised Poverty Reduction Projects Voluntary Resettlement in China Policy and Outcomes of Government-organised Poverty Reduction Projects Lin Zhibin Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit prof.dr.ir. L. Speelman in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 24 September 2003 des namiddags te een uur dertig in de Aula \~> Lin Zhibin VOLUNTARYRESETTLEMEN TI NCHINA : Policyan d Outcomeso fGovernment-organise d Poverty Reduction Projects ISBN:90-5808-765- 4 Copyright ©2003b y LinZhibi n In memory ofmy mother, LUJinhua Table of Content Acknowledgements xi Chapter1 .Introducin g the Issues of Resettlement 1 1.1 Research Purposes 1 1.2 The state of the art 2 Resettlement Categorization 2 Voluntary Resettlement 5 Involuntary Resettlement 14 Breaking the Boundaries 16 1.3 ABrie f Review of China's Historical Population Movement 19 Review of China's Resettlement (21stcentur y B.C to 1840) 20 Resettlement in More Recent Times (from 1840t o 1949) 21 Review of China's Contemporary Resettlement Experience (1949u p to now) 24 Concluding Comments 28 Organization of theThesi s 29 Chapter2 .Developin g anAnalytica l Perspective on Planned Intervention 31 2.1 Research Argument and Research Questions 31 2.2 Development of Theoretical Debate 32 Tradition of Planned Intervention 32 New Approaches to the Study of Statean d Society 42 The Analytical Framing of the Thesis 53 2.3 Identification of Research Sites 54 2.4 Research Design and Research Methods 57 Semi-structured interviewing (SSI) 61 Seasonal Calendar 63 Time Trends 64 Household Sorting 64 Story Telling 65 Ranking 65 Strength-Weakness-Opportunity-Threat (SWOT)Analysi s 66 Chapter 3. Entering into the Research Areas 67 3.1 Introduction to the Research Areas in Ningxia 69 Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 69 The Placeo f Origin in Ningxia 70 TheResettlemen t Area 78 viii Voluntary Resettlement in China 3.2 Introduction to the Research Areas in Yunnan 83 Yunnan Province 83 Cangyuan County 83 Nanla Township 84 Manggang Village 84 Chapter4 .Outcome s of Resettlement -Th e Better-off Moved toBecom e Yet Better-off 89 Introduction 89 4.1 Who Were Resettled? 91 Who were resettled from given local communities? 91 Those who moved haave abette r life - Farmer's views on resettlement 97 4.2 Demographic Features 99 Family size 99 Age Structure 100 Labor Force 102 Educational Level 103 4.3 Economic Features 105 Cash income and expenditure 105 Household Assets 107 Income structure 108 Expenditure Structure 113 Crop Profitability 114 4.4 Accessibility 115 Access to land and food security 115 Access to drinking water 117 Access to markets and labor input in market activity 118 TheChang e of different gender's involvement in market activity in Yunnan 119 Access to loans 119 Access to communication 121 Access to education 122 4.5 Changes in the Gender Division of Labor 122 4.6 Socio-economic Vulnerability in the Resettlement Area 126 4.7 Summary 128 Who have resettled? 129 How have resettlers benefited? 130 Table ofContent ix Changes in Women's and Men's Lives after Resettlement 132 Chapter 5.Th e Policy Dimension of Resettlement Projects -Dichotom y of declared aims and objectives pursued 135 Introduction 135 Part I: Official Version of Policy and Its Implementation 136 5.1 Origin of government-organized voluntary resettlement projects in China 136 The water pumping program of Tongxin County of Ningxia 136 The "Three Xi"Fun d for Poverty Alleviation 137 5.2 Resettlement Policy and ItsImplementatio n at National Level 137 Recognition of Resettlement for Poverty Reduction at National Level in the 1990s 137 Resettlement Project Implementation across China 138 5.3 Resettlement Policy and its Implementation in Ningxia 140 Policy and its implementation at regional level 140 Policy and Its Implementation in Minning Resettlement Area and in the Research Site 143 5.4 Resettlement Policy and ItsImplementatio n in Yunnan 148 Policy and its Implementation at Provincial Level 148 Description of Policy and Its Implementation at County Level and in the Research Site 150 Part II Discussion 155 Concerns Arise in Government Policy and ItsImplementatio n 155 How appropriate is resettlement for poverty reduction 160 Poverty reduction versus economic growth 161 Chapter 6. Social Dynamics of the Resettlement Process -Th e same land means different things to different people 167 Introduction 167 Part I:Sociologica l explanations as to why thebette r off moved 169 6.1 Farmers' Agency -A forc e to encounter 169 The Story of Ma Zhengxuan,a Village Party Secretary 170 Discussion 173 6.2 The function of kinship -Share d risk gives a safer feeling 179 The Story of Ma Shaolin 179 The Story of XiQ i 181 Discussion 182 x Voluntary Resettlement in China 6.3 Social networks -work differently for different people 184 The Story of Peng Zhongmin 185 The Story of BaiLaod a 188 Discussion 188 6.4 Knowledge -Arisin g from 'an encounter of horizons' 192 TheStor y of Ma Jiye 193 TheStoryofMaWenli 194 Discussion 194 6.5 Power configurations 198 The Story of Ma Yongzheng 198 The Village Head and the VillagePart y Secretary 201 Discussion 202 Part II:Wome n in Resettlement 206 6.6 Why women are a silent group in resettlement -Capabilit y or right? 207 The Story of LiJianhua , Areturne e 207 The Story of Ma Chunhua and her family 208 Why husbands make the decisions 209 Discussion 211 Chapter 7.Conclusio n 217 Ambivalence of Policy Processes 218 Discontinuity between centrally and locally driven policies 218 Misleading Development Belief Systems 220 The Dichotomy of Policy Statement and Policy Implementation 223 Ignorance of Community Social Dynamics in the Resettlement Processes 223 Heterogeneity and Social Dynamics 224 TimeSpa n 226 Rising Power of Society inNegotiatin g Government Policy 227 Implications for policy practice 229 Bibliography 233 Summary in English 243 Summary in Dutch 249 Curriculum Vitae 255 Acknowledgements It has been a long journey since the start of my PhD work in 1997 to the defending this thesis in September 2003. During the six intervening years important changes have occurred in my life. I became the mother of two daughters. It has made my life more meaningful as it gave me the energy to work hard and face the future with optimism. I have made frequent trips to China's rural areas and spent there many days. Although not all was linked to the research for this thesis, the experience did provide me with many unexpected insights and much food for thought. The ideas, arguments and conclusions in my thesis are therefore not just a product of my PhD specific research. They reflect my larger academic background and professional work to date in rural development. I thank the Ford Foundation for providing the funds that have enabled me to carry out the field research so essential to this thesis. Throughout this whole period, my supervisor, Norman Long, has played an important role in orientating my thinking. He has helped me to build the confidence to believe in my project. If I now recall the major arguments and conclusions of the thesis, it is clear how much I have learned from the knowledge pool that my supervisor generated around him. I thank him sincerely for all his effort. I smile a little when I recall his remark in the final stage of its production: "You will be fine, Iworke d on your thesis when Iwa s in bed last night". When I called at Norman's home, I always had warm personal exchanges with his wife, Ann. She has given me much professional advice, helped improve my English and edited the final version. Despite having a bad back, she continued to work and made sure we met the deadlines. I thank her for everything. I must also like to express my sincere appreciation to Jos Michel for all her practical assistance, guidance and very kind support that she extended to me throughout my studies in the Netherlands. I respect her commitment to her work, which makes the extra effort involved a pleasant experience. My very special thanks go to David Burthcer and Marie-Louise Beerling for the valuable comments for the improvement of my thesis, despite their own tight working schedule. It is to Li Xiaoyun that I owe the opportunity to undertake PhD training and research. He has greatly supported at every step of my professional development and career. It was with his encouragement that I set out to build a gender perspective into development research and practice in China. I am honoured to have been a staff member of the College of Rural Development (CORD), China Agricultural University, under his leadership. The more than ten years of working experience in CORD remain an invaluable gem in my life. It has provided me with the knowledge and experience on which to develop my thesis. xii VonluntaryResettlement in China My thanks go to all my colleagues in CORD for sharing their knowledge, many joys and also hard times during so many field missions. I guard these as my fondest memories. Without the help of Tang Lixia, Lu Jixia and An Dingming, I could not have collected the field data. I wish to thank especially Tang Lixia for her commitment to the research, and express my appreciation of her talent in summarising and analysing the research results. My heartfelt thanks go to the local officials and farmers who selfless gave many hours of their precious time providing information that forms the very foundation of this thesis. I would also like to thank Lu Xiuyu, Liu Shuxian and Lin Lili who came from China to Europe and later to Indonesia to help me look after Sisi and Mona and with the chores so that I could find the time to finish this work.
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