• IPP378
The People's Republic of China Ningxia Hui Autononlous Region Ningxia Highway Improvement Project Public Disclosure Authorized
Social Assessment Public Disclosure Authorized Report (Revised draft) Public Disclosure Authorized
Shanghai Resettlenlent Investment Management Co. Ltd.
Public Disclosure Authorized October 2009 , , "
Contents
Illustration map of Project expressway and road network ...... 1 Chapter 1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Basic information of the Project ...... 1 1.2 Project affected areas ...... 5 1.3 Overall objective and prerequisites of Social Assessment ...... 7 1.4 Basic steps of Social Assessment ...... 8 1.5 Other considerations during Social Assessment ...... 15 1.6 The main basis and survey method of Social Assessment ...... 16 Chapter 2 Socio-economic information of the Project affected areas ...... 19 2.1 Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region ...... 19 2.2 Yinchuan City ...... 22 2.3 Wuzhong City ...... 24 2.4 Lingwu City ...... 26 2.5 Qingtongxia City ...... 28 2.6 Basic information ofaffected townships ...... 32 Chapter 3 Survey of the affected communities and households ...... 39 3.1 Brief introduction of survey ...... 39 3.2 Basic demographic characteristics ...... 41 3.3 Land Resources ...... 42 3.4 Employment of household laborers ...... 45 3.5 Housing Resources ...... 45 3.6 Household income and affecting factors ...... 49 3.7 Household consumption expenditure and affecting factors ...... 51 3.8 The impacts of land acquisition on local farmers ...... 53 3.9 Social support network ...... 59 3.9.1 Rural organization network ...... 59 3.10 Impacts on Vulnerable Groups and Supporting Arrangement for them. 60 3.11 Support rate to the Project ...... 66 3.12 Ranking of the concerns ...... 66 Chapter 4 Laws and regulations relating to minorities and implementation of minorities policy ...... 68 4.1 Laws and regulations relating to minorities ...... 68 4.2 Right of Self-Government of Ethnic Autonomous Areas ...... 74 4.3 World Bank's Policies on Ethnic Minorities ...... 76 Chapter 5 Ethnic minorities ...... 79 5.1 Ethnic minorities distribution in the Project areas ...... 79 5.2 Introduction ofthe Hui Nationality ...... 81 5.3 Relationship among the Nationality composition, land resources, and per capita net income along the Expressway ...... 85 5.4 Support rate ofHui people for the Project...... 88 5.5 Comparison of Han and Hui people within one village ...... 88 5.6 Implementation ofminorities laws and regulations, and policy ...... 89 5.7 Summary ofthe characteristics ofHui people ...... 95 5.8 Deference between Hui people and "Indigenous Peoples" defined by World Bank ...... 98 Chapter 6 Women ...... 99 6.1 Age, education and occupation by gender ...... 99 6.2 Rights women can be summed up ...... 101 6.3 Women organization ...... 102 6.4 Women and the economy ...... 103 6.5 Women and Poverty Elimination ...... 104 6.6 Impacts ofthe Project on women ...... 104 Chapter 7 Stakeholder Analysis ...... 108 7.1 Project Owner ...... 108 7.2 World Bank ...... 108 7.3 Design institutes, constructors and supervision units ...... 109 7.4 The urban residents along the alignment...... 109 7.5 Rural people unaffected by land acquisition and house demolition along the proposed Expressway alignment ...... 109 7.6 People employed in highway transportation ...... 109 ,
7.7 Local vendors ...... 110 7.8 People in peripheral area ...... 110 7.9 Enterprises in Project areas ...... 110 7.10 Woman and children ...... 110 7.11 Local government...... 111 7.12 People affected by land acquisition and house demolition along the Expressway ...... 111 7.13 Ethnic minorities ...... 112 7.14 Vulnerable groups ...... 112 Chapter 8 Project impact analysis ...... 114 8.1 Positive Impacts ofthe Project...... 114 8.2 Negative Impacts of the Project...... 115 8.3 Mitigation measures for negative impacts ...... 118 Chapter 9 Identification and control of social risks ...... 120 9.1 Opinion summary of the residents along the alignment...... 120 9.2 Identification of social risks ...... 120 9.3 Measures to control the social risks ...... 122 Chapter 10 Conclusion and recommendation ...... 124 10.1 Main conclusion of the Social Assessment...... 124 10.2 Main improvement suggestions ...... 126
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Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Basic information of the Project
The proposed World Bank-financed Ningxia Highway Improvement Project is composed of 3 components:
1.1.1 Component A Component A: this is the main road - according to the expressway preliminary design, National Highway 211 Guyaozi -Qingtongxia Linking Expressway is 79.276 km in length and designed as expressway standard with full-controlled access, four-lane. The designed speed is 100 kmlh and subgrade width is 26.0 m. The starting point of the Expressway is in the northwest of Ningdong Energy Chemical Base, which is the No. t project in Ningxia. The ending point is in the west of Qingtongxia New Material Base and will connect with the planned Shizuishan-Zhongning Expressway (West line of Expressway). The Expressway will connect most key industry development areas, including Ningdong Energy Chemical Base, Lingwu Sheep Wool Industrial Park, Jinji Industrial Park in Wuzhong, and Qingtongxia New Material Base.
1.1.2 Component B Component B: Road Network Improvements - This component will finance improvements to national, county and township roads with the aim of improving connections to key industrial and agricultural areas and improving the feeder network to the existing expressway network. It will include two sub-components. Component B 1: Improvement of the rural roads in the poorest counties of Ningxia. Component B2: Improvement ofNational Highway G211. Component Bl will include 38 roads in 15 counties/county-level cities of 4 prefectures, with a total length of 523.8 km, and 264 thousand of people will benefit directly from those roads. 56 villages will have paved roads after the completion of the Project. Those 38 roads will only be reconstruction of the existing roads and constructed according to Class IV road standard. The designed speed is 20 kmlh and the subgrade width is 6.5 m. The brief description of the roads to be upgraded is as follows:
Table 1.1 Briefdescription of the roads to be upgraded
I Village with paved City I People Highway name Township Length road after Project county served completion
Yinchuan Sanzha - yongfeng Fengdeng 12 I
Shabatou· Wutongshu, 6 0.2 Lingwu nongchangerzhanjt Lingwunongchang
Majiatan· dayangqijt Majiatan 11.3 0.5 Dayangqi
Malianqu - tianqiao Malianqu, Xiakou 10 1.2 Malianqu
Yuanyichang . yinxin Jinyintan 9 0.8 Yinxin Litong Guojiaqiao· mawan Guojiaqiao 16 1.8 Liujiawan, Yangjiacha
Xinjiebao - baisitan Dongtasi 9 1.8 Xinjiebao, Baisitan
Hongxing· yangliujt Hongsibao, Nanchuan 12 0.8 Xintai Hongsipu Hongyang - wushatang Nanchuan,Dahe 16 0.8 Hongyang
Qingtongxia Lixin • dabadianchang Daba 7 I
Daodunzi . huangcaoling Wangtuan 16 OJ Daodunzi, Quantang jt
Gaoxing - xinshengjt Xinglong 7 0.1 I Fengchuan, Xinsheng Provincial Highway 203 - Qiaojiawan, Tongxin Magaozhuang 10 0.1 qiaojiawan Tangshangzhuang
Provincial Highway 101 - Dingtang 6 0.4 yujialiangjt
Xiaoshan - wujiahewan Dingtang 8 0.1 Jinjiajing
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Village with paved City / People Highway name Township Length road after Project county served completion
Yaoshan - yuejiachuan Tianlaozhuang 13.5 0.3
Songjishui, Songjishui - tianshuibao Mahuangshan 30 1.2 Huangyangling
Wanglejing - niumaojing Wang1ejing 20 1.5 * Yanchi Lizhuangzi, Nanliang - lizhuangzi* Gaoshawo, Yaergou 11 1 Changliudun
Liuyangbao - lijiagou* Liuyangbao 10 0.5 Liuyangbao, Lijiagou
Dashuikeng, Shacaowan, Dongfeng, Wanglejing - houwa 27 0.6 Mahuangshan Liyuanpan
Hudabao - dageda Touying 15 1 Nantun, Dageda Yuanzhou Tanshan - gaotai Tanshan 22 1 Guwan
Mengj i - hongzhuangzi Subao 17 0.5 Mengji, Hongzhuangzi
Gujiagou - yejiagou Shagou 8 0.2 Yejiagou Xiji Tonghua - zhangwan Majian 13 0.3 Tonghua, Zhangwan
Xinying - zhangbaiwan Xinying, Hongyao 12 0.2 Zhangbaiwan
Hehuai, Xinhe, Nanhe, Chenjin - zhongyue Chenjin 17 0.4 Gaoyang Longde Shimiao, Lingou, Shimiao - nitao Guanzhuang 18 0.5 Nitao
Yaoxian - liuyuan Caomiao 14 0.9 Liuyuan Pengyang Honghe - heyuan Honghe 16 0.5 Heyuan
National Highway 312 Liupanshan 6 0.6 Xinghe Jingyuan xinghe
Shanan Xiangshui 5 0.5 Shanan
Xiaoyuchuan, Shapotou Sikouzi - beiyankou Yongkang 33 0.9 Dangjiashui
Dataizi, Zhongning Xutao - baitaozi Xutao 20 0.5 Tianjiatanxiaowan
Haiyuan Tangbao liaopo Heicheng 10 0.9 Liaopo, Daidian
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Village with paved I City I People Highway name Township Length road after Project county served completion
Anbao, Jianguo, Qianjin - xietao Hongyang 24 0.7 Xietao
Haijinglu - fantai Xian 7 0.8 Fantai
Total 523.8 26.4 56 villages
Notes, * financed by World Bank loan and in total 9 roads will be constructed.
Component B2 will include the improvement of 3 road sections in National Highway G211. The brief description of the 3 road sections is as follows:
Table 1.2 Road sections in National Highway G211 to be upgraded
~hainage Location length Class
Unit km
KS3+900--K82+460 Lingwu City, Litong District 28.S6 III
KI06+800--KI19+9S0 Lingwu City, Yanchi County 13.IS III
K 137+ ISO-K160+440 Yanchi County 23.29 III
Total 6S
The basic indicators of the Class III road are: there are 2 lanes for the two directions. The designed speed is 40 kmfh and the subgrade width is 8.5 m.
1.1.3 Component C Component C: Institutional strengthening - This component will finance a program of technical assistance and training covering road safety and transport logistics for operation of the expressway. No resettlement will be involved.
There are four main tines and one linking road in Ningxia under the National expressway network, i.e. Jing-Zang Expressway(G6), Qing-Yin Expressway(G20),
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Fu-Yin Expressway(G70), Qing-Lan Expressway(G22) and Ding-Wu Expressway (G20 12). The proposed project will connect ling-Zang Expressway, Qing-Yin Expressway, and Fu-Yin Expressway. The proposed project will play an important role in lowering traffic pressure of expressway, further perfecting highway network, improving overall service level of highway network and upgrading transportation. The proposed project is an integral part of Ningxia's Three longitudinal and Six transverse Highway Network Planning. It will pass through the main corridors of Ningxia and stimulate Ningxia's economic development, shorten the regional gaps.
"Several Opinions of the State Council on Further Promoting Economic and Social Development in Ningxia (State Council file No. 29 in 2008)" indicated clearly that to push forward the construction of local expressway projects, such as National Highway 211 and Guyaozi -Qingtongxia Linking Expressway. Therefore, the construction of the Project is consistent with the State and local social, economic and transportation strategy.
1.2 Project affected areas
The Project Expressway (Component A) will go through Lingwu City (under the jurisdiction of Yinchuan City), Litong District and Qingtongxia City (both are under the jurisdiction of Wuzhong City). According to the Project's influence to local economy and transportation, the Project affected areas are divided into direct affected areas and indirect affected areas. The direct affected areas are Lingwu City and the capital city of Ningxia, Yinchuan City as a whole, and whole Wuzhong City including Litong District, Qingtongxia City. The indirect affected areas are Yanchi County, Zhongning County, Tongxin County, Hongsipu developing area, Huanxian and whole Qingyang City ofGansu Province,
The proposed Project Expressway will go through 3 cities/districts, 10 townships and 32 administrative villages. For details, please refer to the foHowing table:
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Table 1.3 Cities/districts, townships and administrative villages along the Expressway
i City I district Township Administrative village
ILingwu Linhe Shangqiao
Linhe Erdaogou i
! •Linhe Tianshuihe
I Dongta Guoyuan
I Dongta Liming
Chongxing Haizi
iChongxing IDujiatan i ! I Chongxing Jiantan
Haojiaqiao Wujiahu
Haojiaqiao Shenjiahu
Litong Guojiaqiao Guojiaqiao
Guojiaqiao Majiawan
linyintan IDonggouwan
Jinyintan Xinqu
Jinyintan Yangmahu
Malianqu Balanghu
Malianqu Hanbeibao
iMalianqu Chaquqiao
Malianqu Malianqu I Malianqu Chaiqiao
IJinji Lihuaqiao
Jinji Dongmen
Jinji Ximen
iJinji Maii!llliao
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City I district Township Administrative village
linji Lugouzha
linji Lutianwazi
linji Dayuanzi
Qingtongxia Xiakou Renqiao !
Xiakou Haoqu I I Daba Wanglaotan
Daba Weiqiao
Xinqiao ! Daba
1.3 Overall objective and prerequisites of Social Assessment
The overarching objective of Social Assessment is to ensure that development initiatives contribute to poverty alleviation, and at the same time enhance inclusion, increase social capital, build ownership, and eliminate or at least reduce adverse social impacts.
As an input to induced development, Social Assessment provides information about social organization and cultural systems in order to ensure quality at entry and success during implementation. It is an iterative and participatory process to prioritize, gather, analyze, and use operationally relevant information about social development. The socio-cultural and demographic characteristics of local populations, their social organization of productive activities and of social services, and the compatibility of initiatives with their needs are crucial concerns that affect many development activities. This information also informs the social development strategy for project implementation, including any necessary mitigation measures. In other words, Social Assessment delineates the social forms and processes that affect all aspects of development projects -- their architecture and shape, their size, their direction, and ultimately, their outcomes.
7 Social Assessment also faci Iitates the participation of key stakeholders. Key stakeholders are the poor, low-income, vulnerable and excluded social groups. The broader group of stakeholders include the private sector, civil society, government and non-governmental organizations and their members, and others who facilitate or hinder the ability of the poor to have equitable access to the goods and services offered by the development initiative. -- especially, the poor, low-income, vulnerable and excluded social groups (hereafter called poor and vulnerable groups)-- in the specific context of Bank financed development initiatives. Social Assessment requires commitment to sharing knowledge among groups and agencies in order to incorporate the views of distinct clients and enhance ownership. Further, by articulating and advancing the interests of the poor and vulnerable groups, Social Assessment mobilizes broader support for the project from a wider range ofstakeholders.
Understanding the social fabric -- the social context -- of a development initiative is thus a basic element in appropriate project design and implementation. In this view, Social Assessment is one type of feasibility analysis, and it complements economic, financial, technical, and environmental analyses. There is no substitute for Social Assessment based on careful fieldwork.
Social Assessment is the obligation of the borrower. World Bank's Social Assessment team assists the Borrower as a partner, sharing global knowledge and working with local social scientists to build capacity and to assure quality. In this way, Social Assessment is the main mechanism for incorporating social analysis into Bank-financed development initiatives.
1.4 Basic steps of Social Assessment
Social Assessment involves four main steps or elements. These are:
• Identification of key social development and participation issues;
8 • Evaluation of institutional and social organizational issues; • Definition of the participation framework; and, • Establishment of mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation.
Each element of the Social Assessment requires a number of subsidiary steps, which are detailed below along with the usual social science or participatory techniques used. Nevertheless, where appropriate, each element must also address the need to mitigate any adverse social impacts. This will mean: identifYing the impacts; assessing the institutional capacity to mitigate them; ensuring stakeholder participation in the mitigation plan; and, integrating the monitoring of the mitigation measures into the overall project monitoring framework.
1.4.1 Identification of Key Social Development and Participation Issues
Defining information needs and designing an information strategy which identifY the key social development and participation issues is a basic step in launching the Social Assessment process. This strategy will start with broad sectoral and country-specific information and then focus on project specific data.
1) Identify Broad Social Development Issues. Preliminary identification of the key social-development issues may be based on available secondary information. This may include:
• Social development literature/studies relevant to the sector/area ofconcern; • Social impact monitoring studies for similar projects in the same or other countries; • Existing social development profiles or other background information prepared for the Country Assistance Strategy and economic sector work;
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• Country social science studies, area studies, other secondary literature, demographic data, relevant socio-economic statistics, political and institutional information, • Consultations with knowledgeable local and international experts.
2) Identify Stakeholders whose Participation is of Strategic Importance . The stakeholders will include various social groups, as well as formal and informal agencies in both the public and private sectors, including non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Which groups and agencies are most directly concerned by the initiative will emerge from the review of the secondary literature. This tentative listing must be complemented by consultations with policy-makers, representatives of central and local government, knowledgeable local and international social scientists, and local NGOs. Clearly, this step requires a good understanding of the broader issues in social development, as well as of Bank procedures and of the technical options that are possible in the project.
3) Narrow down the Key Social Development Issues to the Project Context. With the broad social development issues clarified and the key stakeholders identified, the Social Assessment proceeds to focus on how the participation of the poor and vulnerable groups may be affected and on how their participation may impact on project ownership and sustainability. The Social Assessment proposes specific analyses of potential gains and adverse impacts, with a view toward how specific stakeholder groups may facilitate or hinder the participation of the poor in the development initiative. More general issues, such as social cohesion, equity, social capital, social diversity, social organization, and social exclusion may also be identified, ifthey pertain to the project or the economic sector work.
4) Design a Project-Specific Information Strategy. This strategy will identify the key social actors and their interactions and the social provisions needed to achieve the project's specific economic, technical, and social goals. The information will cover:
10 • socio-economic characteristics of the key stakeholders and other, more broadly concerned groups; information about their problems, constraints and needs; and ideas for alternative solutions. These data will be used to define eligibility and targeting criteria, to confirm beneficiary identification, and to determine the appropriateness of proposed, alternative solutions for the targeted social groups.
The rigor of the Social Assessment data-gathering process is important. But the arsenal of social science research techniques used for doing a rigorous Social Assessment is broad; often, a mosaic of social science research tools is brought together. Every specific situation demands sociological imagination -- a different combination of methods and procedures tailored to the given issues and set of actors. Nevertheless, the initial data gathering must be systematic, since these data bases will provide an empirical basis for analysis and the baseline for all future monitoring and evaluation.
5) Design Mitigation Plans. Mitigation measures must be defined where adverse impacts are identified for certain social groups. Further, institutional mechanisms to minimize or cushion adverse impacts must be defined. For adverse impacts that are governed by Bank operation directives, relevant information gathering, processing, and mitigation-plan preparation guidelines will be followed. For adverse impacts that fall outside the operation directives, for example, large-scale unemployment resulting from sectoral or enterprise restructuring or other structural adjustment efforts, the Social Assessment will contain measures to minimize and cushion the adverse social outcomes. Social science expertise is especially required when mitigation plans are a necessary component of the project design.
1.4.2 Evaluation of Institutional and Social Organizational Issues
Identify Blockages to Equitable Access. The poor and vulnerable groups (e.g., women, youth, older people) who are intended beneficiaries of project initiatives may
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encounter difficulties in accessing project resources. The reasons are various: fonnal and infonnal institutions, local customs, patterns of social organization, inter-group relations, social institutions (e.g., family, kinship groups, tribal or ethnic affiliations), formal and customary laws and regulations, property rights, subsidy arrangements, central and local government agencies, and infonnation and communications systems. The Social Assessment, therefore, detennines whether systematic, structural blockages exist, and, if so, proposes mechanisms to overcome them (below).
The institutional analysis in the Social Assessment complements those carried out for the technical, economic and financial assessment of the project. The Social Assessment institutional analysis focuses on the feasibility of the proposed targeting measures and on the sustainability of the proposed participation arrangements. Equally importantly, institutional analyses carried out by social scientists also identify social capital on which the development initiative can build and point to local institutions that can help mobilize stakeholders to achieve the development objectives.
2) Recommend Strategies for Strengthening Institutional Capacity. Local-level and informal rules -- norms, values, and belief systems that shape the attitudes and behavior of social groups -- may affect project implementation arrangements. The Social Assessment institutional analysis will, therefore, not only identifY whether structural blockages exist, but also will propose modifications to existing arrangements or even entirely new institutional structures to overcome them.
Where relevant, institutional analyses will focus on mitigation issues as governed by World Bank operation directives.
104.3 Definition of Participation Framework
1) Formulate Participation Strategy. The Social Assessment incorporates two types of participation. First, there is the participation of the poor and vulnerable groups, which
12 • is a principle objective of the Social Assessment Second, there is the participation of the broader group of stakeholders -- governmental and non-governmental organizations, donors, and other partners -- in project strategy design. The broader stakeholder participation is critical for attaining the participation of the poor and vulnerable groups, and both levels of participation are important in developing support for the specific project proposals and institutional arrangements identified in the first two steps of the Social Assessment.
The Social Assessment process, therefore, involves the design of an information and communication strategy to ensure stakeholder ownership of these proposals. This strategy usually has three elements:
• Mechanisms to share the information from the social surveys and institutional analyses with the broader group of stakeholders and partners (including national and international governments and NGOs); • Mechanisms to ensure the participation of key stakeholders, wherever feasible; and, • Feedback mechanisms that facilitate stakeholder response to the information provided.
When direct participation is not feasible (as might occur when the development initiative is very broad), the social surveys and institutional analyses (Steps I and II) can provide important information about the views of the poor and vulnerable popUlations. It other instances, the specificity of the project or economic and sector work context may preclude democratic representation in the determination of the mechanisms for key stakeholder participation. In either instance, the Social Assessment will still develop specific mechanisms to facilitate the direct involvement of the poor and vulnerable groups in the design, implementation, and monitoring of the development initiative.
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2) Define Implementation Arrangements. On the basis of the stakeholder dialogue to ensure ownership and commitment to an inclusionary policy, the Social Assessment will define the specific responsibilities and monitorable contributions of each stakeholder group (e.g., central ministries, local government, NGOs, citizen groups, the private sector, donors). The dialogue will also help determine implementation options (Step II), including institutional changes, capacity building, targeting, sequencing, subsidies and incentives. The implementation plan will also include a joint evaluation of the social-development benefits and risks, including potential conflicts and costs. To this end, institutional and implementation arrangements for any mitigation plan prepared under World Bank operation directives will be reviewed and jointly endorsed by the relevant stakeholders.
1.4.4 Establishment of Mechanisms for Monitoring and Evaluation
The inclusion of monitoring and evaluation procedures is mandatory for Bank-financed projects. Social Assessment provides inputs to the M&E component by focusing on inputs, processes, outputs and outcomes that pertain to the social development objectives of a project. Specifically, the Social Assessment helps:
• Identify monitoring indicators, such as (a) input indicators (benchmarks) to measure and monitor inputs that either facilitate participation of poor and vulnerable groups or meet other social objectives; (b) process indicators for the same purpose; (c) output indicators; and (d) procedures and impact measures to determine whether intended social development impacts actually occur; • Define transparent evaluation procedures, including participatory approaches; • Ensure that monitoring and evaluation procedures are established for the mitigation plan; and • Ensure that all M&E proposed in the Social Assessment is carefully scheduled, fully budgeted, and properly supervised.
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1.5 Other considerations during Social Assessment
Social Assessment Requirements. Social Assessment is relevant to any Bank initiative that aims to reduce poverty. However, there are exceptions where a Social Assessment is unnecessary, for example, a project updating medical equipment for the Ministry of Health. Although professional assessments will always be necessary to analyze the particular characteristics ofa development initiative, the following criteria provide common grounds to support the determination of when a Social Assessment would be particularly relevant.
Projects requiring an Social Assessment include operations where there are:
• Populations who have been historically disadvantaged or excluded from development initiatives; • Large social and economic inequalities; • Post-conflict situations Post-conflict and natural disaster emergency operations often require accelerated processing but can benefit substantially from Social Assessment if undertaken expeditiously. In these cases, Social Assessment guides project identification towards areas with significant numbers of affected people. In addition, social impact monitoring can build commitment and support for a process of re-engineering project components as experience warrants, an approach that is often necessary in the situations of uncertainty intrinsic to emergency lending.; • Acute social problems; • Large-scale enterprise restructuring; and • Anticipated major adverse impacts, such as involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples' contact, and loss ofcultural heritage.
Projects where an Social Assessment is advisable include operations where:
15 • Changes in existing patterns of behavior, norms or values are required; • Community participation is essential for sustainability and success; • Insufficient knowledge on local needs, problems, constraints and solutions exist; or, • Beneficiary targeting mechanisms or eligibility criteria are unknown.
Social Assessments are advisable for economic and sector work with a focus on ensuring quality of development initiatives, for the Social Assessment provides a better understanding of the social context, and thus, sustainability, of Bank lending operations.
Where Social Assessment is advisable but not mandatory, the Social Assessment will include at a minimum:
• Identification of key stakeholders and adequate provision for their participation in selection, design, implementation, and monitoring ofthe development initiative; • Analysis of the key social contributions of the development initiative based on rigorous information; • Evaluation of the adequacy of mechanisms for involving the poor and vulnerable groups; and, • Definition of mitigation plans to address any adverse impacts from the initiative.
Social Assessment Quality. The quality of a social assessment depends on various factors, such as the adequacy of the terms of reference, and the availability of resources and time to carry out the necessary work of social survey and analysis. Nevertheless, the ultimate test of a good Social Assessment is its impact on project design and implementation, and this depends in large measure on the specificity of recommendations for achieving social development objectives.
1.6 The main basis and survey method of Social Assessment
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The main basis of Social Assessment is divided into the following 5 items:
1. Laws and regulations ofthe Chinese government on ethnic minorities; 2. Policies of the World Bank on ethnic minorities; 3. Project Preliminary Design for the Expressway, and Feasibility Study for the Road Network Improvements provided by the design institutes; 4. Statistical yearbooks at provincial, prefectural and county levels, and other official statistical data. 5. The RAP for the Project.
The survey and research for the Social Assessment were carried out with the methods of documentary research and field survey. The method of participative rural appraisal (PRA) was used for the field survey. Questionnaires, interviews, discussion meetings were conducted as well as analysis on document and laws, regulations and policies so as to meet the requirements of the Social Assessment. During the Social Assessment, 17 symposiums were held, including the villages of Jiantan, Wujiahu, Majiawan, Xinqu, Yangmahu, Chaiqiao, Lihuaqiao, Lutianwazi, Haoqu, Xinqiao, Majiaqiao, Guojiaqiao, Shenjiahu, Dujiatan, Dayangqi, Daodunzi, Niumaojing. The first 14 villages are the ones seriously affected by the Project Expressway, and the later 3 villages are typical villages along the rural roads. All the meetings were convened by village leaders and participated by villager representatives including women. The issues discussed included land acquisition, house relocation, and social impacts. 28 interviews with township and village leaders were had. At the beginning 423 effective questionnaires were collected. In order to reflect the real changes of the Project, some questionnaires which were no longer included in the affected areas were taken out and other 81 questionnaires were added. Finally 248 questionnaires were effective.
Participative Rural Appraisal method depends largely upon the participations of the residents in the local communities of the affected areas. With this method we may
17 collect various kinds of infonnation on their production, life, environment, etc. It is a community development method that entirely depends upon local knowledge, leadership, institution and resources to attribute to the rural development through local people's participation. With such a participative interaction with local people, the experts get to know the community development, social relationships, structure of resources and local knowledge about the historical development and changes as well as the current social and economic situation.
Questionnaire survey method is the most frequently used method in modem society to collect information. Its most obvious advantage is to obtain plenty of rich, comprehensive and objective materials in a very short time that can be handled and analyzed quantitatively. As an important component of the social appraisal, the questionnaire survey aims at understanding local people's comments and attitudes on the influence brought by the implementation of the project, and making a comparatively in-depth sociological as well as anthropological analysis, ensuring that the investment of the World Bank will help those poorly-paid people and the fragile group, guaranteeing that men and women enjoy equal opportunities of participation.
18 Chapter 2 Socio-economic information of the Project affected areas
2.1 Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
Ningxia locates in the east part of the Northwest of China, and it's the only Hui autonomous region established by the Central Government. Ningxia is a hub ofChina. The whole land area of Ningxia has 6,640,000km2. The total population is 6.1 million which includes the 2.18 million Hui people, holding the 36% of population, or one fifth of all the Hui people in entire China.
There are superiorities on resources fields in Ningxia, such as the energy, agriculture, tourism. Initially, coal reserves has peaked the 5th position in China, the output of power and coal for per person is in the primacy in entire China. Ningdong, which is one of the coal mine area, it holds 27 billion tons of total coal capacity. It is a tendency to change the resources superiority into economic superiority for the development of Ningxia. Secondly, we also have ample resources on agriculture. There are more than 15,000,000 mu plow lands in Ningxia, 2.5 mu per capita; The lands in Ningxia Plains are fertile, Yellow River passes through Ningxia for 397 km, which provides convenience for irrigation, we have over 6,000,000 mu irrigable high yields, it is one of the four irrigated area and 12 significant commodity grain production bases in China; Besides, there are plenty areas of uncultivated lands waiting for reclamation, one of 8 provinces in china which holds thousands arable land; the beef and mutton which are Islamic Muslim, and wolfberry, the grapefruit which can planted for making red wine, watermelon with Si and sand, potato, liquorice, and high quality of rice, etc. these are all the agricultural specialities in Ningxia. Thirdly, the tourism in Ningxia is unique, as you are not able to see the frontier fortress, but also agreeable scenery of south river, it is named "Miniascape of Northwest in China". In Chinese 10 Categories 95 kinds of Basic Tourist Resources, there are 8 categories 46kinds occupied by Ningxia. the tourist hotlines for Shapotou,
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Shahu, Qingtongxia, Liu Pan Mountain, Xinghai Lake, etc. The historical humanism view spots have West Xia Imperial Tombs, Huaxia West Movie Town, and Hui Nationality Islamic scenes, etc.
In September 2008, the State Council issued "Several Opinions of the State Council on Further Promoting Economic and Social Development in Ningxia". In the Opinions, it was proposed to build Ningxia into "6 base", "6 demonstration areas", and "1 destination", and more than 60 policy measures. Also more than 100 key project concerning great-leap-forward development in Ningxia and immediate interests of the people. According to the opinions, Ningxia will focus on the developing of the following items: propelling the construction of "Water-Saving Society"; overcoming the poverty in central and Ningxia southern mountainous areas; promoting steady expansion of agriculture; upgrading the industrial structure; speeding up the overall transportation system and modern service industry; carrying forward ecological construction and environment protection; accelerating the development of social programs.
In 2008, the gross domestic product (GOP) of the year was CNY 109.851 billion, increasing by 12.2 percent over the previous year. Analyzed by different industries, the value added of the primary industry was CNY 12.011 billion, up by 7.2 percent, that of the secondary industry was CNY 58.124 billion, up by 14.3 percent and the tertiary industry was CNY 39.716 billion, up by 11.0 percent. The value added of the primary industry accounted for 10.9 percent of the GOP, down by 0.1 percentage point over that in the previous year, that of the secondary industry accounted for 52.9 percent, up by 2.1 percentage point, and that of the tertiary industry accounted for 36.2 percent, down by 2 percentage point.
In 2008,. The total output of grain was 329.24 million tons, up by 1.8 percent over the previous year; The output of oil-bearing crops was 13.56 million tons, up by 75.0 percent; The output of vegetables was 319.28 million tons, up by 25.3 percent. In
20 •
2008, the gross output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery all year around totaled CNY 12.011 billion, up by 7.2 percent. In 2008, the sown area of oil-bearing crops was 80500 hectares, up by 31.7 percent; The sown area of vegetables was 80160 hectares, up by 16.5 percent.
In 2008, the value added of industrial enterprises above the designated size was CNY 48.508 billion, up by 15.1 percent. Analyzed by light and heavy industries, the growth of the light industry was CNY 7.076 billion, over the previous year, up by 15 percent, and that of the heavy industry was CNY 41.432 billion, up by 15.1 percent. The value added of construction enterprises was CNY 9.11 billion, up by 15 percent over the previous year.
The completed investment in fixed assets in 2008 was CNY 85.865 billion, over the previous year, up by 38.1 percent. Of the total investment, that in urban areas was CNY 76.551 bi Ilion, up by percent; and that in rural areas reached CNY 9.314 billion, up by 29.2 percent. The total retail sales of consumer goods reached CNY 28.515 billion, up by 22.2 percent over the previous year. An analysis on different areas showed that the retail sales of consumer goods in cities reached CNY 21.271 billion, up by 20.8 percent and the retail sales of consumer goods at and below county level was CNY 7.244 billion, up by 26.6 percent.
In 2008, there were 13 general institutions of higher education, 35 secondary vocational schools, 377 ordinary middle schools, 2202 primary school, and 286 kindergartens. The students on campus of all levels (including kindergartens) totaled 1385.04 thousand. By the end of 2008, there were 1601 health institutions. There were 26560 health workers, including 11417 practicing doctors and assistant practicing doctors and 9041 registered nurses.
In 2008, the annual per capita net income of rural households was CNY 3681.4 , up by 15.7 percent over the previous year. The annual per capita disposable income of
21 •
urban households was CNY 12931.5 , up by 19.1 percent. At the end of 2008, a total of 825,500 people participated in basic pension program, up by 7.2 percent. A total of 832,500 people participated in urban basic health insurance program, up by 6.3 percent. A total of 460,600 urban residents received the government minimum living allowances. About 208,400 rural residents received the government minimum living allowance.
The main socio-economic data of Ningxia are as follows:
Table 2.1 Main socio-economic indicators of Ningxia
Per capita I Item area Population GDP Per capita rural income GDP million CNY Unit Km 2 CNY/person CNY/person people million 2007 66400 6.1 97906.42 16050 3181 2008 66400 6.18 109851 17775 3681 ~l1ge 1.31% 12.20% 10.75% 15.70%
2.2 Yincbuan City
Yinchuan City is located in the central areas of Ningxia Plain. The City faces Erdos in
its east, and Helan Mountain in its west. Yellow River traverses its territory. It is the capital city of Ningxia, and political, economic, cultural, scientific and technical, and information center of Ningxia.
In 2008, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the year was CNY 51.411 billion, increasing by 13.3 percent over the previous year. Analyzed by different industries, the value added of the primary industry was CNY 3.023 billion, up by 7.3 percent, that of the secondary industry was CNY 25.071 billion, up by 15.1 percent and the tertiary industry was CNY 23.317 billion, up by 12.2 percent. The value added of the
22 primary industry accounted for 5.9 percent of the GDP, that of the secondary industry accounted for 48.8 percent, , and that of the tertiary industry accounted for 45.3 percent.
In 2008, the gross output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery all year around totaled CNY 0.407 billion, up by 8.0 percent. In 2008, the sown area ofcrops was 164,100 hectares, up by 2.5 percent. The sown area of grain was 128,000 hectares, up by 1.2 percent; The sown area of vegetables was 22,700 hectares, up by 1.2 percent. The total output of grain was 0.8862 million tons, up by 7.1 percent over the previous year; The output of vegetables was 0.9943 million tons, up by 21.8 percent.
In 2008, the total value added of the industrial sector was CNY 21.146 billion, over the previous year, up by 16.3 percent. The value added of industrial enterprises above the designated size was CNY 20.095 billion, up by 17.09 percent.
The completed investment in fixed assets in 2008 was CNY 36.569 billion, over the previous year, up by 24.9 percent. Of the total investment, that in urban areas was CNY 34.975 billion, up by 25.6 percent; and that in rural areas reached CNY 1.594 billion, up by 11 percent. The total retail sales of consumer goods reached CNY 15.577 billion, up by 21.6 percent over the previous year.
In 2008, there were II general institutions of higher education, 53 junior high schools, 235 primary schools. The students on campus of all levels (including kindergartens) totaled 308,200 people. By the end of 2008, there were 563 health institutions, including 101 general hospitals. There were 11,500 health workers, including 4762 practicing doctors and assistant practicing doctors.
23 •
In 2008, the annual per capita net income of rural households was CNY 4917 , up by 14.3 percent over the previous year. The annual per capita disposable income of urban households was CNY 14458, up by 18.7 percent.
The main socio-economic data ofYinchuan are as follows:
Table 2.2 Main socio-economic indicators ofYinchuan
Per capita Per capita rural I Item Area Population GOP GOP income million CNY Unit Km2 CNY/person CNY/person people million
2007 9555.4 1.61 45375 28183 4302
2008 9555.4 1.65 51411 31158 4917 i
Change 2.30% 13.30% . 10.56% 14.30%
2.3 Wuzhong City
Wuzhong City is located in the central areas of Ningxia. The city has Litong District, Qingtongxia City, Yanchi County, Tongxin County, and Hongsipu Development Area.
In 2008, the gross domestic product (ODP) of the year was CNY 17.299 billion, increasing by 12.6 percent over the previous year. Analyzed by different industries, the value added of the primary industry was CNY 2.806 billion, up by 7 percent, that of the secondary industry was CNY 9.519 billion, up by 13.8 percent and the tertiary industry was CNY 4.974 billion, up by 13.4 percent. The value added of the primary industry accounted for 16.2 percent of the GOP, that of the secondary industry accounted for 55 percent, , and that of the tertiary industry accounted for 28.8 percent.
24 ..
In 2008, the gross output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery all year around totaled CNY 5.622 billion, up by 9.07 percent. Among the total, agriculture output value was CNY 2.657 billion, up by 10.2 percent; forestry CNY 0.225 million, up by 11.3 percent; animal husbandry CNY 2.501 billion, up by 6.49 percent; fishery CNY 0.037 billion up by 54.9 percent; and the service industry of agriculture, forestry and fishery reached CNY 0.202 billion, up by 12.8 percent.
In 2008, the sown area of crops was 258,300 hectares, down by 8.6 percent. The sown area of grain was 183,700 hectares, down by 15.3 percent; The sown area of oil-bearing crops was 14800 hectares, up by 252.4 percent; The sown area of vegetables was 11200 hectares, up by 9.8 percent. The total output of grain was 0.8475 million tons, down by 1.27 percent.
In 2008, the total value added of the industrial sector was CNY 27.45 billion, over the previous year, up by 17.6 percent. The value added of industrial enterprises above the designated size was CNY 24.42 billion, up by 18.3 percent.
The completed investment in fixed assets in 2008 was CNY 13.14 billion, over the previous year, up by 60.7 percent. Of the total investment, that in urban areas was CNY 10.93 billion, up by 76.7 percent; and that in rural areas reached CNY 1.23 billion, down by 5.9 percent. The total retail sales of consumer goods reached CNY 3.76 billion, up by 21 percent over the previous year. An analysis on different areas showed that the retail sales ofconsumer goods in cities reached CNY 2.702 bi II ion, up by 65.8 percent and the retail sales of consumer goods at and below county level was CNY 1.059 billion, up by 20 percent.
In 2008, there were 1 general institutions of higher education, 3 secondary vocational schools, 14 ordinary middle high schools, 69 junior high schools, 421 primary schools. The students on campus of all levels (including kindergartens) totaled 242,554 people. By the end of 2008, there were 295 health institutions, including 82 general hospitals.
25 There were 4245 health workers, including 1751 practicing doctors and assistant practicing doctors and 1383 registered nurses.
In 2008, the annual per capita net income of rural households was CNY 4079, up by 13 percent over the previous year. The annual per capita disposable income of urban households was CNY 11492.6, up by 20.5 percent.
The main socio-economic data of Wuzhong are as follows:
Table 2.3 Main socio-economic indicators of Wuzhong
Per capita Per capita rural litem area Population GDP GDP income
: CNY Unit Km2 million people CNY/person CNY/person million
2007 20394.3 1.3 15363 11817 3610 2008 20394.3 1.35 17299 12814 4079
Change 3.80% 12.60% 8.43% 13%
2.4 Lingwu City
Lingwu City is located in the central areas of Ningxia Plain and east coast of Yellow River. It is a city under the jurisdiction of Yinchuan City.
In 2008, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the year was CNY 8.457 billion, increasing by 17.1 percent over the previous year. Analyzed by different industries, the value added of the primary industry was CNY 0.527 billion, up by 7.3 percent, that of the secondary industry was CNY 6.889 billion, up by 18.3 percent and the tertiary industry was CNY 1.041 billion, up by 11.3 percent.
26 ..
In 2008, the sown area of grain was 26,600 hectares, up by 11.7 percent. The total output of grain was 0.1838 million tons, up by 22.0 percent over the previous year.
In 2008, the total value added of the industrial sector was CNY 6.18 bill,ion, over the previous year, up by 22 percent. The value added of industrial enterprises above the designated size was up by 17.9 percent. Analyzed by light and heavy industries, the growth of the light industry was up by 16.6 percent, and that of the heavy industry was up by 18.6 percent. The value added of construction enterprises was CNY 0.0844 billion, up by 12.8 percent over the previous year.
The completed investment in fixed assets in 2008 was CNY 17.068 billion, over the previous year, up by 38.5 percent. The total retail sales of consumer goods reached CNY 0.603 billion, up by 18.4 percent over the previous year. An analysis on different areas showed that the retail sales of consumer goods at city level reached CNY 0.379 billion, up by 21.5 percent and the retail sales of consumer goods below city level was CNY 0.224 billion, up by 13.4 percent.
In 2008, there were no general institutions of higher education, 1 secondary vocational schools, 13 ordinary middle schools, 27 primary schools, and 33 kindergartens. The students on campus of all levels (including kindergartens) totaled 43.8 thousand. By the end of 2008, there were 24 health institutions, including 21 general hospitals. There were 1016 health workers.
In 2008, the annual per capita net income of rural households was CNY 5184 , up by 17.1 percent over the previous year. The annual per capita disposable income of urban households was CNY 12,419, up by 23.2 percent. At the end of 2008, a total of 10,700 people participated in basic pension program, up by 16.76 percent. A total of 42,353 people participated in urban basic health insurance program, up by 7.66 percent. A total of 133,500 people participated in the new cooperative medical care system in rural areas, up by 13.8 percent. A total of 7,290 urban residents received the
27 government minimum living allowances. About 4,978 rural residents received the government minimum living allowance.
The main socio-economic data of Lingwu are as follows:
Table 2.4 Main socio-economic indicators of Lingwu
Per capita Per capita rural Item area Population I GOP GOP income i million CNY • Unit Km2 CNY/person • CNYIperson people million 2007 4539 0.22 7222 32827 4427 I i 2008 4539 0.23 8457 36769 5184
I i Change 4.55% 17.10% 12% 17.10%
2.5 Qingtongxia City
Qingtongxia City is located in the central areas of Ningxia and south of Yinchuan Plain. It is a city under the jurisdiction of Wuzhong City.
In 2008, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the year was CNY 7.439 billion, increasing by 9.1 percent over the previous year. Analyzed by different industries, the value added ofthe primary industry was CNY 0.788 billion, up by 7.5 percent, that of the secondary industry was CNY 5.145 billion, up by 8.2 percent and the tertiary industry was CNY 1.506 billion, up by 13.4 percent. The value added of the primary industry accounted for 10.6 percent of the GDP, down by 0.5 percentage point over that in the previous year, that of the secondary industry accounted for 69.2 percent, up by 0.2 percentage point, and that of the tertiary industry accounted for 20.2 percent, up by 0.3 percentage point.
28 "
In 2008, the gross output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery all year around totaled CNY 1.61 billion, up by 8.4 percent. Among the total, agriculture output value was CNY 0.87 billion, up by 6.9 percent; forestry CNY 0.03 million, up by 43.7 percent; animal husbandry CNY 0.64 billion, up by 7 percent; fishery CNY 0.03 billion up by 66.6 percent; and the service industry of agriculture, forestry and fishery reached CNY 0.04 billion, up by 12.7 percent.
In 2008, the sown area of crops was 50,400 hectares, up by 6.9 percent. The sown area of grain was 46,200 hectares, up by 6.3 percent . The total output of grain was 0.277 million tons, up by 2.3 percent over the previous year; The output of vegetables was 0.137 million tons, up by 23.7 percent.
In 2008, the total value added of the industrial sector was CNY 4.76 billion, over the previous year, up by 6.8 percent. The value added of industrial enterprises above the designated size was CNY 4.63 billion, up by 6.7 percent.
The completed investment in fixed assets in 2008 was CNY 4.69 billion, over the previous year, up by 89.8 percent. The total retail sales of consumer goods reached CNY 0.76 billion, up by 16.7 percent over the previous year. An analysis on different areas showed that the retail sales of consumer goods at county level reached CNY 0.5 billion, up by 17.9 percent and the retail sales of consumer goods below county level was CNY 0.26 billion, up by 14.4 percent.
In 2008, there were no general institutions of higher education, 1 secondary vocational school, 19 ordinary middle schools, 79 primary schools, and 16 kindergartens. The students on campus of all levels (including kindergartens) totaled 50,518 people. By the end of 2008, there were 16 health institutions. There were 917 health workers, including 440 practicing doctors and assistant practicing doctors and 309 registered nurses.
29 In 2008, the annual per capita net income of rural households was CNY 5115 , up by 10.3 percent over the previous year. The annual per capita disposable income of urban households was CNY 11,740 , up by 16.7 percent. At the end of 2008, a total of 16,544 people participated in basic pension program. A total of 26,064 people participated in urban basic health insurance program. A total of 180,154 people participated in the new cooperative medical care system in rural areas, up by percent. A total of 5,535 urban residents received the government minimum living allowances. About 4,001 rural residents received the government minimum living allowance.
The main socio-economic data of Qingtongxia are as follows:
Table 2.5 Main socio-economic indicators of Qingtongxia
Per capita Per capita rural Item area Population GOP GOP income million CNY Unit Km2 CNY/person CNY/person people million
2007 2337.3 0.271 6819 25162 4938
2008 2337.3 0.267 7439 27861 5445
Change -1.50% 9.10% 10.73% 10.30%
The main socio-economic indicators and ranks of the affected cities / counties in Ningxia in 2007 were presented in the following table. From the table it could be found that except for per capita farmland holding, other socio-economic indicators of those cities / counties ranked at the top. It indicated that the contribution of fannland resources to the socio-economic development of those areas were limited. Therefore, the impacts of Project land acquisition on those areas are relative small. For details, please refer to Table 2.6.
30 Table 2.6 Main socio-economic indicators and ranks ofthe affected cities / counties in Ningxia in 2007
Per capita farmland Per capita fiscal revenue Per capita fiscal Annual net income per Area GDP (CNY) Per capita GDP (CNY) holding (mu) (CNY) expenditure (CNY) farmer (CNY)
amount rank amount rank amount rank amount rank amount rank amount rank
Ningxia 8892000 14649 3 1318 3984 3181
Yinchuan 3015014 1 32688 1 1 19 2360 1 3554 2 urban area
Lingwu 644842 3 28635 2 2 17 1383 4 3161 4 4426 6
Litong 414607 6 11421 9 1 18 2130 2 4031 1 4985 2
Qingtongxia 630282 4 23566 4 2 15 1152 5 2486 8 4938 3
31
~ 2.6 Basic information of affected townships
The Project Expressway will affect 10 townships in Lingwu, Litong and Qingtongxia, those are:
Linhe Town is located in the north of Lingwu City, The Town is surrounded by Taole County to Ming Dynasty Great Wall in its north, Yinchuan City to its west across the river, Ciyaopu Town in its east. Yellow River flows through the whole Town by 21 kilometers. The Town has 12500 mu of irrigated land, and owns 7 administrative villages.
Dongta Town is located in the suburban area of Lingwu City. The Town has 7305 mu of irrigated land, and owns 9 administrative villages.
Chongxing Town is located in the 5 kilometers to the south of Lingwu City. The Town has 44000 mu of irrigated land, and owns 12 administrative villages.
Haojiaqiao Town is located in the southwest of Lingwu City. The distance between the Town and urban area of Lingwu City is 9 kilometers, and Lingwu-Whzhong-Qingtongxia Class I Highway goes through the Town. The Town has 36789 mu of irrigated land, and owns 19 administrative villages.
Guojiaqiao Township is located in the northeast of Litong District, The Township is surrounded by Haoj iaqiao Town of Lingwu City in its east, NH 307 in its south, Qingshuigou to its west, Longer Village in its north. The Township has 17520 mu of irrigated land, and owns 8 administrative villages.
Jinyintan Town is located in the southeast of Litong District, 11 kilometers north of the urban areas of Litong District. The Town is surrounded by Daquan Township and Langpiliang Township of Lingwu City in its east, Malianqu Township to its west, Biandangou Town in its
32 south, Shangqiao Township in its north. Wuhui Highway and NH 211 go through the Town. The Town has 82000 mu of irrigated land, and owns 13 administrative villages.
Malianqu Township is located in the south of Litong District, 7.5 kilometers north of the urban areas of Litong District. The Township has 19000 mu of irrigated land, and owns 6 administrative villages.
Jinj i Town is located 8 kilometers southwest of the urban areas of Litong District. The Town is surrounded by Malianqu Township in its east, Xiakou Town of Qingtongxia City to its west, Majiahu Township in its south, Qinqu Township in its north. It is one of the 3 biggest towns in Litong District, the political, economic, and cultural center in south Litong District. It is also the demonstration area of cooperation between the township and village enterprises in East China and West China. The Town has 30377 mu of irrigated land, and owns 17 administrative villages.
Xiakou Town is located in the southeast of Qingtongxia City. Qing Canal and Hanbo Canal flow through the town, and Qingtongxia-Wuzhong Highway and Yuqiao-Houqiao Highway go through the Town. The Town has 37017 mu ofirrigated land, and owns 12 administrative villages.
Daba Town is located in the middle of Qingtongxia City. Daqing Canal, Tanglai Canal, Xigan Canal, and Hanyan Canal flow through the town, and NH 109 goes through the Town. The Town has 81263 mu of irrigated land, and owns 15 administrative villages.
The basic socio-economic situation of the affected towns and townships is showed in Table 2.7.
2.7 Basic information of affected villages
The Project will affect 32 administrative village in the above-mentioned 10 towns and townships. The 32 villages have 80461 persons in 19188 households with on average 4.19
33 persons per household. Those 32 villages have 24220 persons of Han people. 56241 persons of Hui People, and the percentage of Hui people in total is 69.90%, and no other ethnic people have been found in those areas. The 32 villages have 85663 mu of irrigated land with on average 1.06 mu per capita. The basic socio-economic situation of the 32 affected villages is showed in Table 2.8.
34 Table 2.7 Basic socio-economic situation of the affected towns and townships
%of Poor person income rural per Hui Persons with per capita total annual Female from Total Total Agricultural Agricultural self- capita net Female Migrant Town Female house Hui person from other annual income production Labor migrant migrant house- hold person household person employed income in labor worker hold places belowCNY value worker work in 2008 1350 total income CNY/ Unit HH person person HH person HH person person HH person CNY 10000 person person person person % person
Linhe 1857 7712 3908 181 821 1857 5354 2012 414 5123 780 11816 5013 1091 2389 932 48
Dongta 4754 19467 9451 1477 6352 3788 16900 213 1377 5332 923 52460 8946 4440 5556 2780 56
Chongxing 9781 44304 22596 8216 37306 7467 33600 350 1350 5263 1426 72000 25450 12280 6155 1165 80
Haojiaqiao 6799 28560 13598 5620 22562 6799 28560 510 1399 5271 3500 100800 14056 7150 6240 640 67
Guojiaqiao 4583 20176 10009 4503 20031 4361 18931 136 178 4894 633 63000 12002 5981 2368 923 70 linyintan 10720 44384 21846 9826 40834 7320 27725 1450 563 5300 1670 63000 21366 8360 4554 1766 50
MaJianqu 4890 22636 10984 4058 18787 4890 22636 36 584 5780 675 72132 13166 6389 2593 904 60 linji 13714 55334 29946 6135 25564 9504 37426 2752 1656 5372 2013 185000 30319 15782 3370 424 80
Xiakou 6676 28398 14152 3940 17894 6676 28398 991 1841 5102 328 68800 16634 7690 3720 1183 53
Daba 8122 30644 15467 238 1038 8122 30644 839 1038 5071 468 62100 18648 9472 4550 1720 47
Notes I. Total population includes those live in this area from other places.
2. Migrant worker, and % of income from migrant work in total income were estimated by the surveyed township officials. There are no official statistical data.
35
,0 '. ..
Table 2.8 Basic socio-economic situation of the affected village
---- ~~- ~~---~~ ~~~~~ ---- ---~~ %of Net income Poor person Total Per capita income from with per capita Total Total Population per Total Han Total Hui Hui Migrant Self- District I city Township village irrigated irrigated per migrant annual income person household household people people people % worker employed land land farmer in work in belowCNY 2007 total 1350 income ------ mu! CNYI Unit person HH personlHH person Person % mu person % HH person person person ------I Lingwu Linghe Shangqiao 1496 314 4,76 1496 0,00% 1051 0.70 4450·
Erdaogou Il23 237 04 1123 0,00% 800 071 4620*
Tianshuihe 416 103 4.04 416 O~OO% 300 0,72 3760* ------
Dongta Guoyuan 3072 685 4.48 3072 O~OO% 3050 0,99 4839 638 45% 120 283
Liming 3056 654 4~67 3056 100~00% 2523 0,83 4220 67 50% 127 177 f-- ---- 550 50% 50 198 I Chongxing Haizi 3892 862 4,52 3892 100~00% 6212 1.60 3750 Dujiatan 4156 1065 3.90 4156 10000% 5122 1.23 5378 50% 60 227 ---- Jiantan 3215 729 4.41 3215 100,00% 2250 0,70 4050 900 40% 7 109
Haojiaqiao Wujiahu 2364 521 4,54 2364 100,00% 2735 U6 3860 112 40% 18 60 f--- ----- Shenjiahu 2980 756 3.94 2980 100,00% 3194 1.07 2988 445 67% 8 87 70"10 Litong Guojiaqiao i Guojiaqiao 2940 660 4,45 140 2800 95~24% 2310 0,79 4890 234 23 88 161 75% 16 81 I Majiawan 1975 437 4,52 1975 10000% 1875 0~95 4901
36 %of Net income Poor person Total Per capita income from with per capita Total Total Population per Total Han Total Hui Hui Migrant Self- District / city Township village irrigated irrigated per migrant annual income person household household people people people % worker employed land land farmer in work in below CNY 2007 total 1350 income mw CNYI Unit person HH personJHH person Person % mu person % HH person person person
Jinyintan Donggouwan 2498 554 4.51 2498 100.00% 1955 0.78 5950 950 75% 17 165
Xinqu 3098 718 4.31 3098 100.00% 2630 0.85 6080 900 53% 89 403
Yangmahu 4743 1191 3.98 4743 10000% 4660 0.98 6060 800 50% 50 320
Malianqu Balanghu 2583 550 4.70 2583 100.00% 1812 0.70 4436 804 75% 28 324
Hanbeibao 2925 578 5.06 2925 100.00% 2629 0.90 4880 466 35% 13 378
Chaquqiao 2311 505 4.58 185 2126 91.99% 1425 0.62 5250 230 40% 120 620
Ma1ianqu 3207 687 4.67 6 3201 99.81% 2278 0.71 5510 300 40% 70 700
Chaiqiao 2989 692 4.32 2092 897 3001% 2717 0.91 4980 110 60% 30 980
Jinji Lihuaqiao 3120 718 4.35 2570 550 17.63% 2912 0.93 5032 450 70% 126 115
Dongmen 1849 537 3.44 1378 471 25.47% 2030 1.10 5580 230 75% 72 83
Ximen 1687 476 3.54 1395 292 17.31% 1229 0.73 5488 320 70% 78
Majiaqiao 2711 674 402 767 1944 71.71% 2527 0.93 5080 586 50% 43 76
Lugouzha 1326 362 3.66 1312 14 1.06% 1290 0.97 5750 454 70% 48 46
Lutianwazi 1276 375 3.40 810 466 36.52% 1273 1.00 4330 210 45% 89 45
Dayuanzi 2280 800 2.85 800 1480 64.91% 1830 0.80 4520 160 70% 390 300
Qingtongxia Xiakou Renqiao 2446 523 4.68 • 668 1778 72.69% 1889 0.77 5070 400 60% 500
37
," . '......
------%of Net income Poor person Total Per capita income from with per capita Total Total Population per Total Han Total Hui Hui Migrant Self- District I city Township village irrigated irrigated per migrant annual income person household household people people people % worker employed land land farmer in work in bclowCNY 2007 total 1350 income mul CNYI Unit person HH person! HH person Person % mu person % HH person person person
Haoqu 2749 620 4.43 332 2417 87.92% 2453 0.89 5260 1321 70% 60
Daba Wanglaotan 1469 463 3.17 1238 231 15.72% 5016 341 5120 137 35% 19 465
Weiqiao 1622 415 3.91 1572 50 3.08% 5038 3.11 5103 128 38% 73 20
Xinqiao 2887 727 3.97 2848 39 1.35% 6649 2.30 5120 852 37% 30 240
Total 80461 19188 4.19 24220 56241 69.90% 85663 106 75% ...... ---- -_... ------ - Notes: L Figures in 2007. 2. Migrant worker, % of income from work in total income, and poor person with per capita armual income below CNY 1350 were estimated by the surveyed officials. There are no official statistical data.
38 Chapter 3 Survey of the affected communities and households
3.1 Brief introduction of survey
In order to have a better understanding of basic profile of affected households and facilitate the analysis of their impacts and development of resettlement policies and rehabilitation measures, a social economic survey was carried out during May 2008, which was based on sample survey among affected households and affected villages. At that time both NH 211 Lingwu-Tianshuipu Expressway and Guyaozi-Qingtongxia Linking Expressway were included in the World Bank-financed Project. The survey covered 19 villages in 10 townships of 4 district/county/cities. A total of 423 valid sample households were selected. For details, please refer to the following table.
Table 3.1 Sampling households surveyed in May 2008
District ;/ City Township Village Surveyed household
Lingwu Chongxing Longxutan 13
Dujiatan 18
Haojiaqiao Shenjiahu 19
Wujiahu 22
Baitugang Zaogangzi 28
Litong Dongtasi Shifusicun 10
Haojiaqiao Guojiaqiao 23
Laoheqiao 49
Qingshuigoucun 16
Shanshuigoucun 13
linyintan Goutai 38
Sizhiqu 22
linji Lihuaqiao 12
39 District ;/ City Township Village Surveyed household
Majiaqiao 31
Qingtongxia Xiakou R(;:nqiaocun 14
I Shenzhacun 27
I Daba Wanglaotan 57
Xinqiaocun 6
Yanchi Nuanquan Laoyanchi 5
Total 423
In July 2009, Lingwu-Tianshuipu Expressway was no longer included in the World Bank-financed Project. There were also big changes for the design of the Guyaozi-Qingtongxia Linking Expressway. Among the original surveyed households, only those in Dujiatan, Shenjiahu, Wujiahu, Majiaqiao, Renqiao, Wanglaotan, and Xinqiao (167 questionnaires) are still in the changed alignment. In order to reflect the real situation of the affected households after changes, in August 2009, an supplementary survey was conducted in seriously-affected Majiawan, Lihuaqiao, Lutianwazi, and Xinqu villages. 81 households were added. At present there are 248 valid questionnaires. For details, please refer to the following table:
Table 3.2 Valid sampling households after supplementary survey in August 2009
Village lr---District ;/City Township Surveyed household
i Lingwu Chongxing Dujiatan 18
fiaojiaqiao Shenjiahu 19 !
Wujiahu 22
Litong Guojiaqiao Majiawan 21
Jinyintan Xinqu 20
! Jinji Lihuaqiao I 20 L Majiaqiao i 31
40 District ;1 City Township Village Surveyed household
Lutianwazi 20
Qingtongxia Xiakou Renqiaocun 14
Daba Wanglaotan 57
Xinqiaocun 6
Total 248
3.2 Basic demographic characteristics
The valid questionnaires at present cover 1209 persons in 248 households. Is basic characteristics are introduced and analyzed as follows:
1. Household size. The lowest is 1 person per household, and the biggest is 12 persons per household. The mean value of household size is 4.875 persons per household, which is higher than that calculated from the total population in 32 affected villages, i.e. 4.19 persons per household. The main reason for that is that some households with many generations asked to be surveyed as one household to reflect their total income and expenditure.
2. Registered residence. There are 1178 persons with agricultural registered residence, accounting for 97.44% of the total; There are 31 persons with non-agricultural registered residence, accounting for 2.56% of the total. Most of the population in the surveyed households have agricultural registered residence.
3. Gender. There are 633 male people, accounting for 52.36% of the total; There are 576 male people, accounting for 47.64% of the total. Male population are more than Female, but are still within the normal range.
4. Nationality. There are 467 Han people, accounting for 38.63% of the total; There are 742 Hui people, accounting for 61.37% of the total, which is lower than that
41 , >
calculated from the total population in 32 affected villages, i.e. 69.90%. The main reason for that is relatively higher Han people percentage in the sampling villages.
5. Age. There are 284 people aged below 15, accounting for 23.49% of the total; There are 803 people aged between 16 and 59, accounting for 66.42% of the total; There are 122 people aged above 60, accounting for 10.09% of the total.
6. Education. There are 141 people below school age, accounting for 11.66% ofthe total; There are 76 illiteracy, accounting for 6.29% of the total; There are 265 people having the education level of primary school, accounting for 21.92% of the total; There are 608 people having the education level of middle school, accounting for 50.29% of the total; There are 85 people having the education level of high school, accounting for 7.03% of the total; There are 14 people having the education level of collage, accounting for 1.16% of the total; There are 20 people having the education level of undergraduate or above, accounting for 1.65% ofthe total.
3.3 Land Resources
3.3.1 Land resources The main farmland is irrigated land in the affected areas. The average irrigated land per household is 6.47mu, and per capita amongst the households interviewed is 1.33 mu, which is higher than that calculated from the total population in 32 affected villages, i.e. 1.06 mu per capita. The main reason for that is relatively more irrigated land in Wanglaotan and Xinqiao Villages among the sampling villages. For the land resources of the surveyed households in different villages, please refer to the following table:
Table 3.3 Land resources of the surveyed households in different villages
42 Minimum of Maximum of
per per District ;/ Surveyed Per Township Village household household Per capita City households household farmland farmland
holding holding
Lingwu Chongxing Dujiatan 18 2 7 4.01 0.88
Haojiaqiao Shenjiahu 19 3 10 7.08 0.86
Wujiahu 22 1.7 11 4.58 0.96
Litong Guojiaqiao Majiawan 21 1.6 8.2 4.82 1.07
Jinyintan Xinqu 20 1 7 3.3 0.76
Jinji Lihuaqiao 20 1.4 7 4.46 0.85
Majiaqiao 31 1 8 5.15 1.15
Lutianwazi 20 2 13 4.99 1.17
Qingtongxia Xiakou Renqiaocun 14 2 8 4.39 0.95
Daba Wanglaotan 57 5 30 11.61 2.55
Xinqiaocun 6 7 13 9.58 1.98
Total 248 I 30 6.47 1.33
From the table it could be found that the minimum of per household farmland holding
is 1 mu in Xinqu and Majiaqiao villages, maximum of per household farmland holding is 30 mu in Wanglaotan village. The lowest per capita farmland holding is 0.76 mu in Xinqu village, and the highest per capita farmland holding is 2.55 mu in Wanglaotan village.
3.3.2 Production and operation style Land contract system is applied in the Project areas, and now it is within the second round land contract period. The farmers' contract rights have been protected according to the laws and regulations. When farmers' contracted land is acquired, usually it is compensated through the way of cash paid directly to the affected farmers.
43 This is also the basis that the Project adopts cash compensation to the land contractors.
There were 3 big changes of Chinese rural land system. The first change happened just after the funding of the P.R.C--during democratic reform movement (1950). Feudal ownership of land was perished and small peasant private land ownership became the most popular land ownership. The second one happened in agricultural cooperation movement (from the middle 1950's to the end of the 1950's). Small peasant private land ownership was changed into farmer collective ownership. The third one happened at the end of the 1970's and at the beginning of the 1980's. This change does not alter the previous collective ownership. But land ownership and land operation right are detached, which partly changes the land application system. Farmers begin to contract for collective land (including cultivated land, forest, pasture and wasteland) by household. The State stipulates that land in the rural areas and suburban areas, except otherwise provided for by the State, shall be collectively owned by farmers including land for building houses, land and hills allowed to be retained by farmers.
The term for contracting for the cultivated land is 15 years and the term for contracting other kind of land is decided by owners and contractors in the form of contract. The state issued a policy for a new round land contract: land contract further prolongs 30 years in the 1990's after the IS-year contract term expired in the 1990's. Since the second round land contract will last for 30 years, usually no big farmland readjustment will be conducted. Only little farmland will be readjusted after it is agreed by the villager meetings.
The survey findings indicated that production and operation styles of the farmers in the affected areas are diversified. The production and operation styles include working in enterprises and institutions (12%), going outside to do manual jobs (36%), planting (24%), animal husbandry (4%), family-run industry and transportation (9%),
44 '. family-run trading services (13%). One household usually conducts a lot of production activities. There is no clear labor division for planting and animal husbandry, and all the family members can do it if they are free. For non-agricultural activities there is some labor division so some household members may conduct family-run industry and some may go outside to do some manual jobs.
3.4 Employment of household laborers
The labor age stipulated in China are between 16 and 60 for male and 16 and 55 for female. However, people in rural areas may still conduct planting even they are much elder than 60 for male and 55 for female. In order to analyze systemically, the people elder than 65 are considered as above labor age although he or she may still do some agricultural work. Among the 1209 surveyed people, 131 people are below school age, accounting for 10.84% of the total, 71 people are over labor age, accounting for 5.8% of the total, 208 people are students, accounting for 17.20% of the total, 407 people mainly conduct agricultural activities, accounting for 33.66% of the total, 274 people conduct both agricultural and manual jobs, accounting for 22.66% of the total, 58 people mainly do manual jobs, accounting for 4.80% of the total, 48 people work in the enterprises, accounting for 3.97% of the total, 12 people work in the institutions, accounting for 0.99% of the total.
332 people conduct manual jobs, including those who conduct both agricultural and manual jobs and those who mainly do manual jobs, accounting for 27.46% of the total. Each year they usually work outside for about 200 days in nearby county towns, Yinchuan City or coastal cities in China's southeast. They usually conduct jobs in construction, manufacture, transportation and catering service industries. Their ages are between 16 and 64, on average 39.
3.5 Housing Resources
45 .,
In the surveyed households, the average floorspace per household is 187.36 square meters, and per capita, 38.43 square meters. For details, please refer to the following tables.
Table 3.4 Housing resources of the surveyed households in different villages
Minimum of Maximum of
• District;/ Surveyed per per Per Township Village Per capita City households household household household I • floorspace floorspace
Lingwu Chongxing Dujiatan 18 60 300 143.89 31.59
Haojiaqiao Shenjiahu 19 68 460 251.26 31.13
Wujiahu 22 60 300 144.64 30.30
Litong Guojiaqiao Majiawan 21 60 340 206.00 45.54
Jinyintan Xinqu 20 60 380 212.1 48.16
Jinji Lihuaqiao 20 150 340 229.15 43.65
Majiaqiao 31 10 300 161.06 35.92
Lutianwazi 20 100 320 223.15 52.65
! Qingtongxia Xiakou Renqiaocun 14 80 250 131.14 29.54
Daba Wanglaotan 57 60 480 183.526 40.23
Xinqiaocun 6 10 210 134.11 21.16
Total 248 60 480 181.36 38.43
From the table it could be found that the minimum of per household floorspace is 60 square meters in many villages, maximum of per household floorspace is 480 square meters in Wanglaotan village. The lowest per capita floors pace is 27.76 square meters in Xinqiao village, and the highest per capita floors pace is 48.76 square meters in Xinqu village.
46 During the survey it was also found that only 4 households rented their houses with total yearly rental ofCNY 6200. Therefore, rent income was not one of farmer's main income resources.
The house structure distribution of the surveyed households is described in the following table. It can be found from the table that their main house structures are brick concrete and brick timber. In general, their housing level is high. For details, please refer to the following table:
Table 3.5 House structure distribution of the surveyed households
Brick Brick Brick Earth Item earth Total concrete timber wood wood
Per 81.32 63.88 13.65 28.51 187.36 household
Per capita 16.68 13.10 2.80 5.85 38.43
% 43.40% 34.10% 7.28% 15.22% 100.00%
The survey results of the construction cost for the main house structures (brick concrete and brick timber) are as follows. It was based on the investigation with most of the leaders of the affected villages along the proposed Expressway. The cost doesn't include the expenses for land and application formalities.
47 Table 3.6 Per square meter cost analysis of brick concrete house
Consumption Item Unit Unit Price Cost Remarks per unit
Unit
A. Main material 217.10
! Timber cU.m 0.02 900 18
Cement Kg 60 0.45 27
Brick no. 270 0.25 67.5
Steel Kg 12.5 45 56.25
Lime Kg 45 0.15 6.75
Stone cU.m 0.4 30 12
Sand cU.m 0.2 28 5.6
Asphalt Kg 6 4 24
B. Other material 40% of main material at 86.84 and infrastructure most
C. Manpower Man day 3.5 40 140
Total 443.94
Table 3.7 Per square meter cost analysis of brick timber house
Consumption Item Unit Unit Price Cost per unit Remark Unit CNY/unit CNY A. main materials 153.75
Timber cU.m 0.05 900 45 Cement Kg 35 0.45 15.75
IBrick no. 260 0.25 65 Steel Kg 1.5 4.5 6.75 Lime Kg 35 0.15 5.25
Stone cU.m 0.3 30 9
ISand cU.m 0.25 28 7 B. Other material and 40% of main material at 61.50 infrastructure most
48 Consumption Item Unit Unit Price Cost per unit Remark Unit CNY/unit CNY C. Manpower Man day 3 40 120
Total 335.25
3.6 Household income and affecting factors
In 2007, the per capita net income was CNY 5943, a little higher than the official data reported by the administrative villages. The following table shows the different net income sources in the surveyed households. It indicates the variety of economic activity carried out along the proposed alignment. According to the survey results, the income of farming accounts for 24.09% of their total income. And their highest income, i.e. income from outside jobs, accounts for 35.54% of their total income. For details, please refer to the following table.
Table 3.8 Net income in 2007
Item Total Per household Per person Percentage
Unit CNY CNY CNY %
Wage income 877400 3538 726 12.21%
Outside job income 2553100 10295 2112 35.54%
F 1731056 6980 1432 24.09%
Animal husbandry income 263300 1062 218 3.66%
Income of industry, transportation 629850 2540 521 8.77% and construction
Income of business and service 948700 3825 785 13.20%
Minimum subsistence allowance 3800 15 3 0.05%
Rental 8600 35 7 0.12%
Gift money 149700 604 124 2.08%
Other income 19000 77 16 0.26%
49 Item Total Per household Per person Percentage
Unit CNY CNY CNY %
Total 7184506 28970 5943 100.00%
For the net income of the surveyed households in different villages, please refer to the following table:
Table 3.9 Net income of the surveyed households in different villages
Minimum of Maximumofl I District ;1 Surveyed per per Per Township Village Per capita household household • City I households • household net income. net income
! • Lingwu Chongxing Dujiatan 18 8600 55600 22168.89 4866.34
Haojiaqiao Shenjiahu 19 7600 143000 38523.64 5398.22
Wujiahu 22 8300 109200 24957.37 4516.10
Litong Guojiaqiao Majiawan 21 6120 47080 23597.14 5216.21
Jinyintan Xinqu 20 5320 120400 29455 6771.26
Jinji Lihuaqiao 20 7950 58400 24873.30 4737.77
Majiaqiao 31 9500 61760 23656.52 5275.91
Lutianwazi 20 6284 67200 28480040 6701.27 1 Qingtongxia Xiakou Renqiaocun 14 9900 53200 23328.57 5024.62
Daba Wanglaotan 57 8000 187000 37213.86 8158.42
Xinqiaocun 6 15000 34800 21816.67 4513.79
Total 248 5320 187000 28969.78 5942.52
From the table it could be found that the minimum of per household net income is CNY 5320 in Xinqu village, maximum of per household net income is CNY 187000
50 in Wanglaotan village. The lowest per capita net income is CNY 4513.79 in Xinqiao village, and the highest per capita net income is CNY 8158.42 in Wanglaotan village.
Based on the survey results, when making rankings for the reasons of the richness, No. I was well business operation. The next items in order were high education, outside jobs, convenient transportation, more irrigated land resources. When making rankings for the reasons of the poverty, No. I was bad business operation. The next items in order were low education, sick and elderly, inconvenient transportation, less irrigated land resources.
3.7 Household consumption expenditure and affecting factors
In 2007, the per capita consumption expenditure was CNY 3451. The on average surplus per capita was CNY 2491. The reason for that is that some households with annual net income higher than CNY 100,000 have more surplus. Those funds were used for the house construction, marriage, tuition for the universities, vehicles and other high-value goods. So some households would use surplus accumulated from many years within one year for the purpose marriage, house construction, or university tuition, and in that year those households may have financial deficit. The following table shows the expenditure distribution in the surveyed households. It could be found that more than one third of their total expenditure is for food (37.37%). And the percentage of clothing, gift money, and medical care are relatively higher.
Table 3.10 Consumption expenditure distribution in 2007
Item Total Per household Per capita Percentage
Unit CNY CNY CNY %
Food 1559450 6288 1290 37.37%
Clothing 548620 2212 454 13.15%
Living 319710 1289 264 7.66%
51 i Item Total Per household Per capita Percentage
! Unit CNY CNY CNY %
Household equipment 124520 502 103 2.98%
Transport 157610 636 130 3.78%
Communication 394770 1592 327 9.46%
Education 24000 97 20 0.58%
Recreation 53760 217 44 1.29%
Medicines and medical care 449490 1812 372 10.77%
Gift money 519302 2094 430 12.45%
Other 21500 87 18 0.52%
Total 4172732 16826 3451 100.00%
It can be concluded from the analysis of the income and expenditure that the farming income is no longer the main income resources. It only accounts for less than one quarter of their total income. Therefore, the impacts of land acquisition to the affect farmers' total income are limited. Besides, due to the high surplus, the farmers have
certain anti~risk ability in short period.
For the consumption expenditure of the surveyed households in different villages, please refer to the following table:
Table 3.11 Consumption expenditure of the surveyed households in different
villages
I Maximum of I Minimum of per District! Surveyed •per household Per Township Village household Per capita City households consumption household consumption expenditure expenditure
Lingwu Chongxing Dujiatan 18 5120 34900 }4873.33 3264.88
Haojiaqiao Shenjiahu 19 8050 63000 22096.82 3096.37 _ ..
52 M' , f Maximum of IOlmum 0 I • per District / Surveyed per household. h h ld Per •Township Village ' • ouse 0 Per capita City households consumptIOn , household d't consumption expen lure • d't I • expen lure
Wujiahu 22 4520 14321.05 2591.43
Litong Guojiaqiao Majiawan 21 4700 25000 14859.52 3284,74
Jinyintan 20 4300 41300 15382.5 3536.21
Jinji Lihuaqiao 20 7200 28800 16043.50 3055.90
Majiaqiao 31 5250 28200 15173.55 3384.03
I.utianwazi 20 4700 35400 17515.00 4121.18
Qingtongxia Xiakou Renqiaocun 14 9740 35100 18737.86 4035.85
Daba Wanglaotan 57 2600 50500 18040.386 3955.01
I 6 11700 15816.67 3272.41
Total 248 2600 630001 16825.53 3451.39
From the table it could be found that the minimum of per household consumption expenditure is CNY 2600 in Wanglaotan village, maximum of per household consumption expenditure is CNY 63000 in Shenjiahu village, The lowest per capita consumption expenditure is CNY 2591.43 in Wujiahu village, and the highest per capita consumption expenditure is CNY 4121,18 in Lutianwazi village,
3.8 The impacts of land acqnisition on local farmers
The expressway is linear shape, so the on average land acquisition impact per household is relatively small. Among the affected households, on average /.91 mu of irrigated land per household or 0.44 mu of irrigated land per capita will be acquired. And on average 193 square meters of houses per household or 42 square meters of houses per capita will be acquired, But some seriously-affected villages are located in the areas of the Expressway interchanges, some households may lose 80% or even 100% of their total contracted farmland, Affected to the socio-economic survey results, if 100% of their total contracted farmland will be acquired, on average each
53 household will lose 24% of their total income. Here are the detailed introduction of the land acquistion on the 10 seriously-affected villages.
Jiantan Village There are 729 households, 3215 persons and about 1600 laborers in the village. The village has 2250 mu of irrigated land and the per capita annual net income in 2008 was CNY 4050. The main income resources for the villagers are grain planting and outside labor service, and each year about 900 farmers go outside to provide labor service, among those, 200 people are female. The Project will acquire 192.97 mu of irrigated land, accounting for 8.58% of the total irrigated land in the village. 130 households and 571 people will be affected by irrigated land acquisition, and among those, 89 households will lose more than 50% of their irrigated land holding, accounting for 68.46% of the total affected households. The reason for that is the village is located in the Lingwu Interchange area, and impact degree is high. The number of the households whose per capita irrigated land holding will be less than 0.5 mu after land acquisition is 109 households, accounting for 83.85% of the total households affected by land acquisition.
Wujiahu Village There are 521 households, 2364 persons and 1087 laborers in the village. The village has 2735 mu of irrigated land and the per capita annual net income in 2008 was CNY 3860. The main income resources for the villagers are grain and pepper planting, animal husbandry, and grain and pepper processing, and each year only about 112 farmers go outside to provide labor service, among those, 40 people are female. The Project will acquire 167.06 mu of irrigated land, accounting for 6.11 % of the total irrigated land in the village. 115 households and 451 people will be affected by irrigated land acquisition, and among those, 21 households wi II lose more than 50% oftheir irrigated land holding, accounting for 18.26% of the total affected households. So the impacts of the Project land acquisition on most farmers are small. The number of the households whose per capita irrigated land holding will be less than 0.5 mu
54 after land acquisition is 18 households, accounting for 15.65% of the total households affected by land acquisition.
Majiawan Village There are 437 households, 1975 persons and about 1170 laborers in the village. The village has 1875 mu of irrigated land and the per capita annual net income in 2008 was CNY 4901. The main income resources for the villagers are paddy, wheat and corn, and sunflowers and apple tree planting, and each year only 161 farmers go outside to provide labor service. The Project will acquire 588.26 mu of irrigated land, accounting for 31.37% of the total irrigated land in the village, which include 390.21 mu of irrigated land to be shared by NH 211 Lingwu-Tianshuipu Expressway in Guojiaqiao Terminal area. 237 households and 1124 people will be affected by irrigated land acquisition, and among those, 172 households will lose more than 50% of their irrigated land holding, accounting for 72.57% of the total affected households. The reason for that is the village is located in the Guojiaqiao Terminal area, and impact degree is high. The number of the households whose per capita irrigated land holding will be less than 0.5 mu after land acquisition is 144 households, accounting for 60.78% of the total households affected by land acquisition.
Xinqu Village There are 718 households, 3098 persons and 1634 laborers in the village. The village has 2630 mu of irrigated land and the per capita annual net income in 2008 was CNY 6080. The main income resources for the villagers are outside labor service, grain planting and animal husbandry, and each year about 900 farmers go outside to provide labor service, among those, 237 people are female. The Project will acquire 277.25 mu of irrigated land, accounting for 10.54% of the total irrigated land in the village. 164 households and 821 people will be affected by irrigated land acquisition, and among those, 83 households will lose more than 50% of their irrigated land holding, accounting for 50.61 % of the total affected households. The reason for that is the village is located in the Yangmahu Interchange area, and impact degree is high. The
55 number of the households whose per capita irrigated land holding will be less than 0.5 mu after land acquisition is 86 households, accounting for 52.44% of the total households affected by land acquisition.
Yangmahu Village There are 1191 households, 4743 persons and about 2700 laborers in the village. The village has 4660 mu of irrigated land and the per capita annual net income in 2008 was CNY 6060. The main income resources for the villagers are grain planting, animal husbandry, and outside labor service, and each year about 800 farmers go outside to provide labor service, among those, 200 people are female. The Project will acquire 94.3 mu of irrigated land, accounting for 2.02% of the total irrigated land in the village. 63 households and 286 people will be affected by irrigated land acquisition, and among those, 17 households will lose more than 50% of their irrigated land holding, accounting for 26.98% of the total affected households. The number of the households whose per capita irrigated land holding will be less than 0.5 mu after land acquisition is 28 households, accounting for 44.44% of the total households affected by land acquisition.
Chaiqiao Village There are 692 households, 2989 persons and about 1530 laborers in the village. The village has 2717 mu of irrigated land and the per capita annual net income in 2008 was CNY 4980. The main income resources for the villagers are grain and beet planting, straw plaiting and cow farming, and each year only 110 farmers go outside to provide labor service, among those, 50 people are female. The Project will acquire 188.42 mu of irrigated land, accounting for 6.94% of the total irrigated land in the village. 121 households and 506 people will be affected by irrigated land acquisition, and among those, 42 households will lose more than 50% of their irrigated land holding, accounting for 34.71 % of the total affected households. The number of the households whose per capita irrigated land holding will be less than 0.5 mu after land
56 acquisition is 51 households, accounting for 42.15% of the total households affected by land acquisition.
Lihuaqiao Vi lIage There are 718 households, 3120 persons and about 1450 laborers in the village. The village has 2912 mu of irrigated land and the per capita annual net income in 2008 was CNY 5032. The main income resources for the villagers are grain planting, cow farming, and outside labor service, and each year about 450 farmers go outside to provide labor service, among those, 120 people are female. The Project will acquire 330.79 mu of irrigated land, accounting for 11.36% of the total irrigated land in the village. 140 households and 587 people will be affected by irrigated land acquisition, and among those, 34 households will lose more than 50% of their irrigated land holding, accounting for 24.29% of the total affected households. The number of the households whose per capita irrigated land holding will be less than 0.5 mu after land acquisition is 54 households, accounting for 38.57% of the total households affected by land acquisition.
Lutianwazi Village There are 375 households, 1276 persons and 735 laborers in the village. The village has 1273 mu of irrigated land and the per capita annual net income in 2008 was CNY 4330. The main income resources for the villagers are grain planting and cow framing, and each year only 210 farmers go outside to provide labor service, among those, 90 people are female. The Project will acquire 192.01 mu of irrigated land, accounting for 15.08% of the total irrigated land in the village. 145 households and 531 people will be affected by irrigated land acqu isition, and among those, 41 households wi II lose more than 50% of their irrigated land holding, accounting for 28.28% of the total affected households.
Haoqu Village
57 There are 620 households, 2749 persons and 1696 laborers in the village. The village has 2453 mu of irrigated land and the per capita annual net income in 2008 was CNY 5260. The main income resources for the villagers are grain planting, cow farming, and outside labor service, and each year about 1321 farmers go outside to provide labor service, among those, 463 people are female. The Project will acquire 168.85 mu of irrigated land, accounting for 6.88% of the total irrigated land in the village. 95 households and 457 people will be affected by irrigated land acquisition, and among those, 55 households will lose more than 50% of their irrigated land holding, accounting for 57.89% ofthe total affected households. The number of the households whose per capita irrigated land holding will be less than 0.5 mu after land acquisition is 61 households, accounting for 64.21 % of the total households affected by land acquisition.
Xinqiao Village There are 727 households, 2887 persons and about 1600 laborers in the village. The village has 6649 mu of irrigated land and the per capita annual net income in 2008 was CNY 5120. The main income resources for the villagers are grain planting, edible mushrooms, animal husbandry, and outside labor service, and each year about 573 farmers go outside to provide labor service, among those, 212 people are female. The Project will acquire 361.8 mu of irrigated land, accounting for 5.44% of the total irrigated land in the village. 92 households and 345 people will be affected by irrigated land acquisition, and among those, 17 households will lose more than 50% of their irrigated land holding, accounting for 18.48% of the total affected households. The number of the households whose per capita irrigated land holding will be less than 0.5 mu after land acquisition is 3 households, accounting for 3.26% of the total households affected by land acquisition.
Since the amount of the land acquisition of the surveyed households was not available during socio-economic survey, the acquired land distribution information could not be provided. However, according to the census database of the affected households,
58 among the 2395 households whose irrigated land will be acquired, 91 households and 223 people will lose 100% of their irrigated land, accounting for 3.8% and 3.2% of the total affected households and people respectively. Among those households, per household land acquisition is 2.5 mu and per capita land acquisition is 0.68 mu, and their household size and per capita farmland holding are much lower than the corresponding average figures of all the affected households. It indicated that the households with lower household size and per capita farmland holding might lose 100% of their irrigated land more easily. Since the planting income percentage in total income of those households is relatively small, and since only 3.8% of the total affected households will lose 100% of their irrigated land, the impacts of land acquisition on the affected households' total income are small.
3.9 Social support network
3.9.1 Rural organization network Chinese formal rural organization network has been well developed. It plays an important role in technology dissemination and information transmission in farmers' daily life. The project preparation and implementation, especially the resettlement and rehabilitation, well relate to the formal rural organization network.
The People's Commune was set in Chinese rural area in the latter part of the 1950's and the People's Commune system made administration extend to the grass-root units. The production of a production team had to be decided by the higher authorities. The base of the rural organization structure: county - people's commune - production brigade - production team thus was formed due to the People's Commune. The present Chinese rural organization structure was also formed in early 1980' s. It was changed into county - township - administrative village - villager group which has gone on since then. Under this structure, administrative organs are set in county and township, and administrative village and villager group belong to self-government organizati ons.
59 In recent years, the original administrative functions of township governments have been gradually changed into service functions. However, the rural formal organization network is relatively stable. The organization network in the Project areas IS prefectural-level city county-level city/county/district - town/township administrative village - villager group.
When people have trouble, he or she will seek all the possible support. Based on the survey results, when making rankings for the support, No. 1 was relatives. The next items in order were villages, friends, neighbors, classmates and colleagues. If they cannot obtain effective support, their choice usually is to deal with it themselves. All the affected farmers will be resettled in the original villages. So there are no impacts on there original social support network and there original social relationship will be kept.
3.10 Impacts on Vulnerable Groups and Supporting Arrangement for them
Among the survey households, there is only 1 household with annual net income less than CNY 1350, the poverty line stipulated by Ningxia government, i.e. CNY 1312, which is less than but closes to CNY 1350. Among the 248 surveyed households, the land, houses, income and expenditure of the 10% low income households with per capita annual income less than CNY 2400 and other households are compared as follows.
60 Table 3.12 Comparison between the 10% low income and other households
Figures for Figures for 10% low Item % other % income households households
Irrigated land 0.89 1.39
Brick concrete houses 12.33 44.82% 17.35 43.25%
Brick timber houses 7.53 27.37% 13.97 34.81%
Brick earth wood 1.98 7.18% 2.93 7.29% houses
Earth wood houses 5.68 20.64% 5.87 14.64%
All houses 27.52 100.00% 40.12 100.00%
Wage income 61.73 3.05% 828.46 12.65%
Outside job income 937.35 46.30% 2293.46 35.02%
Farming income 915.06 45.20% 1511.76 23.08%
Animal husbandry income 64.81 3.20% 241.45 3.69%
Income of industry, transportation and 0.00 0.00% 601.58 9.19% construction
Income of business and 0.00 0.00% 906.11 13.84% service
Total income 2024.38 100.00% 6548.76 100.00%
Food 766.05 41.32% 1370.92 37.07%
Clothing 175.49 9.47% 496.84 13.43%
Living 108.02 5.83% 288.64 7.80%
Household equipment 34.57 1.86% 113.58 3.07%
Transport 52.16 2.81% 142.46 3.85%
Communication 150.37 8.11% 353.78 9.57%
Education 0.00 0.00% 22.92 0.62%
Recreation 26.54 1.43% 47.24 1.28%
61 Figures for ! Figures for 10% low % other % income : It= ' households households
Medicines and medical care 229.01 12.35% 393.88 10.65%
i Total expenditure 1853.95 100.00% 3698.56 100.00% .
The land and house resources of the low income households are lower than other households'. The per capita irrigated land holding is less by 36.32%, and the per capita houses is less by 28.93%. Although they have the same percentage of brick concrete houses as other households', the percentage of brick timber houses is lower and the percentage of earth wood houses are higher than other households'. It indicated that their house structure level is lower. Low income households' per capita income is lower than other households' by 69.09%, and their per capita expenditure is lower than other households' by 49.87%. Their planting income percentage in total income is 45.20%, much higher than other households' corresponding figures 23.08%. It indicated that their total income and expenditure are much lower than other households', and the impacts of land acquisition on them are bigger than other households' .
According to those analysis, for vulnerable PAPs affected by house relocation, the measures are aimed to restore or improve their living conditions. For vulnerable PAPs who are affected by land acquisition and lose working ability, the main measures are reasonable allowances for living and medical care. For vulnerable PAPs who are affected by land acquisition but have working ability, the main measures are the provision of priority of training and employment (such as outside jobs or work for the Project construction). The assistance will be used to support those people who include: (i) Wubao, widows/widowers, physically and mentally handicapped, single female headed households, and (ii) economically at risk due to resettlement - i.e., poverty households, near poor who are seriously affected, and near poor who are in debt. Besides the financial assistance, other measures, such as providing labor during house construction, giving priority to training, etc., will be adopted. For details, please refer
62 to the following table. The exact number of the vulnerable groups will be identified when the compensation agreements are signed.
Table 3.13 Special Measures for Vulnerable Households
Entitlements for land Entitlements for house Type of Vulnerable Eligibility Criteria loss (proposed loss (proposed Funding sources Household measures) measures)
Collective retains Orphans, senior citizens, compensation and Government financial and disabled people who New housing provided b Wubao provides monthly fund, and village are not able to support village allowances and medical allowance if available themselves expenses are free
Aim to make economically Single female headed Government financial Widowed, divorced or productive (e,g" Labor for house household (with fund, and village separated provide child care and construction dependents) allowance if available training expenses if available)
Minimum subsistence Government financial Recognized by the allowance, or for those Labor for house Disabled fund, and village governments who can work, free skill construction allowance if available training
Government financial Men and women over Minimum subsistence Labor for house Elderly persons fund, and village 70 years living alone allowance construction allowance if available
Minimum subsistence allowance, or for those Labor for house Poverty households and Average net income per who can work, free skill construction or free Government financial low income/poor rural person under training, and poverty construction materials if fund households CNY 1350 reduction measures available sponsored by governments
Special old-age Farmland holding is pens ion, and for those Government financial Seriously affected less than 0,5 mu after who can work, free skill fund land acquisition training,
63 3.10.1 Minimum subsistence security The security line for minimum subsistence for the farmers in Ningxia is CNY 40 to 55 per month per person. For the urban residents in Ningxia, the line is CNY 140 per month per person on average. People with per capita net income less than the minimum subsistence line (40 to 55 per month for rural and 140 per month for urban) can get their allowances to match these levels. Once their per capita net income is more than the minimum subsistence line, they cannot receive such allowances any more.
3.10.2 New rural cooperative medical service Any farmers can participate in the new rural cooperative medical services, and if so the whole household, including all the household members should participate in. The central government provides subsidies at CNY 40 per capita per year, and Ningxia and county-level governments provides other subsidies at CNY 24 and 16 per capita per year respectively (district governments provides subsidies at CNY 10 per capita per year). The whole household to participate in the service will pay to the service at least CNY 20 per capita per year. Wubao, households receiving minimum subsistence allowances, disabled people, according to the certifications issued by relevant government departments, will be exempted from the payment, and those fees will be paid by county I city civil affairs bureaus or associations for the disabled.
3.10.3 Old-age pension system for the land-loss farmers In 2 of the Project Expressway-affected county-level cities, Lingwu City and Qingtongxia City, if a farmer's farmland holding is less than 0.5 mu after land acquisition, he can be covered by the old-age pension system. Ifhis age is 60 or above for male, 55 or above for female, he can receive monthly pension at CNY 240 after paying 30% of the total premium, about CNY 19062. The rest of the total premium will be paid by the relevant governments and collective agencies.
64 The following table provides an example that the loss and income of a 60-year-old land-loss farmer. Suppose the average per capita farmland holding is 1 mu in the farmer's village or villager group, and the farmer's total contracted farmland will be acquired by the Project Expressway. According to the compensation standard proposed by the Project, he will receive CNY 12500 and pay CNY 5719. After that he can receive annual old-age pension at CNY 2880, which will be much higher that his annual net income loss from farming, CNY 305 (according to the Ningxia Price Information Network sponsored by the Ningxia Price Bureau, the net income per mu of non-glutinous rice in Ningxia in 2008 was CNY 305.23). For details, please refer to the following table.
Table 3.14 Loss and income of a 60-year-old land-loss farmer
Item Unit Amount compensation received CNY 12500 total premium to be paid CNY 19062 premium to be paid by farmer (30%) CNY 5719 annual net income loss from farming (calculated according to CNY 305 common non-glutinous rice) annual old-age pension received CNY 2880
For the rural people at other ages, if his farmland holding is less than 0.5 mu after land acquisition, he can also be covered by the old-age pension system. He will paid the premium equal to or less than what the above-mentioned old-age farmer should pay. When reaching the age of 60 or above for male, 55 or above for female, he can receive monthly pension at CNY 240. Section 6.10 of this Chapter provided the numbers of farmers whose per capita farmland holding will be less than 0.5 mu, and the numbers who can receive old-age pensions in 10 seriously-affected villages (accounting for 57.53% oftotalland to be acquired) .
65 In another Project Expressway-affected county-level district, Litong District, although the old-age pension system for land-loss farmers hasn't been implemented, similar policy is under discussion. It is anticipated that the similar old-age pension system will be implemented next year.
3.11 Support rate to the Project
Among the 248 surveyed households, 97.98% expressed their support to the Project. 4 households expressed "not sure" because they are not clear so far if the Project will bring benefits to them. Only 1 household said "objection" because he worried about the land acquisition impacts of the Project on his livelihood. It is necessary to conduct the further propaganda and guidance for this household.
3.12 Ranking of the concerns
When making rankings for positive impacts of the Project, No. 1 was bringing more income and employment opportunities. The next items in order were increasing sale price of farm products and other family-made products, and improving transportation conditions, increasing the contact with the outside, improving future development.
When making rankings for negative impacts of the Project, No. 1 was reduced farmland may decrease income. The next items in order were present life style may be affected and maladjustment may be caused, increasing pollution such as noise, going round by passages may cause inconvenience.
When making rankings for the assistance from the Project, No. 1 was participating the Project construction to get income, The next items in order were free training, providing market or labor information, providing employment instructions.
66 When making rankings for the training programs, No.1 was driving skill. The next items in order were animal husbandry, construction, agricultural skill, orchard skill, computer operation, catering industry and maintenance industry.
When making rankings for the measures to be taken during Project construction, No. 1 was stop night construction closing residential areas. The next items in order were the living garbage should be treated correctly, watering the construction area to reduce dust, borrow pits and spoil ground should be fixed, the construction roads should not be widen or extended.
When making rankings for the measures for vulnerable groups, No. 1 was giving preferential treatment when affected. The next items in order were providing priority for training, making special social security policy, providing special allowance.
67 Chapter 4 Laws and regulations relating to minorities and implementation of minorities policy
4.1 Laws and regulations relating to minorities
Laws and regulations relating to minorities are:
Constitution of the People's Republic ofChina Law of the People's Republic ofChina on Regional National Autonomy
Constitution of the People's Republic of China
Preamble. The People's Republic of China is a unitary multi-national state built up jointly by the people of all its nationalities. Socialist relations of equality, unity and mutual assistance have been established among them and will continue to be strengthened. In the struggle to safeguard the unity of the nationalities, it is necessary to combat big-nation chauvinism, mainly Han chauvinism, and also necessary to combat local-national chauvinism. The state does its utmost to promote the common prosperity ofall national ities in the country.
Article 4. All nationalities in the People's Republic of China are equal. The state protects the lawful rights and interests of the minority nationalities and upholds and develops the relationship of equality, unity and mutual assistance among all ofChina's nationalities. Discrimination against and oppression of any nationality are prohibited; any acts that undermine the unity of the nationalities or instigate their secession are prohibited.
68 The state helps the areas inhabited by minority nationalities speed up their economic and cultural development in accordance with the peculiarities and needs of the different minority nationalities.
Regional autonomy is practiced in areas where people of minority nationalities live in compact communities; in these areas organs of self- government are established for the exercise of the right of autonomy. All the national autonomous areas are inalienable parts ofthe People's Republic of China.
The people of all nationalities have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages, and to preserve or reform their own ways and customs.
Article 112. The organs of self-government of national autonomous areas are the people's congresses and people's governments of autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties.
Article 113. In the people's congress of an autonomous region, prefecture or county, in addition to the deputies of the nationality or nationalities exercising regional autonomy in the administrative area, the other nationalities inhabiting the area are also entitled to appropriate representation.
The chairmanship and vice-chairmanships of the standing committee of the people's congress of an autonomous region, prefecture or county shall include a citizen or citizens of the nationality or nationalities exercising regional autonomy in the area concerned.
Article 114. The administrative head of an autonomous region, prefecture or county shall be a citizen of the nationality, or of one of the nationalities, exercising regional autonomy in the area concerned.
69 Article 115. The organs of self-government of autonomous regions, prefectures and counties exercise the functions and powers of local organs of state as specified in Section V of Chapter Three of the Constitution. At the same time, they exercise the right of autonomy within the limits of their authority as prescribed by the Constitution, the law of regional national autonomy and other laws, and implement the laws and policies of the state in the light ofthe existing local situation.
Article 116. People's congresses of national autonomous areas have the power to enact autonomy regulations and specific regulations in the light of the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the nationality or nationalities in the areas concerned. The autonomy regulations and specific regulations of autonomous regions shall be submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for approval before they go into effect. Those of autonomous prefectures and counties shall be submitted to the standing committees of the people's congresses of provinces or autonomous regions for approval before they go into effect, and they shall be reported to the Standing Committee ofthe National People's Congress for the record.
Article 117. The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas have the power of autonomy in administering the finances oftheir areas. All revenues accruing to the national autonomous areas under the financial system of the state shall be managed and used independently by the organs of self- government of those areas.
Article 118. The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas independently arrange for and administer local economic development under the guidance of state plans.
In developing natural resources and building enterprises in the national autonomous areas, the state shall give due consideration to the interests of those areas.
70 Article 119. The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas independently administer educational, scientific, cultural, public health and physical culture affairs in their respective areas, sort out and protect the cultural legacy of the nationalities and work for the development and prosperity of their cultures.
Article 120. The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas may, in accordance with the military system of the state and concrete local needs and with the approval of the State Council, organize local public security forces for the maintenance of public order.
Article 121. In performing their functions, the organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas, in accordance with the autonomy regulations of the respective areas, employ the spoken and written language or languages in common use in the locality.
Article 122. The state gives financial, material and technical assistance to the minority nationalities to accelerate their economic and cultural development.
The state helps the national autonomous areas train large numbers of cadres at different levels and specialized personnel and skilled workers of different professions and trades from among the nationality or nationalities in those areas.
Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional National Autonomy
Article 25. Under the guidance of State plans, the organs of self-government of national autonomous areas shall, in the light of local characteristics and needs, work out the guidelines, policies and plans for economic development and independently arrange for and administer local economic development.
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Article 27. In accordance with legal stipulations, the organs of self-government of national autonomous areas shall define the ownership of. and the right to use, the pastures and forests within these areas.
The organs of self-government of national autonomous areas shall protect and develop grasslands and forests and make arrangements for and encourage the planting of trees and grass. Destruction of grasslands and forests by any organization or individual by whatever means shall be prohibited. Reclamation of land from grasslands or forests by destroying grass or trees shall strictly be prohibited.
Article 32. The finance of a national autonomous area constitutes a particular level of finance and is a component of State finance.
The organs of self-government of national autonomous areas shall have the power of autonomy in administering the finances of their areas. All revenues accruing to the national autonomous areas under the financial system of the State shall be managed and used by the organs of self-government of these areas on their own.
Under the unified national financial system, a national autonomous area shall enjoy preferential treatment by the financial department at a higher level through the standard financial transfer payment system exercised by the State.
A national autonomous area shall, in accordance with State stipulations, lay aside a reserve fund for expenditure in its budget. The proportion of the reserve fund in its budget shall be higher than that in the budgets ofother areas.
While implementing its fiscal budget. the organ of self-government of a national autonomous area shall arrange for the use of extra income and savings from expenditures at its own discretion.
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Article 48. The organ of self-government of a national autonomous area shall guarantee equal rights for the various nationalities in the area.
The organ of self-government of a national autonomous area shall unite the cadres and masses of the various nationalities and give full play to their initiative in a joint effort to develop the area.
Article 50. The organ of self-government of a national autonomous area shall help other minority nationalities living in concentrated communities in the area establish appropriate autonomous areas or nationality townships.
The organ of self-government of a national autonomous area shall help the various nationalities in the area develop their economic, educational, scientific and technological, cultural, public health and physical culture affairs.
The organ of self-government of a national autonomous area shall give consideration to the characteristics and needs of nationalities living in settlements scattered over the area.
Article 51. In dealing with special issues concerning the various nationalities within its area, the organ of self-government of a national autonomous area must conduct full consultation with their representatives and respect their opinions.
Besides, the Organization Law of the Villager Administrative Committees of PRC also gives the regulations concerning nationality. Article 5 stipulates: the villager administrative committees in compact communities of various minorities should teach the villagers to be united, help each other, and respect each other. Article 9 stipulates: each villager administrative committee consists of director, vice-directors and members totaling 3 to 7 persons. The minorities with less population should have their representatives in the villager administrative committees.
73 4.2 Right of Self-Government of Ethnic Autonomous Areas
The organs of self-government in ethnic autonomous areas perform the following right of self-government as prescribed in the Constitution, the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy and other laws:
(1) Independently Managing the Ethnic Group's Internal Affairs in Its Autonomous Area
People of various ethnic origins in autonomous areas are entitled to vote and stand for election, as provided for in the Constitution and other laws and, by electing deputies to the local people's congresses and establishing other organs of self-government, exercise their democratic rights to manage the internal affairs of their own ethnic groups in their autonomous areas.
(2) Ethnic Autonomous Areas Enjoy the Right to Formulate Self-Government Regulations and Separate Regulations
The Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy stipulates, "Besides enjoying the same rights as enjoyed by other local state organs, people's congresses in autonomous areas have the right to formulate self-government regulations and other separate regulations in light of the particular political, economic and cultural conditions of the ethnic group in that autonomous area.
(3) Using and Developing the Spoken and Written Languages of the Ethnic Groups
According to the provisions of the self-government regulations for ethnic autonomous areas, the organs of self-government of such areas shall use one or more commonly used local languages when they are performing official duties. If more than one
74 '. language can be used for such official duties, the language of the ethnic group exercising regional autonomy should be used primarily.
(4) Respecting and Guaranteeing the Freedom of Religious Belief of Ethnic Minorities
Organs of self-government in autonomous areas, in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and relevant laws, respect and guarantee the freedom of religious belief of ethnic minorities, and safeguard all legal and normal religious activities of people ofethnic minorities.
(5) Retaining or Altering the Folkways and Customs of Ethnic Groups
Organs of self-government of autonomous areas respect the habits and customs of minority people, respect and show special consideration for their festivals, ensure the supply of special foods, support and ensure the production and supply of special items, and respect their marriage and funeral customs.
(6) Independently Arranging, Managing and Developing Economic Construction
Organs of self-government of autonomous areas may, in accordance with legal provisions and the characteristics of local economic development, rationally adjust the relations of production or economic structure of the said areas. Under the guidance of state planning, they shall independently arrange local capital construction projects, depending on the local financial and material resources, and other conditions. They manage local enterprises and institutions independently. Ethnic autonomous areas can engage in foreign trade in accordance with the provisions of the state. They can also open ports for foreign trade after obtaining approval from the State Council. Autonomous areas enjoy state preferential policy treatment in their foreign trade. All ethnic autonomous areas have formulated their own plans, goals and measures for
75 economic and social development by following the guidance of the overall state plan for national economic and social development, while at the same time taking into consideration local conditions.
(7) IndependentlY Developing Educational, Scientific, Technological and Cultural Undertakings
Organs of self-government of autonomous areas determine the educational plan, the establishment ofschools, school system, the fOnTIS by which schools are run, curricula, language of teaching and method of enrollment, in accordance with principles concerning education and legal provisions of the state. Organs of self-government of autonomous areas independently determine plans for the development of science and technology of their areas to disseminate knowledge of science and technology. Organs of self-government of autonomous areas independently develop cultural undertakings with ethnic characteristics, including literature, art, news, publishing, broadcasting, movies and television programs. They independently determine development plans for their medical and health work, and promote modern medicine as well as their traditional medicine.
4.3 World Bank's Policies on Ethnic Minorities
The World Bank has always valued social effects of the development projects, especially those on environment, resettlement, ethnic minorities and other vulnerable groups and local culture. The World Bank's operational policies applied to the Project are: OP 4.01 (Environmental Evaluation), OP 4.10 (Ethnic Minorities), OP 4.12 (involuntary resettlement)
OP 4.10 contributes to World Bank's mission of poverty reduction and sustainable development by ensuring that the development process fully respects the dignity, human rights, economies, and cultures of Indigenous Peoples. For all projects that are
76 " proposed for Bank financing and affect Indigenous Peoples, World Bank requires the borrower to engage in a process of free, prior, and informed consultation. World Bank provides project financing only where free, prior, and informed consultation results in broad community support to the project by the affected Indigenous Peoples. Such Bank-financed projects include measures to (a) avoid potentially adverse effects on the Indigenous Peoples' communities; or (b) when avoidance is not feasible, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for such effects. Bank-financed projects are also designed to ensure that the Indigenous Peoples receive social and economic benefits that are culturally appropriate and gender and intergenerationally inclusive.
World Bank recognizes that the identities and cultures of Indigenous Peoples are inextricably linked to the lands on which they live and the natural resources on which they depend. These distinct circumstances expose Indigenous Peoples to different types of risks and levels of impacts from development projects, including loss of identity, culture, and customary livelihoods, as well as exposure to disease. Gender and intergenerational issues among Indigenous Peoples also are complex. As social groups with identities that are often distinct from dominant groups in their national societies, Indigenous Peoples are frequently among the most marginalized and vulnerable segments of the population. As a result, their economic, social, and legal status often limits their capacity to defend their interests in and rights to lands, territories, and other productive resources, and/or restricts their ability to participate in and benefit from development. At the same time, World Bank recognizes that Indigenous Peoples playa vital role in sustainable development and that their rights are increasingly being addressed under both domestic and international law.
Reviews undertaken by various Bank Group evaluation bodies have acknowledged the comprehensiveness of safeguard policies in China, relative to other countries. Domestic policies and guidelines for handing environmental, ethnic minority, and resettlement issues mirror the Bank's policies in many important aspects, although differences exist which the Government believes are needed to reflect local conditions.
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This has laid a good foundation for the implementation of the World Bank's ethnic minorities policy in combination with local characteristics in China
78 '.
Chapter 5 Ethnic minorities
5.1 Ethnic minorities distribution in the Project areas
Ningxia is one of the five ethnic minority autonomous regions in PRe. Hui Nationality is the dominant nationality in Ningxia, accounting for 36.0% of total population in Ningxia. Since there are only few other ethnic minorities, the nationality composition in Ningxia is relatively simple. The main nationalities are only Hui Nationality and Han Nationality. This is a characteristic not only for Ningxia as a whole, but also for the Project areas.
In Project areas, the Hui Nationality percentage in Litong District and Lingwu City is over 50%, in Qingtongxia, the figure is lower, 16.7%. Since the Expressway mainly goes through Litong District and Lingwu City, the Hui People accounts for more than 50% of the total population. For the nationality composition in Ningxia and Project areas, please refer to the following table.
Table 5.1 Nationality composition in Ningxia and Project areas (2008)
Han Hui other 2008 Population percentage percentage percentage National ity Nationality nationalities
Ningxia 6176900 3909400 63.29% 2221200 35.96% 46300 0.75%
Wuzhong 1356750 666309 49.11% 685808 50.55% 4633 0.34%
Litong 373580 157893 42.26% 213642 57.19% 2045 0.55%
Qingtongxia 267575 221098 82.63% 44621 16.68% 1856 0.69%
Lingwu 234087 113735 48.59% 119410 51.01% 942 0.40%
Total of the 875242 492726 56.30% 377673 43.15% 4843 0.55% county-level areas
79 As for the village-level nationality composition along the Expressway, the Project Expressway will affect 32 administrative villages with total population of 80,461 people. Among that, the population of Hui people is 56,241 persons, accounting for 69.90% (more than two thirds) of total population. For details, please refer to the following table.
Table 5.2 Nationality composition at village level
Administrative Total Total Han Total Hui Hui City/ district Township village population people people people %
Unit Person person person %
Lingwu Linhe Shangqiao 1496 1496 0.00%
Linhe 1123 1123 0.00%
Linhe Tianshuihe 416 4161 0.00%
Dongta Guoyuan 3072 3072 0.00%
Dongta Liming 3056 3056 100.00%
Chongxing Haizi 3892 3892 100.00%
Chongxing Dujiatan 4156 4156 100.00%
Chongxing Jiantan 3215 3215 100.00%
Haojiaqiao Wujiahu 2364 2364 100.00%
I Haojiaqiao Shenjiahu 2980 2980 100.00%
1Litong Guojiaqiao Guojiaqiao 2940 140 2800 95.24%1
Guojiaqiao Majiawan 1975 1975 100.00%
Jinyintan Donggouwan 2498 2498 100.00%1
Jinyintan Xinqu 3098 3098 100.00%i
Jinyintan Yangmahu 4743 4743 100.00%
Malianqu Balanghu 2583 2583 100.00%
Malianqu Hanbeibao 2925 2925 100.00%
80 '
• Administrative Total Total Han Total Hui Hui City! district Township village population people people people %
Unit Person person I person %
Malianqu Chaquqiao 2311 185 2126 91.99%
Malianqu Malianqu 3207 6 3201 99.81%
Chaiqiao 2989 2092 15,/1 jU.U 1'70
Jinji Lihuaqiao 3120 2570 550 17.63%
Jinji Dongmen 1849 1378 471 25.47%iI
iJinji Ximen 1687 1395 292 17.31%1 .. IJi~ji 2711 767 1944 71.71%
Jil1:ii Lugouzha 1326 1312 14 1.06%
Jinji Lutianwazi 12761 810 466 36.52%
Jinji Dayuanzi 2280 8001 1480 64.91%
Qingtongxia Xiakou Renqiao 2446 668 1778 72.69%
Xiakou Haoqu 2749 332 24171 87.92%
Daba Wanglaotan 1469 1238 231 15.72%
Daba Wciqiao 1622 1572 50 3.08%
Daba Xinqiao 2887 2848 39 1.35%
Total 80461 24220 56241 69.90%
5.2 Introduction of the Hui Nationality
5.2.1 Distribution and Origin ofHui people The Hui nationality currently has a population of over 9,600,000. They mainly live in Ningxia Autonomous Region and parts of Gansu, Qinghai, Henan, Shandong and Yunnan provinces. The Huis speak Chinese. They are mainly involved in agriculture, but keep livestock, produce and trade handicrafts and food as well. The Hui
81 ..
nationality has played an active role in history by promoting trade, culture and transport links between China and the outside world.
The main race origin of Hui nationality is the central west Asia various nationalities. The most early of Hui nationality may trace the Muslim "Fanke" which lived abroad in China in 7th century (Tang, Song Dynasty). This time, the Muslim "Fanke" had not been called as is "Hui" and not formed a nationality within the boundaries of Chinese, In Yuan Dynasty, the massive Arabs and Persians had moved to east and settled down in our country some areas where they are mixed together and interfaith marriage with Chinese, Mongolian and "Weiwuer " nationalities and so on for a long time, start to form a new nationality- Hui nationality.
Ever since the Hui nationality was first formed, it has stressed the importance of commerce and commodity economy. "Huis are good at business" is an old saying; trade is part of their culture. This has not just been domestic business and trade. Their contact with other cultures through foreign trade has been instrumental in their own economic and cultural development.
5 .2.2 Custom of Hui people The Huis are Moslems. Islam has been a strong unirying force in the formation of the Hui nationality. It not only has a dominant place in the spiritual life of the people, uniting different social groups between the Hui members, but it also dictates the guiding principles of secular life, giving the Huis their distinctive customs.
The costumes of the Hui people are broadly similar to those of the Hans. The main difference lies in the head gear. Men often wear a little white cap, and women a head covering that covers the head and shoulders entirely, leaving only the face exposed to the outside world. The color and length of the head covers varies with age. Young women usually wear green, middle aged women black and old women white. The
82 head covering of the young and middle aged women is shorter, reaching only to the shoulder; old women wear them longer, hanging over the back.
According to the Hui's dietary rules, the meat of pig, dog, horse, donkey, mule as well as all birds and beasts of prey is not allowed. They are also prohibited from eating the blood ofany animal, and from eating any living that dies naturally. Alcoholic drink is strictly forbidden. These restrictions all originate from the stipulations of Islam. Any edible birds and animals have to be slaughtered by the ahung who is authorized to do so. While the animals are being slaughtered, scriptures have to be chanted; otherwise, the meat cannot be eaten. The Hui people generally like to drink "tea in a covered bowl" which is made ofcrystal sugar, red jujube, longan and Chinese wolfberry.
Mosques are always built at the heart of Hui communities. The mosque, used for religious activities, is also a school for religious education. The Hui Moslems bath and hold five religious services a day in mosques. They go there to attend the Zhuma gathering every Friday, and to hold activities and religious services on the three most important holidays.
A mosque consists of three main parts: a hall for religious services, a water room and a scripture room. The architectural styles of the mosques are Arabic or classical Chinese, sometimes a mixture of the two. Whatever the style, an atmosphere of solemnity and reverences is always present inside them. The funeral rites of the Hui nationality are in full accordance with the swift simple practices of Islam. The Hui people regard death as an "impermanence" or "return to Allah," and they refer to the "dead person" as "the deceased." "Death" is a taboo word, and they call the remains "the burial body." Burial in the ground is the norm, and quick and simple burials are always advocated. The dead body should not be left for more than three days, because they believe "burial brings peace to the deceased." Before burial, the body is washed with pure water, and then wrapped in a white cloth. A coffin is unnecessary, and nothing must be alongside. Even drums and crackers are forbidden.
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Lesser Bairam is the day when Moslems resume their meat diet after fasting. When the day arrives, Hui Moslems must bath and change their clothes before going to the mosque to attend the meetings and services. After the religious services, they have to chant scriptures in front of their ancestors' tombs, praying for the deceased persons and showing they have not forgotten them. After they get back from the graveyard, they offer their good wishes to the elders and neighbors. They also give each other or entertain the guests with some ofthe Huis' special food such as Youxiang (salted cake fried in sesame oil) and Sanzi (fried noodles).
Seventy days after the Lesser Bairam, December the tenth on the Moslem Calendar, is the Corban. This is another important holiday for the Huis. It is also called "The Feast of Slaughter" or "the Feast of Sacrifice," or colloquially "Festival of Loyalty and Obedience." It is the last day for Moslems to go on a pilgrimage to Mecca, and every Hui household must kill cattle and sheep to celebrate. Like the Lesser Bairam, on the day ofthe Corban, the Huis also gather at the mosques to hold meetings and services. When these are over, another important ceremony is given to the slaughter of cattle, sheep or camels. The meat itself is divided into three portions, one for the owners, one for their relatives and neighbors, and one to be given to the poor. After the slaughter, people visit relatives and friends, offering their good wishes for the festival.
"Hua'er," (flower) is a kind of folksong that the Hui people enjoy very much. It is resonant and exuberant and very tuneful, filled with rich local flavor and the simple pleasures of life. "Hua'er" is also called "Shaonian," because the boys call the girls "Hua'er" and the girls call the boys "Shaonian" when they sing in turns.
The Hua'er Meeting takes place at a natural outdoor stage where singers compete and sing together. It is also a carnival for the Hui and other nationalities that are fond of "Hua'er." Among the many such meetings, two are the most famous. They are held in Ningxia Autonomous Region every year, on Mount Lianhua at the beginning of lunar
84 '.
June and on Mount Songming on lunar April 28. On the day of the meeting, trees are in leaf all over the mountain, and bright flowers in full bloom. When people get here from all around singing in traditional style and enjoying themselves, the whole scene is full of happiness and excitement.
Any mention of Ningxia will always remind people of Chinese wolfberry. Exquisite, transparent and shaped like a cherry, it contains various vitamins and is a very special tonic.
The sheepskin produced near the Beiyanshan Mountain in Yinchuan City is the most famous. It is taken from one month old lambs called Tanyang (a kind of sheep known for its fine thick wool), whose snow white wool is so fine that it shines like jade. Fur coats made of the skin are soft and warm, elegant and stylish, and durable as well.
There is also a famous food of an alga which is jet black in color and very nutritious. It is called "hair vegetable" because it looks like a woman's hair. In Chinese, it pronounces the same as the word meaning "make a fortune," so it has become an essential dish at the banquets in Southeastern Asian, Hongkong and Macao.
5.3 Relationship among the Nationality composition, land resources, and per capita net income along the Expressway
The basic means of production of agricultural development for the farmers is irrigated land. And the farmers' income level is measured by the rural per capita net income. The following table described the Hui people proportion, per capita irrigated land holding and rural per capita net income in 2008.
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Table 5.3 Hui people proportion, per capita irrigated land holding and rural per capita net income in 2007 at village level along the Expressway
I ! I Percentage Irrigated Administrative Net income per IC ity/ di",iet Township of Hui land holding i village capita in 2007 I people per capita Unit 0.00% 0.70 4450* Lingwu Linhe Shangqiao 0.00% 0.71 4620* Linhe Erdaogou 0.00% 0.72 3760* •
Linhe Tianshuihe 0.00% 0.99 4839 i : Dongta Guovuan 100.00% 0.83 4220 Dongta Liming 100.00% 1.60 3750 Chongxing Haizi 100.00% 1.23 5378 Chongxing Dujiatan 100.00% 0.70 4050 Chongxing • Jiantan 100.00% 1.16 3860 Haojiaqiao Wujiahu 100.00% 1.07 2988 Haojiaqiao Shenjiahu 95.24% • 0.79 4890 Litong Gu(}jiaqiao Guojiaqiao 100.00% 0.95 4901
Guojiaqiao fvfaiiawan 100.00% 0.78 5950
Jinyintan I Donggouwan 100.00% 0.85 6080 Jinyintan Xinqu 100.00% 0.98 6060
Jinyintan Yangmahu I 100.00% • 0.70 4436 . Malianqu Balanghu 100.00% 0.90 4880 Malianqu : Hanbeibao 91.99% 0.62 5250 Malianqu Chaquqiao 99.81% 0.71 5510 Malianqu Malianqu 30.01% 0.91 4980 Malianqu Chaiqiao 17.63% 0.93 5032 Jinji Lihuaqiao 25.47% 1.10 5580
Jinji I Dongmen 17.31% 0.73 5488 Jinji Ximen 71.71% 0.93 5080 i Jinji Maiiaqiao 1.06% 0.97 5750
Jinji Lugouzha 36.52% 1.00 • 4330 I Jinji Lutianwazi 64.91% 0.80 4520 Jinji Dayuanzi 72.69% 0.77 5070 Qingtongxia Xiakou Renqiao 87.92% 0.89 5260 Xiakou Haoqu 15.72% 3.41 5120
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Percentage Irrigated Administrative Net income per City/ district Township of Hui land holding village capita in 2007 people per capita Unit 0.00% 0.70 4450* Daba Wanglaotan 3.08% 3.11 5103 Daba Weiqiao 1.35% 2.30 5120 Daba Xinqiao 69.90% 1.06 Total 68.71% 1.07 Notes, *figure in 2007.
Suppose the measuring of 100% is equal to 1 mu and CNY 10,000, A scatterplot was drown as follows
400.00%
350.00%
300.00%
250.00% -Percentage of fiui people 200.00'((, --Irrigated land holding per capita 150.00% Net income per capita 100.00% in 2007 50.00%
O.OOl}~ 0 10 20 30 10 -50.00%
The scatterplot indicated clearly that no correlation is found among those 3 variables. The land resources and income of the farmers won't change as the proportion of Hui people rises or falls. From the figure it also can be found that there are big differences of per capita irrigated land holding among the different village. In some villages with lower percentage of Hui people, the per capita irrigated land holding is lower. But in other villages with lower percentage of Hui people, the per capita irrigated land holding is bigger. If Hui people in one village are compared with Han people in another village, the difference found may not be the differences between the Hui and
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Han people but the difference between the 2 villages. Section 5.5 analyzed the 3 villages with both Han and Hui people among the II surveyed villages. It could be found that the Hui people and Han people's per capita irrigated land holding is nearly the same.
5.4 Support rate of Hui people for the Project
According to the survey results, the support rate of Hui households reached 99.32%, and the objection rate was O. It reflected the Hui people's higher support rate for the Project compared with the support rate of Han people. The following table described the support rate for the Project by nationality.
Table 5.4 Support rate for the Project by nationality
Item Support Not sure Objection I Total Support rate
Han people 97 3 I 101 96.04%
~;i people 146 I 147 99.32% Total 243 4 1 248 97.98%
3 consultation meetings in 3 different villages (Dayangqi, Daodunzi, and Niumaojing villages) with the people affected by the rural roads component showed that all the 37 attendants, including 18 Hui people, strongly supported the Project and requested that the road construction can be started as early as possible.
5.5 Comparison of Han and Hui people within one village
From Table 5.2 it could be found that the percentage of Hui people in some villages reached 100%. Due to the differences among the villages, ifHui people in one village are compared with Han people in another village, the difference found may not be the differences between the Hui and Han people but the difference between the 2 villages.
88 Therefore, the comparison of Han and Hui people within 1 village can reflect better the difference between the 2 nationalities. In the surveyed villages, there are 3 villages where Hui people and Han people live together. The main resources and income and expenditure are compared as follows:
Table 5.5 Comparison of Han and Hui people within one village
Village item Unit Han Hui Total
Majiaqiao Per capita irrigated land mu/person 1.15 l.l5 l.l5
Per capita houses Square meter/person 40.33 33.04 35.92
Per capita net income CNY/person 5476 5145 5276
Per capita expenditure CNY/person 3594 3247 3384
Lutianwazi Per capita irrigated land mu/person 1.31 1.10 1.18
Per capita houses Square meter/person 55.65 50.93 52.65
Per capita net income CNY/person 6694 6705 6701
Per capita expenditure CNY/person 4116 4124 4121
Wang1aotan Per capita irrigated land mu/person 2.51 2.71 2.55
Per capita houses Square meter/person 40.45 39.22 40.235
Per capita net income CNY/person 8164 8133 8158
Per capita expenditure CNY/person 3978 3846 3955
From the above table it could be found that there are some differences between Han and Hui people in the resources and income and expenditure. But the differences are not significant. Besides, there are no relationship between the resources and income and expenditure, and the nationalities.
5.6 Implementation of minorities laws and regulations, and policy
5.6.1 Principle of minorities policy
89 The principle of minorities policy is described as follows:
(I) Adherence to equality and unity among ethnic groups
In China, equality among ethnic groups means that, regardless of their population size, their level of economic and social development, the difference of their folkways, customs and religious beliefs, every ethnic group is a part of the Chinese nation, having equal status, enjoying the same rights and performing the same duties in every aspect of political and social life according to law, and ethnic oppression or discrimination of any form is firmly opposed. Unity among ethnic groups means a relationship of harmony, friendship, mutual assistance and alliance among ethnic groups in social life and mutual contacts. To achieve such unity, the various ethnic groups are required to, on the basis of opposition to ethnic oppression and discrimination, safeguard and promote unity among themselves and within every particular ethnic group and the people of all ethnic groups should, jointly and with one heart and one mind, and promote the development and prosperity of the nation. Hui people and Han people live together, intermarry, and their relationship are harmonious.
(2) Implement regional autonomy for ethnic minorities
Regional autonomy is practiced in areas where people of ethnic minorities live in concentrated communities. In these areas organs of self-government are established for the exercise of autonomy and for people of ethnic minorities to become masters of their own areas and manage the internal affairs of their own regions. Autonomous areas for ethnic minorities in China include autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties (banners). For places where ethnic minorities live in concentrated communities but where autonomous areas and organs of self-government are not fit to be established because the areas and populations of the ethnic minorities are too small, ethnic townships are established so that the minority
90 '. peoples there can also exercise their rights as masters of their homelands. In Ningxia, the governments at all levels should be headed by Hui people.
All ethnic groups in autonomous areas shall elect an appropriate number of deputies to take part in the people's congresses at various levels; among the chairman or vice-chairmen of the standing committee of the people's congress of an autonomous area there shall be one or more citizens of the ethnic group or groups exercising regional autonomy in the area concerned; the head of an autonomous region, autonomous prefecture or autonomous county shall be a citizen of the ethnic group exercising regional autonomy in the area concerned, and the other members of the people's governments of these regions, prefectures and counties shall include members of the ethnic group exercising regional autonomy as well as members of other ethnic minorities as far as possible.
(3) Develop education, culture, and medical and health service among national minorities
The development of education among national minorities is of paramount importance to the improvement of the quality of the minority population and the promotion of economic and cultural development in ethnic minority areas. They have the rights to develop ethnic education on their own. Organs of self-government of autonomous areas may decide their own local education programs, including the establishment of schools, the length of study, the forms of school running, course contents, language of instruction and procedures of enrollment and develop independently their own type of education based on their ethnic minority characteristics. The building of the ranks of minority teachers has been strengthened, and special care in terms of funds has been offered. According to incomplete statistics, in Ningxia there are I Hui Nationality general institution of higher education, 2 Hui Nationality secondary vocational schools, 21 Hui Nationality ordinary middle schools, and more than 100 Hui Nationality primary schools. The students on campus of Hui Nationality schools at all
91 ·...
levels total more than 350,000 people. For university entrance examinations in China, Hui people and other ethnic people can be awarded additional 20 points. For high school entrance examinations, similar preferential treatment policy will be applied to Hui people.
All ethnic minorities have formed their unique cultures in the long process of historical development. China respects and preserves the traditional cultures of ethnic minorities, and all of the minority peoples are free to maintain and develop their own cultures. The collecting, editing, translating and publishing of their cultural heritage have been carried out, and their famous historical monuments, scenic spots, rare cultural relics and other important items of the historical and cultural heritage have been protected.
The state and relevant departments devote great efforts to fostering literary and artistic talent among the minority peoples, and promoting the creation of literature and art by setting up literature and art organizations, art institutes and schools, cultural centers and mass art centers. Organs of self-government ofautonomous areas make their own decisions concerning medical and health work. Modem medicine and traditional ethnic minority medicine are promoted, prevention and cure of endemic diseases and maternal and child care have been improved, with the result that the health standards ofthe ethnic minorities across the country have markedly improved.
Ningxia has taken as main work of speeding up minority economy and social development to develop minority science and technology, culture, and medical and health service, and to improve civilization levels. The detailed implementation plan has been worked out.
(4) Train minority cadres
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The organs of self-government in the autonomous areas have trained a large number of minority cadres, technicians, management personnel and other specialized personnel and skilled workers in line with the needs of national construction and brought their roles in work into full play. The main methods of minority cadre training are as follows:
Hold training seminars; Secure certain proportion of minorities in total cadres; Give priority to employ minority people; Select suitable minority young people to be specially trained in universities and colleges.
(5) Respect and develop spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities
All ethnic groups in China have the freedom and right to use and develop their own spoken and written languages. Now, all the 55 national minorities, except the Hui and Manchu, who use the Chinese language, have their own languages: among them 21 use 27 languages. Hui people and Han people use the same language - Chinese. Using same language improves the cultural communications and exchanges between Hui Nationality and Han Nationality.
(6) Respect the folkways and customs, and freedom of religious belief of ethnic minorities
The various ethnic minority groups in China differ widely in their folkways and customs. They have different modes of production and life styles, as displayed in dress and adornments, diet, residences, marriage, etiquette and funerals. The minority peoples have the right to retain or change their folkways and customs, which are respected by the state. The government protects such rights in every aspect of social life.
93 Most people belonging to ethnic minorities in China hold religious beliefs. In the case of certain ethnic groups religions are followed on a mass scale. The freedom of religious belief for ethnic minorities has been respected and safeguarded, and all normal religious activities ofethnic minorities citizens have been guaranteed.
(7) Implement a more lenient childbirth policy with minority peoples than with the Han people
To improve the quality of the ethnic minority population and accelerate the economic and social development of the ethnic minority autonomous areas, the people's congresses of these areas have formulated their own family planning policies toward the ethnic minorities in light of the spirit ofthe state's regulations concerning the need also for minority peoples to practice family planning. These policies are more lenient than those with the Han people. Under these policies, an ethnic minority family generally may have two or three children; in frontier areas and areas with adverse geographical conditions, families of ethnic minorities with very small populations may have more than three children each. As a result, ethnic minority populations have been able to increase at a higher rate than the rest ofthe population.
5.6.2 Minority economic policy
Minority economic policy is described as follows:
(I) Implement preferential policy
While adopting various preferential policies, such as extending financial subsidies to minority areas and establishing development funds, the state has encouraged minority areas to develop economy according to local circumstances. Preferential treatment to minority enterprises and trade has been offered in terms of credits, investment,
94 '. taxation and the supply of commodities, and special discount-interest loans have been provided for the construction of an ethnic trade network, and the technological transformation ofdesignated enterprises for producing ethnic articles for daily use.
(2) Adopt transfer payment method
With respect to the transfer payment method for the transition period which China adopted in 1995, the state specially added the policy-related transfer-payment contents for the five autonomous regions, including Tibet, and the autonomous prefectures in Yunnan, Guizhou, Qinghai and other provinces, offering preferential policies to the ethnic minority areas. The ordinary transfer-payment sum by the central authorities to the ethnic minorities areas has made up a half of the nation's total transfer-payment sum.
(3) Help impoverished minority areas get rid of poverty
The state has always attached importance to helping the minority peoples and minority areas. The Outline Program for Poverty Alleviation and Development in the Rural Areas of China, which began being implemented in 2001, once again recognized ethnic minority areas as key targets for assistance. "Several Opinions of the State Council on Further Promoting Economic and Social Development in Ningxia (State Council file No. 29 in 2008)" indicated to overcome the poverty in Ningxia central and southern mountainous areas, and improve basic living conditions, develop more channels to employ farmers and to increase their incomes.
5.7 Summary of the characteristics of Hui people
Based the above analysis, the characteristics of Hui people are summarized as follows:
95 I. Living situation Hui people live in a way of "large dispersion and small concentration". Hui people and Han people live together, intermarry. Table 5.2 showed this feature.
2. Housing and living condition The analysis of the 3 villages where Hui people and Han people live together among the 11 surveyed villages showed the housing resources and living conditions of Hui and Han people were quite similar.
3. Resources possession The analysis of the 3 villages where Hui people and Han people live together among the II surveyed villages showed the per capita irrigated land holding of Hui and Han people were nearly the same. The land possession of Hui and Han people were nearly the same, and there were no land resource differences due to the nationality difference.
4. Labor division and employment mode The labor division and employment mode of Hui and Han people were nearly the same.
5. Income and expenditure level and structure The analysis of the 3 villages where Hui people and Han people live together among the 11 surveyed villages showed the income and expenditure level and structure were quite similar.
6. Languages Hui people use the same language as Han people.
7. Cultural and education
96 Hui people and Han people usually go to the same school and get the education. There are also some special Hui people schools. Hui people can choose go to either special Hui people schools or the same schools as what Han people go. For university or high school entrance examinations in China, Hui people and other ethnic people can be awarded additional 20 points, which indicated the Hui people's favorable rights in education.
8. Consciousness of ethnic group Hui people have a strong sense of national pride. They have collective concepts and pay attention to the state affairs. Those features are quite similar with Han people.
9. Social and political organization Hui people have their religious organizations. But the political organization network is the same as Han people at all level of cities, counties, townships and villages.
10. Impacts of the Project The impacts of Project land acquisition and house demolition on Hui and Han people are quite similar. There is no impact difference due to the nationality difference.
11. Nationalities and cooperative willingness Like what is described in Section 5.4, Hui people's support rate to the Project is higher than Han people. They expect road construction more strongly than Han people.
12. Nationalities and requirements to land acquisition and house relocation To sum up, Hui and Han people's requirements to land acquisition and house relocation are similar. There is no requirement difference due to the nationality difference.
97 5.8 Deference between Hui people and "Indigenous Peoples" defined by World Bank
For purposes of the World Bank policy on Indigenous Peoples, the term "Indigenous Peoples" is used in a generic sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees:
(a) self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition ofthis identity by others; (b) collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural resources in these habitats and territories; (c) customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are separate from those ofthe dominant society and culture; and (d) an indigenous language, often different from the official language of the country or region.
Hui people are the dominant nationality in Ningxia. They never identifY themselves as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group. Hui people live together with Han people, and they share the natural resources with Han people. No geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories were found in the Project areas. Hui people enjoy all the rights in Ningxia at least the same level as those for Han people. In some aspects, Hui people have the rights exceeding the Han people's, as above-mentioned. No customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions other than those of the dominant society and culture were found. Furthermore, Hui people use the same language as Han people, and Chinese Language is the official and only language for Hui people. To sum up, Hui people are not the "Indigenous Peoples" defined by the World Bank.
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Chapter 6 Women
6.1 Age, education and occupation by gender
In the surveyed households, male and female people in different age paragraphs are described in the following table. From the table it can be found that there no big changes between the male and female people in different age paragraphs.
Table 6.1 Male and female people in different age paragraphs
Male Female Total Age Amount % amount % amount %
Below 15 159 25.12% 125 21.70% 284 23.49%
16 to 59 414 65.40% 389 67.53% 803 66.42%
Above 60 60 9.48% 62 10.76% 122 10.09%
Total 633 100.00% 576 100.00% 1209 100.00%
Female and male's education level are described in the following table. From the table it can be found that the female people having the education level of no education received (illiteracy) and primary school are much more than the male people. And the female people having the education level of high school, collage, undergraduate or the above are less than the male people. It can be concluded that the female's education level is lower compared with the male's education level.
Table 6.2 Female and male's education level
Highest Male Female Total
education level amount % Amount % Amount %
Below school 87 13.74% 54 9.38% 141 11.66%
99 Highest Male Female Total
I education level amount % Amount % Amount %
I age
Illiteracy 24 3.79% 52 9.03% 76 6.29%
Primary 115 18.17% 150 26.04% 265 21.92%
I Middle school 330 52.13% 278 48.26% 608 50.29%
High school 54 8.53% 31 5.38% 85 7.03%
Collage 12 1.90% 2 I 0.35% 14 1.16%
Undergraduate II 1.74% 9 1.56% 20 1.65% or above
Total 633 100.00% 576 100.00% 1209 100.00%
Female and male's occupation are described in the following table. From the table it can be found that the percentage of female's occupations in farming are much higher than that of male's, and percentage of female's occupations in non-farming are lower than that of male's. This indicates that the female's occupations tend more to be engaged in farming.
Table 6.3 Male and female's occupation
Male Female Total Occupation amount % Amount % Amount %
Below school 84 13.27% 47 8.16% 131 10.84% age
Above working 32 5.06% 39 6.77% 71 5.87% age
, Student 107 16.90% 101 17.53% 208 17.20%
I Mainly farming 141 22.27% 266 46.18% 407 133.66%
Farming and 179 28.28% 95 16.49% 274 22.66% outside job
100 Male Female Total Occupation amount % Amount % Amount %
Mainly outside 42 6.64% 16 2.78% 58 4.80% job
Enterprise 38 1.74% 48 3.97%
Institution 10 1.58% 2 0.35% 12 0.99%
Total 633 100.00% 576 100.00% 1209 100.00%
From the above analysis it can be concluded that because of historical and longstanding reasons, the female's education level is relatively lower, and more women are engaged in farming. The land acquisition of the Project will make more female's occupations change from farming into non-farming. rn view of female's relatively lower education level, they are at a disadvantage in finding non-farming jobs. Therefore, some gender-related measures should be taken to ensure that women will benefit from the Project.
6.2 Rights women can be summed up
It has always been a basic state policy of China to promote equality between men and women. China now has built a complete legal system concerning the protection of women's rights and interests, and promotion of gender equality, based on the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, and with the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women as the main body and various separate laws and regulations, local regulations and administrative rules adopted by various government departments as supplementary provisions. The legitimate rights women can be summed up include:
(1) Women enjoy equal political rights with men. Women have the right, through various channels and in various ways, to administer state and social affairs, and enjoy equal rights to vote and stand for election. People's congresses at all levels should
101 include appropriate numbers of women, and leaders from governments at all levels should also include appropriate numbers ofwomen.
(2) Women enjoy equal rights with men with respect to culture and education. These cover school admittance, advancement to higher levels of schooling, job assignment after graduation, conferment of academic degrees and being dispatched for study abroad, plus women's rights to engage in scientific and technological research and literary and artistic creation.
(3) Women enjoy equal working rights with men. These mainly include: the right to work and be employed, equal pay for equal work, time-off, on-the-job safety and medical care as well as special labor protection, and social insurance.
(4) Women enjoy equal property rights with men. Rural women enjoy the same rights as rural men in the allotment of "responsibility farmland" and "grain-ration farmland" and in the approval of housing sites. With regard to marriage and family property, women enjoy equal ownership and inheritance rights with men.
(5) Women enjoy equal rights with men relating to their persons. Women enjoy the right to life and health, freedom of the person, the right of portrait, reputation and other rights relating the person; and they enjoy the right of kinship, guardianship, fame and status as a producer.
(6) Women enjoy equal rights with men in marriage and the family. The law states that women enjoy equal freedom in marriage and divorce, and the relations between husband and wife are equal.
6.3 Women organization
102 The All-China Women's Federation (ACWF) is the largest NGO in China dedicated to promoting gender equality and women's development. It has an organizational system that covers women's federations and group members at various levels, and enjoys wide representation and mass involvement. The ACWF and local women's federations playa significant role in uniting and motivating women to participate in the country's economic construction and social development, encouraging them to take an active part in the democratic management and supervision of state and social affairs, and representing and safeguarding the rights and interests of women as a whole. In recent years, government departments have cooperated with women's federations and other NGOs to organize all kinds of activities to effectively utilize social resources for the promotion of gender equality and women's development.
In order to give full play to women's role in the rural economy, government departments and women's federations at all levels have jointly organized activities to encourage rural women to acquire knowledge and learn science and technology, and compete in their development and contributions, so as to bring their role in invigorating and developing the rural economy into full play.
6.4 Women and the economy
The state has made the guarantee of equal employment opportunities between women and men and the sharing of economic resources and results of social development the top priority for the advancement of gender equality and the development of women, and has worked out and adopted a series of policies and measures to ensure that women can equally participate in the economic development, enjoy equal access to economic resources and effective services, enhance their self-development ability and improve their social and economic status. As the economic status of Chinese women improves, they are playing an increasingly significant role in the economic sphere. Women have become an important and indispensable force in invigorating and
103 .'
promoting the rural economy. Females account for more than half of all workers in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries and water conservancy.
6.5 Women and Poverty Elimination
The Outline for the Development of Chinese Women puts forth the main goals of reducing the extent of poverty among and the number of poor women, and calls for more support for poverty-stricken women in the country's western development strategy, so that women will be the main receivers of poverty-reduction resources and the direct beneficiaries of the achievements of the poverty-reduction efforts. The state poverty-reduction program has made it clear that the government strives to further motivate women in the poverty-stricken areas to engage in household sideline production and the "courtyard economy," launch labor-intensive and other poverty-reduction projects that are particularly suitable for women, and organize women to learn practical skills and enhance their ability to shake off poverty and become well-off.
The Chinese government has made sex indicator a component of the poverty monitoring work in rural areas, and stressed that attention should be paid to gender equality in the poverty-reduction work. Rural women have been helped to get rid of poverty by way of provision of small-sum credit loans, labor export and pairing-off assistance.
6.6 Impacts of the Project on women
1. The impacts that the construction of the Project may have on local women's economic participation Since more women are engaged in farming, the Project construction will have certain impacts on women's role in farming. The land acquisition of the Project will make more female's occupations change from farming into non-farming, and it will provide
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the opportunities for women to conduct non-agricultural activities. They will play more important role in business and services.
2. The Impacts that the construction of the Project will have on local women's political participation Due to the decrease of farmland, women will spend less time in farming. So they will have more time to participate in political activities. The convenient transportation will promote interpersonal relations. The more affected by the outside, the more strong concepts of rights and participation they will have.
3. The Impacts of the construction of the Project on local women's education and marriage Status. The present schooling rate of boys and girls are nearly the same. But due to the impacts of traditional culture, less girls get high school education than boys, as can be found from the education level of the survey households. With the same reason as above-mentioned, the Project construction will increase the opportunities for women to receive higher education. Higher education will also raise women's marriage status.
4. Women's attitude towards the Project and its impacts. 100% of surveyed women supported the Project, and all the people who didn't support the Project were male. For land acquisition compensation, more percentage of women selected cash compensation plus social security. It indicated that they pay more attention to long-term livelihood guarantee. For house compensation, the selection of female and male are nearly the same, they usually chose cash compensation.
5. Possible action responses of women when their wills to participate was not satisfied.
105 If women's wills to participate was not satisfied, they first thought of discussion with other family members. Then they might seek help from the women's federations at all levels.
6. Negative impact caused by the Project and women's reaction. Facing to land resource decrease and employment changes, women usually try to find positive solutions. While elder women pay more attention to future livelihood guarantee, younger women hope to improve the understanding of the outside, and achieve the self development through improving the quality of women themselves.
In the Project areas, women have a significant degree of equality and there are no serious restrictions, disparities or discriminatory practices. The improvement of the traffic conditions will help women go out ofthe villages to find their jobs, and women will have more chances to obtain non-farming jobs like men. The Project won't have any negative impacts especially on women; instead, women's social status will be upgraded further due to the employment and economic development after the Project construction is finished.
In order to assist women to be benefited from the Project, a series of measures have been determined as follows:
• Encourage joint bank accounts for compensation payments. • New houses built after older house demolition could be registered in the names of both spouses. • Local government will promote improved sanitation in new houses if possible. • Monitor whether resettlement will cause any gender disparities; if necessary, recommend ways to improve benefits for women. • Identify households at risk and provide guidance and support through local government departments.
106 • Women's federations at every level will actively support women's Issues and follow-up measures. • Resettlement offices and other Project-related agencies will have experienced staff, including women.
• Encourage women in particular to participate In project implementation, and monitoring and evaluation.
107 Chapter 7 Stakeholder Analysis
Project stakeholders are people or sectors whose benefits directly or indirectly relate to the Project and who are directly or indirectly influenced by the Project success. The Project Owner, World Bank, urban residents along the proposed alignment, rural people unaffected by land acquisition and house demolition along the proposed alignment, people employed in highway transportation, people in peripheral area, people affected by land acquisition and house demolition, ethnic minorities, vulnerable groups are all the stakeholders. Their demands for and attitudes toward the Project directly and indirectly affect the Project success.
7.1 Project Owner
I. Ningxia Transportation Department, as the government department in charge of transportation in Ningxia, draw up Ningxia transportation development plan and medium-term and long-term plans, and supervise their implementation; organize Ningxia key road construction, and coordinate related road construction.
2. Ningxia Highway Construction Administration Bureau, is the organizer of the Project construction, and take charge all the work concerning construction, including land acquisition, house relocation, and resettlement work.
7.2 World Bank
World Bank is the loan provider for the Project. World Bank is one of the United Nations' specialized agencies. It was established in 1945, and provides low-interest loans, interest-free credit, and grants to developing countries to promote sustainable development and reduce poverty.
108 7.3 Design institutes, constructors and supervision units The design institutes, constructors and supervision units of the Project were and will be selected through Open Tendering. They have reliable qualification and reputation. During designing, constructing, or supervising, they gave or will give consideration of technical, economic and social needs so as to obtain not only good economic benefit, but also good social benefit.
7.4 The urban residents along the alignment
They won't be affected by land acquisition and house demolition due to the Project. Since there will be exits for the cities where the expressway goes through, the Project will provide convenient transportation. It will be helpful to improve production conditions and investment environment, enhance local economic development and increase local people's income. All of them thought the Expressway will bring positive impacts on them.
7.5 Rural people unaffected by land acquisition and house demolition along the proposed Expressway alignment
The Expressway will make local residents get in and out, transport and sell farm products conveniently. But most villagers live far away from the expressway exits. Therefore, it is necessary to implement road network improvement components to enhance radiation effect of the Expressway. They can take the advantages of Project construction to develop and utilize the local labor and stone construction materials.
7.6 People employed in highway transportation
The completion of the Project will improve the traffic conditions, and thus make things convenient for people employed in highway transportation. Many local people have expressed their desires to be employed in highway transportation. Convenient
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transportation will bring them more business opportunities. They thought it might intensify competition but the development will also be quick.
7.7 Local vendors
After exerting the project, it is beneficial for dealers and specialized carriers to transfer local produces to the outside rapidly to increase their income. Sold to vendors, then transported by all means and processed. Vendors play important role in the connection on villagers and market, and will benefit most directly from the Expressway built.
7.8 People in peripheral area
The Expressway will provide the peripheral area with convenient transportation conditions due to its swiftness and integral service function. It wi1l cut down the transportation time, reduce the transportation costs, make the full use of resources of different regions, and facilitate the material and cultural exchange.
7.9 Enterprises in Project areas
The good communications condition can reduce the cost of materials flow and improve the local investing environment. It will be helpful for the enterprises to enhance their competitiveness and benefit their long-term development.
7.10 Woman and children In the affected area, women take over most agricultural productions. Women will conduct more non-agricultural activities. After executing the project, more association with the outside will widen women's view. As women take most responsibility of raising children, and women's life condition will directly influent children's education and welfare, so increasing women's benefit will directly benefit children.
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7.11 Local government
After executing the project, more outside investment will be drawn into the area, so the financial tax income of governments of various levels will increase, and local economic development will be quick. The project will promote construction in villages and towns to accelerate urbanization.
7.12 People affected by land acquisition and house demolition along the Expressway
The proposed expressway and its connector roads will affect 10 townships and 32 administrative villages in Litong District of Wuzhong City, Lingwu City and Qingtongxia City. 8629.91 mu of land will be acquired permanently by the Project, and another 850 mu of land is estimated to be occupied temporarily during the construction phase. 10436 people in 2395 households will be affected accordingly_ Along with land acquisition, 59695 square meters of houses will be demolished, and 1429 people in 310 households will be affected accordingly. The permanent and temporary land acquisition and house demolition will affect 13692 persons in 2577 households. The overall land acquisition impact is 5.50% at the village level. Among the affected households, on average 1.91 mu of irrigated land per household or 0.44 mu of irrigated land per capita will be acquired. And on average 193 square meters of houses per household or 42 square meters of houses per capita will be acquired. Based on the degree of the impacts, 10 seriously-affected villages have been selected. Most of those villages are located in the areas of the Expressway interchanges, some households may lose 80% or even 100% of their total contracted farmland. Affected to the socio-economic survey results, if 100% of their total contracted farmland will be acquired, on average each household will lose 24% of their total income. The Project have considered to take mitigation measures. Through well RAP preparation and implementation, those people can benefit from the Project.
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7.13 Ethnic minorities
The areas where the Project will go through are Hui people inhabited areas. Hui people are the dominant nationality in Ningxia. There are regulators in Ningxia, and the head of Ningxia Government should be Hui people. The local governments where the Project will go through are all Hui autonomous governments, and the local socio-economic plans they prepared have incorporated the Hui people's requirements. The details of the ethnic minorities have been described in Chapter 5.
7.14 Vulnerable groups
The Project Expressway will go through the irrigated areas of Ningxia, where are the richer areas in Ningxia. Therefore, in the areas along the Expressway, poverty is not a main issue. A few poverty households are covered by local urban or rural minimum subsistence allowance system. Their basic living needs have been guaranteed.
The security line for minimum subsistence for the farmers in Ningxia is CNY 40 to 55 per month per person. For the urban residents in Ningxia, the line is CNY 140 per month per person on average. People with per capita net income less than the minimum subsistence line (40 to 55 per month for rural and 140 per month for urban) can get their allowances to match these levels.
Any vulnerable people can apply for assistance from the local governments or the communities. By holding "five guarantees card", a "minimum living security certificate", or "disabled person certificate" approved according to related regulations, they can get financial and other assistance in shopping, transportation, and aid. The government helps disabled people to get employment by running welfare enterprises, providing employment opportunities in a certain proportion, and supporting the self-employment of disabled people. Special care for disabled people is provided
112 through such welfare measures as temporary aid, concentrated support and the running of accommodation institutions for disabled people.
According to the survey, some vulnerable households will lose about 80% of their contracted farmland. The restoration programs for the lO seriously-affected villages and resettlement measures including social security will ensure those households to be resettled well. After years of experiments and practice, a social security framework in Ningxia has taken initial shape. Through the social security measures, the basic living need of the vulnerable groups affected by the Project have been guaranteed.
113 Chapter 8 Project impact analysis
8.1 Positive Impacts of the Project
8.1.1 Positive impacts in macroscopic aspect From macroscopic aspect, the Project will have the following positive impacts: l. The Project will connect Ningdong Energy Chemical Base, Lingwu Sheep Wool Industrial Park, Jinji Industrial Park in Wuzhong, and Qingtongxia New Material Base. It will form a most convenient transport corridor and improve the common development ofthose areas.
2. The Project will go through the central areas of Ningxia, and connect Qingdao to Yinchuan Expressway, Beijing to Lhasa Expressway, and Shizuishan to Zhongning Expressway. The completion of the Project will elaborate the effect of the National expressway and Ningxia transportation network.
3. The completion of the Project will improve further the local transportation conditions, push forward the economic, cultural and politics exchanges among all nationalities, and upgrade the local people's living standard. Since Hui people in the villages where the Project will go through account for about two thirds of total population in those villages. The number of Hui beneficiaries will be much more than Han beneficiaries.
4. The road network component, especially the rural roads will promote largely the region economic development, adjust village industrial structure, improve the investment environment, speed up the regional advantaged resource development, and reduce the gap between the rich and poor. It is also the requirement of perfecting regional road network and fulfilling the whole benefit of the Expressway.
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8.1.2 Positive impacts in microscopic aspect From microscopic aspect, the Project will have the following positive impacts on the people along the alignment:
1. After the completion of the Project, local people will enjoy more convenient transportation conditions.
2. The completion of the Project wil.l attract more investment and business, push forward local service industry so as to bring more income and employment opportunities to the local people.
3. After the completion of the Project, local farm products and other family-made products will be sold quicker and more conveniently.
4. People and cargo flow added by the Project will increase the connection among local and outside people so as to expand their horizons, and broadens their mind
5. The civil construction of the Project will use some local raw materials and labor, in the meantime, the constructors will increase largely the needs for house renting and food and beverage service. Although those needs may only last for 2 to 3 years, it will bring a lot of benefits for local people along the alignment.
6. Unlike the farmers along the Expressway alignment, the people along the roads of Component B of the Project, including the 3 sections of existing National Highway G211 and 9 rural roads, can use the roads directly. The Project will provide them with cheaper, faster, safer, and more comfortable access to markets, employment opportunities, and social services.
8.2 Negative Impacts of the Project
115 Since Component B of the Project, including the 3 sections of existing National Highway G211 and 9 rural roads, won't involve resettlement, and since the temporary impacts of Component B during civil construction will be limited, the negative impacts of the Project will mainly come from the Expressway. Those negative impacts are mainly concentrated on resettlement and environment. According to the different stages of the Project, the main negative impacts are:
8.2.1 Negative Impacts during Project preparation
1. The construction of the Project will acquire part of local people's land. It will cause the farmland decrease and affect those people's income. The Project will use 8629.91 mu ofland, of which about 4573.08 mu is irrigated land, accounting for 52.99% ofthe total. 10436 people in 2395 households will be affected. The land acquisition compensation was calculated based on the annual output value. However, if some people fail to use the compensation for production purpose, their future income may decrease. According to the socio-economic survey results, if 100% of their farmland is acquired, on average each household will lose 24% oftheir total income. Since the households who will lose 100% oftheir irrigated land will only account for 3.8% and 3.2% of the total affected households and people respectively, most households will lose less than 24% of their total income.
2. The construction of the Project will demolish some houses of local people, and the living of those people will be affected. The Project will affect 59695 square meters of houses. Among that, 3292 square meters are brick concrete houses, accounting for 5.51 % of the total; 46307 square meters are brick wood houses, accounting for 77.57% of the total; 10096 square meters are earth wood houses, accounting for 16.91% of the total. 310 households totally use 260 mu of households. Therefore, the on average housing plot per household is 0.84 mu. The house compensation was calculated based on replacement cost. It will be enough to build the new houses
116 similar to the demolished one by using the housing compensation. However, at least they will make their effort to build and move in new houses. If some people hope to improve the house structure and increase the house size, they may need to use their savings or loans.
3. The Project will permanently affect some agricultural facilities, transportation facilities and public facilities. It will affect to some extent the production and life of the local people.
8.2.2 Negative Impacts during Project construction
1. The civil construction of the Project will demolish or affect some agricultural facilities, and transportation facilities temporarily. It will cause local people some inconvenience.
2. The noise and dust caused by civil construction will trouble local people's daily life, and the waste produced due to constructors' construction and living may cause some pollution.
3. The temporary land occupation due to construction will also cause local people inconvenience. After the completion of the Project, if the temporary occupation cannot be recovered in time, it will affected local people's production.
8.2.3 Negative Impacts after Project construction completion and open to the traffic
I. The villagers should go round by passage if they want to go across the expressway. It will cause them inconvenience.
2. Noise produced by the vehicles will have negative impacts on the villagers.
117 8.3 Mitigation measures for negative impacts
In view of the above-mentioned negative impacts are mainly related to resettlement and environment, preparing and implementing well the RAP and EMP are very important and essential. The resettlement measures for different affected groups are described in the following paragraph. Besides, other measures in social aspect should be taken, which will be described in the following chapters.
For the affected Hui households, since the impacts of land acquisition on them are quite similar with Han people, same resettlement measures will be taken. According to the sampling survey results, the 10% relatively low income households' planting income percentage in total income is 45.20%, much higher than other households' corresponding figures 23.08%. It indicated that the impacts of land acquisition on them are bigger than other households'. For vulnerable PAPs who are affected by land acquisition and lose working ability, the main measures are reasonable allowances for living and medical care. For vulnerable PAPs who are affected by land acquisition but have working ability, the main measures are the provision of priority of training and employment (such as outside jobs or work for the Project construction). For all the vulnerable groups and relatively low income households, they can be covered by the social security measures including minimum subsistence security, new rural cooperative medical service, old-age pension system for the land-loss farmers. Especially for those households who will lose over 50% or even 100% of their contracted farmland, if a farmer's farmland holding is less than 0.5 mu after land acquisition, he can be covered by the old-age pension system. Ifhis age is 60 or above for male, 55 or above for female, he can receive monthly pension at CNY 240 after paying 30% of the total premium, about CNY 19062. The rest of the total premium will be paid by the relevant governments and collective agencies. What they should pay CNY 5700 is much lower than the per mu compensation for irrigated land acquisition, CNY 12500.
118 According to Ningxia's requirements on new village construction, the adjustment of the village layout planning is ongoing. In the Project areas, that adjustment will be conducted in consideration of the relocation needs due to the Project, especially for the villages seriously affected by house demolition for the Project. All relocated households will be resettled within their original villages. If the cost for new housing plots is similar to the compensation standards for irrigated land, the village will allocate the housing plots for the relocated households. If the cost for new housing plots is much higher than the compensation standards for irrigated land, the local government will coordinate all the related agencies to get the housing plots and allocate them to the relocated households. The Project will provide possible assistance according to the relevant laws and regulations.
Based on the number of the relocated households and the village layout planning in each village, most of the affected households will be relocated in the centralized village residential areas. In those areas, housing will be clustered and provided with new infrastructure. This will improves the living conditions of the affected farmers and the appearance of the villages, but such procedures will add considerably to the cost of the proposed improvements due to the fact that possible water, roads, and other necessary infrastructure will be installed. The funds will be raised by the local governments, and the appropriate assistance will be provided by the Project.
For the households to be relocated in a scattered manner, housing plots in the locations with roads and utility will be selected and allocated by the villages or village groups through the consultation with the affected households. For those relocated households, there is no need to have organized whole site planning and development, and new plot leveling work will be carried out by the resettlers themselves with some appropriate assistance from the Project.
119 Chapter 9 Identification and control of social risks
9.1 Opinion summary of the residents along the alignment
The residents along the alignment expressed their care and support to the Project. They also gave their opinions and requirements for the Project. The main opinions were:
1. Enough passages can be built where the proposed expressway will go through. And their agricultural and transportation facilities won't be damaged.
2. Some villagers mentioned there are some longstanding problems, such as road construction projects. And it may affected the Project's smooth implementation.
3. Most villagers along the alignment expressed that they hoped to do some jobs for the expressway construction, or provide some related services to increase their income.
4. The villagers were concerned about the impacts on their production and life during Project construction, and hoped it could be resolved appropriately.
9.2 Identification of social risks
The Project is one the key transportation projects in Ningxia and it will promote the local socio-economic development. But with the Project completion and being open to the traffic, it may have some potential social risks. To identifY those social risks as early as possible, and adopt corresponding measures to avoid or control those risks are very important for the success of the Project. According to the survey results, the potential social risks of the Project are as follows:
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I. Resettlement risks. The Project road is expressway. Although many measures has been taken, large scale of resettlement are unavoidable. Therefore, resettlement is the main social risks for the Project. Affected by land acquisition, the land resources of the farmers will decrease, and their planting income will decrease accordingly. Therefore, their total income may also decrease. Affected by house demolition, the relocated households will spend much of their life energy to build new houses. Except for house compensation to make up the loss of the demolished houses, the farmers would like to use part of their bank savings or borrow money from their relatives to build bigger or / and higher-level houses. Besides, if the new house construction cannot be constructed in time, they may be at risk oftransitional period outside.
2. Risks of original production and living style being affected. The Expressway is enclosed totally. Despite of the passages to be build, it will affect the local people's production and life permanently.
3. Risks of institution capacity. In order to construct and manage the Project, a lot of permanent or temporary institutions will be established. The staff members will come from different departments. Affected by their original work habits or limitations, they may not understand or need certain time to be accustomed to the new job. Therefore, the risks of institution capacity will appear.
4. Risks of conflicts between the residents and constructors. The construction will cause local people some inconvenience and even damage to them, and sometimes will affect their original facilities. If those impacts cannot be avoid, mitigated or compensated, it may cause the conflicts between the residents and constructors.
5. Risks of road safety. With the completion of the Component B of the Project, including the 3 section of existing National Highway 0211 and 9 rural roads, the road accidents may increase due to more traffic volume and higher speed ofthe vehicles.
121 9.3 Measures to coutrol the social risks
In order to avoid the negative impacts caused by the social risks, the corresponding measures in the aspects of prevention, treatment, coordination, feedback, and evaluation will be taken.
I. For the resettlement risks, it will be mainly dealt through preparing and implementing RAP well. For the people affected by land acquisition, except for the compensation, during the construction of the Expressway, priority will be given for engagement of project affected people and communities in providing unskilled laborers and local construction materials, which could generate significant cash income for the affected people. The Project affected people will also be given priority ifthere are any labor export opportunities for the project cities and districts at county level. Agriculture technical training and other skill training will be provided to the affected people to increase their income development employment opportunities. For all the vulnerable groups and the households who will lose large proportion of their farmland, they can be covered by the social security measures including minimum subsistence security, new rural cooperative medical service, old-age pension system for the land-loss farmers. For the people affected by house relocation, except for the compensation, all the relocated households will be resettled in the original villages. The village and township will provide assistance in providing housing plots, and necessary labor support for the vulnerable groups during house construction and moving. Meanwhile, the new house construction will be arranged well to ensure the farmers can move into new houses in time.
2. For the risks of original production and living style being affected, first of all, the design will be optimized to facilitate the local people's travelling. As for the environment aspect, it should be consider how to reduce the noise as far as possible. Besides, through communication and guidance, make local people to be accustomed
122 to the production and life changes due to the Project. And also help people consider as early as possible how to benefit from the Project.
3. For the risks of institution capacity, the responsibilities of all the institutions should be cleared, and coordination of all the institutions should be strengthened. The capacity of the institutions will be improved through training and exchanges.
4. For the risks of conflicts between the residents and constructors, the management of constructors should be strengthened, and annoying the residents due to the construction should be avoided as far as possible. In case the construction causes any damage, appropriate recover or compensation measures should be taken. The local governments should advice the residents to realize that the conflicts with the constructors wouldn't be a good solution for the issues.
5. Risks of road safety. To reduce the serious accident hazards, speed control signs and other visual means will be used at the entrances to the roads and through the villages along the roads. Proper speed control will help improve safety and reduce noise, particularly in the evening. While the traffic police bureaus take a leading role in implementing road safety training programs for the drivers, the women's federations at every level and village committees can arrange some safety lessons for the parents and other villagers. Such lessons will allow women to become key participants in road safety awareness for the communities and children.
123 Chapter 10 Conclusion and recommendation
10.1 Main conclusion of the Social Assessment
According to the analysis from the previous chapters, the conclusion of the Social Assessment are as follows:
1. The Project will play an improving role for the development in Ningxia central areas. For most people in the affected areas, the impacts of the Project is positive and sustainable. Although the totally-enclosed expressway won't have direct benefit for the local people along the alignment, through the rural road network in all directions, they can enjoy the convenience brought by the Project. Therefore, the perfect rural road network is absolutely necessary to extend the Project's benefits.
2. In the villages where the Project will go through, about two thirds of total population are Hui people. Hui people are the dominant nationality in Ningxia. They enjoy all the rights in Ningxia at least the same level as those for Han people. In some aspects, Hui people have the rights exceeding the Han people's; Hui people and Han people live together, intermarry, and their relationship are harmonious. Besides, Hui people and Han people use the same language Chinese. Using same language improves the cultural communications and exchanges; The impacts of the Project on the Hui people and Han people are identical. No one will be affected more seriously due to the nationality differences; The local governments where the Project will go through are all Hui autonomous governments, and the local socio-economic plans they prepared have incorporated the Hui people's requirements. No special plans for Hui people should be prepared; Several Opinions of the State Council on Further Promoting Economic and Social Development in Ningxia (State Council file No. 29 in 2008) has also considered fully the Hui people's requirements. And the Opinions can be applied to both Hui people and Han people. Based on the above reasons, we
124 think it is not necessary to prepare special ethnic minority development plan. Through implementing well the RAP and EMP for the Project, and taking the measures proposed in this Social Assessment Report, the Hui people's interests can be guaranteed.
3. The Project Expressway will go through the irrigated areas of Ningxia, where poverty is not a main issue. For vulnerable PAPs who are affected by land acquisition and lose working ability, the main measures are reasonable allowances for living and medical care. For vulnerable PAPs who are affected by land acquisition but have working ability, the main measures are the provision of priority of training and employment (such as outside jobs or work for the Project construction). For all the vulnerable groups and relatively low income households, they can be covered by the social security measures including minimum subsistence security, new rural cooperative medical service, old-age pension system for the land-loss farmers. A few poverty households are covered by local urban or rural minimum subsistence allowance system. Their basic living needs have been guaranteed. The farmers affected seriously by the Expressway, whose farmland holding after land acquisition will be less than 0.5 mu per capita, will receive monthly old-age pension when their ages reach 60 for male, or 55 for female. Their pension income will be much higher than their loss ofearnings from the land to be acquired.
4. The road network of the Project, especially the 9 rural roads will go through the poor areas of Ningxia, where the farmer's net income are still low. However, the road reconstruction won't involve any resettlement, so no one will be impoverished due to the Project. On the on contrary, the improved local roads will provide them with cheaper, faster, safer, and more comfortable access to markets, employment opportunities, and social services. Their transport costs will decrease and income is anticipated to increase due to the Project. Therefore, the Project will play an active role in poverty alleviation and development for the local farmers.
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5. In the Project area, women have a significant degree of equality and there are no serious restrictions, disparities or discriminatory practices. The Project won't have any negative impacts specially on women; instead, women's social status will be upgraded further due to the employment and economic development after the Project construction is finished. The mitigation measures for women have been proposed in Section 7.6 to assist them to be rehabilitated from land and house losses and benefited from the Project.
10.2 Main improvement suggestions
According to the above conclusion, in order to prevent all social risks, and reach the Project objective smoothly, and make the people in the Project areas benefit from the Project. The following main improvement suggestions are proposed.
1. Optimize the design During the initial stage, the design institute always pay much attention to the impacts of the land acquisition and resettlement on local areas. The land acquisition and resettlement has been reduced through alignment comparison. For the next stage, the design institute shall pay more attention to some detailed issues. Fix the position of passages, borrow pits and spoil ground, and restoration measures for the affected transportation and agricultural facilities.
2. Pay some attention to the longstanding problem resolution The governments at all level shall try their best to resolve some longstanding problem, such as the compensation hasn't been paid, engineering projects haven't been finished. Try the best to avoid the Project to be incriminated by some longstanding problem.
3. Strengthen the propaganda and guidance to the people along the roads Through the propaganda, guide the people along the alignment not only to know the Project contents and policies, but also to participate in the Project. So that they can be
126 accustomed to the production and life changes due to the Project. And also help people consider as early as possible how to benefit from the Project.
4. Conduct further institution capacity building The responsibilities of all the institutions should be cleared, and coordination of all the institutions should be strengthened. The capacity of the institutions will be improved through training and exchanges.
5. Encourage the community participation Start from the basic notification, through information sharing, consultation, jointly-decision-making, co-control, encourage the community participation so as to prevent effectively and deal in time with all the social risks. It is not only useful for the present alignment optimization, but also effective for the impact control during construction and further development after the completion of the Project.
6. Strengthen the management of constructors Encourage the constructor to give priority to employ local laborers and use local raw materials. Such requirement could be indicated in the contracts between the Project owner and the constructors. And local governments should also playa positive role in organization and coordination. Annoying the residents due to the construction should be avoided as far as possible. In case the construction causes any damage, appropriate recover or compensation measure should be taken. Those measures will also be reflected in the corresponding chapters of RAP and EMP.
7. Reduce the road safety risks for the local roads Use speed control signs and other visual means at the entrances to the roads and through the villages along the roads. While the traffic police bureaus take a leading role in implementing road safety training programs for the drivers, the women's federations at every level and village committees can arrange some safety lessons for
127 • the parents and other villagers. Such lessons will allow women to become key participants in road safety awareness for the communities and children.
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