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Irrigation Scheduling for Water Savings and Salinity Control in The 1 Water Saving in the Yellow River Basin, China. 1. Irrigation Demand Scheduling A. A Campos1, L S. Pereira1, J.M. Gonçalves1, M. S. Fabião1, Y. Liu2, Y. N. Li2, Z. Mao3, B. Dong3 1Center for Agricultural Engineering Research, Institute of Agronomy, Technical University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal, [email protected] 2China Institute for Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China, [email protected], [email protected] 3Department of Irrigation and Drainage, College of Water Resources and Hydropower, University of Wuhan, China, [email protected] ABSTRACT Water saving in irrigation is a main issue in the Yellow River basin. Field studies were conducted in two areas: The Huinong Irrigation District (HID), Ningxia Province, in the upper reaches, where excess irrigation water is applied giving rise to water-logging and salinity problems, and the Bojili Irrigation District (BID), Shandong Province, in the lower reaches of the river basin, where water availability is insufficient and salinity is related to drainage reuse. To control such problems, improved irrigation scheduling may play an important role. The irrigation scheduling simulation model ISAREG was used to evaluate the current schedules and to generate improved ones. It computes the capillary rise from the watertable and deep percolation when excess water is applied, and considers the effects of salinity in crop evapotranspiration, crop water stress and yields, as well as the leaching requirements. The model has been previously calibrated and validated for North China. The model has been explored interactively with surface irrigation simulation models to consider the limitations imposed by the field systems concerning depths to be applied and irrigation performances. For HID, improvements consist of reducing the number of irrigations and adopting new calendars according to the depth of watertable and the soil salinity conditions. Percolation could then be reduced from the current 60% of the applied depths to only the volumes required for leaching. Water saving would represent more than 33%, salinity could be controlled and drainage would be improved. For BID, current schedules are appropriate and the main issues concern deficit irrigation to cope with present water shortages. For both applications, it is concluded that effectiveness of irrigation scheduling improvements highly depend on required betterment in the basin irrigation systems mainly relative to land leveling, inflow discharges and field sizes. Keywords. Irrigation demand management, simulation modeling, wheat and maize, percolation, leaching requirements, basin irrigation, salinity control A. Campos, L. Pereira, J. Gonclaves, M. Fabião, Y. Liu, Y. Li, Z. Mao, and B. Dong. “Water Saving in the Yellow River Basin, China. 1. Irrigation Demand Scheduling”. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Journal of Scientific Research and Development. Manuscript LW 02 007. July, 2003. 2 1. INTRODUCTION The Yellow River (YR) is the second largest river in China and the main source of water in the Northwest and North China. It flows across nine Provinces and supplies water for about 130 million people, mostly farmers and rural people. The average water yield is 58 billion m3/year, thus less than 500 m3 per capita, clearly below the commonly assumed water scarcity threshold of 1000 m3 per capita. Because irrigation is required through all the year in the arid Northwest and for the winter crops in North China, irrigated agriculture is the main water user in the basin, near 95% of total water use (Cai et al., 2003). However, the demand is continuously increasing for domestic and industrial uses as well as hydroelectricity but this one does not correspond to a consumptive use. In drought years, the demand largely exceeds the supply and the river dries out for large periods before the monsoon rains. The very high charge of sediment during the high runoff periods makes difficult to increase reservoir storage that would increase the water availability in the dry season for the middle and lower basin regions. The Yellow River is both suffering from high floods and water scarcity. The protection against floods in the North China plain is a main objective of the Yellow River Conservancy Commission (YRCC). Dikes and several hydraulic structures have been continuously built and upgraded to convert this large area into one of most productive regions in China. To cope with water scarcity, the YRCC manages the water in the whole basin in close cooperation with water management institutions of the nine Provinces. Competition for water is very strong among all Provinces and, inside these ones, among all users including the irrigation districts. The water allocation process results from complex negotiations between the Provinces and the YRCC, and among counties and irrigation districts in each Province. In periods when water is scarcer, priority is given to non-agricultural uses, mainly municipal and industrial uses. However, the improvement and, for certain areas, the development of irrigated agriculture are being considered despite water scarcity. In fact irrigation is definitely required for food production in North China. Irrigated areas within the basin correspond to more than 4 million ha, and more 2 million ha outside the basin rely on YR water. An average 7 billion m3/year is the estimated water deficit in the basin (Cai et al., 2003). Water scarcity alleviation is expected from the South-North transfers whose canals will be built in the near future to bring water from the Yangtse River to the North China Plain. However, water conservation and saving have to be implemented in response to the need for sustainable use of water and land resources in the basin area. With the objective of supporting further development of water conservation and saving policies, the research project “Policies for Water Savings in the Yellow River Basin: A DSS Applied to Ningxia and Shandong” funded by the European Union, and the Swiss Government, has been developed from 1998 to 2002 (Pereira et al., 2003b). This project is essentially oriented for providing support to further implementing irrigation water saving policies by the Chinese Authorities and Institutions. The project was applied to only two case-study irrigation districts, one in the upper basin, the Huinong Irrigation District (HID), A. Campos, L. Pereira, J. Gonclaves, M. Fabião, Y. Liu, Y. Li, Z. Mao, and B. Dong. “Water Saving in the Yellow River Basin, China. 1. Irrigation Demand Scheduling”. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Journal of Scientific Research and Development. Manuscript LW 02 007. July, 2003. 3 Ningxia, the other in the low plain region, near the river delta, the Bojili Irrigation District (BID), Shandong (Fig.1). Figure 1. The Yellow River Basin and location of the case-study areas, The Huinong Irrigation District (HID) and the Bojili Irrigation District (BID). The HID has 74 400 ha irrigated area and is part of the Qingtongxia Irrigation District, which covers more than 330 000 ha. It develops through 5 counties along the Yellow River. Climate in the HID is arid, with an average 190 mm rainfall during summer, and 5 months of dry and cold winter. Cropping systems are basically irrigated wheat x maize intercropped and paddy rice for the spring-summer season. The upland crops are often in rotation with rice and basin irrigation is used. Water diversion is regulated by the Qingtongxia dam and is available for the entire crop season. The intake volumes are extremely large, averaging 4460 million m3/year, i.e. 6 000 mm. This volume is much above crop irrigation requirements, which presently average 1400 mm for rice (Mao et al., 2003) and 600 mm for upland crops (Campos et al., 2003a). That excessive water diversion is due to poor regulation and control in the conveyance canal, which requires that high water levels be maintained in the canals to make it possible functioning the gates that supply the branch canals. Water is diverted into the branch canals and from there the water in excess flows to the drainage channels and ditches, and to low lands, and seeps to the groundwater. This produces the malfunctioning of the drainage system and causes extensive waterlogging and salinity problems. Soils are silty alluviums originated by sediments transported by the YR from the loess areas. They are naturally non-saline but induced salinity is observed in large areas where water management is poor. The BID supplies water to three Counties - Huimin, Yangxin and Wudi – for about 110,000 ha total irrigated area. The average rainfall in the BID is 540 mm, mainly during the summer monsoon, from end June to early September. Main crops are the irrigated winter wheat, horticultural and tree crops, and rainfed summer crops such as maize, cotton and soybeans. No flow regulation exists upstream of the diversion from the YR into the A. Campos, L. Pereira, J. Gonclaves, M. Fabião, Y. Liu, Y. Li, Z. Mao, and B. Dong. “Water Saving in the Yellow River Basin, China. 1. Irrigation Demand Scheduling”. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Journal of Scientific Research and Development. Manuscript LW 02 007. July, 2003. 4 irrigation supply canal and diverted water is often insufficient. The average volume diverted is 1703 million m3, corresponding to 1548 mm, thus about one quarter of the total allocation to HID. The annual diverted volumes vary from 1005 to 2968 million m3. This large variation relates to the inter-annual runoff variability of the Yellow River and to the management decisions to allocate water to the different users in the middle and downstream reaches of the YR. Water is often scarce for irrigation, thus water reuse is common. Farmers use the drainage system, ponds and every depression to store the canal water delivered in excess as well as runoff water due to rainfall in the monsoon season, or pump from the groundwater to satisfy the crop requirements when canal water is not available.
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