E2566 V2 rev

Public Disclosure Authorized Ningxia Water Conservation Project II Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,

Chinese Academy of Sciences

September 30th, 2010

Public Disclosure Authorized

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 GENERALS ...... 1

1.1 BACKGROUND ...... 1 1.1.1 Project background...... 1 1.1.2 Compliance with Relevant Master Plans...... 2 1.2 APPLICABLE EA REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS...... 2 1.2.1 Compilation accordance...... 2 1.2.2 Assessment standard...... 3 1.2.3 The World Bank Safeguard Policies ...... 3 1.3 ASSESSMENT COMPONENT, ASSESSMENT FOCAL POINT AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION GOAL ..3 1.3.1 Assessment component...... 3 1.3.2 Assessment scope and period...... 3 1.3.3 Assessment focal point...... 3 1.3.4 Objectives of environmental protection ...... 4 1.4 ASSESSMENT LEVEL...... 4 1.5 ASSESSMENT PRINCIPLES...... 4 1.6 ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES AND PLANING...... 4

2 PROJECT SITUATIONS AND PROJECT ANALYSIS ...... 6

2.1 PROJECT SITUATIONS ...... 6 2.1.1 Project name, character and components ...... 6 2.1.2 Project scale and investment ...... 6 2.1.4 Project area distribution...... 8 2.2 PROJECT COMPONENTS ...... 9 2.2.1 Irrigation component...... 9 2.2.2 Agriculture Intensification & Support ...... 10 2.2.3 Wind Barriers ...... 13 2.2.4 Management water saving measures...... 13 2.3 PROJECT ANALYSIS ...... 14 2.3.1 Analysis on the impact of irrigation component on environment ...... 14 2.3.2 Analysis on the impact of agricultural component on environment...... 15 2.3.3 Environmental impact of construction process...... 16 2.3.4 Project impacts on water resources utilization, social and economic development ...... 16 2.4 IDENTIFICATION AND PREPARATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT FACTORS ...... 16

3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF PROJECT AREA ...... 18

3.1 GEOGRAPHY...... 18 3.1.1 Topography...... 18 3.1.2 Climate ...... 18 3.1.3 Soil and plants ...... 18 3.1.4 River system...... 18 3.1.5 Hodrogeography...... 18

ii 3.2 SOCIO-ECONOMY...... 19 3.2.1 Populations...... 19 3.2.2 National economy...... 19 3.2.3 Agricultural production ...... 19 3.3 GENERALS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF WATER CONSERVANCY WORKS ...... 20 3.3.1 Generals of constructed water conservancy works ...... 20 3.3.2 Role of irrigation in agricultural production...... 20 3.3.2 Main existing problems during the construction of water conservancy works...... 20

4 PRESENT STATUS OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY...... 21

4.1 POLLUTION SOURCES...... 21 4.2 SOIL QUALITY...... 21 4.2.1 Soil fertility ...... 21 4.2.2 Soil heavy metal...... 22 4.2.3 Soil salinization ...... 22 4.3 PRESENT SITUATION OF SURFACE WATER ENVIRONMENT QUALITY...... 22 4.3.1 Water quality of irrigation water sources ...... 22 4.3.2 quality of return water of farmland irrigation...... 23 4.4 PRESENT SITUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY ...... 24 4.5 PRESENT SITUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY ...... 24 4.6 PRESENT SITUATION OF SOUND ENVIRONMENT QUALITY ...... 24

5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT...... 24

5.1 PROJECT POSITIVE IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT...... 24 5.2 IMPACT OF WATER SOURCES OF THE PROJECT ...... 25 5.3 IMPACT OF WATER SAVING IRRIGATION ON WATER UTILIZATION AND GROUNDWATER LEVEL ...... 26 5.3.1 impact of water saving irrigation on water resource utilization...... 26 5.3.2 Impact of water saving irrigation on groundwater level ...... 27 5.4 IMPACT OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON SOIL AND WATER ENVIRONMENT...... 28 5.4.1 Fertilizer application situations ...... 28 5.4.2 Impact of nitrogenous fertilizer on groundwater pollution under water saving irrigation....29 5.5 IMPACTS OF PESTICIDE ON SOIL AND GROUNDWATER ...... 34 5.5.1 Application of pesticides in project areas...... 34 5.5.2 Behavior of pesticide in soil and groundwater ...... 35 5.5.3 Impacts of pesticide on groundwater and its control after project ...... 36 5.6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DURING CONSTRUCTION...... 37 5.7 SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT...... 38 5.7.1 Alleviation of regional conflicts between water supply and demand...... 38 5.7.2 Impact on rural production pattern after project...... 38 5.7.3 Impact on agricultural economy...... 39 5.7.4 Women’s role in project...... 39

6 ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS...... 40

6.1 GENERAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH OR WITHOUT PROJECT...... 40 6.2 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PROJECT ROUTE AND IRRIGATION METHODS ...... 40

iii 7 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT ANALYSIS...... 40

7.1 PROJECT FINANCING ...... 40 7.2 ECONOMIC BENEFIT ANALYSIS...... 41 7.2.1 Adjusting planting structure ...... 41 7.2.2 Output of new-increased agriculture and Wind Barriers product ...... 42 7.3 SOCIAL BENEFIT ANALYSIS ...... 42 7.3.1 Disaster alleviation and prevention...... 42 7.3.2 Mitigation of water right conflicts...... 43 7.3.3 Accelerate regional economic development ...... 43 7.3.4 Promote social stability ...... 43 7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT ANALYSIS...... 43 7.4.1 Environmental benefit of Wind Barriers ...... 43 7.4.2 Environmental benefit of agriculture...... 43 7.4.3 Environmental benefit of water conservancy...... 44

8 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN...... 44

8.1 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES...... 44 8.1.1 Measures to alleviate impact during construction...... 46 8.1.2 Measures to alleviate impact during operation period...... 46 8.2 MONITORING PLAN...... 46 8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN...... 50 8.2.1 Institutional Establishment and Responsibilities...... 50 8.2.1 Environmental management during construction...... 51 8.2.2 Environmental management during operation ...... 52 8.2.3 Establishment of environmental monitoring and reporting system...... 52 8.2.4 Environmental Management Training and Consulting Services...... 53

9 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ...... 54

9.1 SURVEY OBJECTS AND METHOD ...... 54 9.2 SURVEY RESULTS ...... 54

10 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...... 57

10.1 CONCLUSIONS OF CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION ASSESSMENT ...... 57 10.2 MAIN IMPACTS AND COUNTERMEASURES ...... 58 10.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 59

ANNEX 1: GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT...... 60

ANNEX2 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 64

iv 1 Generals

1.1 Background

1.1.1 Project background

For past five decades, particularly the last twenty years, China has seen continued rapid economic growth and progress in poverty reduction. Irrigated agriculture as the most important sources of rural employment and livelihoods for over half of the entire population and of grain production in the country, has played an irreplaceable role in improving the wellbeing of the rural population and national food security. It produces 75% of the total agriculture outputs, and employs hundreds of millions of people in China. It is however also the largest water user sector withdrawing 68% of the country total water resources. As China spear ahead with its ambitious development goals, it is imperative to address the issues of low water productivity and farm income facing irrigated agriculture sector. China, with an annual per capita freshwater resource of about 2,160 m3, is a water- stressed country. The severity of the problem is further worsened by the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of the resources. Water availability in different parts of China varies greatly due to characteristics of its climate and topography. This spatial disparity does not match the distribution of China’s population, arable land, and productivity. Northern China region where the proposed project is located, is most water scarce and water scarcity is becoming a major constraint to its sustainable development. More specifically the project areas would be in arid and semi-arid regions, namely, in Hai and Huang (Yellow) River Basins covering three provinces: Ningxia Autonomous Region, Shanxi and Hebei provinces. The annual average precipitation in Shanxi and Hebei project areas is about 500-550 mm (semi-arid) and in Ningxia about 200 mm (arid). Surface and groundwater are used as complimentary sources of water supply in Shanxi and Hebei, while in Ningxia the major water source is surface water diverted from the Yellow River. Most of the project areas are facing the severe water shortage, use competition and degradation of ecosystems resulted from overuse/-exploitation of water resources. In many areas of the northern region, ever increasing demand for water for use in agriculture, industry and municipalities has led to over-exploitation of available water resources and subsequent eco-environmental degradation. Furthermore, climate change impact in recent years is aggravating water scarcity in China, particularly in Northern China. While the precipitation pattern is anticipated to be more uncertain, higher evaporation together with uneven spatial and temporal distribution of the precipitation will worsen the already serious water scarcity situation, especially in the 3-H basins (Huang/Yellow River, Hai and Huai Basins). The current water shortage of about 30–40 km3 per year is projected to rise to 56.5 km3 by 2050. Unless effective measures are taken to substantially save water and reduce demand nationwide,

1 particularly from irrigated agriculture, the water resources in the northern region are no longer sustainable. Developing water saving irrigation is an important way for increasing the utilization efficiency of irrigation water, the comprehensive agricultural productivity and farmer’s income and promoting the sustainable utilization of water resources and the sustainable development of agriculture, which is of great significance in water short districts. In order to raise enough funds, the state planed to borrow loan from the World Bank to develop water saving irrigation projects in Ningxia province, meanwhile, undertake the construction of agricultural modification and corollary projects.

1.1.2 Compliance with Relevant Master Plans

Ningxia Water Conservation Project II design follows an integrated approach to support sustainable agricultural water management and irrigated agriculture development. It will finance three broad categories of water saving interventions: engineering (or physical) measures, agronomic measures, and management measures needed to achieve the project development objectives. The project Components is in accordance with the requirement of “The national water-saving irrigation plan” and “The Ningxia water-saving society contruction plan Outline from year 2004 to 2020 ”.

1.2 Applicable EA Regulations and Standards

1.2.1 Compilation accordance

(1) Some relevant laws and regulations of environmental protection “Environmental Impact Assessment Laws of PRC” (9th Sep. 2003) “Water Laws of PRC” (5th Sep. 1987) “Water Pollution Control Laws of PRC” (1th June 2008) No. (98) 253 of the State Council “Environmental Protection Rules for Construction Project” “Notice for Strengthening the Management of Environmental Impact Assessment in International Financial Organization Loan Project” 1993 324 issued by the State’s Environmental Protection Bureau, the Planning Commission, the Financial Ministry and the People’s Bank of China “The World Bank Operational Manual — Operation policies” OP4.01 ” “Instructions for Environmental Impact Assessment” (HJ/T 2.2~2.3-93) (2) Some relevant documents and reports The entrustment book of environmental impact assessment for the WB Financed Water Conservancy Project The Project Implementation Plan of the WB Financed Water Conservation Project II No. (2010) 630 of the state development and reform Committee“Reply of the project proposal of Water Conservation Project II”

2 1.2.2 Assessment standard

“Standard for Field Irrigation Water Quality” GB5084-92 “Standard for Surface water quality”(GB3838-88) “Standard for Groundwater Quality” (GB/T14848-93) “Standard for Soil Environment” (GB15618-95) The above standards can be carried out according to the zonation of environment role in different project areas

1.2.3 The World Bank Safeguard Policies

1.3 Assessment component, assessment focal point and environmental protection goal

1.3.1 Assessment component

•Environmental Baseline •Impact of water resources utilization on water environment •Analysis on the impact of pesticide and fertilizer on soil and water environment •Impacts assessment during construction period •Impact of the project implementation on social economic development •Public Consultation •Mitigation measures •Investment for environmental protection and profit analysis •Program for environmental management and monitoring

1.3.2 Assessment scope and period

The construction scope of the project is the assessment scope, the assessment period is mainly the operation period of the project and brief assessment was made in the construction period.

1.3.3 Assessment focal point

The project will mainly involve water body environment. It won’t have atmosphere and solid waste impacts by and large except there are some on-site and periodic light machinery noises and dust. Therefore, the main impact the project involves is water environment. There are no sensitive environmental protection objectives in these project areas according to the regional environmental function division. These project areas are located in the water-lacking areas of North China where groundwater has shown a tendency of overdraft, the continuous descent of groundwater level and the continuous expansion of funnel area are the main regional environmental problems. If the implementation of the project will aggravate the shortage of water resources, especially in areas where groundwater is the main irrigation water sources, if the implementation of the project will lead to or aggravate the continuous descent of

3 groundwater level is the focal point of the assessment. In order to increase the yield of agricultural production, the applied amount of pesticide and fertilizer may increase due to the change of crop planting structures. Whether pesticide and fertilizer will pollute the soil and water environment is another assessment focal point. Because the project focuses on increasing the utilization factor of water resources, the implementation of the project will have positive impacts on the rational use of water resources and the socio-economic development in the beneficiary areas. We will focally analyze the positive impact of the implementation of the project on resources, environment, society and economy.

1.3.4 Objectives of environmental protection

There is no special object for environmental protection in the project area. The main object for environmental protection is the surfacewater and groundwater environment which can be detailed as follows: • The implementation of water saving irrigation should balance water resources supply and demand and should not result in the continuous rise of groundwater level and the continuous aggravating of secondary salinization. • Adopting effective measures to apply pesticide and fertilizer rationally and ensuring not to aggravate groundwater and other environmental pollution.

1.4 Assessment level

There is no special object for environmental protection in the project area. Under the water saving conditions, the main object for environmental protection is the sustainable water resource management and water environment..

1.5 Assessment principles

The environmental impact assessment of the project is in compliance with the EA laws, regulations and standards for environmental protection, and the World Bank Safeguard Policeis. It analyzes the project’s possible environment impact based on the feasibility study report for each project area, carrying out assessment through typical investigation, analogy, reasoning and conclusion etc. methods and demonstrating the feasibility of the project and the rationality of the mitigation. .

1.6 Assessment procedures and planing

The assessment planing and working procedures of the project is shown in chart 1.

4 Accept the entrustment for

Survey and collect Solicit opinions from Determine the data some relevant assessment standard

Compile EIA program

Review and revise EIA program

Project Investigate and Environmental The public analysis assess impact participatio P P I I I A A A A A n n n n n r r n n n v v v o e a a a a a l l p e e e j y y e l l l s s s s s a y y y c i i t t t r s s i i i s s s t a g g g o o i i i t g s s s n n a a a i e o t i t t t o o o h h i o i n n o o n n n e e n e n n i i o r t t t n n a h h h a f f f o a n l l l e e e u u n s n d e e s o d i i i n n i t n n n m a t c c h a u f f f e e s e l l l e s a s o o u u u s e t f f s k e e e e i s t i i o e n n n r r s a s r r n s y t c c c m i i g g u m s e e e a a s e t t e o o t i i n o o o o n f f n n t f t s p t o w w s h o o e n o o o e c n s r r i k k i t t l c a h t i s s h c o e l e t t o o i e n n e d s g g v s c s e t r r t i o a t o o r r a a u u t u n o u t n n n c o u n d d s d t m s w w m i o o f a a o i e f e t t n c e e f n r g r r t p s d t l q i r u e e r l o u v i o r a v u z e f l c l e i e n a t e l y r c d o s e t w s p o m w t a o w t a e e a t t n r h e t t e r e r

5 Countermeasures to the disadvantageous influence on

Compile EIA report Chart 1 assessment program

2 Project situations and project analysis

2.1 Project situations

2.1.1 Project name, character and components

Project name: Ningxia Water Conservation Project II Project character: agricultural infrastructure construction Project liable department: Ningxia Water Conservation Project II Office Project components: the water conservation project will include the following components in the light of the World Bank’s objectives and in association with the actual conditions of the project areas: · Irrigation: mainly include developing canal lining, low pressure pipe irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation four water saving irrigation works. · Agriculture: agricultural water saving measures, such as soil improvement, quality seed production, extension of agricultural technology and training, pest and disease control and agro-machinery and service station etc. will be adopted. · Wind Barriers and environmental protection: Wind Barriers and environmental protection works such as construction of tree shelter belt and monitoring of groundwater level, water quality and soil in order to improve the ecological environment are planed. · Institutional development and support: mainly include technical assistance, training, study tours, applied research, SIDD and MIS in order to coordinate with the water conservation and agricultural water saving measures, strengthen the water saving management measures in the project areas and improve the scientific irrigation management level.

2.1.2 Project scale and investment

The project covers a total 13 project areas in nine counties , lingwu city, pingluo county, helan county, huinong district , cultivating bureau , yongning county,qingtongxia city ,shapotou district,. The project is going to develop 22232 ha of water saving irrigation area in line with local conditions. Table 2-1 Planed Areas in the Project Areas No. project area Planed irrigation area (Ten thousand mu)

6 1 lingwu city 2313.3 2 pingluo county 2740 3 helan county 4000 4 huinong district 1188 5 cultivating bureau 2657 6 yongning county 2012 7 qingtongxia city 2866.7 8 shapotou district 1700 9 zhongning county 2820 total 22232

chart 2-1 The location map of project area

7 The total investment of the project is 410.868 million RMB yuan, of which, the World Bank loan is 30 million US dollars, and the counterpart funds from different levels of local government is 206.268million RMB yuan. Table 2-2 Project investment 41086.80 100.0 20460 49.80 20626.80 50.20 2.1.3 Project objectives The overall objectives of the project are to increase the utilization factor of irrigation water; to increase the capability of comprehensive production of agriculture and farmers’ income and to promote the sustainable use of water resources and the sustainable development of agriculture. According to “Technical Standard of Water Saving Irrigation”(SL207-98) and combining with the characteristics of the project and the specific technical requirements raised by the World Bank, the following main technical indicators for the water conservation project have been decided: · The utilization factor of irrigation water should be greater than 0.6, and the utilization factor of canal water should be greater than 0.65. The utilization factor of water for irrigated area of rice should be greater than 0.95, and the utilization factor of water for irrigated area of drought crop should be greater than 0.90. · The productivity of crop should be increased at least by 15% . The output raising of industrial crops reach 30% and the cereal productivity of water should be increased at least by 20% ,per unit ET cereal productivity should be higher than 1.2 kg/m3. · EIRR should be greater than 8%.

2.1.4 Project area distribution

The Ningxia project is going to develop 22,232 ha of water saving irrigation area, of which, 21,123.6 ha canal lining area, 44ha small pipeline irrigation area , 856.4 ha micro irrigation area for greenhouse. Table 2-3 Basic conditions of WB Water Conservation Project Project county Project area irrigation area 1cultivating Huangyangtan farmland,yuquanying bureau farmland 2657 2shapotou district Shapotou 1700 3zhongning county zhongning 2756 4lingwu city, zaogangzi,daquan ,wutongshu 2313.3 5qingtongxia city qingtongxia 2866.7 6yongning county yongning 2011 7helan county nanqu 4000 8pingluo county changbaoqu 2740 9huinong district miaotai,lihe 1188

8 total 22232

2.2 Project components

According to the objectives, planning principles and technical standards of the project, it’s decided as a project which will extend and apply advanced, high efficient and practical water saving technology, conduct further comprehensive agricultural development focusing on improving the medium-and-low-yield farmlands and establish a group of high standard water saving and yield increase demonstration areas combining with the agricultural strategy of high yield, high efficiency and best quality. Comprehensive improvement of water, soil, farmland, Wind Barriers and roads will be conducted in the project considering irrigation as the main part and integrating with agricultural and Wind Barriers measures. Meanwhile, institutional development and support, scientific and technical training should be advanced and farmer’s scientific farming and irrigation management level should be promoted.

2.2.1 Irrigation component

(1) water source The project won't include construction of water source works. The water sources of irrigation is from two existing reservoirs. A due diligence has been conducted for the upstream reseveroirs confirming that there is no legacy of environemtnal issues(Table. 2-4) Table2-4 water sources in Ningxia project area Any legacy of Water Water sources location Decription of the Water Sources Construction of project environmental Source issues(Y/N) Located at the daba town of Qingtongxia city l, Qingtongxia Reservoir is a regulating type Existing 80 km away from the yinchuan city. About reservoir on day. The main function of the Started building in Qingtongxia 2605 kilometers from the Yellow River source, reservoir is for flood control, aquaculture August, 1958, came no reservoir 2859 kilometers from river mouths. its irrigation ,civi-water supply, and electricity into operation in drainage areas are 275010 sq. km., accounts for generation. Reservoir storage volume is 606 1978. 36.5% of the whole drainage area. million m3 . located at the outlet of Heishan gorge ExistingStarted Yangpo Reservoir is mainly for aquiculture section of the Yellow River. 20 km away from building in Shapotou irrigation and electricity generation. Reservoir the Zhongwei city. it is the 15th step of December, 2000, no Reservoir storage capacity is 60 million m3. Its design planned 25 steps from longyang gorge to came into operation irrigated area is 58466.667 hectares . Qingtongxia dam of the Yellow River. in march,1960. (2)Water delivery works The focal point of the irrigation component is to conduct canal lining, pipe irrigation, sprinkling irrigation and drip irrigation etc. water saving irrigation patterns. It includes development, utilization and rational allocation of water resources and the implementation of water diversion works and on-farm water saving technology to form a complete hydro project system. · Canal lining Canal lining, integrating with technical rehabilitation is to be conducted in the project area to increase the water delivery efficiency of canal systems. · Pipe line delivery Low-pressure pipeline delivery is one of the main technical measure for extending and applying water saving irrigation in well-irrigated areas, which is also one of the main works to be constructed in the project. · Water measure facilities

9 Water measure facilities are not only the basic facilities for strengthening irrigation water management, but also the key technology for rationing water supply, water measure irrigation and charging based on metric volume. The water measure facilities used in canals are Parshall flumes and wide crest weirs and in fields are triangular weirs or small sized sluice gate systems. Table 2-5 Components and quantities of water delivery works in the project areas buildingsblock/hole canal estuary Controlling highway Production Culvert aqueduct measuring entrance total km of Gate bridge bridge weir gate channels qingtongxia city xitie 7.6 6 1 7 1 2 2 1 canal shapotou district meisan sub- 9.945 58 4 30 1 canal total 15.45 58 11 4 34 1 2 2 1 1

(3) Field irrigation works Advanced sprinkling irrigation, micro irrigation and improved surface irrigation are to be extended according to the irrigation requirements put forward by different farming patterns of crops in different regions.

2.2.2 Agriculture Intensification & Support

Relevant agricultural technologies are to be adopted according to natural features and crop types in different areas: · Moisture retaining technology Deep ploughing or non-tillage technology is planned to be adopted timely according to the characteristics of crops and soil. Non-tillage in dry season can reduce the evaporation of soil and infiltration loss of irrigation water. Deep ploughing in rainy season can increase the infiltration of precipitation and the capability of soil moisture retaining. The lands should be ploughed deeply once every 3~5 years and the ploughing depth should reach 25~30 cm. · Temperature increasing and moisture retaining technology such as wheat stalk shredding and plastic film covering The covering of stalk or plastic film can not only increase the ground temperature, but also greatly reduce the evaporation loss of soil and increase the utilization factor of water. Stalk covering can be completed together with field stalk shredding machine and harvester. · Comprehensive management technology of water and fertilizer According to water and fertilizer demand, the method of applying fertilizer appropriately through soil measuring are to be adopted. Deep applying and increasing the utilization ratio of fertilizer are recommended. · Rationally regulating the planting structures of crops

10 According to the requirements of industrialized agriculture and in order to meet social demands and achieve the optimum economic and ecological benefits, planting structures of crops should be regulated rationally to increase multiple crop index. In the areas where advanced irrigation technologies have been adopted and the assurance coefficient of irrigation is higher, the planting proportion of cash crops should be enlarged to increase economic benefits and farmer’s revenue. · Seed selection and cultivation technology of drought-resistance crops Seed base will be established to select and cultivate fine varieties of drought- resistance and high yield seeds and realize the ratio of fine varieties in the project areas reaching at least 95%. Advanced cultivation technology, in association with moisture retaining technology should be adopted to realize biological water saving.

11 Table 2-6 Components and quantities of canal lining in Field irrigation project areas item Branch canal Lateral canal field canal Buildingsblock/hole area Branch & Lateral Field canal Highway Water weRi etreat in Drop Field km line km line km line Check gat Field bridgeCulvert Aqueductend Water Light well total canal mouth mouth bridge of quantittyhe sluice mouth lingwu city, 29.83 21 27.87 54 153.08 579 43 613 125 301 8 16 9287 10393

pingluo 12.85 10 27.65 56 281.8 522 26 455 88 178 42 281 11 41100 42181 county helan 22.07 11 112.43 90 330.74 877 115 802 27 353 25 43179 44501 county huinong 13.44 10 10.9 31 81.48 278 33 76 7 286 29 11 226 11664 12332 district cultivating 5.35 1 30.8 28 308.87 822 20 481 153 779 264 6 22 11365 13090 bureau yongning 20.6 10 135.13 561 395 30 70 8 357 8 2000 12170 15038 county qingtongxia 9.1 1 39.7 24 293.2 475 48 475 69 9 88 12 20 24 1 2000 2746 city shapotou 33.9 41 90.73 577 406 179 93 2750 23866 27294 district zhongning 52.62 76 208.98 479 479 279 481 28 479 76 41400 43222 county

total 92.64 54 356.47 410 1884.01 5170 285 4182 957 9 2148 807 132 1117 130 227 6750 22 194031 210797

12 Table 2-7 Agricultural components in the project area Components Unit quantities 1.water-saving agriculture and soil improvement Land leveling hm2 9220.59 Wheat stalk shredding hm2 5321.40 Plastic film hm2 9095.61 Moisture retainer t 6621.47 Deep ploughing 2. Balancing Fertilization hm2 8288.33 3. pest and disease Management Integrated control of insect pests and hm2 534.70 environment-friendly production Construction of model field of integrated hm2 1966.10 control of insect pests 4.Development of seeds farms quality seed production t 591.41 quality seed extension Km2 9769.33 5. Facilities agriculture 0.00 Standard house block 1000.00 greenhouse block Cold house block 6.Field road Tractor-ploughing road construction km 358.40 Production road construction km 562.29 buildings block 415.00 7.other

2.2.3 Wind Barriers

In order to improve the ecological environment of farmlands, tree shelter belts are to be improved and completed in the project area and comprehensive management of water, soil, farmlands and tree will be conducted. The investment in Wind Barriers is mainly used for improving the existing 320 ha tree shelter belts.

2.2.4 Management water saving measures

The main management measures include establishment of SIDD and MIS and the design, extension and training of high-efficient water saving irrigation program. In order to change the management mode that the state construct water conservancy works and the masses can use water without payment under the planing economic

13 system, SIDDs mode, including WUAs and WSOs, which manage by itself and assume sole responsibilities for its loss and profit to maintain and manage the operation of the irrigation system, are planed to be established in the project area. Their aims are carrying out management system reform, improving management of water resources, increasing irrigation costs recovery, autonomous management capacities of irrigated areas and irrigation efficiency of the whole project. MIS, which will produce various diagram reports for analysis and decision making, is mainly used in computer system for design, construction, management, supervision and assessment of the project, The design of high-efficient water saving irrigation program should be carried out according to the actual conditions of project area and the design of irrigation and the analysis of water balance should be performed with the theory of “real” water savings. Meanwhile, engineering water-saving measures and agricultural water-saving measures will be adopted to work out high-efficient water-saving irrigation program. Technical training should be carried out in the farmers to enable them to grasp the scientific irrigation technology.

2.3 Project analysis

Water saving irrigation is the center of the project and agricultural, Wind Barriers and management measures are also given consideration in order to achieve the goal of saving water, promoting the agricultural development, the sustainable utilization of water resources and increase the farmers’ revenue. It had been demonstrated from theories and practices that advanced water saving irrigation technologies and their relevant agricultural measures will exert an important impact on agricultural production in economic, social and environmental benefits. As to the water saving project itself, it won’t produce any waste gas, wastewater and waste residue during construction and belongs to non-pollution project. However, water resources reallocation process does exist in water saving irrigation and may produce certain impacts on the environment. Moreover, the improvement of irrigation conditions, regulation of planting structures of crops, increase of multiple crop index and pesticide and fertilizer application and the construction process for yield increase will also produce certain impacts on the environment.

2.3.1 Analysis on the impact of irrigation component on environment

Irrigation components include water diversion and allocation works and field works etc. many parts, their main impacts on environment are as follows: (1) Impact of water resources utilization on environment The difference of irrigation water sources, irrigation patterns, irrigation volume, and local natural geography and water resources utilization will also produce different degrees of impacts on the environment. The project area of Ningxia is located in the

14 North China where water resources are short, with the development of social economy, water demand will increase year by year. The continuous water shortage has occurred in some areas, Whether the implementation of the project aggravate the tense situation of water resources utilization is the key point of the environmental impact assessment. The utilization factor of irrigation water will be increased from 0.4~0.65 to 0.7~0.85 under water saving irrigation conditions, the utilization factor of agricultural water resources will be increased remarkably and irrigation water demand will be reduced than the present. So it’s predicted that the contradictions between regional water resources demand and supply will be alleviated after the implementation of the project. (2). Impact of water saving irrigation on soil and groundwater quality According to the water environment zonation and the initial investigation on irrigation water quality, the irrigation water quality is up to the standard basically. And after the implementation of the project, the volume of water seepage will be reduced, so the anticipated impacts of irrigation water quality on soil environment and the quality of water body will be less.

2.3.2 Analysis on the impact of agricultural component on environment

Planting structures will be regulated and the multiple crop indexes will be changed in order to increase the yield of cereals, table 2-12 shows the regulation of planting structures. It’s anticipated that the applied quantity of fertilizer may be increased to a certain extent and the quantity of pesticide will be the same as the present or reduced a little. Fertilizer may pollute groundwater after being leached by irrigation water. Moreover, other agricultural measures will also produce certain impact on water environment, soil and ecology. The adjustment of planting structures will be beneficial to developing high efficient agriculture and utilizing lands effectively, meanwhile, selecting less water consumption crops is also an agricultural measure. The use of fertilizer is an important method to increase soil fertility and crop yield, however, the impact of fertilizer on water environment is also a widespread concerned issue. The loss of nitrogen and phosphorous in field is the main factor in water environment pollution and it will result in the pollution of rivers, lakes and reservoirs, particularly result in the high nutrient content of lakes and reservoirs and NO3-N pollution of groundwater. Because the project is a water saving irrigation project, irrigation return flow won’t be produced, and the taking of appropriate fertilizing measure will be beneficial to increasing the utilization factor of fertilizer, it’s anticipated that the project will not aggravate the surface water pollution around. However, even though the recharge of irrigation return flow to groundwater will be reduced, there is still some infiltrating into groundwater, if the application of fertilizer will result in NO3-N pollution of groundwater or not is the main concerned issue after the implementation of the project.

15 2.3.3 Environmental impact of construction process

Water delivery works, construction of bridges, culverts and roads and land leveling etc. earthworks are involved in the construction period. These on-farm works, agricultural earthwork and mechanical construction will result in partial and periodic pollution, such as waste residue, noise and the loss of water and soil, and will be harmful to the environment.

2.3.4 Project impacts on water resources utilization, social and economic development

The project anticipates to increase the utilization efficiency of water resources, reduce agricultural water waste, promote the regulation of planting structures for the improvement of irrigation conditions, increase the farmers’ revenue and accelerate the regional social economic development. It’s anticipated that the construction of SIDD will change the management patterns of water resources and raise the farmers’ management level.

2.4 Identification and preparation of environmental impact factors

Because the involved areas in the assessment scope is scattered, the impact of regional natural geographic conditions, irrigation water sources and irrigation patterns and according to the project component, character, scale, regional location and construction etc. characters, two series of matrixes should be listed in tables to differentiate and determine the environment impact factors. Then analyze these factors, prepare the main factors relevant with the project and determine the key points and scope of assessment. The Project is to reduce the waste of water resources, and it won’t discharge any pollutant. The project has huge social, economic and environmental benefits from a long-term point of view, however, it will exert some adverse impacts on the environment for the utilization of water resources, application of fertilizer and pesticide and the construction of the project. On the basis of integrating the characters and components of the project and consulting some experts of water conservancy, agriculture and environment, we selected some environmental impact factors from its positive and adverse impacts on the environment and society, impact degree, impact time and impact scale during the construction and operation of the project. The project’s main adverse impacts were primarily determined as follows: ·soil and water loss and noises of machines etc. environmental issues during the construction period of the project. ·Whether the water diversion of the project will aggravate the continuous descent of groundwater level in the northern water short districts or not. ·whether the application of fertilizer and pesticide will aggravate soil and water pollution or not. ·Impact of other agricultural measures on the environment.

16 Table 2-8 Determination of environmental impact factors

Natural level Social environment

Surface Surface water Groundwater Groundwater Land Crowd’s Impact level Soil quality Topography Economy Society volume quality volume quality utilization health

D D E S d D E S d D E S d D E S d D E S d D E S D D E S d D E S d D E S d D E S

Water source works O S L L O S L L O S P S L L N L L L O S L M O S L L L M

Constr Canal lining O S L L O S L L O S P S L L O L L L O S L L O S L L L M uction period Irrigation facilities O S L L O S L L O S P S L L O L L L O S L L O S L L L L

Land leveling O L L L O S L L P L L H O L L L O S L L P S P S L L P L R H O S L L L H Water saving works P L L H P L R P L R H O L L H P L R L P L R H P L R H O L R L O L R L irrigation L

Pesticide L R L N L R H N L R H P L R M O S R H O S R L N L R L L Operat ion Fertilizer N L R L O L R H N L R H P L R M O L R H O S R L N L R L period Regulation of O L R M O L R L O L R M P L L M P L R L O L R M P L R H P L R M O S R L P L R L planting structure

Wind Barriers P L R M P L R P L R M P L L M P L R L P L L R P L R M P L R H O L R L P L R L L S-short- P-positive L-partial H-high term

Note: d role N-adverse D deadline E scope S Serious degree M*-medium

L-long- O-medium R-region L-low term

“—”no impact

17 3 Environmental conditions of project area

3.1 Geography

3.1.1 Topography

The topography of project area is the alluvial plain of Huanghe, the terrain is smooth, the irrigation canals and ditches are vertical-horizontal, 1100-1300m above sea level. Irrigated area terrain gentlely, defend would rather the ground slope of irrigated area is lowered to 1/1000-1/2000 gradually from south to north, the irrigated area ground slope in Qingtongxia is lowered to 1/2000-1/7500.

3.1.2 Climate

Project district occupy northwest inland deeply, belong to arid and half arid climate intermediate zone, the continental climate characteristic is obvious, arid and short of rain, it is strong to evaporate, there is much big sand of wind. The average precipitation 180220mm for many years, concentrating on seven more, eight, nine or three months, accounts for about 70% of the annual precipitation. The average evaporation capacity (E601 type)of irrigated area is 1000500mm,and arid index is 4.88.5. Agricultural production relies on irrigating strongly in this area.

3.1.3 Soil and plants

The typical soil type is silt soil, salinized soil, light gray calcium soil. The coverage rate of the vegetation is relatively high in the irrigated area, the wasteland not cultivated yet relies mainly on vegetation of grassland, accumulate salt arid district grow bush with drought and half bush for main fact, the distribution is sparse, the coverage rate is 10-40% only.

3.1.4 River system

There are Qingshui river, Kushui river, Hulu river, Jin river, Zuli riverin the project area. The average flow in whole region is 889 million (disregard the Yellow River master stream) , besides, there are 32,500 million cubic meters of Yellow River flow transit throught Ningxia. It has offered the favorable condition for agricultural production.

3.1.5 Hodrogeography

The water-bearing stratum of 4th system is greater than 100m in the Weining irrigation area, the other areas are smaller than 100m. Generally in 50m depth, it is mainly sand cobble layer of the recent alluviation of the Yellow River, rock is more stable; sand layer or gravel stone layer, sand cobble layer as main fact with viscous soil under the 50m. The fourth is mainly sand ovum gravel layer of the recent alluviation to dive under water in the water-bearing stratum.

18 The geological rock in the Qingtongxia irrigation area is basically identical from head to foot, so the groundwater is the single dive, the water yield is abundant, water quality is good. The amount of water welled up is greater than 2000m3/d to hole. It is dark for water table to bury Shandong hillfoot diluvian fan top generally greater than 50m in Helan, become to foreordained affinity shallow gradually (smaller than 10m), Qingtongxia gorge mouth alluviation fan dive under water water level bury dark to smaller than 3m generally.

3.2 Socio-economy

3.2.1 Populations

According to the statistic data in 2006, the conditions of population in the project areas of Ningxia is detailed in table 3.2-1. table3-1 Populations in project areas Agricultural Ratio of Total populations item populations agricultural (ten thousand ) (ten thousand ) populations Number 153 140 91.5

3.2.2 National economy

The conditions of national economy in project areas are detailed in table 3-2. table3-2 National economy in project areas Total output value of Agricultural Net revenue per item agriculture and output value capita industry (108 yuan) (108 yuan) Quantity 23.187 12.05 3471

3.2.3 Agricultural production

The whole area of land of the project district is 270km2, of which ,cultivated area 22230 hm2. The cultivated land per capita is 0.14hm2. The main cereal crops in the project area is wheat, maize,etc., the industrial crops are mainly cotton, vegetables, peanut and fruit tree. The project district relies mainly on cereal crops while making industrial crops such as the vegetables, peanut, cotton,etc. subsidiary, average multiple crop index . The crops in the project area rely mainly on wheat, maize, rice and vegetables, the industrial crops rely mainly on apple, grape, Matrimony vine.

19 3.3 Generals for the construction of water conservancy works

3.3.1 Generals of constructed water conservancy works

The provinces and municipalities of the project area had invested many manpower and material resources to construct water conservancy works and irrigation and drainage works since 1950’s, these works had played an important role in resisting natural disasters and ensuring the high and stable yield of agriculture.

3.3.2 Role of irrigation in agricultural production

Agriculture depends on irrigation to a great extent in the project area for the uneven distribution of precipitation and it has become the biggest water demander and water consumer. At present, its water consumption makes up approximately 72% of the total amount. The main problems confronted during the development of irrigation are as follows: ·Irrigation water resources are scarce. With the development of industrialization and urbanization, more and more irrigation water has been occupied by industrial and urban use and it’s difficult to reverse the tendency of changing agricultural water resources use to non-agricultural water resources use. ·Water storage and allocation works are inadequate. Most of the water sources for irrigation in the project area are not single one, they are not only surface water, but also groundwater and the surface water include the water in reservoirs, rivers, ponds and the sewage water drained from cities. Because the scarcity of water storage and allocation works, many separate water sources can’t be utilized. ·The utilization factor of irrigation water is low. The corollary of irrigation works is very poor, the irrigation technique is backward and the development of water saving irrigation can’t catch up with the development of agriculture. ·The management level is low. They are lack of perfect management system for water resources and irrigation and some relevant policies, laws and regulations are not perfect.

3.3.2 Main existing problems during the construction of water conservancy works

The degree of corollary is very low. Most of the present large and medium reservoirs were built in 1950’s and 1960’s, their construction standards were very low, most of the works aged seriously, decreased in benefit and short of funds for modification after many decades of operation. At present, approximately 43% of the cultivated lands have no irrigation conditions and the utilization factor of irrigation water is very low in the cultivated lands where there are irrigation conditions, its average is only 0.4. All of these result in that the assurance coefficient of irrigation water on most of the farmlands is low and can’t ensure harvest in drought and flood years.

20 ·Backward in irrigation techniques and installations. At present, the traditional surface irrigation is usually adopted in most of the project areas, the irrigation efficiency is low and increase water demand and lead to the non-beneficial loss and percolation of irrigation water for unreasonable size of border checks (furrows) and poor land leveling. ·. Irrigation facilities damaged seriously for poor management and can’t bring the efficiency of motor-pumped wells into full play.

4 Present status of environmental quality

4.1 Pollution sources

Even though industrial and domestic pollution sources exist in some counties in view of administrative regions, most of the sub project areas are distributed in the extensive rural areas, the impact of the industrial and domestic pollution on these areas is very low. Moreover, pollution had also been controlled well with the state’s closing down, stopping, transforming and merging the “fifteen small industries”, therefore, there will be no large industrial pollution sources in the project areas, the industrial pollution sources in some project counties can’t produce any impact on the construction of the project area. The main impact on soil and water environment is agricultural pollution sources.

4.2 Soil quality

4.2.1 Soil fertility

The conditions of soil fertility is the basis for the improvement of low yield field, it’s an important component during the construction of the project and relates with the application of fertilizer, therefore, we assessed the soil fertility in various districts according to the reference index provided in table 4-1. Table 4-1 Reference index of nutrient content for different soil fertility

Level of Organic Full Effective Effective Nitrogen No -N Hydro Nitrogen soil matter Phosphorous Phosphorous Potassium 2 % PPm mmg/100g soil fertility % % PPm PPm First level >2.5 >0.2 >0.25 >50 >250 >20 >20 Second 2.0-2.5 0.1-0.2 0.15-0.25 25-50 150-250 10 15 level Third 1.0-2.0 0.05-0.1 0.05-0.15 5-25 50-150 5 10 level Fourth <1.0 <0.05 <0.05 <5 <50 <3 <5 level The conditions of soil fertility in each project area are provided in table 4-2 table4-2 Conditions of soil fertility in the project areas Organic Effective Effective Project area Nitrogen matter Phosphorous Potassium

21 (%) (%) (ppm) (ppm) Weining 1.48 0.092 48.93 138.92 irrigation area Qingtongxia 1.47 0.08 247 1325 irrigation area Average 1.475 0.086 36.82 135.7 The average soil fertility in project area is nitrogen 0.086%effective phosphorous 36.82ppmeffective Potassium135.7ppmorganic matter1.475%, the soil fertility is the third level.

4.2.2 Soil heavy metal

The measured contents of heavy metals of soil are shown in the following table. The table show it can be seen that the contents of Cr, Hg, As in the soil has not exceeded the soil quality standard type II of the state . table4-4 Content of soil heavy metal in project area Unit:mg/kg Sampling Project area Soil type PH Pb Cd Cr Hg As place Zhenluo Weining irrigation sewage irrigation- 8.1 15.0 0.054 66.81 0.051 14.1 area irrigation silted soil area Linhe sewage Qingtongxia irrigation- irrigation 8.2 8.6 0.069 63.34 0.037 12.2 irrigation area silted soil area Average -- 11.8 0.06 65.08 8.15 11.8 soil quality standard 7.5 350 1.0 250 1.0 20 type II of the state

4.2.3 Soil salinization

The salinization area take irrigated area 26.6 % of cultivated area in Ningxia irrigation area.The main reason is that irrigated deliver too much water from the Yellow River,and the shallow layer of groundwater is little developed and utilized.It cause the generous groundwater to excrete vertically in the form of evaporating, also bring the consequence of the secondary salinization of soil. Salinization area of Qingtongxia irrigation area is 131,800 hectares, the salinization area of soil of north area of silver is 93333.333 hectares among them.

4.3 Present situation of surface water environment quality

4.3.1 Water quality of irrigation water sources

Since 2006, Ningxia autonomy district government has made a great deal of effort to control the pollution sources of priority industry, advance the urban sewage treatment plant to build, strengthen measures such as renovating synthetically and rural prevention and control of water pollution of escape canal,etc., make great efforts to control the water pollution, 40 enterprises list in the recycle economy pilot project of autonomous region, the water for industrial use repeats 93.65% that the utilization

22 ratio rose to 2008 from 92.77% in 2005 in the whole district, the whole district COD emission will reach the eastern area Average level. From 2006 to 2008, the Yellow River Ningxia sections of stability keep Class III of good water quality, and the main pollutant densi ty present the downward trend in each large discharge canal. The monitoring results of surface water quality of the Yellow River Ningxia sections are shown in table 4-5. According to the Quality Standard for Surface Water Environment (GB3838-2002), the water quality is the Class III . Therefore, the water quality of each water body can meet the demand for irrigation water quality. table4-5 surface water quality for irrigation in the project area Unitmg/l Monitoring river PH CODmn CODcr NH -N As F Cr Petroleum section 3 Yello Yellow River 8.2 3.3 10.1 0.5 0.012 0.19 0.02 0.01 w enter zhongwei Yello Yellow River off 8.05 3.2 10.4 0.23 0.009 0.26 0.02 0.01 w zhongwei Average -- 3.25 10.25 0.37 0.01 0.23 0.02 0.01 Class of standard 6--9 6 20 1 0.05 1 0.05 0.05

4.3.2 quality of return water of farmland irrigation

There is centralized return water of farmland irrigation in the Ningxia project area. The return water of farmland is a key factor that influence the water quality in the lower Yellow River. The quality of return water of farmland irrigation during winter irrigation period and summer irrigation period in Ningxia project area shown in Table 4-6 and Table spring 4-7. The salt leaching losses in irrigated area cause serious pollution in the lower Yellow River,and it is a main influence of the irrigation return water to water environment. The nitrogen leaching losses in irrigated area also cause the increase of concentration of ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen in the lower Yellow Rive. But the return water can not make the concentration of total phosphorus increase obviously in the lower Yellow River. This is because soil has higher firm phosphorus ability, and water soluble phosphorus content is very low in the soil. In addition,the irrigated soil has certain purification function to CODCr for delivered water from yellow river. table4-6 The quality of return water during winter irrigation period Unitmg/l canals and total total Water body salinity NH -N - COD COD ditches 3 nitrogen phosphorus Mn Cr diversion Diversion 110 0.30 2.20 0.076 7.32 22.1 canal water drainage Return water 843 1.66 4.49 0.092 3.50 14.4 table 4-7 The quality of return water during summer irrigation period Unitmg/l total canals and total Water body salinity NH3-N - phosphoru CODMn CODCr ditches nitrogen s

23 diversion Diversion 386 0.47 4.88 0.082 2.22 12.8 canal water drainage Return water 790 1.46 11.8 0.111 3.60 8.9

4.4 Present Situation of Groundwater Quality

The monitoring results of groundwater quality in Weining irrigation area and Qingtongxia irrigation area are shown in Table 4-8. The main factors that influence 2 groundwater quality are CL and SO4 . The quality of groundwater quality in Weining irrigation area and Qingtongxia irrigation area can not meet the requirements in Groundwater Quality Criteria (GB/T14848-93) ,and also can not meeting the standard for agricultural irrigation water quality. table 4-8 groundwater quality in Weining and Qingtongxia irrigation area Unitmg/l total NO - NH - area source pH SO 2- CL 3 3 As F Cr hardness 4 N N Weining irrigation phreatic 7.98 265 298 312 0.5 1.2 0.004 0.3 0.001 area water Qingtongxia phreatic 7.6 391 304 507 0.05 1.93 0.008 0.41 0.001 irrigation area water -- 409. Average 328 301 0.28 1.57 0.01 0.36 0.001 5 Class III of Groundwater Quality 6.5-8.5 450 250 250 20 0.2 0.05 1.0 0.05 Criteria

4.5 Present Situation of Groundwater Quality

The inhalable particles (PM10) is the primary pollutant of the air quality in Ningxia. The Annual mean value of PM10 meet the Quality Criteria for the first time in 2008. The project area is in the rural area, there are no enterprises with heavy pollution and intensive residential blocks around the project area, air quality is good.

4.6 Present Situation of sound environment Quality

The project area is in the rural area, there are no enterprises with heavy noise pollution and intensive residential blocks around the project area, sound environment quality is good.

5 Environmental impact assessment

5.1 Project positive impact on the environment

Increasing the utilization efficiency, improving the on-farm ecological environment, increasing the yield of cereals and promoting the coordinated development of agriculture, the utilization of water resources and environmental protection is the main objectives of the project, so the project is an environmental improvement project to a great extent. The main positive impacts of irrigation, agriculture, Wind Barriers and

24 management water saving measures of the project on water resources environment are shown in table5-1. Table 5-1 Positive impacts on environment Project Project components Environment impacts Water diversion Reduce the seepage of canal, increase the utilization efficiency of works: canal lining, water resources and alleviate the the soil salinization Irrigation piping component Field works: drip Increase the utilization coefficient of irrigation water and the irrigation, assurance rate of irrigation. sprinkling irrigation Wheat stalk Increase the content of organic matter of soil, improve the soil shredding moisture, increase the soil capacity of water retention, water storage and water supply, reduce ineffective evaporation and regulate the field temperature. Film covering Increase the land temperature, keep soil moisture, promote the growth of crops and reduce ineffective evaporation. Deep plouing Increase the soil water storage capacity and the seepage depth of soil Agricultural moisture, accept more precipitation and irrigation water, combining component deep plouing and applying fertilizer in layers can improve the nutrient situations of root system. Moisture retainer Keep water, save water and restrict the evaportransporation of crops. Pest Management Restrict plant diseases and insect pests Balancing Improve the soil nutrient situations. Fertilization Regulation of Save waste, reduce land pollution and improve the field ecological planting structure environment. Tree shelter belts Prevent wind, stablize sand, conserve soil and water, improve field Wind Barriers microclimate and reduce soil evaporation and crop evaportransporation. Combined dispatch Increase the utilization factor of precipitation and surface water and of surface water increase the recharge volume of groundwater. Management and groundwater component SIDD Improve water resources management MIS system Raise the management level of resources and environment.

5.2 Impact of water sources of the project

The upper reservoirs which provide water supply for the project area are existing reservoir: Qingtongxia reservoir, Shapotou reservoir. A due diligence has been conducted for the upstream reseveroirs confirming that there is no legacy of environemtnal issues(Table.5-2)

Table 5-2 water sources in Ningxia project area Any legacy of Water Water sources location Decription of the Water Sources Construction of project environmental Source issues(Y/N) Located at the daba town of Qingtongxia city l, Qingtongxia Reservoir is a regulating type Existing 80 km away from the yinchuan city. About reservoir on day. The main function of the Started building in Qingtongxia 2605 kilometers from the Yellow River source, reservoir is for flood control, aquaculture August, 1958, came no reservoir 2859 kilometers from river mouths. its irrigation ,civi-water supply, and electricity into operation in drainage areas are 275010 sq. km., accounts for generation. Reservoir storage volume is 606 1978. 36.5% of the whole drainage area. million m3 . located at the outlet of Heishan gorge ExistingStarted Yangpo Reservoir is mainly for aquiculture section of the Yellow River. 20 km away from building in Shapotou irrigation and electricity generation. Reservoir the Zhongwei city. it is the 15th step of December, 2000, no Reservoir storage capacity is 60 million m3. Its design planned 25 steps from longyang gorge to came into operation irrigated area is 58466.667 hectares . Qingtongxia dam of the Yellow River. in march,2004.

25 5.3 Impact of water saving irrigation on water utilization and groundwater level

5.3.1 impact of water saving irrigation on water resource utilization

The supply and consumption analysis of water resource in Ningxia irrigation area is showed in table 5-3. Except that the Qingtongxia project area is a little short of water supply in the current situation, the annual water supply of every level in other project area has surpluses . It shows the potential to increase water supply through adjusting the structure of crop planting. The project design adopted comprehensive and high efficient water saving measures, focusing on improvement of irrigation system and combining with counterparts of irrigation works/technology, agricultural cultivation mode, agricultural water saving technology, rainfall collection and water interception. It aims at reducing non- efficiency ET and loss of local surface runoff to maximum extent subject to ensuring high-yield of crops, and intercepting and using passing runoff as much as possible. The real water saving amount in each project area after the project is implemented is showned in table 5-4. The real water saving amount in whole Ningxia project area will be 3488.7×104m3 It is expected to relax the imbalance between supply and demand of regional water resource to some extent after the project is implemented.

Table5-3 Balance of water resources supply and consumption in project counties evapotranspiration Available water project Surplus shortage ET W counties mm 104m3 mm 104m3 mm 104m3 mm 104m3 2006 451.16 736.75 550.19 898.47 99.03 161.72 huinong district 2015 440.90 719.99 550.19 898.47 109.29 178.47 2020 440.90 719.99 550.19 898.47 109.29 178.47 2006 573.12 2132.01 917.15 3411.78 344.03 1279.78 pingluo county 2015 559.92 2082.90 917.15 3411.78 357.23 1328.89 2020 559.92 2082.90 917.15 3411.78 357.23 1328.89 2006 784.37 3294.35 915.98 3847.10 131.61 3713.05 helan county 2015 718.40 3017.30 915.98 3847.10 197.57 829.80 2020 718.40 3017.30 915.98 3847.10 197.57 829.80 2006 727.78 1535.61 762.84 1609.60 35.07 73.99 yongning county 2015 715.80 1510.35 762.84 1609.60 47.04 99.25 2020 715.80 1510.35 762.84 1609.60 47.04 99.25 2006 861.76 3188.50 799.74 2959.04 -62.02 -229.46 -62.02 -229.46 qingtongxia city 2015 713.04 2638.24 799.74 2959.04 86.70 320.80 2020 713.04 2638.24 799.74 2959.04 86.70 320.80 2006 751.30 1968.39 1205.17 3157.55 453.88 1189.15 lingwu city 2015 648.24 1698.38 1205.17 3157.55 556.93 1459.16 2020 648.24 1698.38 1205.17 3157.55 556.93 1459.16 zhongning 2006 673.62 2563.81 1499.88 5708.53 826.25 3144.73 county 2015 649.82 2473.22 1499.88 5708.53 850.06 3235.31

26 2020 649.82 2473.22 1499.88 5708.53 850.06 3235.31 2006 571.29 1216.85 669.71 1426.48 98.42 209.63 Zhongwei district 2015 555.16 1182.50 669.71 1426.48 114.54 243.98 2020 555.16 1182.50 669.71 1426.48 114.54 243.98 2006 537.49 1674.29 552.66 1721.54 15.17 47.25 cultivating bureau 2015 497.47 1549.62 552.66 1721.54 55.19 171.92 2020 497.47 1549.62 552.66 1721.54 55.19 171.92 table5-4 real water saving amount in each project area with project and without project A A Average utilization Water Project area total tilling tilling (hm2) (mu) irrirrigation coefficient of consumption(104m3) quota (m3/mu) irrigation water Without 1121.5 1188 17820 629 0.50 560.8 huinong project district With 858.0 1188 17820 481 0.65 557.7 project Without 2912.1 2740 41100 709 0.50 1456.1 pingluo project county With 2017.3 2740 41100 491 0.65 1311.3 project Without 3733.2 4000 60000 622 0.50 1866.6 helan project county With 2700.4 4000 60000 450 0.65 1755.3 project Without 2894.4 2012 30177 959 0.50 1447.2 yongning project county With 1954.5 2145 32177 607 0.65 1270.4 project Without 5926.6 2867 43000 1378 0.50 2963.3 project qingtongx With ia city project 3160.1 2867 43000 735 0.65 2054.1

Without 3808.4 2313 34700 1098 0.50 1904.2 lingwu project city With 2168.1 2313 34700 625 0.65 1409.3 project Without 7811.0 2756 41340 1889 0.50 3905.5 zhongning project county With 4066.1 2756 41340 984 0.65 2643.0 project Without 2415.0 1700 25500 947 0.50 1207.5 Zhongwei project district With 1573.7 1700 25500 617 0.65 1022.9 project Without 1270.7 2657 39855 319 0.50 635.4 cultivating project bureau With 667.4 2657 39855 167 0.65 433.8 project Without 31893 22233 333492 956 0.50 15946.4 project total With 19166 22366 335492 571 0.65 12457.7 project

5.3.2 Impact of water saving irrigation on groundwater level

Table5-4 and table 5-5 shows that the infiltration of irrigation water in canal and field will be reduced remarkably after the implementation of the project, it will not only further reduce the ascending trend of groundwater level, but will make the groundwater level descent to a certain extent.

27 Table 5-5 Variation of mean annual groundwater level with or without the Project Name of Project County Unit cultivating huinong pingluo helan yongning qingtongxia lingwu zhongning Zhongwei bureau without 2006 m Project -0.01 -0.16 -0.11 -0.01 -0.14 -0.24 -0.06 -0.12 -0.10 without m Project -0.06 -0.21 -0.18 -0.04 -0.09 -0.28 -0.12 -0.13 -0.08 2015 with m Project -0.16 -0.29 -0.21 -0.22 -0.17 -0.24 -0.22 -0.23 -0.11 without m Project -0.15 -0.18 -0.19 -0.16 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.15 -0.16 2020 with m Project -0.18 -0.20 -0.18 -0.20 -0.22 -0.20 -0.21 -0.18 -0.19

5.4 Impact of fertilizer application on soil and water environment

5.4.1 Fertilizer application situations

In Ningxia project areas, the per unit area applied quantity of fertilizer of different crops is shown in table 5-6. It can be seen that the applied quantity of fertilizer will decrease to a certain extent after the implementation of the project because of adopting the equilibrated fertilization and soil testing & formulated fertilization. the applied quantity of fertilizer is much different for different crops, for example, the applied quantity of nitrogenous fertilizer in medlar is higher. Table5-6 The per unit area applied quantity of fertilizer in the project areas Unitkg/ha Qingtongxia irrigation Weining irrigation area Average area Quantity Without Without Without Project With Project With Project With Project Project Project Nitrogenous Applied 712.5 584.3 250.5 192.0 481.5 388.2 Fertilizer Net 327.8 268.8 115.2 88.3 221.6 178.5

Phosphate Applied 380.7 312.2 193.5 149.0 287.1 230.6 Fertilizer Net 57.2 46.8 29.1 22.3 43.2 34.7

Potash Applied 183.8 150.8 21.9 21.8 102.9 86.3 Fertilizer Net 110.3 90.5 13.2 13.1 61.8 51.8

Table5-7 The per unit area applied quantity of fertilizer in the project areas Unit:kg/ha Weining irrigation area Qingtongxia irrigation area Crops Without Project With Project Crops Without Project With Project Fertilizer Fertilizer type Quantitykg/ha Quantitykg/ha type Quantitykg/ha Quantitykg/ha Nitrogenous Nitrogenous Fertilizer 225 180 Fertilizer 300 225 Phosphate Phosphate Maize Maize Fertilizer 60 45 Fertilizer 165 125 Potash Potash Fertilizer 45 30 Fertilizer 20 15 Wheat Nitrogenous Nitrogenous Wheat and Fertilizer 525 435 Fertilizer 251 203

28 maize Phosphate Phosphate Fertilizer 120 105 Fertilizer 173 143 Potash Potash Fertilizer 45 30 Fertilizer 18 15 Nitrogenous Nitrogenous Fertilizer 225 180 Fertilizer 250.5 192 Phosphate Phosphate paddy Fertilizer 90 75 paddy Fertilizer 193.5 149 Potash Potash Fertilizer 75 60 Fertilizer 21.9 21.8 Nitrogenous Nitrogenous Fertilizer 1875 1545 Fertilizer 203 150 medlar Phosphate 1253 1020 Phosphate 243 180 Fertilizer Potato Fertilizer Potash Potash Fertilizer 750 615 Fertilizer 28 18 Generally speaking, phosphorous is easily depositing in soil and not easily moving, and phosphorous pollution in groundwater is very little. The main pollution of fertilizer to groundwater is nitrate; therefore, the assessment will focus on the impact of nitrogenous fertilizer application on groundwater.

5.4.2 Impact of nitrogenous fertilizer on groundwater pollution under water saving irrigation

(1) Assessing theory and method

Stream is the carrier of nitrate in crop root zone moving to groundwater. It has been demonstrated from some researches that the leached loss of NO3-N has evident positive correlation with the quantity of seepage under certain soil quality. Water saving irrigation will increase the utilization factor of water resources and reduce the quantity of seepage. It’s predicted that the impact of the applied nitrogenous fertilizer on groundwater NO3-N pollution will be reduced under water saving irrigation. However, the natural conditions and nitrogen applied conditions differ much in different project area, the impact of these factors on groundwater NO3-N pollution must be taken into account during assessment.

There are many methods to assess the impact of nitrogenous fertilizer on groundwater NO3-N pollution, such as balance calculation, mathematic model, drawing with GIS, and etc. At present, there is no comprehensive assessing method at home that can be referred on how to assess the impact of the application of fertilizer on groundwater NO3-N pollution in view of region zones and analyze these factors’ action on the moving and transforming of nitrate in groundwater. Therefore, we will refer to the nitrate pollution index assessing method put forward by American expert Ramolino on the basis of fully utilizing the present data. Nitrate pollution index was put forward by American expert on the basis of analyzing 22 different cropping conditions (including climate, soil type, planting structure, applied fertilizer type, applied quantity and time and the conditions of NO3-N in groundwater) and dividing into eight potential influencing factors, which are the applied intensity of fertilizer, volume of irrigation water, soil type, embedded depth of groundwater, crop type, depth of well, confined water or shallow water and aquifer environment etc. Four essential influencing factors was concluded after further synthesis, i.e. the applied intensity of nitrogenous fertilizer, soil structure, net recharging quantity from precipitation and irrigation water and the embedded depth of groundwater level. The nitrate pollution index was put forward finally. 269 field groundwater pilots had been tested, analyzed and demonstrated the

29 relations between the groundwater nitrate pollution in field environment and pollution index and achieved good results in application. This method is easy, useful for assessing the possibility of potential pollution in field environment and suit for scattered pilot assessment.

Weight determination of influencing factors

The influencing degree of the above-mentioned four comprehensive factors to groundwater is not all the same, so the weight of each factor should be determined so as to assess its impact correctly. The weight is determined according to document data and profession and is giving risk mark to the potential impacts of the four factors on groundwater pollution, the given values are shown in table 5-8.

Table 5-8 Risk mark of the impact of the factors on groundwater pollution high- Much Risk degree high medium Medium-low low medium lower Given value 10 9 7 5 3 1

The risk analysis conditions of the impact of each factor to groundwater pollution is synthesized in table 5-9. The total mark indicates the relative importance of the impact of each factor on groundwater pollution in field environment.

Table 5-9 Risk analysis matrix Embedded Tota Net recharging Fertilizer Soil structure depth of l quantity groundwater mark Equivalent Greater Good Poor Excessive Equal de with crop than draining draining shallow fertilizer to FC ep demand FC* conditions conditions Excessive -- 10 10 10 30 fertilizer Fertilizer Equivalent with crop 1 9 7 17 demand Net More than 10 -- 10 10 30 recharging FC quantity Equal to FC 1 -- 5 5 11 Good draining 9 10 -- 10 29 Soil structure conditions Poor draining 1 1 -- 7 9 conditions Embedded Shallow 9 10 9 -- 28 depth of deep 1 1 5 -- 7 groundwater Note: FC is field capacity The weight of each influencing factor is allocated according to the risk marking results. The weight value of the maximum of the average of each factor is 5, the weight values of other factors can be allocated according to ratio of their average and the maximum average, the external weight results are shown in table 5-10. Table 5-10 Weight determination of influencing factors Influencin Weight Factor Description g mark * Nitrogeno The application of nitrogenous fertilizer is the 17- us 5.0 most important factor to NO -N groundwater 3023.5 3 fertilizer pollution in field environment. Net 11- 4.5 Irrigation and precipitation is the motive force for

30 recharging 3020.5 the movement of NO3-N, if there is no enough water volume, the capacity of NO3-N transforming from root zone is very weak. Soil structure not only influence the movement of Soil 9- soil moisture, it also influence the circle of soil gas 4.0 structure 2919.0 and the chemical and biological transformation of nitrogen. The embedded depth of groundwater indicates the Embedded spending time of pollutant entering into depth of 7- 3.5 groundwater, the density of NO3-N has correlation groundwat 2817.5 with the moving and transforming of nitrogen in er aeration zone. Note: the figure in bracket in the average of the marks

Grade of influencing factors Each index should be further graded in concrete project area, and the grading accordance and methods can be refereed to the relevant documents.

Table5-11 Applying scope and grading coefficient of nitrogenous fertilizer Applying scope of fertilizer grade Excessive applying fertilizer 10 Equivalent to crop demand 6 Not applying fertilizer 1 Table 5-12 Scope and grading coefficient of net recharging quantity Scope of net recharging quantity (mm) Grade 0-50 1 51-75 2 76-100 3 101-125 4 126-150 5 151-175 6 176-200 7 201-250 8 >250 10

Table 5-13 Types and grading coefficient of soil structure Types Grade Soil with good drainabilitysand to loam sand 10 Soil with medium drainability (loam to loam silt 6 loam) 2 Soil with poor drainability (silt clay to clay soils)

Table 5-14 Scope and grading coefficient of the embedded depth of groundwater Scope of the embedded depth of groundwater Grade

31 (m) 0-1.5 10 1.5-4 9 5-9 7 10-15 5 16-22 4 23-30 3 >30 2 The grading method and accordance are mainly refereed to a large quantity of documents, e.g. the influence of net recharging quantity is according to the American DRSTIC method. Nitrate pollution index According to the above-mentioned method, the nitrate pollution index (NPI) is:

= + + + NPI Ffi Ssi Rri Ddi

Of which, F, R, S, D is the weight of applied nitrogenous fertilizer, net recharging quantity, soil structure and embedded depth of groundwater respectively, fi ri si di is the grading index of the above-mentioned four influencing factors respectively. The above-mentioned model can be used to determine the potential possibilities of groundwater NO3-N pollution under different geographical conditions, the more of the indexes, the more of the NO3-N polluting possibilities. Even though we can’t get the one-by-one corresponding value between pollution index and NO3-N density through the above-mentioned relations, we can get the influencing scope of the applied fertilizer to groundwater pollution.

(2) Analysis on the impact of the implementation of the water saving irrigation

project on groundwater NO3-N pollution The applied quantity of nitrogenous fertilizer will be increased after the implementation of the project, however, the moving and transforming of nitrogenous fertilizer in soil–water–crop system depends on many factors. The change of soil moisture conditions and crop planting structure and the appropriate fertilizer have great relations with the utilization factor of nitrogenous fertilizer, the above- mentioned measures can all increase crop absorption to nitrogen. It’s difficult to determine the utilized quantity of nitrogenous fertilizer, the possibilities of the application of nitrogenous fertilizer to groundwater potential pollution are also considered in assessment under the disadvantageous conditions (i.e. excessive fertilizer) and adopting appropriate fertilizer applying measures and applying fertilizer according to the measurement of soil fertility. The influencing characteristic factors and the seeping and recharging groundwater conditions of precipitation and irrigation return flow are shown in table 5-14. It shows

32 from table 5-15 that after the implementation of the project, because the evident reduce of field water duty, the seeping and recharging quantity of irrigation water to groundwater will also reduce with water saving both in surface water and groundwater irrigated area. As a result, the possibility of NO3-N infiltrating with water body will also reduce to a certain extent. The nitrate pollution index reduced remarkably after adopting water saving irrigation and appropriately applying fertilizer in comparison with before and after the implementation of the project, i.e. the possibility of groundwater pollution caused by fertilizer will be less than that of the present situation after the implementation of the project. Even though we can’t get the one-by-one corresponding value between the application of fertilizer and the groundwater NO3-N pollution, it’s clear that the implementation of the project will reduce the impact of fertilizer application on groundwater potential pollution. Appropriately applying fertilizer, applying fertilizer according to the measurement of soil fertility and the increase of the rational coordinating technology of water and fertilizer will all be beneficial to reduce the leached quantity of NO3-N.

Table5-15 Grading assessment on groundwater NO3-N pollution in project area Risk factor cultivati yongnin qingtongx zhongni huinong pingluo helan lingwu Zhongwei ng g ia ng bureau Net recharge by preciptation and 375.9 375.9 376.3 389.5 376.6 376.6 378.9 378.9 376.3 irrigationmm Grading 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 sub Loam Loam Loam Soil claysub claysub sub clayLoa Loam Loam sub sub sub drainability clay clay sand m sand sand sand Without Grading 2 2 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 project Embedded depth 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-3 groundwater

Grading 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Applied quantity of Exce equa the same as the left Nitrogenous ssive l fertilizer Grading 10 6 the same as the left Net recharge by preciptation and 322.5 322.5 322.9 334.1 323.2 323.2 325.5 325.5 322.9 irrigationmm Grading 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 sub Loam Loam Loam Soil claysub claysub sub clayLoa Loam Loam sub sub sub drainability clay clay sand m sand sand sand With Grading 2 2 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 project Embedded depth 1.5-3 1.5-3 1.5-3 1.5-3 1.5-3 1.5-3 1.5-3 1.5-3 1.5-3 groundwater

Grading 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Applied quantity of Exce equa the same as the left Nitrogenous ssive l fertilizer Grading 10 6 the same as the left

33 table5-16 Index of the application of nitrogenous fertilizer to groundwater NO3-N pollution in project area before and after water saving irrigation

qingtongx zhongnin cultivatin huinong pingluo helan yongning lingwu Zhongwei NPI ia g g bureau Excess 138 138 154 154 154 170 170 170 170 Without fertil project Appro 118 118 134 134 134 150 150 150 150 fertil Excess 135 135 151 151 151 167 167 167 167 With fertil project Appro 115 115 131 131 131 147 147 147 147 fertil

5.5 Impacts of pesticide on soil and groundwater

Even though pesticide investment isn’t included in the project, however, the applied amount of various pesticides have been increased in order to alleviate impacts and hazards of plant diseases and insect pests on crops and increase cereal yield, therefore, the impact of pesticide on environment is also a focal point of the assessment. A pesticide survey by American National Environment Protection Agency indicates that there are more than 100 types of pesticides and their derivatives. While studies in this field are not adequate and there are no detailed statistics available in China.

Study on pesticide behavior to the environment is still in the theoretical stage at present due to the various types of pesticides and their complicated chemical compositions. Many aspects are still unknown. It is very difficult to accurately determine the impact of pesticide on environment when the results of theoretical study and survey are not perfect, and emphasis is on the prevention in the actual application. Therefore, macro-assessment of impacts of pesticides on environment is done with reference to theoretical study results of United States and European Union, and measures of pesticide application have been proposed in view of control of groundwater pollution.

5.5.1 Application of pesticides in project areas

Table 5-17 shows the application of pesticides in project areas. There are quite differences of pesticide application for different crops. As regard to application of pesticide, China has issued “Standard for Safety Application of Pesticide”(GB4245- 89). table5-17 Pesticide used for different crops in project areas Crop Qingtongxia irrigation area Weining irrigation area name pesticide Penoxsulam,Isoprothiolane, isopro-thiolane,tricyclazoleBeta Paddy acephate, rogor cypermethrin Triadimefon, Rogor oxide, DibaichongTriadimefon, Rogor Wheat methamidophos, rogor, pyrethrin

34 Carbendazim, AvidaDicofol,Kuaishaling, Maize Chongmanke,Kangfuduo, Baode Duojunling, quizalofop-p-ethyl, fenoxaprop-p- oxadixyl.mancozeb,Duojunling, vegetab ethylDuojunling, Baijunqing le Baijunqing,Wanmeiling, medlar Imidacloprid,Avermectins, Imidacloprid,Avermectins, acetamiprid acetamiprid

5.5.2 Behavior of pesticide in soil and groundwater

There are many factors affecting pesticide movement and inversion in soil, which is related not only to physical-chemical characteristics but also to soil characteristics. Generally speaking, the lower the soil moisture content, the stronger the adsorptive capacity, and the less the mobility; when temperature rises, the adsorptive capacity will decrease and the mobility will increase; the higher the clay soil content and organic content, the higher the adsorptive capacity. The change of pH value has much impact on mobility of pesticides, especially of organic phosphorus pesticide, whose mobility will remarkably increase in the soil with high pH value. High organic content in soil is helpful to the degradation of pesticides. All these features will affect velocity and residues of degradation, and behavior of pesticide in water and soil such as leaching, volatilizing and utilization of organisms. The key factor for assessing potential mobility of pesticide in soil is to assess the solid-liquid allocation in soil solution. Adsorptive coefficient, Kd, one of remarkable parameters, is the ratio of pesticide content adsorbed in soil to pesticide concentration in soil solution. Studies indicate that Kd is well correlated to organic content in soil, therefore Kd is the function of organic content (Kom) or organic carbon content (Koc)

3 -1 Kom=100Kd/(% organic content)cm g

3 -1 Koc=100Kd/(% organic carbon content) cm g

It is usually expressed as Koc in references, known as adsorptive coefficient of organic carbon. Studies indicate that it is regarded as strong mobility if the Koc is lower than

50medium mobility if Koc among 150-500mini-mobility if Koc higher than 2000. Another parameter for pesticide degradation in soil is on-farm half-lift period (T0.5), which is a comprehensive index and includes all processes of degradation such as degradation of organisms and non-organisms, volatizing, leaching and plant adsorption. It is also related to soil, climate, activities of ‘microbes in soil. Gustafson studied 22 pesticides and proposed mobility index GUS (Ground Ubiquity

Score) based on T0.5 and Koc.

GUS = lg(T0.5)(4-lgKoc)

35 GUS can be used for classification of leaching probability. When GUS is higher than 2.8, this pesticide is leaching-prone; when 1.8GUS2.8, medium leaching pesticide; when GUS<1.8, low leaching pesticide.No adequate study on pesticide behavior in soil has been done in China and no conclusions have been drawn theoretically. The assessment will focus on prevention measures for controlling pesticide pollution to soil and groundwater after project, with reference to available studies abroad.

5.5.3 Impacts of pesticide on groundwater and its control after project

It can be known from above theoretical analysis that mobility of pesticide to groundwater relies on its physicochemical characteristics, soil and water flow. Pesticides used in China include weedicide and insecticide. Insecticide can be classified as four types of organic chlorine, organic phosphorus, carbamic acid ester and pyrethrin. Most of organic chlorine has been forbidden due to its very slow degradation in soil, for example DDT. Organic phosphorus is the most popular pesticide in project area, such as methamidophos, rogor, methyl-1056, 1065 etc. T0.5 of this kind of pesticides is short, and it is degradation-prone. So it is generally regarded as short detention period in soil and less probability of pollution to groundwater. Table 5-18 shows the chemical characteristics and mobility of some pesticides. Table 5-18 Chemical characteristics and mobility of pesticides in soil Vapor solubility Henry KOC GUS Pesticide pressure T0.5(d) (g/l) constant (cm3/g) (Pa) Methamid- 790 2.3e-4 5.2e-8 3 2 1.80 ophos Rogor 0.023 1.1e-3 1.1e-4 7 20 0.83 Dibaichong 120 2.1e-4 1.7e-6 29 29 3.71 Duojunlin 0.008 9e-5 - 5.2 129 3.24 Long-effect Liquefiabl 2.9e-4 30 1 5.9 Phosphorous e It can be seen that GUS of methamidophos and rogor are lower than 1.8, so they are difficult leaching pesticides. GUS of trichlorfon is 3.71 and that of Long-effect phosphorus is 5.9>2.8, which belongs to easy leaching pesticide. Trichlorfon has strong leaching feature and easy immigrating feature in soil, and its higher solubility which increased risk for groundwater polluted. However, the half-life of trichlorfon and Long-effect phosphorous is short, on the basis of strictly obey of Safety Standard of State Pesticide Application and irrigated water, it is possible to avoid or reduce pollution to groundwater through their own decay. GUS of methyl-1065 and 1065 are not known because of inadequate data, but studies show that half-life period of 1065 is 7.8 days in neutral to slight-alkalinity soil. It dissolves rather quickly in soil and will not be accumulated in soil. The content and To.5 of methyl-1065 in soil relies on pH of soil. In acid soil, methyl-1065 may remain more than five months in soil, while in alkalinity soil, it is unstable and will be

36 degraded by 95% with the role of microbes within 7 days. Soil in northern regions of China is slightly alkalinity. It is expected that the use of above pesticides has small impacts to soil and groundwater. However, it is found in some studies that pesticide residue is high in irrigated cotton field. Therefore, residue of pesticide in soil is affected by many factors, and accurate conclusion is difficult to draw at present. Pyrethrin has been used in some project areas. Theoretically speaking, it has characteristics of more effectiveness, lower-poison and lower residue comparing to organic phosphorus. Impact of pyrethrin on environment is lower than that of organic phosphorus. It is difficult to assess the impact of Shennongdan pesticide used in the project areas since there are no reference materials available. The application of pesticides in the project areas will follow the principle of high efficiency, low poison and low residue. Efforts will be made to reduce the threat of pesticide to soil and groundwater. Adopting water-saving irrigation will reduce irrigation water volume, and groundwater recharge from irrigation return flow will also be reduced at the same time. In particular when drip and micro irrigation is used, water will not seep into ground and basically no impact will be resulted in. Water flow is the power of pesticide mobility. Probability of pesticide movement into groundwater for sprinkler and surface irrigation is much smaller than that of traditional irrigation, but possibility still exists, especially in sandy soil. Measures such as stalk shredding in the project areas are good for pesticide degradation. The impact of stalk shredding is the increase of organic content in soil. As discussed above, high organic content is good for adsorption and degradation of pesticides. From the point view of water saving and agricultural measures, the project will reduce the potential pollution possibility to groundwater comparing to the traditional agricultural conditions without project, but behavior of pesticide to environment is still unknown in many aspects. The efforts in countries are focusing on the prevention of pesticide pollution. The whole process monitoring should be carried out in amount, methodology of application and residue of pesticide after project, strictly following the principle of high efficiency, low poison and low residue.

5.6. Environmental impact during construction

Some temporary and partial environmental impacts will be raised during construction . The main impacts are as follows. (1) Spoiled materials Spoiled materials are from civil works of water delivery canals, bridges and culverts, land leveling, rural roads, etc and concrete of canal lining. Average earth excavation per project area is relative small due to extensive distribution of project scopes. Many works, such as pipe laying, are excavated immediately followed by back filling, which produce less spoiled materials. Land leveling, water and soil conservation, and improvement of medium and low yield land belong to optimized use of land.

The sand/silt removed from the irrigation canal/channel is non-toxic which is confirmed by relevant test. The disposal of sand/silt will follow the Annex II- Guideline on Construction Management.

(2) Dust

37 Theoretically speaking, construction of the civil works may cause dust in local areas, especially in windy dry period of Spring. But the construction areas are located in rare populated land, which has less impact on people. Construction in strong wind climate should be avoided. (3) Water and soil loss Most lining is implemented in the existing canals, and only small part of canal excavation will damage local vegetation. Construction in rainy season may cause some water and soil losses. Construction of rural roads may result in severe water and soil losses if in rainy season or improper construction method used. In rainy season, if drainage is not good, roads are prone to damage, which will have adverse impacts on nearby land in flood season. (4) Noise Machine excavation, aggregate processing and concrete mixing is the constant source of noise and vehicle causes temporary noises. Constant noise will not affect people’s life since the construction sites are far from density-populated residential areas. Vehicles at night may produce small noises to residential areas.

5.7 Social impact assessment

5.7.1 Alleviation of regional conflicts between water supply and demand

The project is located in serious water shortage areas, water saving irrigation will not only improve the agricultural water efficiency but also alleviate the conflicts of agriculture water use and industrial and domestic water use to some extent.

5.7.2 Impact on rural production pattern after project

Impacts of the implementation of the project on rural production pattern are as follows: · Water saving irrigation promotes the adjustment of planting patterns Construction of water conservancy works and improvement of medium and low yield farm land, turning flooding irrigation into advanced irrigation such as sprinkler and drip irrigation, are of advantages to the adjustment of planting patterns and farming system. The adjustment with the combination of local characteristics will make the planting patterns more reasonable, increasing crops with low water consumption and high economic returns. · Bases construction and extension of high quality seed The project areas have established high quality seed bases and seed companies of main some crops, such as wheat, paddy, maize, cotton, soybean and rape, with the consideration of their own crop structures. Seed service systems at all levels will promote the use of high quality seeds. The coverage of high quality seeds of grain, cotton and rape seed will increase after project, and unified seed supply of the main crops will reach 85% from present 60%. Seed companies will guarantee the quality of seeds. All these have optimized planting patterns in the project areas and protected farmer’s benefits. · Agricultural mechanization enhanced

38 Agricultural machinery will be procured in the component of agricultural technology and machinery service systems in the project areas. These include large harvester, paddy planter, seeder, thresher, tractor, fertilizer deeper and stalk shredding machine, etc. the use of these machines will enhance agricultural mechanization, increase the productivity, reduce farmer’s labor forces and shorten working time in the project area. In particular, the use of stalk shredding machine and fertilizer deeper has changed the farming method in the project area. · Improve scientific farming and on-farm management level The extension of agricultural technologies after the implementation of the project will improve scientific farming, which is of advantages to proper use of fertilizer, pesticide and agricultural film.

In general, the project will improve the agricultural production conditions and enhance farming method, turning the individual contract economy to larger scale agricultural mechanization and improving from extensive on-farm management to scientific management. Yield and income increase is expected and project areas will become the production bases of cereal, cotton and oil.

5.7.3 Impact on agricultural economy

Output of grain, oil crops, vegetable, cotton and fruit is expected to be increased in varying degrees due to the improvement of irrigation facilities and adjustment of planting patterns after the implementation of the project, which will promote the development of agricultural economy.

5.7.4 Women’s role in project

At present, most of rural women in the project areas receive low education and possess little agricultural techniques. Most of them engage in agricultural planting, some of small portions of surplus labors are household wives, some go outside looking for causal work. Most of rural women engage in heavy labor work with low income. The project will not only improve the rural social environment but also enable women play more important role in agricultural economy. First, the project will provide more employment opportunities to women. For instance, women after training from local agricultural technology centers can engage in extension, seed service and plant protection as well as rural project management. Second, the project enhances agricultural mechanization and thus reduces the work strength of women, shortening working time. Third, some women attend agricultural machinery and technology training programs and they will learn some skills of modern technology and management, which also provide technical basis for development of diversified side business. In a word, the project will raise women’s scientific and cultural knowledge and their incomes. With women’s increase portion in household income, they positions will be raised and family life will also be improved.

39 6 Alternative analysis

6.1 General comparative analysis with or without project

The general environmental impact comparative analysis with or without project is showed in the table6-1. accorging to the table6-1 ,the adverse environmental effect with project is much smaller than that without project. Table6-1 general environmental impact comparison with or without project Item with project without project Reduce the seepage of canal, increase the utilization efficiency of water resources and alleviate the descent of positive ·no impacts caused by project groundwater level. impacts construction Increase the utilization coefficient of irrigation water and the assurance rate of irrigation. ·low utilization efficiency of water resources, high ·land occupied by construction ineffective evaporation negative temporarily ·descent of groundwater impacts ·temporary pollution caused by project level. construction ·The ecological environment further degraded The project can improve water and soil environment to a great extent impact with less negative environmental impacts. The adverse environmental comparison effect with project is much smaller than that without project

6.2 comparative analysis of project route and irrigation methods

The diversion system, irrigation and drainage is constructed sound for many years in Ningxia irrigation area, and the irrigation methods in the project area is practiced very well for a long time, so there is no problems about the choice of watr diversion route and irrigation methods.

7 Environmental benefit analysis

7.1 Project financing

In table 7-1, the investment of environmental protection include the cost of Wind Barriers measures implemented for ecological environment protection and the cost of monitoring equipment and monitoring cost carried out for environmental monitoring which are 5.8747 million RMB yuan totally. Details on environmental protection investment are shown in table 7-2. table7-1 Investment statistics in the project areas

40 Amount In total investment 104yuan Irrigation component 25552.33 62.19 Agriculture component 6181.56 15.05 Management water saving 1249.93 3.04 Environmental protection and 559.95 1.36 EMP Survey, design & management 1800.32 4.38 (Independent expenses) Prepareation fee 3478.41 8.47 Bacsic Prepareation 3478.41 8.47 Price differential Prepareation Interest in construction period 2264.29 5.51 Interest 2213.14 5.39 one time start fee 51.15 0.12 Total project costs 41086.80 100

Table7-2 Environmental protection investment Unit104yuan item Amount 1. Environmental monitoring 89.24 2 .Environmental management plan 408.415 (1) Environmental protection 278.175 (2) field trees 5.7 (3)other 35.3 3. Water and soil conservation 151.53 (1) engineering measures 0.3 (2) Plant protection 52.73 (3) other 98.5 total 559.95

7.2 Economic benefit analysis

7.2.1 Adjusting planting structure

The irrigation conditions in the project area will be improved and the assurance rate of irrigation water will be increased after the implementation of the project. Meantime, multiple crop index will be increased through the establishment of agricultural support and service system and counterpart of Wind Barriers measures. Especially the enhancement of farmer’s cultural level and establishment of management system will be benefit for the adjustment of crop planting structure, increasing the harvested area of cash crops with high yield, good quality, high efficiency and high extra revenue, as well as increasing the multiple crop index of crops in project area from 129% without project to 141.4%.

41 7.2.2 Output of new-increased agriculture and Wind Barriers product

Yield increase level of cereals With the development of water saving irrigation works and in combination with agricultural and Wind Barriers measures, the yield of agricultural products in the project area will be increased year by year and reach steady production level within 2- 3 years after the implementation of the project. Vegetable will reach steady production level in the same year. Cereals and cash crops will be increased by 1520% and 1015% respectively. The total yield increase of cereals is 72103 tons, oil crops is 3055 ton, cotton is 2685 tons and melons and vegetables is 898818 tons. Yield increase level of wood and fruit trees There is a longer cutting period for tree wood about 15 years with 120-130 square meters per ha. The normal cutting period for firewood is 10 years with 25-35 square meters per ha. There is great difference for different variety of fruit trees such as apple, peach and grape. The total incremental fruit products in this project are 48339 tons. Calculated with current financial price, the output value will be increased by 133.4694 million yuan and the net income will be increased by 660.8671 million yuan. Typical Households and Income Impacts In order to correctly inflect real information on household income and expense, sampling method is adopted for investigation. Three kinds of households are selected in each project province or municipality according to different irrigation ways as representative of various income level. The items of investigation include population, labor force, cultivated area, seeded area of various crops, income of agricultural by- products, income of tertiary industry, input of production and worker payment.

7.3 Social benefit analysis

7.3.1 Disaster alleviation and prevention

Drought, flood and waterlogging are the main natural disasters affecting production in the project areas. The counterpart standard of on-farm irrigation and drainage works can be enhanced after the implementation of the project, the assurance factor of irrigation water can be improved and the impacts of drought and flood disasters on agricultural production can be alleviated after the implementation of the project. The implementation of comprehensive agricultural measures and the extension of drought resisting and wind resisting high quality varieties can enhance disaster resistance and prevention abilities of crops. Implementation of Wind Barriers components, such as tree shelter belt and trees planting around farmlands, will reduce the damages of sandstorm, beautify environment and preserve soil and water resources.

42 7.3.2 Mitigation of water right conflicts

The project will reduce water losses, enhance the effective use of water resources, easy up the conflicts among industrial, agricultural, domestic and different administrative regional water uses and promote social stability.

7.3.3 Accelerate regional economic development

The World Bank loan is used to develop water saving irrigation projects and improve agricultural productive level, which not only brings great development for agriculture but also promotes development of Wind Barriers, husbandry, sidelines and fishery. Development of these sectors offers large amount of raw materials for processing industries and promotes the development of transportation and township enterprises. Subsidize agriculture with industry and advance regional economic development through the value increase of processing industries. Economic development in the project areas will contribute a lot to the realization of local strategic goals.

7.3.4 Promote social stability

With the development of regional economy and decrease of water conflicts, the relationship between people, their living conditions, infrastructures and cultural and recreation facilities will be improved which can increase employment opportunities, enhance their cultural levels and promote social stability. Establishment of SIDD, WSO and WUA will change the management mechanism and improve water resources management. They are responsible for project construction, operation and management, supplying water according to the cost and recovering investment cost of water resources, preserve the value of fixed assets of water resources and promote sustainable development.

7.4 Environmental benefit analysis

7.4.1 Environmental benefit of Wind Barriers

Construction of tree shelter belt and development fruit trees can evidently achieve biological benefit of wind prevention, sand consolidation and climate improvement.. According to data from Changli Agricultural Division Office, wind velocity with fruit trees is 25 35 lower than that without fruit trees, and temperature decreases in summer and increases in winter by 1 2 evaporation decrease by about 20 . Tree shelter belts are the major component of bio-agriculture construction. Natural environment will be improved after completion of Wind Barriers components.

7.4.2 Environmental benefit of agriculture

Development of agriculture, Wind Barriers, husbandry, sidelines and fishery will

43 enrich farmers choice for commodities, which can make full use of energy resources and make the recycle of energy and commodities more reasonable.

7.4.3 Environmental benefit of water conservancy

Water conservancy projects can make the development and utilization of water resources more reasonable, mitigate disasters of drought, flood and alkalinity and lead to many environmental benefits. Development of water saving irrigation projects can increase the utilization efficiency of regional water resources, reduce the volume of groundwater overdraft, ease up water conflicts among various water use departments, realize the good recycle of biological environment and achieving the maximum benefits of water resources. Implementation and extension of water saving irrigation turns the single household land irrigation into large-scale land irrigation, which makes the scientific and in time irrigation possible and is of advantages to scientific allocation of surface water and ground water and effectively control groundwater level, deterioration of soil phisicochemical character and the loss of fertilizer. All these not only saved valuable water resources, but also preserve the good bio-environment of farmlands.

8 Environment management plan

8.1 Summary of Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Summarized below in Table8.1-1 are the environmental impacts identified as part of the EA and the basic information for developing detailed environmental mitigation measures.

44 Table 8-1 Summarized Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures Activities Identified Impacts Design Measures Construction measures Operational measures Irrigation Construction Impact on land utilization Reasonable site selection not occupy farmland component land-occupied Rebuild of Impact on land utilization and make reasonable layout Constructing pumped wells in pumped wells vegetation. unreasonable layout of agricultural spare time pumped wells may result in descent of water level. Major canal and - General construction nuisances Reasonable route - General mitigation plan to reduce pipe works (noise, dust, waste). selection construction impacts(refer to Annex - Control of soil erosion. I). - Disposal of sand/silt removded -sand/silt will be disposed of at from the irrigation canal/channel. designated sites. Land leveling Destroy matured earth on Maintain matured earth to the best soil surface and influence balance and recover it on thesurface soil. of water and heat. Agricultural Construction Impact on land utilization Reasonable site selection not occupy farmland component land-occupied Land leveling Destroy matured earth on Maintain matured earth to the best soil surface and influence balance and recover it on the surface soil. of water and heat. mulch film Changing physical characteristics of -Use easily decomposed film; residue soil, the white pollution will -Recycle the spent mulch influence landscape view. -Educaiton on farmers to properly use and recycle mulch Applicaion of Mechanical noise and mechanical Strict operation rules agro-machinery oil seepage will pollute soil. Pesticide & Agricultural area non-point source -minimize pesticide use by promoting fertlizers use pollution IPM(see Annex II); -IPM training for local farmers. -Utilize the existing institutions for the Pest Management Moisture Inappropriate use of moisture -The environmental soundness Preservation preservation agent moisture preservation agent should be Agent selected by screening. -Education to farmers. Wind Barrier Tree planting Invasive species. Limiting species choice to Training on pest management. and revegetation Pest management. local species.

45 8.1.1 Measures to alleviate impact during construction

The major environmental elements to be affected by construction will include: surface water, ambient air, acoustic environment, ecological environmental, solid waste and public health. A detailed guidelines for project construction has been developed by the provincial project management office and attached as Annex 1 of the EMP.

8.1.2 Measures to alleviate impact during operation period

· For the application of nitrogenous fertilizer, such measures as balancing, soil monitoring, and timing should be taken, which is good for alleviation of leaching. · Application of pesticide should strictly follow the national standard “Standard for safety use of pesticide” and the PMP(Annex II). · Application of pesticide should be under the guidance of experts, to ensure the application of safety, high efficient, low poison and low residue pesticides. · Control of pesticide pollution to groundwater should focus on the prevention of pollution, which may refer to the study by EU. Careful application should be paid with understanding of basic features of pesticide. · Typical areas should be selected to monitor amount, timing and residue in soil of pesticide application. Table 8-2 Physicochemical characteristics of pesticides found in groundwater Characteristics Limit Solubility in water >300ppm Henry constant <10Pa(m-3)(mol-1) Hydrolytic half life period >25weeks Photosynthetic half life period >1week Adsorpability: Kd <1-5(usually<1-2) Adsorpability: Koc <300-500 Metabolism half life period >2-3weeks Field dissipation half life period >2-3weeks Depth of leaching in field dissipation >75-90cm

8.2 Monitoring plan

Because the project involve many components and they are all located in the widespread villages where the monitoring conditions are much poorer, typical project area in each county are selected to be monitored focally, and the monitoring focus on groundwater, surface water and soil monitoring, the purpose is to survey the applied quantity of fertilizer and pesticide is to strengthen management. 8.2.1 Principle of monitoring points selection · Groundwater level: using subproject area as basic unit and selecting typical observation well on the basis of hydrogeological conditions, regular points of observation should be used as far as possible; Each county should has a monitoring point at least.

46 · Monitoring of water environment (water quality): using the regular sampling points as far as possible and properly adding some sampling points according to the conditions of pollution source; · Soil monitoring: adding some new necessary points on the basis of the existing sampling points of agricultural environment at county level. 8.2.2 Environment monitoring plan Water environment monitoring plan includes the monitoring of surface water volume and quality, groundwater level, volume and quality and soil. · Surface water monitoring Monitoring points should be located in the main rivers and intakes of irrigation water of reservoirs in the project areas. Monitoring should be done Biannual during irrigation r. Monitoring on water quality is detailed in Table 7-1. · Ground water monitoring Monitoring points should be located in the intake wells of water saving irrigation system and observation well every 20 km2 in the project area. Monitoring should be done Biannual in flood and drought period of a year. Monitoring components are groundwater level, quality and volume and the monitoring of water quality should be carried out in accordance with the “Quality standard for groundwater” (GB/T14848-93) and “Quality standard for Irrigation Water” (GB508492). · Soil monitoring Monitor points should be located in the project every 10km2 and monitoring of 020cm surface soil is the focus. Sampling time: monitoring once at the end of planting period should be carried out and added properly according to requirement. . soil salinization monitoring Because the soil secondary salinization issue exist only in pingluo county, the monitoring of soil salinization will be carried out just in pingluo county. Sampling time: Biannual monitoring during irrigation at the end of planting period should be carried out and added properly according to requirement. Essential monitoring factors: detailed in table 8-1. The application of pesticide and fertilizer should be performed according to crops, and the monitoring of pesticide in soil should be carried out selecting representative pesticide. 8.2.3 monitoring method, sampling method The monitoring method, sampling method and monitoring analysis method of environment should be carried out according to the standard issued by the State Environmental Protection Agency. 8.2.4 Monitoring task undertaken Monitoring task should be undertaken by special qualified units such as provincial hydrologic station, provincial or municipal water resources bureau and the Monitoring and Evaluation Center of Water Environment entrusted by provincial project office. Environmental monitoring costs are shown in table 8-2.

47 48 Table8-1 Environmental Monitoring Program for the Project categary Monitoring item Parameters Frequencies Monitors Responsible Agency Water level Groundwater level Groundwater level Biannual monitoring Monitoring institute City/county PMO irrigation water quality Pb, Ca, Cu, Zn, Hg, Ag, pH, CODmn Biannual during irrigation Monitoring institute City/county PMO Pb, Ca, Cu, Zn, Hg, Ag,ammonia- Monitoring institute City/county PMO water Return water quality Biannual during irrigation nitrogenpHCODmnNO2-N quality Pb, Ca, Cu, Zn, Hg, Ag, Full Phosphorous Monitoring institute City/county PMO Groundwater quality Biannual during irrigation + ,NH 4-N, pHCODmnNO2-N Soil pollution Pb, Ca, Hg, Ag,, pH Annual during irrigatino Monitoring institute City/county PMO pHorganic matterNitrogenHydro Monitoring institute City/county PMO soil quality Soil Fertility Nitrogen Annual during irrigatino , Effective Phosphorous,Effective Potassium Salinization (only in Mineralization of Groundwater, Monitoring institute City/county PMO Salinization Biannual after irrigation pingluo county) Salt content of soil impact Air pollution, waste ESE (Environmental EMO(Environmental Environmental protection measures required environmental supervision and during water ,waste Supervision Engineer) Management Office) in environmental reglation and law management by ESE construction solid,noise

49 table8-2 Environmental monitoring costs Unit ten thousand yuan Soil monitoring 38.04 Surface water monitoring 36.0 Groundwater level and quality monitoring 25.2 Total 89.24

8.2 Environmental management plan

8.2.1 Institutional Establishment and Responsibilities

Special unit of environment protection management should be set up and operates under the guidance of Provincial Water Resources Bureau during the construction and operation period of the Water Conservation Project. It should formulate implementation regulations on environmental protection and establish project management information system to monitor key environmental elements of project prefectures and counties. System management is used in data collection, compilation and report and all of the found issues should be solved in time to achieve the integration of the project’s social, economic and environmental benefits. Duties of environmental management institutions are as follows:Implementing the policies and regulations for environmental protection of the state; protecting water and soil environment cooperating with water resources and environmental protection sectors; spreading propaganda among the masses in the construction areas on environmental protection to promote masses’ consciousness of environmental protection; being responsible for organizing and implementing environmental monitoring and records and analyzing the project impacts on environment; being responsible for the statistics and report to the higher level of report forms and managing archives of environmental protection. To effectively implement this EMP during implementation, the Project Office will provide an EMO to be exclusively responsible for implementing. The EMO will consist of 2 persons, including an engineer and a staff member.Each County Project Office will establish an Environmental Management Group (referred to the “EMG” hereinafter), to be exclusively responsible for implementing this EMP and the resettlement action plan within its jurisdiction. The EMG will comprise a director and a staff members to take charge of environmental management. When the EMO is in place, the ESE, environmental monitoring agencies and individual consultants will be engaged, on a contract basis, to undertake the environmental management work assigned by the EMO. The environmental management agencies and their counterpart contract parties will form an environmental management framework with the EMO as a key actor as shown in Chart 8.2-1 below.

50 Provincial PMO

EMO Consultant

ESE County EMG Monitoring Institutes

Construction Areas / Project Affected Areas

Chart 8-1 Environmental Management Framework

8.2.1 Environmental management during construction

Attention should be paid to the management environmental behavior caused for production and living construction site, full-time environmental protection staff should be provided in the construction units participating in the project to be responsible for pollution control. The management and supervision departments in each project county should establish report system of environmental quality and establish environmental management and simultaneous examination and approval system, promote propaganda and education and strengthen the constructors’ consciousness of environmental protection. Of which, the important issues to be paid attention to are solid waste from construction, vegetation protection and noises of machines. A detailed guidelines for project construction has been developed by the provincial project management office and attached as Annex 1 of the EMP. In order to ensure actual implementation of the guidelines, based on successful practices in other World Bank financed projects in China, following steps are to be taken: i) The guidelines will be translated into contractual clauses and form an “Environmental Management Rules in Project Construction Period (Rules)” ; ii) The Rules will be formally put into effect by PMO before project bidding;

51 iii) The Rules will be included in project bidding documents. Each construction contractor shall promise through construction contracts to follow the Rules; iv) An environmental professional team, environmental supervision engineers (ESE), shall be employed by the EMO to supervise on spot the implementation of the Rules (measures) by the contractors. v) The management office of the project of city or county level should assign staff to the construction sites of the project for supervision and inspection irregularly.

8.2.2 Environmental management during operation

Each water supply department in the project area should ensure that the quality of water source conforms to the quality standard for relative functions of water body. It is forbidden to discharge waste water to the drainage system in the project area. When irrigation water is found polluted, it should be reported to environmental management department immediately and disposed in time. The main environmental issued to be paid attention to after the implementation of the project is the descent of groundwater level and the impacts of pesticide and fertilizer on water environment. Therefore, environmental protection departments should find these issues in time and put forward countermeasures to alleviate them on the basis of monitoring.

8.2.3 Establishment of environmental monitoring and reporting system

Environmental monitoring and reporting system is an effective measure for environmental management. · Monitoring stations at all levels compile environmental monitoring report according to the monitoring plan. · All subproject areas collect the monitoring results to county project management offices (PMOs), thus report to provincial PMO by county PMOs. · Environment protection bureaus at city level summarize the county environmental monitoring reports, put forward proposals on environmental monitoring and management according to the state of local environmental protection laws and regulations and make them known to the environmental protection department at lower level. · The above-mentioned monitoring report and proposals of environmental protection bureaus at city level will be reported to CPMO. PMOs at all levels should adjust and implement the monitoring plan under the guidance of CPMO. · All subproject areas collect the monitoring results to county project management offices (PMOs), thus report to provincial PMO by county PMOs. · The central project management office( CPMO) reports the situation of carrying out EMP wth relevant environmental monitoring data to the World Bank every year.

52 8.2.4 Environmental Management Training and Consulting Services

(1) Environmental Training It is necessary to train the Project management staff, which is not familiar wiyh the World Bank’s environmental policies and the Project-specific environmental management requirements and management procedures.It is proposed to provide the following 2 types of training: environmental staff in provincial and counties (districts)level, ESE. (1) Training of environmental management in provincial and counties (districts)level This part of work will be performed by the PMO after the World Bank’s Project appraisal and before the Project implementation. It is expected to train 20-30 persons, including the PMO’s environmental officials, all EMO staff, county (district) EMG staff, and representatives of Project engineering management staff. The topics of training include: 1) China’s applicable environmental laws, regulations, standards and specifications; 2) Environmental management mode of World Bank-supported projects; 3) EMP; 4) Experience and lessons from other World Bank-supported projects in China; 5) Preparation of environmental management reports. In addition, the EMO will send chief environmental managers to other World Bank- supported projects in China, to learn from their experience in environmental management. (2) Training of ESE Training of the ESE will be arranged by the EMO prior to implementation of the Project, with an estimated number of about 15-20 persons, including the ESE’s total staff, PMO’s environmental officials, total EMO staff, county (district) EMG’s staff, representatives of project engineering management. and the Engineer’s representatives. They will be trained in the following topics: 1) China’s applicable environmental laws and regulations; 2) Environmental management mode of World Bank-supported projects; 3) The EMP; 4) Objectives, components, procedures and methods of environmental supervision; 5) Experience and lessons from other World Bank-supported projects in China; 6) Preparation of environmental supervision reports. (2) Consulting Services Environmental consultants will be invited as necessary by the EMO, regularly or irregularly, to provide technical support for environmental management under the Project.

(3) Training for farmers to implement the mitigation measures in the EMP.

53 In the project areas, it is the farmer who will implement the mitigation measures to reduce the use of pesticide and fertilizers. It is important to provide farmers with trainings on the following - Training on the EA regulatons and policies; - Training on Annex I-General Guidelines for Construction. - Training on Annex II- Integrated Pest Management - Training on use and recycle of mulch membrane; - Training on the screening of moisture preservation agents. The training for farmers will be offed by the county PMOs, or be delivered by the Water User Association.

Table 8-3 Budget for Implementation of Environmental Management Plan Item Budget ( ten thousand yuan) Mitigation measures  (e.g. Wind barrier, soil conservation) Envionrmental Monitoirng  Capacity Builidng, inlcuidng envionrmental training*  Total 

9 Public participation Water saving irrigation will play a positive role in local rural social and economic development and the improvement of farmer’s living standard. The public participation is very necessary, we should give the public participation and supervision into full play, eliminate and alleviate the adverse impact during the construction and operation of the project, realize the coordinated development of economic construction and environmental protection and guarantee the numerous mass’s benefits.

9.1 Survey objects and method

Survey objects: include farmers in the project area, local governmental officials, administrative personnel of the project and water conservancy, agricultural, environmental and tree experts, etc., sex, age, educational level, occupation and revenue were all taken into account. Survey method: granting “questionnaire for the public participation” to the numerous farmers and carrying out sampling survey are the majority, and concurrently holding symposium and experts’ consultation.

9.2 Survey results

We conduct survey by the means of selecting representative masses, holding symposium and granting questionnaire for comments. We recovered 100 questionnaires from this survey, the participants can be divided as their professions:

54 69 farmers who made up 69% of the total participants, 7 workers who made up 7% of the total, 12 administrative staffs who made up 12% and 4 others who made up 4%. It can be shown from the above-mentioned investigation that the public support the project, however, they also have some doubt and comments: · There is 88% of people who know about this project and they all think that it’s important or very important of irrigation development to agricultural development. 96% of them agree on the project construction and 77% of them think that the project is beneficial to themselves. · As to assessment on local water resources, 49.5% of the masses think that local water resource is normal and 46.5% think that they are scarce or much scarce. 99.5% agree that this project will be beneficial to utilization of water resources, soil amelioration, yield increase and adding employment. · As to water saving irrigation way, 60% are agree on sprinkler irrigation, and 22% and 24% agree on dripping irrigation and canal lining respectively. · As to impacts of the project on environment, there is a scattered result, 34% think that it will have no impact, and 16-31% think that it will produce impacts on surface water, groundwater, soil and crops. Furthermore, the farmers had some doubts on project quality and assurance rate of water supply, and also proposed some comments on high water fee and power charges. Table9-1 Statistical Analysis of Public Comments in Project Area Percentage% Survey content Comments People Number 1.Do you know this water saving irrigation Yes 88 88 project? No 12 12 Agree 96 96 2.Your attitude to this project construction? Oppose 0 0 No matter 4 4 Advantageous 12 12 3.How about impact of this project on Disadvantageous 77 77 yourself? No impact 11 11 4.Whether the project construction has the Huge role 92 92 role of boosting social and economic Less role 3 3 development? Non 1 1 Very important 56 56 5.Is it important to develop irrigation for Important 39 39 agricultural development? Not important 0 0 Very short 17 17 6.Whether the water resources in local area Shortage 27 27 are lack of? General 47 47 No shortage 2 2 Sprinkler 62 62 7.Which kind of irrigation way is suitable for Drip irrigation 22 22 local area? Canal lining 24 24 Soil 26 26 Employment 18 18 8.Are there any benefits for the following Yield increase 54 54 factors after project implementation? Utilization of water 57 57 resources Income increase 34 34 No any benefit 1 1 9.What impacts of project implementation on Surface water 16 16 environment? Groundwater 21 21

55 Agriculture 31 31 Soil 15 15 No impact 34 34 Generally speaking, the farmers have very higher understanding to the project, they think that it can solve local water shortage, increase the yield of crops and the farmers’ revenue and promote the local social economic development, they recommend the project be implemented soon. However, they have not clear understanding to environmental issues and most of them think that the project won’t exert any environmental impacts, and in another issue, they put forward its potential impacts on groundwater, surface water, soil and agriculture. This indicates that the masses’ environmental consciousness in the project area is very weak and they have not any knowledge in environmental pollution and environmental monitoring. Therefore, the farmer’s environmental education should be strengthened during the construction of the project and their consciousness in environmental protection should also be improved so as to control the disadvantageous environmental impacts to the minimum extent.

chart9-1 project information disclosed in the internet

56 chart9-2 project information disclosed in the newspaper

10 Conclusion and recommendation

10.1 Conclusions of Current environmental situation assessment

· The nutrient content of soil in the project area is at the third level under the present applied quantity of fertilizer and cropping pattern. the contents of Cr, Hg, As in the soil has not exceeded the soil quality standard type II of the state . · From 2006 to 2008, the Yellow River Ningxia sections of stability keep Class III of good water quality, and the main pollutant densi ty present the downward trend in each large discharge canal. Therefore, the water quality of each water body can meet the demand for irrigation water quality. The leaching losses in irrigated area cause serious pollution of salt and ammonia nitrogen in the lower Yellow River. 2 · The main factors that influence groundwater quality are CL and SO4 . The quality of groundwater quality in Weining irrigation area and Qingtongxia irrigation area can not meet the requirements in Groundwater Quality Criteria (GB/T14848-93) ,and also can not meeting the standard for agricultural irrigation water quality.

57 · The shortage of water resources in varying degrees exists both at present condition and in the future without the project.

10.2 Main impacts and countermeasures

Main positive impacts · Development of water saving irrigation, such as sprinkler, drip, pipe, chute irrigation and canal lining, will raise water resources utilization efficiency from 0.4~0.65 with traditional flood irrigation to 0.70-0.85 and reduce crops’ irrigation quota. · Water saving irrigation is implemented according to water demand of crops in different growth periods. It is uniformed and easy for crop adsorption. These techniques are more reasonable and scientific, while reducing losses of infiltration and evaporation. · Water saving irrigation is good for easing up intense of water resources in project areas. Reduce the seepage of canal, increase the utilization efficiency of water resources and alleviate the the soil salinization · Scientific irrigation method, together with such agricultural measures as appropriate fertilizer application, soil temperature and moisture preservation and stalk shredding is of advantageous to the evenly convey of moisture and nutrient into crop roots and improves soil structure and fertilizer efficiency. · Water saving irrigation helps land leveling and reduces soil and water losses. Development of treery and vegetation protects farmland. It is convenient for machinery operation after land leveling and labor can be saved. All these are good to sustainable environment development. · The Project accelerates extension and popularization of science and technology and enables farmers learn scientific production and management skills, which not only enhances farmers scientific and cultural level but also improves rural social environment. · Water saving irrigation techniques promote extension of agriculture technology and increase per unit area yield. It also promotes economic development in the project areas. · SIDD changes management mode and enhances farmers’ scientific use and management of water, which is favorable for increase of water resources utilization efficiency and maintenance of irrigation facilities.

Main adverse impacts and countermeasures

· Water saving irrigation, together with agriculture and management meausres has reduced potential adverse impacts of pesticide and fertilizer on soil and groundwater compared to traditional irrigation and farming method, but their impact still exist.

· Prevention of fertilizer and pesticide pollution is the focus of management. Measures should be taken during their application.

58 -- For the application of nitrogenous fertilizer, such measures as balancing, soil monitoring, and timing should be taken, which is good for alleviation of leaching. -- Application of pesticide should strictly follow the national standard “Standard for safety use of pesticide”. -- Under the guidance of experts, to ensure the application of safety, high efficient, low poison and low residue pesticides. -- Control of pesticide pollution to groundwater should focus on the prevention of pollution, which may refer to the study by EU. Careful application should be paid with understanding of basic features of pesticide. -- Typical areas should be selected to monitor amount, timing and residue in soil of pesticide application.

· Earth excavation and use of machinery may result in noises, dust, soil and water loss, which can be alleviated by strengthening environmental management. Measures are as follows: -- Spoiled materials produced in construction should be cleared in time and transported to the specified places. -- Canal excavation and road construction should be avoided implementing in rainy season, and vegetation of both banks should be restored which is the effective measure to prevent soil and water loss. -- Construction vehicles should slow down when travel through residential areas, and no tooting is allowed. Try to avoid moving through residential areas at night.

10.3 Conclusions and recommendations

In summary, the project is a project of improving irrigation systems, increasing water resources utilization efficiency, promoting local social and economic development and improving local environment. In general, the project is of advantage to environment, and its social, economic and environmental benefits are optimistic. It is suggested to realize the balance between water supply and demand during project implementation. As regard to groundwater, the draft volume should not excess its mean annual replenishment, which is the guarantee to avoid continuous descent of groundwater level. Application of pesticide should follow the policy of high efficiency, low poison and low residue. In general, this project is the one that will improve irrigation facilities, increase utilization rate of water resources, promote local social and economic development in village and improve environment. After implementation of the project, it will obtain great social, economic and environmental benefits. It is suggested that, during implementation of the project, enabling balance between water resources supply and demand, especially to groundwater, the exploitation amount should not be greater than its mean annual recharge, which is safeguard to keep steady groundwater level continuously. The policy of high-efficiency, low poison and low residue should be carried out in application of pesticide.

59 ANNEX 1: General Guidelines for Construction Management

The major environmental elements to be affected by construction will include: surface water, ambient air, acoustic environment, ecological environmental, solid waste and public health. Specific mitigating measures are proposed as follows: 1) Surface water protection (1) Drainage from foundation pits will be mostly underground seepage and rainfall. Such water relatively good in quality will be directly discharged after sedimentation, provided that it is not mixed with any other wastewater. This will not cause surface water pollution. (2) The wastewater stemming from concrete mixing and curing systems and aggregate washing activities will be collected, mixed and sent to sedimentation tanks after the pH value is reduced. The size of tanks will be adequate to ensure a retention time longer than 6 hours. Treated wastewater will be totally used for aggregate washing or concrete mixing and curing purposes. (3) Repair and washing of construction equipment and vehicles will be performed by taking advantage of the available repair plants nearby, with the replacement of parts considered in site. The oily wastewater resulting from equipment maintenance and washing will be treated by making use of the available oil separators installed in the repair plants, with treated wastewater reused wherever possible rather than drained. (4) construction management will be mostly performed in outskirts or rural areas, with camps established by taking advantage of the available amenities in neighboring villages. In consideration of the reality there, excreta will be used as manure. Camps not based on available living amenities will be furnished with simple latrines, with excreta regularly removed and used as manure. (5) Camps will be equipped with sanitary sewage treatment facilities, with this part of sewage will be treated properly rather than drained into water courses directly. (6) The Contractors must implement production/sanitary sewage treatment measures to ensure discharge up to standards. (7) River diversion schemes shall be planned well in account of the receiving capacity of water courses, not to deteriorate the water environment in the surroundings. In the process of diversion, strict management and supervision of construction will be practised to prevent adverse impacts by willful diversion. (8) Every effort will be tried to save water, which will be reused wherever possible.

60 (9) Construction management will be enhanced, with water leakage from construction equipment controlled strictly. (10) Environmental education of construction workers will be strengthened to raise their environmental awareness, without littering solid wastes and sewage. 2) Air protection (11) Raw materials will be piled properly in stockpile areas, to reduce the area exposed to winds. Cement and other dust-prone materials, if kept temporarily, must be provided with windproof measures, e.g. wetting or covering with tarpaulin appropriately. (12) Batching plants must be provided with dustproof measures, to meet the applicable environmental requirements. (13) Houses being dismantled will be watered and covered properly. (14) Each construction area will be equipped with 1-2 spraying cars to meet the need of dust removal. (15) Watering and other measures will be provided for stockpile areas when there is gale or dry air, to reduce fugitive dust. (16) The surface of soil materials piled temporarily will be often watered to maintain appropriate moisture. (17) Fuel equipment and vehicles must be operated in good conditions and equipped with tail gas purifying, smoke/dust removing and other devices, as necessary, to ensure emission up to standards. Such devices will be tested and maintained regularly. (18) Equipment management will be strengthened. (19) Soil, cement and other materials being transported will be covered with boards and tarpaulins, and trucks will not be overloaded, so as to avoid falloff due to shocks. (20) Operators will be equipped with necessary appliances for protection. (21) Attention will be paid to watering where construction is performed in urban areas or outskirts and in towns or villages quite close to water courses. 3) Acoustic environmental protection (22) The Contractors will properly arrange schedules, which will be submitted for registration, and provide necessary noise reduction measures. (23) Rigid requirements will be provided for the management of work rates, equipment, operators and instructions, with mufflers provided for hauling trucks as necessary. (24) Low-noise equipment will be used wherever it permits. Construction equipment will be maintained carefully to maintain them in good conditions and to reduce noise. (25) Concrete vibrator noise will be reduced, with low-frequency vibrators applied in lieu of high-frequency ones to achieve noise reduction. (26) Noise monitoring will be performed as planned in all work areas during construction, to monitor noise levels day and night, and, on the basis of

61 monitoring results, adjust construction schedules as necessary. (27) Field workers, such as concrete mixer and other high-noise equipment operators, will be provided with necessary noise reduction appliances. Their work time will not be longer than 6 hours/day. (28) Where work areas are located in the vicinity of towns and villages, work time will be arranged properly, with high-noise activities suspended from 21:00 pm to 7:00 am wherever possible. (29) It is advisable to drive at a limited speed and forbid to use tweeters when passing through residential areas, to avoid disrupting residents. (30) Temporary sound-proof walls will be provided where construction is performed in the range of 50 m away from villages. 4) Solid waste management (31) The sand/silt removed from the irrigation canal/channel will be disposed of at designated sites. Spoil soil and debris from construction will be piled in spoil areas as planned. Spoils in piles will be watered regularly to prevent dust. Attention will be given to controlling the height of stockpiles, with fences and other measures provided to prevent loss due to erosion. (32) Spoil areas complying with Level B of the “Standard of Soil Environmental Quality” (GB15618-1994) may be recultivated. It is recommended that restored spoil areas be monitored and then handed to farmers when confirmed free from damages to crops. (33) Scrap iron and steel bar among other salvageable materials will be colleted for reuse. (34) Debris from demolition will be piled by types, with salvageable parts recovered for reuse. Waste materials from reconstructed buildings will be crushed and incorporated into new buildings as fillers wherever possible, or used as road building materials. (35) Dustbins will be provided in work areas and camps, often sprayed with aminocarb and other pesticides to prevent the breeding of flies and other vectors. Full-time jobs will be provided for cleaning and local sanitation authorities engaged in removing solid wastes regularly. Production and house refuse will be sent to landfills nearby. (36) When construction is finished, site clearing will be arranged promptly for batching plants, laydown areas and warehouses, to remove debris from demolition and sorts of foreign materials. This will be done also for house refuse, latrines and sewage pits, which will be sterilized with quick lime and acidum to make ready for restoration. 5) Other aspects Soil conservation, public health, cultural relic preservation and ecological protection measures are discussed separately as special topics. The environmental protection measures mentioned above will be included as environmental clauses in the “Environmental Management Rules for Construction

62 Period”, which will be prepared as arranged by the EMO and published and put into force prior to the start of construction. The Contractors will promise in contracts to implement such measures.

63 Annex2Integrated Pest Management Plan

It’s anticipated that the applied amount of pesticide and fertilizer will increase to some extent for the regulation of planting structures to increase the yield of agricultural production.In order to promote healthy development of the agriculture ecosystem and safeguard ecological safety, an Integrated Pest Control Program has been prepared, on the basis of the available pest control and management system in the Project area, by the Project Office, who will be responsible for implementing this Program. 1 Main Crop Diseases and Insect Pests in the Project Area

Main crop diseases and insect pests in the Project area are in 3 categories: crop diseases, crop insects and crop smootherings. Crop diseases: Common diseases mainly include wheat rust, full rot, root rot, snow mold leaf blight; rice sheath blight; broad bean droop, red spot; pea downy mildew; head smut, potato late blight, ring rot, black shank; and cabbage soft rot, uncinula necator ,etc. Crops insects: Underground crop insects are wireworm, grub, cutworm, mole cricket and rootworm, wheat head noctuid, hullsse barley spike fly, wheat-straw bee, wheat- straw fly, malt aphid; rice stem borer; rape stem Culculionid, yellow-stripe flea beetle; pea leaf miner, broad bean aphid; apple yponomeutid, pear star caterpillar, diamondback moth and cabbage caterpillar, etc. Crop smootherings: Main crop smootherings are Avena fatua L., Chenopodium serotinum L., wild mustard, potherb and other weeds. 2 Major Pests and damage degree

Distribution, the frequency and Damage degree of the main crop diseases and insect pests in the project area is of great difference between different crops, different areas and different year. It can cause crop output 15% about loss rate generally, higher year can be more than 30%. The crop diseases and insect pests that occurred in recently years were mostly middle-leveled. (1) Wheat pests Wheat midge: middle level in some areas Wheat Take-all: middle level. Wheat aphids middle level. (2) maize pests Red mite: middle level. Corn borer: middle level.

64 (3) rice pests stem borer: middle level. (4) Others Vegetable pests: grey mould, frost mildew, powdery mildew and early and late blight being usual; aphid, South American leaf miner, diamondback moth, Mamestra brassicae L., and Agrotis ypsilon Rottemberg middle level. Underground pests: middle level, heavier in river bottomland 3 Status of Crop Disease & Pest Control

(1) Organizations and responsibilities for Crop Disease & Pest Control The Bureau of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry of each project area has established an Agrotechnology Popularizing Station, which includes a plant preservation team. Each county has set up its own agrotechnology popularizing center, which includes a plant preservation station. The plant preservation team at Agrotechnology Popularizing Station takes the full responsibility for crop disease & pest control, plant quarantine and pesticide market administration in the whole city. The county plant preservation station is responsible for such work within the boundary of the county. (2) Main activities z Crop disease & pest monitoring z Routine quarantine z Crop disease & pest forecasting and warning z Dissemination and training z Prevention and control with pesticides (3) Outstanding problems z Over-dependence upon chemical control, but less developed biological and agricultural control measures; z Lack of necessary instruments and means of transport, making it difficult to apply and spread up-to-date forecast, control and quarantine techniques; z Inadequacy of human resources; z Lack of timely and adequate access to information, resulting in improper use of pesticides by farmers. 4 Pest Management Measures Design

(1) Principle The pest resistance abides by the principle of “prevention preference and integrated resistance.” The integrated resistance consists of agricultural, biological, physical and chemical methods, with the aim to optimize agricultural ecological system and promote agricultural sustainable development.

65 (2) Methods Wheat pests resistance z Strengthen quarantine and prohibit breeding seeds in areas with diseases or pests. In recent years, wheat gaeumannomyces graminis has been becoming heavier. The disease was caused by seeds. So, wheat from the fields in which wheat diseases occurred in the last year can not be used as seeds. The diseases should be mitigated or can disappear through irrigation and non-irrigation methods. z Agricultural resistance. Select seeds with high production and high disease resistance; rotate seeds regularly; adopt better cultivation techniques and balanced fertilizer; remove all weeds. z Biological resistance. Use middle- and low-poison chemical pesticide to avoid that natural enemies, such as ladybug, syrphid flies and parasitic wasps to be killed by them and thus to prevent aphid and wheat armyworm; and use biological pesticides to resist gaeumannomyces graminis, jinggang mycin to resist sheath blight, Ningnan mycin to resist powdery mildew, and Avermectins to resist gree wheat mite and armyworm. z Physical resistance. A frequency trembler grid lamp pro three to four wheat land. Vegetable pests resistance z Agricultural resistance. Rational rotation; healthy seedbed for seeds; resistant, high-production seeds; sanitize seeds; remove weeds; reduce land humidity. z Physical resistance. Remove weeds by using plastic films; adjust temperature and reduce humidity by using plastic canopy and daylight greenhouses; trap and kill aphid by yellow board; Use frequency trembler grid lamps to trap and kill greenworm, diamondback moth and Helicoverpaassulta. z Biological resistance. Protect ladybug, green lacewings, cabbage butterfly, and Apantelesplutellae; use B.t emulsion, Avermectins, matrine, chaconine, Fructus Cnidii. z Medicament resistance Seedbed period. Mix copper sulfate with 2.5% Deltamethin and 1500 times water to spray to resist seedling blight, anthracnose, cataplexy disease, and Agrotis ypsilon. Seedling period. Use 5% metalaxgl mancozeb with 1000 times water to spray to resist grey mould, frost mildew, early blight and late blight. Bloom period. Mix Trichloroiso Cyanuric Acid with 5% fipgonil with an amount of 50 ml to spray to resist soft rot disease, anthracnose, grey mould, cotton bollworm, Helicoverpaassulta and Bemisia tabaci.

66 Weed remove. Use plastic films or use 40% Hsrness with 800 times water to treat soil. Potato pests resistance z Agricultural resistance. Land management: much cultivation, deep cultivation, high earth-up among individual potato, ridges after irrigation; discharge water in case of furrow irrigation and low-lying land to reduce land humidity; resist late blight disease. Remove of disease plant in time: examine to remove the plants with diseases. z Medicament resistance: when disease plants appear at Begin Bloom Day, use Metalaxyl to spray to resist late blight disease, with 45 kg water by hand or 10 kg water by machine, one time per seven to ten days and for two times. Rice pests resistance Adopt the black light light to trap and kill the rice stem borer.

5 Rational use and control of chemical pesticides

(1) Kinds of pesticides It is prohibited in the project area to use the pesticides that are not allowed by the state. The integrated resistance is preferred and the pesticides must be used safely. High efficient, low-poison and low-remnant pesticides should be used, including the following ones: Insecticide: dimehypo, Monosultap, phentriazophos, Avermectin, B.t emulsion, imidacloprid Regent, decis, high efficient cypermethrin. Bactericidevalidamycin A, Ningnanmycin, Trichloroisocyanuric Acid, triadimefon, Carbendazim, Metalaxyl, Tricycloazole, Shi Bai Keon, Mancozeb. Herbicide: acetochlor, Paraquat, isoproturon, butachlor, bensulfuron methyl, Pumasuper, tribenuion-methyl, Fluroxypyr Starane (2) Amount control Strengthen monitoring of plant diseases and insect pests, relax properly resistance standards, improve medicament usage techniques, use pesticides rationally, enhance efficiency, reduce use time and amount, prohibit to use pesticide at safety periods.

6 Pest Management Measures

(1) Management Measures

z The amount of chemical fertilizers will be controlled, without applying any high-toxic and high-persistent pesticides. Microorganism fertilizers and no-tillage technologies will be spread for the purpose of better soil quality. z Strengthen the capacity building of farmer groups and relevant organizations in the Project area and ensure good quality of training, for

67 them to be capable of solving problems and organizing community activities. z Adopt sustainable farming measures collectively by improving the know- how and skills of farmers, to achieve the improvement of environment, health and standard of living. z Establish institutional linkage between local farmers and external technical supporters, to ensure good quality of training and implementation. (2) Monitoring and Prediction z regularly monitoring the crop diseases and insect pests and field general survey . z Launch the trend prediction, fully utilize medias such as the TV, message of cell phone,etc. to release the information of crop diseases and insect pests to the public in the project area. The prediction system of agricultural crop diseases and insect pests of project area is sound, it will offer basis for the integrated control of crop diseases and insect pests. z Routine quarantine work will be conducted. z Census of plant diseases & insects: Professional persons will be engaged in a special census of Cydia pomonella L. and Leptinotarsa decemlineata S. in the Project area each year. z Procedures will be established for inspecting and taking over by sequences. (3) Training z Training of technical and management staff z Training of farmers, which will be combined with the trainings offered by the Water User Association and institutions.

7 Budget

The budget for Disease & Pest Management in Ningxia project area is about RMB 885,000. Budget for IPM Impelementaiton (10 thousand Yuan) Item Cost IPM Promotion Measures. 67.11 Technical Services 11.00 Raise awareness(e.g. training) about 10.40 Code of Coduct on pesticides Total 88.5

68 69