Free and Open Source Software for translators Corinne McKay*
Abstract: Free and open source software (FOSS) is gaining popularity in the translation industry, due to its low cost, flexibil- ity, reliability, security and freedom from licensing hassles. With a range of free and open source translation memory suites, web browsers and office software to choose from, FOSS is an attractive option for freelancers and agencies alike. The past year has seen many new developments in the world of FOSS for translators. This article will address three main topics: what is FOSS; why is FOSS important to translators; and how can translators get started with FOSS?
Software de fuente abierta y libre para traductores Resumen: El software de fuente abierta y libre (FOSS por sus siglas en inglés) está ganando popularidad en la industria de la traducción debido a su bajo costo, flexibilidad, fiabilidad, seguridad e independencia de los problemas de licencias. La amplia gama de memorias compatibles, navegadores y aplicaciones comerciales actual hace de los sistemas FOSS una atractiva opción para traductores autónomos y agencias de traducción. El año pasado se produjeron muchos nuevos diseños para traductores. Este artículo aborda tres temas principales: qué es el software FOSS, por qué es importante para los tra- ductores y cómo pueden éstos comenzar a usarlo.
Key words: open source project, translation tools, Linux. Palabras clave: Projectos de fuente abierta, herramientas de traducción, Linux Panace@ 2006; 7 (23): 95-98.
What is Free and Open Source Software? 2000, Sun Microsystems gave away the code to an office suite Many people think that software that doesn’t cost money is that it owned called StarOffice, which became the office suite automatically Free Software. In fact, FOSS might be free or that we know today as OpenOffice.org. might cost money, but the real distinction is that its source FOSS is also almost always distributed under a very liberal code is publicly available. Free Software Foundation
* French to English translator and open source software enthusiast based in Boulder, Colorado, USA. Correspondence to: corinne@ translatewrite.com
Panace@. Vol. VII, n.o 23. Junio, 2006 95 Tribuna
on DVDs, and subsequently won both cases brought against file format. While Adobe developed the PDF file format and him, and Microsoft’s license compliance audits of public school Adobe’s software is not open source, PDF is an open format, systems in Philadelphia and Portland, Oregon, and the city of meaning that anyone can create a program that reads or cre- Virginia Beach, Virginia, which estimates that it paid about ates PDFs without paying a licensing fee to Adobe. So, even if $129,000 during a Microsoft audit, to acquire missing licenses Adobe were to go out of business, PDF-format files would not be for software that it had purchased legally but had not saved the rendered obsolete, because other programs would still be able to license paperwork for (http://tinyurl.com/83tvm). read and write them. In the translation world, the most common The most common license under which FOSS is released open formats are XLIFF (eXtensible Localization Interchange is called the GNU General public license, or GPL. Probably File Format) and TMX (Translation Memory eXchange). Files the most important provision is the fact that it prohibits anyone created by CAT tools that use these formats are, at least in from taking GPL code and making a proprietary program out theory, not dependent on a single CAT tool, and can be re-used of it. The GPL is also sometimes known as «copyleft,» because in another tool that supports these formats. it allows the source code’s copyright holder to require that the code be distributed under the terms of the GPL. In April, 2004 Why is FOSS important to translators? the GPL was confirmed as a legally enforceable license when Translators are heavy computer users, with most of us a court in Germany issued a final ruling upholding its validity spending the majority of our work day on tasks that require after the German company Sitecom refused to stop distributing the computer. In addition, most translators are self-employed software produced by a company called Netfilter, in violation of and bear the cost of maintaining and upgrading their own com- the GPL’s provisions. puter systems, often at considerable cost. Translators also use, Probably the best-known example of FOSS is the Linux op- or would like to use, language-specific versions of software erating system, sometimes called GNU/Linux, because some of that are often difficult to find in proprietary distributions. Still, its essential components come from the earlier, and also free and translators as a group have been reluctant to migrate from pro- open source, operating system called GNU. GNU was devel- prietary software toward open source alternatives. oped as a Unix-like operating system based on free software, by This author can’t pretend to know everything about why Richard Stallman of the Free Software Foundation. Linux was translators are reluctant to switch to FOSS, but here are a few first released in 1991 as a hobby project by Linus Torvalds, a 22 theories gathered from personal experience: year old Finnish computer science student who had such mod- est goals that he didn’t even name the project Linux, planning • Translators as a group are somewhat technophobic instead to name it Freax, for «Free Unix.» The name «Linux» and would rather concentrate on translation itself was selected by the network administrator at the University of rather than on technological tools for translation. Helsinki who needed to name the folder where the software was • Translators often don’t know much about FOSS, and available for download, and chose the name «Linux,» for «Linus so aren’t often aware of the options available. Unix,» judging it to be more professional than «Freax.» • Translators are afraid that using FOSS will cause Due to some of the argued advantages of Linux such as low- them to lose clients. They are afraid that by running a er cost, fewer security holes and lack of vendor lock-in, Linux different program than the client, or than other trans- has been the most popular Internet server operating system lators, they will have a hard time finding work. since 1999, used by 64% of Japanese corporations since 2002, • Many CD-ROM dictionaries do not work on a Linux selected for use by the United States National Security agency computer. in 2003, and Linux server shipments grew 40% in 2004 (Wiki- • The market-leader translation memory software com- pedia). Since Linux’s source code is publicly available, anyone panies do not produce Linux versions of their prod- who wants to can make their own version of it, which is called a ucts. FOSS TM applications are available, but they distribution. Some well-known distributions of Linux are Debi- do not have a great deal of name recognition, and may an, Ubuntu, Red Hat/Fedora Core, and Knoppix. The Google require some work to make their memories compat- search engine is probably the world’s largest Linux installation, ible with the market leaders. with over 100,000 Linux servers powering its searches; Google • FOSS applications are largely volunteer-developed is an excellent example of one of the Internet’s «killer apps» that and do not have the financial resources to compete is powered by free and open source software. with proprietary applications in terms of marketing, In another example of the success of FOSS, the Apache web training and support. server has been the market leader web server since statistics on this • People in general, not just translators, often think that have been collected. The OpenOffice.org office suite has recorded if something is free, it may be less useful or valuable 100 million downloads, and Mozilla Firefox web browser about 40 than something that costs money. million downloads. Open Source Software has gained increasing momentum outside of the U.S., where countries such as Germany As you can see, some of these reasons, such as difficulty of and Spain have migrated some or all of their national and local running CD-ROM dictionaries on a Linux machine, are entirely government desktop computers to open source software. valid, while others, such as lack of dollars to market open source An additional important concept is that of open standards. applications, are merely a matter of circumstance and not of the Possibly the best-known example of an open standard is the PDF software’s usability. Following are some reasons why translators
96 Panace@. Vol. VII, n.o 23. Junio, 2006
might consider switching to FOSS applications. client/project where TRADOS is used. Thus SDL would have a list of all the competitive vendors’ clients. This is unlikely, but • The software is there. FOSS applications exist for it just gives SDL too much power in our small industry.» As every step of the translation work flow; translation this respondent points out, while this scenario seems far-fetched memory, word processing, web browsing, account- from a business standpoint, it would in fact be legal, pointing ing, website development, and more. out that proprietary software users are very much at the mercy • Open source is cost-effective. While «it’s cheap» is of the vendors who own their software. rarely the primary motivation cited by avid FOSS us- ers, «value for money» is often a reason for choosing How much less does FOSS really cost? FOSS. FOSS won’t free you from the need to pay for Various studies have compared the total cost of ownership documentation, support and training, just as you do (TCO) of proprietary software and FOSS; the real TCO depends with proprietary software. But it will in many cases on how you use the software- whether you want documentation free you from the need to pay high prices for soft- on paper, whether you pay for support and training, etc. Notably, ware, upgrades, data recovery after a virus attack, Sun Microsystems and Microsoft have both released «indepen- tracking licensing paperwork, etc. In addition, having dent reports» stating that their products have the lowest TCO. free or low-cost tools available for critical but unexcit- However in terms of cost of acquisition and upgrades, it’s worth ing tasks like backups makes it more likely that you noting that FOSS isn’t just a little bit cheaper than proprietary will actually obtain the tools. alternatives, it’s a lot cheaper, and the price difference is even • Open source encourages innovation. When the Mozil- more apparent in a large installation. Let’s look at a computer la Firefox web browser made headlines in late 2004, setup for a typical freelance translator, comparing proprietary Microsoft hadn’t released a major redesign of Internet software (prices obtained from Amazon.com and Translation- Explorer since 2001, in part because they didn’t have zone.com in August, 2005) and FOSS. to; with a 95% market share, there simply wasn’t much of an incentive to integrate tabbed browsing or localize Proprietary Software Open Source Software into Albanian. However, a community-developed proj- Microsoft Windows XP Ubuntu Linux: $0.00 ect like Firefox can take a «don’t you wish you had...» Professional: $262.99 feature and integrate it as fast as coders can work. Microsoft Office XP OpenOffice.org $0.00 • Open-source licenses are less restrictive. Most end- Professional: $225.00 users, including translators, never read EULAs (end- Microsoft Outlook: $89.99 Mozilla Mail: $0.00 user license agreements) before clicking «I Agree» and installing new software. In addition to restrictive Quick Books Basic: $189.99 Gnu Cash: $0.00 conditions such as allowing the software to be in- Trados 7 Freelance: $895.00 OmegaT: $0.00 stalled on only one computer (meaning that a user with Total: $1,662.97 Total: $0.00 a laptop and a desktop is legally required to buy two OR as above, plus: copies of the software at full price), some EULAs go CrossOver Office Profes- even further and specify that the user may not publicly sional: $74.95 criticize or evaluate the software. Network Associ- ates, the makers of McAfee antivirus software, was Microsoft Office XP criticized in 2003 for prohibiting users from disclosing Professional: $225.00 the results of benchmark tests on its software with- Wordfast: $220.00 out prior written permission
Panace@. Vol. VII, n.o 23. Junio, 2006 97 Tribuna
fraction of what is required for a proprietary system. For exam- OmegaT
98 Panace@. Vol. VII, n.o 23. Junio, 2006