DOCSLIB.ORG

Stingray Injuries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Stingray Injuries Stingray Injuries FINDLAY E. RUSSELL, M.D. inflicted by stingrays are com¬ the integumentary sheath surrounding the INJURIESmon in several areas of the coastal waters spine is ruptured and the venom escapes into of North America (1-4). Approximately 750 the victim's tissues. In withdrawing the spine, people a year along our coasts are stung by the integumentary sheath may be torn free and these elasmobranchs. The largest number of remain in the wound. stings are reported from southern California, Unlike the injuries inflicted by many venom¬ the Gulf of California, the Gulf of Mexico, and ous animals, wounds produced by the stingray the south Atlantic coast (5). may be large and severely lacerated, requiring Of 1,097 stingray injuries reported over a 5- extensive debridement and surgical closure. A year period in the United States (5, tf), 232 sting no wider than 5 mm. may produce a were seen by a physician at some time during wound 3.5 cm. long (#), and larger stings may the course of the recovery of the victim. Sixty- produce wounds 7 inches long (7). Occasion¬ two patients were hospitalized; the majority of ally, the sting itself may be broken off in the these required surgical closure of their wounds wound. or treatment for secondary infection, or both. The sting, or caudal spine, is a bilaterally ser¬ At least 10 of the 62 victims were hospitalized rated dentinal structure located on the dorsal for treatment for overexuberant first aid care. surface of the animal's tail. The sharp serra¬ Only eight patients were hospitalized for the tions are curved cephalically and as such are treatment of the systemic effects produced by responsible for the lacerating effects as the sting the venom. There were two fatalities. is withdrawn from the victim's flesh. The loca¬ Considerable care should be exercised when tion, size, and number of stings vary with the wading in shallow waters known to be inhabited species, habitat, and age of the fish. The round by stingrays. Stingray injuries usually occur stingray, now designated as Urolophus halleri, when the unwary victim treads upon the fish which is implicated in the majority of injuries while wading in the ocean surf or mud flats along the southern California coast, has one or of a bay, slough, or river. The fish often buries more stings of 1.6 to 5.9 cm. long (8). The itself in the sandy or muddy bottom and may giant stingray of Australia, Bathytoshia, may remain motionless until stepped upon. The possess a caudal spine of 42.0 cm. long (9). pressure of the foot on the dorsum of the fish The greatest portion of venom is contained provokes him to thrust his tail upward and within the two ventrolateral grooves of the forward, driving his sting into the foot or leg sting. In the untraumatized state, the sting is of the victim. As the sting enters the flesh, incased in an integumentary sheath. The ana¬ tomic of the sheath and Dr. Russell is director of the laboratory of neuro¬ relationships sting logical research of the College of Medical Evange¬ have been described elsewhere {10-12). lists and Los Angeles County Hospital. Basic data Chemical and in the report were obtained from studies supported Zootoxicological Properties by the Office of Naval Research, Dazian Foundation The toxic fractions of the venom are soluble for Medical Research, and the Public Health Service. proteins of average molecular weight. They Vol. 74, No. 10, October 1959 855 are extremely labile and rapidly inactivated by the venom show few gross changes. However, heating. Ten amino acids have been identified pulmonary edema, engorgement of the liver in the venom. The total nitrogen, carbohydrate, sinusoids, and vascular congestion with tubular and protein for 100 mg. of the venom has been epithelial necrosis in the loop of Henle are calculated as 3.1 mg., 3.3 mg., and 24.9 mg. seen (IS). respectively. The intravenous LD50 of the lyophilized venom is estimated at 28.0 mg./kg. Diagnosis of body weight (IS). Persons stung by stingrays report having In venom addition to the local effects (12), the received a sharp, painful stab, usually in the produces changes in the cardiovascular, respira¬ foot or leg, while swimming or wading in an tory, nervous, and urinary systems (5, 1^ IS). area where these animals are present. The Low of pain concentrations the toxin give rise to is usually described as intense or excruciating; simple, transient peripheral vasodilatation or it increases in severity during the first 90 min¬ vasoconstriction. The most consistent change utes following the stinging if treatment is not in the eiectrocardiographic pattern of cats when instituted. The pain is out of proportion to small amounts of the venom are injected is that which might be produced by a nonvenom¬ bradycardia with an increase in the PR interval, ous fish or by stepping upon a broken bottle or giving a first degree atrioventricular block with bivalve. "Stingings" by broken bottles, are a but slight change in the blood pressure. Re¬ common occurrence along certain of our coasts, versal of the small dose effect occurs within 30 according to the lifeguard services. seconds following the end of the injection Examination reveals either a puncture or (14,16). a lacerating wound, usually the latter, jagged, Larger amounts produce constriction of the bleeding freely, and often contaminated with arteries and veins as well as the arterioles, and parts of the stingray's integumentary sheath. second or third degree atrioventricular block. The edges of the wound may be discolored, The second degree block is usually followed by though the discoloration is not usually marked sinus arrest. In addition to the PR interval immediately following the injury. However, change, ST, T wave changes indicative of within 2 hours the discoloration may extend ischemia and, in some animals, true muscle in¬ several centimeters from the wound. Subse¬ jury are seen (15,16). Concomitant with these quent necrosis of this area is not uncommon in changes is a fall in systemic arterial pressure. untreated cases. It is apparent that the venom affects the normal Edema is a constant finding following sting¬ pacemaker of the heart. Most of the cardio¬ ings by these animals. The edema is not as vascular changes revert to normal within 24 severe as one sees following a rattlesnake bite, hours (5). but it may persist for several weeks in the un¬ Lethal amounts of the venom cause marked treated case. Syncope, weakness, nausea, vasoconstriction and cardiac standstill of vary¬ nervousness, and sweating are common com¬ ing durations. All degrees of atrioventricular plaints. Vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, general- block as well as defects in intraventricular con¬ duction occur, and if death is not immediate, the rhythm of the normal pacemaker is re¬ placed by one elaborated outside the sino-atrial node. The blood pressure falls rapidly, and the animal dies in complete cardiovascular collapse (5,11},1S). Concomitant with these changes are alterations in the respiratory and central nervous systems (SjlS). The venom has no effect on neuromuscular conduction (17). Postmortem examination of animals which have survived for 4 days following a lethal dose of The round stingray Urolophus halleri 856 Public Health Reports An Early Case History An early stingray victim was Captain John But it chansed our Captaine taking a fish Smith. Walter Russell, "Gentleman, doctor from his sword (not knowing her condition) of physicke," who accompanied Smith as he being much of the fashion of a Thornback. explored Chesapeake Bay in June 1608, de¬ but a long tayle like a ryding rodde, whereon scribed the encounter in chapter 5, "The Acci¬ the middest is a most poysoned sting, of two dents that hapned in the Discovery of the or three inches long, bearded like a saw on Bay of Chisapeack" of The Third Booke of each side, which she strucke into the wrest of The Proceedings and Accidents of the English his arme neere an inch and a halfe: no bloud Colony in Virginia. nor wound was seene, but a little blew spot, but the torment was instantly so extreme, that . Having finished this discovery (though in foure houres had so swolen his hand, arme our victuall was neere spent) he intended to and shoulder, we all with much sorrow con¬ see his imprisonment-acquaintances upon the cluded his and his in river of called funerall, prepared grave Rapahanock, by many Toppa- an Island by, as himselfe directed: yet it but our bote reason of the hanock, by ebbe, pleased God by a precious oyle Doctor Russell chansing to grownd upon a many shoules at the first applyed to it when he sounded it lying in the entrances, we spyed many fishes with probe, (ere night) his tormenting paine lurking in the reedes: our Captaine sporting was so well asswaged that he eate of the fish himselfe by nayling them to the grownd with to his supper, which gave no lesse joy and his sword, set us all a fishing in that manner: content to us then ease to himselfe. For which thus we tooke more in owne houre then we we called the island Stingray Isle after the could eate in a day. name of the fish. ized cramps, inguinal or axillary pain, and may apply a constriction band directly above respiratory distress are less frequently re¬ the wound site. The extremity should then be ported. Arrhythmias, paresthesias, and con¬ submerged in hot water at as high a tempera¬ vulsions may occur. True paralysis is ex¬ ture as the patient can tolerate without injury tremely rare, if it occurs at all.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A New Stingray from South Africa
    Nature Vol. 289 22 January 1981 221 A new stingray from South Africa from Alwyne Wheeler ICHTHYOLOGISTS are accustomed to the regular description of previously un­ recognized species of fishes, which if not a daily event at least happens so frequently as not to cause great comment. Previously undescribed genera are like­ wise not infrequently published, but higher categories are increasingly less common. The discovery of a new stingray, which is so different from all known rays as to require both a new family and a new suborder to accommodate its distinctive characters, is therefore a remarkable event. A recent paper by P.e. Heemstra and M.M. Smith (Ichthyological Bulletin oj the J. L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology 43, I; 1980) describes this most striking ray as Hexatrygon bickelli and discusses its differences from other batoid fishes. Surprisingly, this remarkable fish was not the result of some organized deep-sea fishing programme, but was found lying on the beach at Port Elizabeth. It was fresh but had suffered some loss of skin by sand abrasion on the beach, and the margins of its fins appeared desiccated in places. The way it was discovered leaves a tantalising question as to its normal habitat, but Heemstra and Smith suggest that it may live in moderately deep water of 400-1,000m. This suggestion is Ventral view of Hexatrygon bickelli supported by its general appearance (small eyes, thin black dorsal skin, f1acid an acellular jelly, while the underside is chimaeroids Rhinochimaera and snout) and the chemistry of its liver-oil. richly supplied with well developed Harriota, and there can be little doubt The classification of Hexatrygon ampullae of Lorenzini.
    [Show full text]
  • Coral Reef Monitoring in Kofiau and Boo Islands Marine Protected Area, Raja Ampat, West Papua. 2009—2011
    August 2012 Indo-Pacific Division Indonesia Report No 6/12 Coral Reef Monitoring in Kofiau and Boo Islands Marine Protected Area, Raja Ampat, West Papua. 2009—2011 Report Compiled By: Purwanto, Muhajir, Joanne Wilson, Rizya Ardiwijaya, and Sangeeta Mangubhai August 2012 Indo-Pacific Division Indonesia Report No 6/12 Coral Reef Monitoring in Kofiau and Boo Islands Marine Protected Area, Raja Ampat, West Papua. 2009—2011 Report Compiled By: Purwanto, Muhajir, Joanne Wilson, Rizya Ardiwijaya, and Sangeeta Mangubhai Published by: TheNatureConservancy,Indo-PacificDivision Purwanto:TheNatureConservancy,IndonesiaMarineProgram,Jl.Pengembak2,Sanur,Bali, Indonesia.Email: [email protected] Muhajir: TheNatureConservancy,IndonesiaMarineProgram,Jl.Pengembak2,Sanur,Bali, Indonesia.Email: [email protected] JoanneWilson: TheNatureConservancy,IndonesiaMarineProgram,Jl.Pengembak2,Sanur,Bali, Indonesia. RizyaArdiwijaya:TheNatureConservancy,IndonesiaMarineProgram,Jl.Pengembak2,Sanur, Bali,Indonesia.Email: [email protected] SangeetaMangubhai: TheNatureConservancy,IndonesiaMarineProgram,Jl.Pengembak2, Sanur,Bali,Indonesia.Email: [email protected] Suggested Citation: Purwanto,Muhajir,Wilson,J.,Ardiwijaya,R.,Mangubhai,S.2012.CoralReefMonitoringinKofiau andBooIslandsMarineProtectedArea,RajaAmpat,WestPapua.2009-2011.TheNature Conservancy,Indo-PacificDivision,Indonesia.ReportN,6/12.50pp. © 2012012012201 222 The Nature Conservancy AllRightsReserved.Reproductionforanypurposeisprohibitedwithoutpriorpermission. AllmapsdesignedandcreatedbyMuhajir. CoverPhoto:
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Species and for Eggs and Larvae of Larger Fish
    BATIQUITOS LAGOON FOUNDATION F I S H Fishes of the Lagoon There were only a few species of fish in Batiquitos Lagoon (just five!) BATIQUITOS LAGOON FOUNDATION before it was opened to the ocean and tides at the end of 1996. High temperatures in the summer, low oxygen levels, and wide ranges of ANCHOVY salinity did not allow the ecosystem to flourish. Since the restoration of tidal action to the lagoon, the fish populations have significantly increased in numbers and diversity and more than sixty-five species have been found. Lagoons serve as breeding and nursery areas for a wide array of coastal fish, provide habitat and food for resident species TOPSMELT and serve as feeding areas for seasonal species. Different areas of the lagoon environment provide specific habitat needs. These include tidal creeks, sandy bottoms, emergent vegetation, submergent vegetation, nearshore shallows, open water, saline pools and brackish/freshwater areas. These habitats are defined by water YELLOWFIN GOBY characteristics including salinity, water temperature, water velocity and water depth. The lagoon bottom varies with the type of substrate such as rock, cobble, gravel, sand, clay, mud and silt. Tidal creeks and channels provide refuges for small fish species and for eggs and larvae of larger fish. Species in tidal creeks include ROUND STINGRAY gobies and topsmelt. Sandy bottoms provide important habitat for bottom-dwelling fish species such as rays, sharks and flatfish. The sandy areas provide important refuges for crustaceans, which are prey to many fish species within the lagoon. The burrows of ghost shrimp are utilized by the arrow goby.
    [Show full text]
  • Chondrichthyes: Dasyatidae)
    1 Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters/IEF-1089/pp. 1-6 Published 16 February 2019 LSID: http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DFACCD8F-33A9-414C-A2EC-A6DA8FDE6BEF DOI: http://doi.org/10.23788/IEF-1089 Contemporary distribution records of the giant freshwater stingray Urogymnus polylepis in Borneo (Chondrichthyes: Dasyatidae) Yuanita Windusari*, Muhammad Iqbal**, Laila Hanum*, Hilda Zulkifli* and Indra Yustian* Stingrays (Dasyatidae) are found in marine (con- species entering, or occurring in freshwater. For tinental, insular shelves and uppermost slopes, example, Fluvitrygon oxyrhynchus and F. signifer one oceanic species), brackish and freshwater, and were only known from five or fewer major riverine are distributed across tropical to warm temperate systems (Compagno, 2016a-b; Last et al., 2016a), waters of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans though recent surveys yielded a single record of (Nelson et al., 2016). Only a small proportion of F. oxyrhynchus and ten records of F. signifier in the dasyatid rays occur in freshwater, and include Musi drainage, South Sumatra, indicating that obligate freshwater species (those found only in both species are more widely distributed than freshwater) and euryhaline species (those that previously expected (Iqbal et al., 2017, 2018). move between freshwater and saltwater) (Last et Particularly, the dasyatid fauna of Borneo al., 2016a). Recently, a total of 89 species of Dasy- includes the giant freshwater stingray Urogymnus atidae has been confirmed worldwide (Last et al., polylepis. The occurrence of U. polylepis in Borneo 2016a), including 14 species which are known to has been reported from Sabah and Sarawak in enter or live permanently in freshwater habitats of Malaysia and the Mahakam basin in Kaliman- Southeast Asia [Brevitrygon imbricata, Fluvitrygon tan of Indonesia (Monkolprasit & Roberts, 1990; kittipongi, F.
    [Show full text]
  • Biology, Husbandry, and Reproduction of Freshwater Stingrays
    Biology, husbandry, and reproduction of freshwater stingrays. Ronald G. Oldfield University of Michigan, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Museum of Zoology, 1109 Geddes Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109 U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] A version of this article was published previously in two parts: Oldfield, R.G. 2005. Biology, husbandry, and reproduction of freshwater stingrays I. Tropical Fish Hobbyist. 53(12): 114-116. Oldfield, R.G. 2005. Biology, husbandry, and reproduction of freshwater stingrays II. Tropical Fish Hobbyist. 54(1): 110-112. Introduction In the freshwater aquarium, stingrays are among the most desired of unusual pets. Although a couple species have been commercially available for some time, they remain relatively uncommon in home aquariums. They are often avoided by aquarists due to their reputation for being fragile and difficult to maintain. As with many fishes that share this reputation, it is partly undeserved. A healthy ray is a robust animal, and problems are often due to lack of a proper understanding of care requirements. In the last few years many more species have been exported from South America on a regular basis. As a result, many are just recently being captive bred for the first time. These advances will be making additional species of freshwater stingray increasingly available in the near future. This article answers this newly expanded supply of wild-caught rays and an anticipated increased The underside is one of the most entertaining aspects of a availability of captive-bred specimens by discussing their stingray. In an aquarium it is possible to see the gill slits and general biology, husbandry, and reproduction in order watch it eat, as can be seen in this Potamotrygon motoro.
    [Show full text]
  • Class Wars: Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes Dominance in Chesapeake Bay, 2002-2012
    Class Wars: Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes dominance in Chesapeake Bay, 2002-2012. 01 July 2013 Introduction The objective of this analysis was to demonstrate a possible changing relationship between two Classes of fishes, Osteichthyes (the bony fishes) and Chondrichthyes (the cartilaginous fishes) in Chesapeake Bay based on 11 years of monitoring. If any changes between the two Classes appeared to be significant, either statistically or anecdotally, the data were explored further in an attempt to explain the variation. The Class Osteichthyes is characterized by having a skeleton made of bone and is comprised of the majority of fish species worldwide, while the Chondrichthyes skeleton is made of cartilage and is represented by the sharks, skates, and rays (the elasmobranch fishes) and chimaeras1. Many shark species are generally categorized as apex predators, while skates and rays and some smaller sharks can be placed into the mesopredator functional group (Myers et al., 2007). By definition, mesopredators prey upon a significant array of lower trophic groups, but also serve as the prey base for apex predators. Global demand for shark and consequential shark fishing mortality, estimated at 97 million sharks in 2010 (Worm et al., 2013), is hypothesized to have contributed to the decline of these apex predators in recent years (Baum et al., 2003 and Fowler et al., 2005), which in turn is suggested to have had a cascading effect on lower trophic levels—an increase in mesopredators and subsequent decrease in the prey base (Myers et al., 2007). According to 10 years of trawl survey monitoring of Chesapeake Bay, fish species composition of catches has shown a marked change over the years (Buchheister et al., 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • Humboldt Bay Fishes
    Humboldt Bay Fishes ><((((º>`·._ .·´¯`·. _ .·´¯`·. ><((((º> ·´¯`·._.·´¯`·.. ><((((º>`·._ .·´¯`·. _ .·´¯`·. ><((((º> Acknowledgements The Humboldt Bay Harbor District would like to offer our sincere thanks and appreciation to the authors and photographers who have allowed us to use their work in this report. Photography and Illustrations We would like to thank the photographers and illustrators who have so graciously donated the use of their images for this publication. Andrey Dolgor Dan Gotshall Polar Research Institute of Marine Sea Challengers, Inc. Fisheries And Oceanography [email protected] [email protected] Michael Lanboeuf Milton Love [email protected] Marine Science Institute [email protected] Stephen Metherell Jacques Moreau [email protected] [email protected] Bernd Ueberschaer Clinton Bauder [email protected] [email protected] Fish descriptions contained in this report are from: Froese, R. and Pauly, D. Editors. 2003 FishBase. Worldwide Web electronic publication. http://www.fishbase.org/ 13 August 2003 Photographer Fish Photographer Bauder, Clinton wolf-eel Gotshall, Daniel W scalyhead sculpin Bauder, Clinton blackeye goby Gotshall, Daniel W speckled sanddab Bauder, Clinton spotted cusk-eel Gotshall, Daniel W. bocaccio Bauder, Clinton tube-snout Gotshall, Daniel W. brown rockfish Gotshall, Daniel W. yellowtail rockfish Flescher, Don american shad Gotshall, Daniel W. dover sole Flescher, Don stripped bass Gotshall, Daniel W. pacific sanddab Gotshall, Daniel W. kelp greenling Garcia-Franco, Mauricio louvar
    [Show full text]
  • Ray by Design Stingray
    Sponsored by Blue Lagoon Island & Vendors from Nassau Dolphin Encounters - Project BEACH Contest Deadline: March 4th, 2016 Beautifully graceful underwater, Southern The unique hunting abilities of a stingray – stingrays choose the turquoise waters of digging, sucking, and crushing – also benefit The Bahamas as their home. Like many other reef animals looking for lunch. These other reef animals, stingrays play an gentle winged fish are key predators in a important role in our marine ecosystem. healthy, marine habitat, so it’s time to “Rays the Roof” and start protecting our stingrays! When a stingray hunts along the bottom, it mixes the sand and stirs up hidden Learn more about this unique animal and the creatures in search of food. Sea birds challenges it faces from the MEPC 2016 Info will often follow the path of a stingray Sheet and express your feelings through art hoping to make a meal from the animals in the Marine Education Poster Contest 2016. disturbed by the ray. Call for a FREE Marine Assembly Program at your school to introduce you to the marine topic “Rays the Roof!” Ray By Design Southern stingrays can be gills As masters of disguise Stingray 101 found in tropical and (camouflage), stingrays can subtropical waters of the completely bury themselves in Animal Type: Boneless Fish southern Atlantic Ocean, the sand or soft seafloor. Caribbean and Gulf of When swimming, if viewed Diet: Carnivore Mexico. These rays have been ventral side mouth from below, the bright belly Ave. Lifespan: 15-25 years found in depths of up to 180 of the ray matches the bright feet and are usually found Unlike sharks, rays crush their sky above, helping to escape Maximum Width: 4 feet roaming the ocean alone or in food -- prey such as conch, large predatory fish such as Maximum Weight: 200+ lbs.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the Status of Mediterranean Chondrichthyan Species
    United Nations Environment Programme Mediterranean Action Plan Regional Activity Centre For Specially Protected Areas REPORT ON THE STATUS OF MEDITERRANEAN CHONDRICHTHYAN SPECIES D. CEBRIAN © L. MASTRAGOSTINO © R. DUPUY DE LA GRANDRIVE © Note : The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP concerning the legal status of any State, Territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of their frontiers or boundaries. © 2007 United Nations Environment Programme Mediterranean Action Plan Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA) Boulevard du leader Yasser Arafat B.P.337 –1080 Tunis CEDEX E-mail : [email protected] Citation: UNEP-MAP RAC/SPA, 2007. Report on the status of Mediterranean chondrichthyan species. By Melendez, M.J. & D. Macias, IEO. Ed. RAC/SPA, Tunis. 241pp The original version (English) of this document has been prepared for the Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA) by : Mª José Melendez (Degree in Marine Sciences) & A. David Macías (PhD. in Biological Sciences). IEO. (Instituto Español de Oceanografía). Sede Central Spanish Ministry of Education and Science Avda. de Brasil, 31 Madrid Spain [email protected] 2 INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2. CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION 3 3. HUMAN IMPACTS ON SHARKS 8 3.1 Over-fishing 8 3.2 Shark Finning 8 3.3 By-catch 8 3.4 Pollution 8 3.5 Habitat Loss and Degradation 9 4. CONSERVATION PRIORITIES FOR MEDITERRANEAN SHARKS 9 REFERENCES 10 ANNEX I. LIST OF CHONDRICHTHYAN OF THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA 11 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Full Text in Pdf Format
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 164: 263-271,1998 Published April 9 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Intraspecific and interspecific relationships between host size and the abundance of parasitic larval gnathiid isopods on coral reef fishes Alexandra S. Grutter 'l*, Robert poulin2 'Department of Parasitology, The University of Queensland. Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia 'Department of Zoology, University of Otago. PO Box 56. Dunedin. New Zealand ABSTRACT: Parasitic gnathud isopod larvae on coral reef teleosts and elasmobranchs were quantified at Lizard and Heron Islands (Great Barrier Reef), and Moreton Bay, Australia. The relationship between gnathlid abundance and host size was examined across and within species. Of the 56 species examined. 70 % had gnathiids, with counts ranging from 1 to 200 per fish and the elasmobranchs hav- ing the highest numbers. Pomacentrids rarely had gnathiids. In contrast, most labrids had gnathiids. Gnathiid abundance was positively correlated with host size in the species Chlorurus sordidus, Ctenochaetus stnatus, Hernigyrnnus melapterus, Siganus dollatus, and Thalassorna lunare, but not for Scolopsis b~lineatus.Mean gnathlid abundance per host species also correlated with host size across species, even after controlling for the potential confounding effects of uneven sampling effort and host phylogeny Thus host size explains much of the intraspecific and interspecific variation In gnathiid abundance on fish. KEY WORDS: Gnathiidae . Ectoparasites . Coral reef fish . Host-parasite interactions . Fish size . Great Barrier Reef INTRODUCTION gnathiids on fish (Grutter 1996a). When present in 'large' numbers (Paperna & Por 1977) and when fish Until recently, there was little evidence that para- have 'around a hundred' (Mugridge & Stallybrass sites were important in fish cleaning behavior (Losey 1983),gnathiids can cause fish mortality in captive fish 1987), however, current studies on the Great Barrier (Paperna & Por 1977).
    [Show full text]
  • A Checklist of the Fishes of the Monterey Bay Area Including Elkhorn Slough, the San Lorenzo, Pajaro and Salinas Rivers
    f3/oC-4'( Contributions from the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories No. 26 Technical Publication 72-2 CASUC-MLML-TP-72-02 A CHECKLIST OF THE FISHES OF THE MONTEREY BAY AREA INCLUDING ELKHORN SLOUGH, THE SAN LORENZO, PAJARO AND SALINAS RIVERS by Gary E. Kukowski Sea Grant Research Assistant June 1972 LIBRARY Moss L8ndillg ,\:Jrine Laboratories r. O. Box 223 Moss Landing, Calif. 95039 This study was supported by National Sea Grant Program National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of Commerce - Grant No. 2-35137 to Moss Landing Marine Laboratories of the California State University at Fresno, Hayward, Sacramento, San Francisco, and San Jose Dr. Robert E. Arnal, Coordinator , ·./ "':., - 'I." ~:. 1"-"'00 ~~ ~~ IAbm>~toriesi Technical Publication 72-2: A GI-lliGKL.TST OF THE FISHES OF TtlE MONTEREY my Jl.REA INCLUDING mmORH SLOUGH, THE SAN LCRENZO, PAY-ARO AND SALINAS RIVERS .. 1&let~: Page 14 - A1estria§.·~iligtro1ophua - Stone cockscomb - r-m Page 17 - J:,iparis'W10pus." Ribbon' snailt'ish - HE , ,~ ~Ei 31 - AlectrlQ~iu.e,ctro1OphUfi- 87-B9 . .', . ': ". .' Page 31 - Ceb1diehtlrrs rlolaCewi - 89 , Page 35 - Liparis t!01:f-.e - 89 .Qhange: Page 11 - FmWulns parvipin¢.rl, add: Probable misidentification Page 20 - .BathopWuBt.lemin&, change to: .Mhgghilu§. llemipg+ Page 54 - Ji\mdJ11ui~~ add: Probable. misidentifioation Page 60 - Item. number 67, authOr should be .Hubbs, Clark TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 AREA OF COVERAGE 1 METHODS OF LITERATURE SEARCH 2 EXPLANATION OF CHECKLIST 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4 TABLE 1
    [Show full text]
  • Estimating Taxonomic Diversity Using Centrum Growth Profiles and Stinger Morphology of 36 Million Year Old Stingrays from North Dakota
    Columbus State University CSU ePress Theses and Dissertations Student Publications 5-2020 Estimating Taxonomic Diversity Using Centrum Growth Profiles and Stinger Morphology of 36 Million Year Old Stingrays From North Dakota Persia S. Tillman Follow this and additional works at: https://csuepress.columbusstate.edu/theses_dissertations Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Tillman, Persia S., "Estimating Taxonomic Diversity Using Centrum Growth Profiles and Stinger Morphology of 36 Million Year Old Stingrays From North Dakota" (2020). Theses and Dissertations. 382. https://csuepress.columbusstate.edu/theses_dissertations/382 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Publications at CSU ePress. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CSU ePress. COLUMBUS STATE UNIVERSITY ESTIMATING TAXONOMIC DIVERSITY USING CENTRUM GROWTH PROFILES AND STINGER MORPHOLOGY OF 36 MILLION YEAR OLD STINGRAYS FROM NORTH DAKOTA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE HONORS COLLEGE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR HONORS IN THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY COLLEGE OF LETTERS AND SCIENCES BY Persia S. Tillman Copyright © 2020 Persia S. Tillman All Rights Reserved. ESTIMATING TAXONOMIC DIVERSITY USING CENTRUM GROWTH PROFILES AND STINGER MORPHOLOGY OF 36 MILLION YEAR OLD STINGRAYS FROM NORTH DAKOTA By Persia S. Tillman Coauthors: Michael Newbrey, Clint Boyd, and Todd Cook A Thesis Submitted to the HONORS COLLEGE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Honors in the Degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY COLLEGE OF LETTERS & SCIENCES Approved by Dr. Michael Newbrey, Committee Chair Dr. Daniel Holt, Committee Member Dr. Cindy Ticknor, Committee Member & Dean Columbus State University May 2020 ABSTRACT Stingrays are a diverse and popular group of vertebrates; however, nothing is known about the relationships between growth biology and climate change.
    [Show full text]