Language | Technology | Business

Translation memory: state of the technology

Fuzzy matching in theory and practice

A rule-based environment for Swahili development

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04 Multicorpora #90.indd 4 8/3/07 2:20:05 PM u ti in ua M l L g September 2007l Language | Technology | Business #90 Volume 18 Issue 6

Q Up Front Q Feature Articles Q 6 www.multilingual.com Q Tech Q 7 Post Editing 34 Translation memory: state of the technology Q News — Jost Zetzsche Q 8 News 36 What’s next for TMS? Q 21 Calendar — Benjamin B. Sargent 37 CAT tools and standards: a brief summary Q Reviews — Yves Savourel 22 Logoport 39 Fuzzy matching in theory and practice Reviewed by Ignacio Garcia — Richard Sikes Up Front & Vivian Stevenson 45 The conveyor belt approach and terminology 26 The Defence of French: management — Christie Fidura A Language in Crisis? 49 Automating MT post-editing using regular Reviewed by Fabien Côté expressions — Rafael Guzmán Columns and Commentary Q Q Languages 29 Off the Map — Tom Edwards 53 A rule-based environment for Swahili 32 World Savvy — John Freivalds development — Arvi Hurskainen 82 Takeaway — Ultan Ó Broin 60 Open-source software for South African languages — Linda Martindale Q Industry Focus 63 E-government — citizen access in the US — Earl Mardle

Q 69 Basics

Q 72 Buyer’s Guide About the Cover 80 Advertiser Index The hand-carved woodcut print block was used to print labels for fabrics produced for export in the nineteenth-century cotton mill located in Gravensteen Castle (Castle of the Counts) in the center of old Ghent, Belgium.

www.multilingual.com September 2007 MultiLingual 5

05 Contents #90.indd 5 8/9/07 8:28:11 AM on the web at www.multilingual.com

Downloads — Free internationalization course MultiLingual #90 Volume 18 Issue 6 September 2007 Have you wondered about software internationalization but weren’t Editor-in-Chief, Publisher: Donna Parrish quite sure where to start? We have the information for you — at no Managing Editor: Laurel Wagers cost! A course on this topic created by G. Watson Internationalization Translation Dept. Editor: Jim Healey Services can now be downloaded from www.multilingual.com Copy Editor: Cecilia Spence The materials cover a range of topics, including general News: Kendra Gray internationalization issues, C, C++, Java, international components for Illustrator: Doug Jones Unicode and testing issues. These materials have been used to deliver Production: Sandy Compton commercial, instructor-led courses. Each topic was covered in a Cover Photograph: Doug Jones half-day course and includes between 100 and 150 slides. Webmaster: Aric Spence Because these course materials are being placed in the public Assistant: Shannon Abromeit domain, they can be used for any purpose without obligation. Intern: Callie Welch Download the course free at Circulation: Terri Jadick www.multilingual.com/internationalizationCourseMaterial.php Advertising Director: Jennifer Del Carlo Advertising: Kevin Watson, Bonnie Merrell Editorial Board Jeff Allen, Julieta Coirini, Downloads — Getting Started Guides Bill Hall, Aki Ito, Nancy A. Locke, Ultan Ó Broin, Angelika Zerfaß All of our Getting Started Guides are available to Advertising readers for free download. You may download a [email protected] print-quality (larger size) or screen-quality PDF ¿ le of www.multilingual.com/advertising each of our 23 guides, including our latest, Getting 208-263-8178 Started Guide: South America. These guides are Subscriptions, back issues, valuable introductory overviews to topics such as customer service localization, writing for translation, internationalization, [email protected] and different geographic regions. www.multilingual.com/subscribe Download guides free at www.multilingual.com/gsg Submissions, letters [email protected] Editorial guidelines are available at www.multilingual.com/editorialWriter Reprints: [email protected] How to use www.multilingual.com MultiLingual Computing, Inc. GO TO the home page to see daily news updates and links 319 North First Avenue, Suite 2 to website content as well as current job postings. Sandpoint, Idaho 83864-1495 USA MANAGE your print or digital subscription at [email protected] www.multilingual.com/subscribe www.multilingual.com

FIND a technology or service by searching our database © MultiLingual Computing, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction of more than 1,600 industry resources at without permission is prohibited. For reprints and e-prints, please e-mail [email protected] or call 208-263-8178. www.multilingual.com/industryResources MultiLingual (ISSN 1523-0309), September 2007, is published monthly except Jan-Feb, Apr-May, Jul-Aug, Oct-Nov for US $58, CHECK OUT CURRENT THOUGHTS from the MultiLingual editorial international $85 per year by MultiLingual Computing, Inc., 319 North First Avenue, Suite 2, Sandpoint, ID 83864-1495. Periodicals board at www.multilingualblog.com postage paid at Sandpoint, ID and additional mailing offi ces. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to MultiLingual, 319 North PLAN your travels by checking the calendar of events at First Avenue, Suite 2, Sandpoint, ID 83864-1495. www.multilingual.com/calendar

6 | MultiLingual September 2007

06 MH #90.indd 6 8/9/07 8:29:19 AM Laurel Wagers Post Editing

Carrying on

If July was watching for rain on the Fourth, catching the scent of fresh-cut hay along a back road, reading purely for pleasure (okay, it was the Harry Potter fi nale), sunshine and fresh air, August is a different story. More than a million acres in Idaho and Montana are on fi re, the smoke invading and settling into river valleys, the sun Jred, the air “unhealthy” in mountain towns. Fire crews carry on against the odds, and at 92°F, everyone hopes for cool nights and the relief of rain — for September. Julieta Coirini in Argentina calls August a “transition month.” “Nothing really interesting or extreme tends to happen in the middle of the year,” she says, but this August is a cold one with snow all around, warming into the 40s°F, 8° to 10°C. Political campaigns heat up as the country approaches a spring (October) presidential election. Worlds away, translators are facing dangerous environments — with Iraq at the top of the list. “Translators who work for the US military in Iraq are as important to the overall mission as armor is to soldiers who patrol the streets of Baghdad — both are essential,” says a writer in the US military newspaper Stars and Stripes. (Note: translators don’t get body armor.) Last year, 50 of them received US visas. Many more than that have been killed. The Iraqi parliament and the US Congress are on vacation while soldiers, interpreters and “ordinary people” carry on, and Baghdad is “cooling down” to 87°F — 31°C — at night. Congressional Quarterly (July 30) says the US government “is still struggling” to fi nd qualifi ed personnel such as linguists, as we’ve heard before. And once they’re hired, “it takes between fi ve and seven years to fully develop an intelligence analyst,” says Ronald P. Sanders of the Offi ce of the Director of National Intelligence. However sophisticated the technology they use may become, people with language skills are needed — teachers, translators, analysts and trainers. Carry on. In this issue . . . We’re focusing on the tech side of the language industry — mostly translation tools — and who better to provide an overview of the current trends in tools than Jost Zetzsche? Benjamin B. Sargent and Yves Savourel add forward-looking commentary and a summary of standards. Then Richard Sikes explains how fuzzy matching works, Rafael Guzmán shows how to use regular expressions in post- editing Spanish machine translation, and Christie Fidura addresses the conveyor belt approach to terminology management. In a look at African languages, Arvi Hurskainen describes the development of tools for working with Swahili, and Linda Martindale tells the story of a nonprofi t organization building localized software for the languages of South Africa. Earl Mardle continues his examination of trends in e-government with a look at citizen access in the . Tom Edwards makes a strong case for geocultural literacy, John Freivalds illustrates the differences between two localization approaches, and Ultan Ó Broin explores social translation in his Takeaway. Ignacio Garcia and Vivian Stevenson review Lionbridge’s Logoport, and Fabien Côté reviews the book In Defence of French: A Language in Crisis? Language technology, translation and international software — the tools and activities of the language industry — are helping to change our world for the better. We’re planning an issue with a focus on those projects, and, if you know of one, please pass the word to [email protected] so that we may include it. Thanks! M

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07 PostEditing3 #90.indd 7 8/9/07 8:30:14 AM Announcements company was certifi ed ISO 9002:1994 in to promote translation study and improve 2001 — one of the industry’s fi rst for this awareness of translators’ work. VistaTEC celebrates qualifi cation. CCenterenter fforor LLiteraryiterary TTranslationranslation 10-year anniversary SStoquarttoquart SASA [email protected] [email protected] VistaTEC, a localization and pro- www.stoquart.com www.centerforliterarytranslation.org cess management solutions provider, has celebrated its tenth anniversary. TechWord SAP certifi cation renewed Founded with fi ve employees, the TechWord, a provider of software local- company now employs 105 and ization and technical translations, has provides global services to clients, seen its SAP certifi cation renewed for two including some of the world’s lead- years for the language combinations of

News ing technology companies from English<>French and German<>French. It its Dublin base. As a privately held has an auditing and certifi cation program localization company, VistaTEC is one that enables it to analyze its translation of very few companies to be entirely partners’ fi nancial and operational struc- owned and run by its management tures, as well as processes and performance. team and only answers to its clients. It also enables SAP to identify vendors that It has been able to grow organically can offer it and its partners the resources with an unwavering client focus. Its that fi t translation requirements best. largest clients have been retained for TTechWordechWord [email protected] over fi ve years and some since the company The Thin Green Line www.techword.fr opened its doors. premieres in 50 countries VVistaTECistaTEC [email protected], www.vistatec.ie Park rangers are environmental heroes CMU hosts workshop on who truly walk the “thin green line” every Arabic language technology ALC elections announced day and are the fi rst line of defense for the Information technology researchers and The Board of Directors of the Association world’s most endangered animals. The Thin executives from around the Middle East of Language Companies (ALC) has elected Green Line, a not-for-profi t documentary participated in an “Arabic Search Engine Marla Schulman of Schreiber Translations, about the important and dangerous envi- Workshop” hosted by Carnegie Mellon Inc. (STI), as president and Randy Morgan ronmental work of park rangers, has been University (CMU) in Qatar, held on June as vice president of the trade association. translated and voiced over by the Austra- 17-18, 2007. The meeting focused mostly Each will serve a one-year term expiring in lian translation agency PAEN Communica- on ways Qatar could become a commercial May 2008. tions Ltd. The company became aware of and research center for the advancement Schulman has more than 10 years of the documentary produced by Australian of Arabic language technologies. management experience in the translation ranger Sean Willmore and his work to CMU has expressed an interest in team- industry. STI provides translation, interpre- support park rangers and their families. ing with academic and business groups in tation, foreign language desktop publish- They then translated the documentary the area to develop regional expertise in ing and localization services. into French and Spanish and recorded the language technology. Its faculty and stu- The ALC is a trade organization repre- French and Spanish voiceovers to open dents would be made available to provide senting the interests of language services Willmore’s documentary up to millions of scientifi c and technological support for companies in the United States. Its member new viewers. web search and Arabic<>English machine companies translate manuals, packaging An international campaign organized a translation. and other materials relating to products worldwide simultaneous fi lm premiere span- Participating organizations in the workshop sold in countries where English is not ning 50 countries on July 31, 2007. In addition included CMU, Qatar University, ictQATAR, the primary language, and government to large-scale premieres in major world cities, iHorizons, Microsoft Egypt, Qatar Foundation, documents, including military and intel- individuals hosted their own premieres. Full Qatar National Research Fund, Qatar Science ligence materials; deliver simultaneous and details on how to support the documentary & Technology Park and Qatar Capital Partners. telephonic interpretation in hospitals and and the work of park rangers are available CCarnegiearnegie MellonMellon UniversityUniversity www.cmu.edu courtrooms and at conferences; localize online (www.thingreenline.info). websites and other marketing materials; PPAENAEN CCommunicationsommunications LLtd.td. Eriksen receives and offer foreign language instruction. [email protected], www.paen.net award and recognition TThehe AAssociationssociation ofof LanguageLanguage CCompaniesompanies Eriksen Translations Inc. has received the [email protected], www.alcus.org CLT launches website Woman’s Business Enterprise (WBE) Leader- The Center for Literary Translation (CLT) ship Award at the Women Presidents Educa- Stoquart receives ISO renewal at Columbia University has just launched tional Organization’s (WPEO) Breakthrough Stoquart SA, a provider of translation its website. Based on the writing division of Breakfast at Rockefeller Center’s Rainbow services, has just had its ISO 9001:2000 the Columbia University School of the Arts, Room on June 8, 2007, in New York City. The certifi cate of approval for translation and CLT is the joint creation of PEN American award is an acknowledgement of Eriksen’s localization services renewed for three Center, the online magazine Words With- fi rst place fi nish in the Second Annual Done years. With a large in-house staff of linguists out Borders, the poetry journal Circumfer- Deals Challenge. The competition measures and project managers, the Belgian-based ence and the writing division itself. It seeks the number of contracts reported in the last

8 | MultiLingual September 2007 [email protected]

08-19 News #90.indd 8 8/9/07 8:35:56 AM News 10th Annual

year between a certifi ed WBE and WPEO communication and cooperation among Localization corporate sponsors or other certifi ed WBEs. staff from all locales. BEC staff chose Eriksen was also named as one of the among 14 conference sessions to discuss Project Managers 100 women-owned business enterprises further improvements for the company. Roundtable impacting supplier diversity in the sum- With headquarters in Beijing and branches mer 2007 issue of Women’s Enterprise USA in Shanghai, Shenyang, Chengdu, Hong magazine. The language services provider Kong, the United States and Singapore, the was certifi ed by the Women’s Business company currently has more than 150 full- Enterprise National Council in 2001 and time employees. has successfully leveraged the relation- BBeijingeijing EE-C-C TTranslationranslation LLtd.td. ships it has formed with supplier diversity [email protected], www.e-cchina.com executives to expand its reach within major corporations. Changes EEriksenriksen TranslationsTranslations Inc.Inc. [email protected], www.erikseninc.com LinguaLinx opens west coast offi ce 16-18 September 2007 LinguaLinx Language Solutions, Inc., a full- Localization certifi cation program service translation agency, opened a west Lake Tahoe, California grows with 122 new graduates coast offi ce in San Francisco, California, on Conference Fee: $900 In July 2007, California State University June 25, 2007. The strategic opening of the (CSU) at Chico hosted its second compre- LinguaLinx California offi ce complements Translation Management hensive educational workshop in local- the company’s existing east coast presence Systems ization with its organizing partners, the and is in alignment with the fi rm’s vision of A double session focusing on: Globalization and Localization Association solidifying its reputation as a top provider of Critical functions within TMS solutions, (GALA) and the Localization Institute. Sixty- multilingual solutions. attributes of TMS products, TMS gaps. six students received the localization certi- Overseeing the new offi ce in the heart of fi cation offered at CSU, Chico, joining 34 San Francisco’s fi nancial district is Adrienne Types of Localization others who completed the program earlier Pardini. In her expanded role, Pardini will How localization project managers’ work this year at its newest location in Marseille, serve as the west coast account executive in medical industries differs from that of other participants’ industries. France. Twenty-two additional advanced handling sales as well as supporting exist- graduates completed the program’s new ing clients throughout the western United Agile Development project management workshop featuring States, and Mexico. Methodologies and Localization LLinguaLinxinguaLinx LanguageLanguage Solutions,Solutions, Inc.Inc. 30 hours of online training, a two-day Is there such a thing as Agile Localization? workshop in Chico with guest speakers and [email protected], www.lingualinx.com hands-on lab activities, and a certifi cation Perspectives on Quality exam. Overall, there was more than a 100% Quicksilver updates services, Differentiation between the types of increase in participation over 2006, the adds offi ces in China and localization QA & QC. program’s inaugural year. Quicksilver Translate, a provider of trans- GGlobalizationlobalization andand LocalizationLocalization AssociationAssociation lation and documentation services, has Open sessions [email protected], www.gala-global.org updated its services offerings to include Focus on one or more topics of your choice. CCaliforniaalifornia StateState University,University, ChicoChico a new integrated translation and desktop [email protected], www.csuchico.edu/localize publishing process. Special Pre-roundtable The company has also opened new offi ces TMS Workshop featuring in Barcelona, Spain, and Shanghai, China. in-person product demos from: QQuicksilveruicksilver TranslateTranslate across [email protected] www.quicksilvertranslate.com Idiom SDL KERN opens China Agenda topics subject to change without notice. offi ce, relaunches website KERN Global Language Services has opened its new sales offi ce in , China, thereby furthering the planned expansion of the last few years. From the Beijing E-C Translation holds new offi ce, KERN will offer translating conference at 10-year mark and interpreting in all world languages, as The Beijing E-C Translation Ltd. (BEC), a well as software, multimedia and website translation and localization service pro- localization; desktop publishing; terminol- Localization vider, is celebrating its tenth anniversary in ogy management; and printing of foreign 2007. In addition to a staff celebration, a language documents. Institute conference was held in order to strengthen KERN has relaunched its website in the 608.233.1790 www.localizationinstitute.com www.multilingual.com September 2007 MultiLingual | 9

08-19 News #90.indd 9 8/9/07 8:35:57 AM News

Web 2.0 Design. By using all the facilities Italian, Russian and Chinese. schedule — in Berlin, . The new provided by the Web 2.0 technologies, KKERNERN GGloballobal LLanguageanguage SServiceservices offi ce will help Tilti Systems to meet the a visitor can fi nd detailed information [email protected], www.e-kern.com needs of its growing client base, especially about languages, all translation and other in Germany and the Nordic countries. The services the company offers, and language Tilti Systems opens Berlin offi ce company provides customers with a single, programs abroad. In the near future, the Tilti Systems AG, a localization and integrated solution for the management website will be available to international translation services provider, has opened of the localization process and transla- visitors and customers in Spanish, French, its fi fth offi ce — three months ahead of tion memory through its Agora platform (http://agora.tilti.com). TTiltiilti SystemsSystems AGAG [email protected] www.tilti.com

Ocean Translations’ website live Ocean Translations S.R.L., a translation and desktop publishing company, has announced that the company’s redesigned website is live. Along with previously announced new premises, the newly designed website is part of the company’s expansion plan initiated in 2005. OOceancean TranslationsTranslations S.R.L.S.R.L. [email protected] www.oceantranslations.com

Mozilla China localized China has offi cially started its operation. The China offi ce will focus on marketing the Chinese version of as well as to work on other open-source soft- ware projects. The Chinese Firefox will no longer be the simple translation of its Eng- lish version, but also include localization settings for Chinese users and websites. As Google’s global partner, Mozilla will con- tinue to collaborate with the search engine giant in China, but the new Chinese offi ce will also explore other marketing opportu- nities with various parties. MMozillaozilla FoundationFoundation www.mozilla.org Collaboration Alchemy collaboration benefi ts ProZ.com members Alchemy Software Development Ltd., cre- ators of visual localization and translation solutions, has announced the beginning of a collaboration with ProZ.com, an enabling and sourcing platform for language profes- sionals. Through ProZ.com’s online commu- nity, members will be able to learn about, download and deploy Alchemy CATALYST 7.0 Translator Pro, available at preferential pricing and backed by Alchemy’s support team using ProZ.com’s forum platform. AAlchemylchemy SoftwareSoftware DevelopmentDevelopment Ltd.Ltd. [email protected] www.alchemysoftware.ie PProZ.comroZ.com [email protected] www.proz.com/connect

10 | MultiLingual September 2007 [email protected]

08-19 News #90.indd 10 8/9/07 8:35:58 AM News

Welocalize acquires representing nutritional information on food Interface Pack to a number of emerging TechIndex localization division packaging globally. The main challenge was markets languages as part of its Local Welocalize, a provider of globalization developing icons or images that would work Language Program. SDL Trados technology services, has completed its acquisition of with or without language in over 109 locales. is being used as the standard across uni- the localization division of TechIndex, a This case study covers how ENLASO’s linguis- versities, agencies and freelance translators creator of new business models assembling tic iconographers determined which images who are working on this project. all components of expertise in datacenter, would work in all regions without offend- SSDLDL IInternationalnternational video, mobile/web and system develop- ing local cultural sensitivities. McDonald’s [email protected], www.sdl.com ment. The acquisition marks a signifi cant is making the fi nal nutritional icons freely MMicrosofticrosoft CorporationCorporation expansion in Japan for Welocalize with the available to the food and restaurant indus- [email protected], www.microsoft.com addition of experienced, in-house Japanese tries worldwide, thereby hoping to help set translators, quality control and project a standard for visually conveying nutritional FG partners with across management professionals. information. FG, a language service provider, has WWelocalizeelocalize [email protected] EENLASONLASO CorporationCorporation [email protected] announced a strategic partnership with www.welocalize.com www.translate.com across Systems GmbH, a provider of corpo- rate translation management software. FG Moravia and SunFlare attain SDL centralizes Royal Philips, will be using across Language Server as a Idiom Platinum LSP status collaborates with Microsoft production platform. FG envisions this affi li- Moravia Worldwide, a provider of global- SDL International, a provider of global ation as an opportunity to further penetrate ization solutions, has become a platinum information management (GIM) solutions, the ever-growing globalization market in member of the Idiom Technologies LSP has announced that Royal Philips Electron- Europe with a specifi c focus on countries Partner Program. Idiom is a supplier of SaaS ics has standardized its on-demand GIM such as Germany with its export-oriented and on-premise server-based globalization technology to handle translation for its industries. management systems, and Moravia World- consumer electronics, domestic appliances FFGG UUSASA [email protected], www.f-g.com wide has been elevated to this tier of the LSP and medical divisions around the globe. By aacrosscross SystemsSystems GmbHGmbH program because of its expertise in imple- using one centralized system for delivering [email protected], www.across.net menting Idiom WorldServer with end-user content across more than 35 languages, clients. Moravia has also implemented Idiom Royal Philips Electronics says that it has Language Access Networks in WorldServer as an important component of already reduced the time needed to deliver partnership with viaLanguage the company’s internal localization workfl ow content to global websites. Language Access Network, Inc., a pro- solution. Over the past year Moravia has SDL has collaborated with Microsoft vider of video/audio interpretation services, played an important role in the development Corporation, a provider of business soft- has announced the details of a strategic of Idiom WorldServer by providing specifi c ware, services and solutions, to enable the partnership with viaLanguage, a provider recommendations for feature and function- delivery of the Windows Vista Language of global online translation and localization ality enhancements. Idiom has also named SunFlare Co., Ltd., a supplier of globalization software and ser- vices, to the Platinum tier in the Idiom LSP Partner Program. SunFlare is the exclusive distributor of WorldServer in Japan. Idiom considers the company instrumental in the development and testing of WorldServer for the Japanese market. IIdiomdiom Technologies,Technologies, Inc.Inc. [email protected], www.idiominc.com MMoraviaoravia WorldwideWorldwide [email protected] www.moraviaworldwide.com SSunFlareunFlare CoCo. , Ltd.Ltd. www.sunfl are.com

ENLASO and McDonald’s release case study on icons ENLASO Corporation, a translation and localization solutions provider, and McDon- ald’s, a global food service retailer, have released a case study on how icons designed to represent nutritional information were culturally evaluated for worldwide use. McDonald’s decided to take its Nutritional Initiative to all of its markets by visually

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08-19 News #90.indd 11 8/9/07 8:35:58 AM News

services. The strategic partnership is aimed combined services and health-care exper- Microsoft to enhance the user experience on to deliver a combined package of services tise will enhance the effectiveness of their Microsoft Live Search by adding news results to the health-care segment, thus help- community outreach, education materials, to specifi c user queries. It helps organizations ing health-care plans and hospitals better patient-doctor visits and so on, in both writ- use information locked in unstructured data meet the growing demand for multicultural and on-demand video/audio format. that cannot be found through simple key- communication. In addition to helping LLanguageanguage AccessAccess Network,Network, Inc.Inc. word matching. Advanced statistical algo- health-care organizations more clearly www.languageaccessnetwork.com rithms enable the discovery of entities such communicate the value of their programs vviaLanguageiaLanguage [email protected] as names, places, dates and other phrases to limited-English-speaking patients, the www.vialanguage.com that establish the real meaning in text. REX is designed for integration into software sys- pi-consult reseller tems for information retrieval, text mining, for Language Weaver relationship extraction, business intelligence, Language Weaver, a software company military intelligence, e-commerce and other developing enterprise software for the applications that classify, analyze and mine automated translation of human lan- textual information. guages, and pi-consult across Solutions, an BBasisasis TechnologyTechnology Corp.Corp. integrated business division of pi-consult [email protected], www.basistech.com gmbh, have signed a reseller and technol- ogy integration agreement. pi-consult is a certifi ed across Systems technology part- ner and information technology consulting company. It will resell Language Weaver’s statistical machine translation technology integrated with across Systems’ transla- tion management system which includes a translation memory and terminology system as well as tools for project and workfl ow management. LLanguageanguage WWeavereaver [email protected] www.languageweaver.com MadCap Software joins ppi-consulti-consult gmbhgmbh [email protected] Alchemy Alliance Program www.pi-consult.de Alchemy Software Development Ltd., a developer of visual translation memory Elevation Partners (TM) solutions, and MadCap Software, Inc., acquires SDI Media Group creators of new industry standards in Help SDI Media Group, a provider of subti- authoring and multi-channel publishing, tling and language dubbing services to the have collaborated in a joint technology entertainment industry, has been acquired partnership that combines technical con- by Elevation Partners. Elevation is purchas- tent creation with visual TM technology. ing the company from Warburg Pincus, the MadCap Software has joined the Alchemy private equity fi rm that acquired SDI Media Alliance Program, an initiative designed in 2004. Through its translation network, to accelerate the delivery of innovative SDI provides foreign language subtitling localization solutions that remove the bar- and dubbing services for the theatrical, riers faced by organizations that operate in home entertainment, broadcast and new international markets. Both companies will media distribution of entertainment con- provide interoperability between MadCap tent throughout the world. Flare and Alchemy Language Exchange to Over the years, SDI has developed propri- create an integrated solution for single- etary software and has built an extensive source content creation and multilingual network of more than 650 employees and content publishing. 4,000 freelancers worldwide. AAlchemylchemy SoftwareSoftware DevelopmentDevelopment Ltd.Ltd. SSDIDI MMediaedia GGrouproup [email protected] [email protected] www.sdimediagroup.com www.alchemysoftware.ie MMadCapadCap Software,Software, Inc.Inc. Basis REX licensed to [email protected] Microsoft Live Search www.madcapsoftware.com Basis Technology Corp., a provider of soft- ware solutions for multilingual text mining STI translates for McAfee and information retrieval applications, has Schreiber Translations, Inc. (STI), a busi- licensed its Rosette Entity Extractor (REX) to ness translations services company, has

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been providing translation support for tools, have partnered with the aim of integrat- for business development and customer McAfee, Inc. STI has translated more than ing XTRF and XTM to create a combined lan- service for European clients with a special half a million words of software training guage service provider management system focus on the Scandinavian market. presentations and manuals from English and CAT tool. The resultant enterprise-scale Anabel Serrano has been hired as busi- into Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese product will be web-based and will enable ness development manager for Catalunya. and German for McAfee users worldwide. translation companies to carry out general Serrano will be located in the Barcelona, It has also supplied McAfee with the administration, customer relationship manage- Spain, offi ce. She brings a strong back- translation of legal documents. ment and supplier relationship management ground in sales, communication and cus- SSchreiberchreiber Translations,Translations, Inc.Inc. tasks, while also benefi ting from a computer- tomer relationship from previous positions [email protected] assisted translation tool. within both the localization and telecom www.schreibernet.com LLido-Langido-Lang TechnicalTechnical TranslationsTranslations industry. offi [email protected], www.lidolang.com CCPSLPSL [email protected], www.cpsl.com MultiCorpora and Plunet XXML-INTLML-INTL [email protected] form integration alliance www.xml-intl.com Moravia Worldwide MultiCorpora R&D Inc., a provider of appoints chief sales offi cer multilingual asset management solutions, People Moravia Worldwide, a provider of global- and Plunet GmbH, a provider of translation ization solutions, has appointed Véronique business and workfl ow management soft- CPSL expands sales force Ozkaya as chief sales offi cer with the ware for the translation and documenta- CPSL, a provider of language solutions, overall responsibility for the company’s tion industry, have announced an alliance consultancy and events management, has global business services development. whereby they integrate core platforms to expanded its sales force with three new She will be based in the company’s head- deliver a workfl ow and globalization man- members joining its business development quarters in Brno, . Ozkaya agement system designed specifi cally for management team. CPSL also has hired joins Moravia with over 13 years of inter- language service providers, governments 10-year industry veteran Julia Cabrera as national and specifi c localization industry and global corporations. This new offering deputy production manager. experience. She spent the last 10 years at combines MultiTrans’ TextBase multilingual Vikki Callaghan will head up a new sales Lionbridge Technologies, where she held asset management solution with Plunet center in the . She has held a number of senior roles. BusinessManager. various project and account management MMoraviaoravia WorldwideWorldwide MMultiCorporaultiCorpora R&DR&D Inc.Inc. [email protected] positions as well as senior positions in [email protected] www.multicorpora.com companies such as SDL, RWS Translation www.moraviaworldwide.com PPlunetlunet GGmbHmbH [email protected], www.plunet.de Group and others. Anna Quinth has joined the European Geo Group adds staff Welsh Language Board solidifi es sales team. Quinth will be located in Bar- The Geo Group Corporation continues collaboration with Microsoft celona, Spain, and assume responsibility to grow, adding May Lor, Carter Dary and The Welsh Language Board, an organiza- tion founded to promote and facilitate the use of the Welsh language, and Microsoft Corporation, a provider of business soft- ware, services and solutions, have formally recognized the collaboration of the two entities with a Memorandum of Under- standing. Microsoft’s investment in devel- oping software to provide Welsh language information technology goes hand in hand with the Welsh Language Board’s efforts to mainstream the Welsh language as a part of everyday life. Free Welsh Language Interface Packs for Windows Vista and Offi ce 2007 will be available to download by the end of 2007. WWelshelsh LLanguageanguage BBoardoard [email protected] www.bwrdd-yr-iaith.org.uk MMicrosofticrosoft CorporationCorporation [email protected], www.microsoft.com

XTRF integrated with XML-INTL XTRF Management Systems, a division of Lido-Lang Technical Translations, and XML- INTL, a developer of authoring and translation

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Amanda Dorn to the sales department and Industry veteran In his previous position as director of Robin Reinke to its desktop publishing team. joins Translations.com professional services for SYSTRAN, Allen was The Geo Group provides translation, AV/ Translations.com, a language and tech- instrumental in developing and servicing multimedia production, software localiza- nology solutions provider, has announced key accounts. Prior to that he obtained cli- tion, website localization and interpreting that industry veteran Jeff Allen has joined ent-side experience at Caterpillar. Allen is a services and US Hispanic consulting. the company. Allen will manage the Trans- member of the MultiLingual editorial board. TThehe GGeoeo GGrouproup CCorporationorporation lations.com Paris offi ce and will spearhead TTranslations.comranslations.com [email protected] [email protected] business development and strategic account www.translations.com www.thegeogroup.com development in continental Europe. Conversis adds marketing coordinator Conversis, Ltd., an international business consultancy and provider of translation and localization services, has added Priscilla Midgley as its new marketing coordinator. Midgley speaks several languages; has more than eight years of international marketing experience; and has knowledge of manag- SAVE THE DATE: ing multilingual accounts. CConversis,onversis, Ltd.Ltd. [email protected] www.conversisglobal.com

STAR Servicios Lingüísticos appoints a new sales manager STAR Servicios Lingüísticos, a transla- October 15–17, 2007 • San Jose, California tion services and linguistic technology company, has appointed Sergio Martínez Immerse yourself in cutting-edge topics Arango the new sales manager of its Bar- and new technologies, all geared for the celona offi ce. His industry background includes experience as a translator and internationalization community. project manager before changing direc- The Internationalization & Unicode® Conference, sponsored by Gold Sponsor tions by becoming a sales representative Adobe, is the premier annual technical conference focusing on multilingual, at Luxottica Group. global software and Web internationalization. Each IUC conference features a SSTARTAR SServicioservicios LLingüísticosingüísticos SS.L..L. variety of tutorials and conference sessions that cover current topics related [email protected] to Web and software internationalization, globalization, and Unicode. www.star-spain.com The three-day conference will feature a keynote by Robert Bringhurst, noted poet, book designer, typographer, historian and linguist. The conference includes a full Products day of tutorials followed by two days of presentations, panels and discussions, plus, for the first time, the Unicode Technical Committee Meeting will be Sajan X-Content Integration co-located. There will also be technology exhibits and demonstrations. Sajan, Inc., a provider of language trans- lation technology and services, has created The conference attracts industry leaders from across the globe including Unicode X-Content Integration, which provides an experts, implementers, clients and vendors. The unique interactive format open integration framework for all content makes the Internationalization & Unicode Conference the best place to meet management systems, fi les systems and and exchange ideas with the experts, discover the needs of potential clients, other business applications. When used and gather information about new and existing Unicode-enabled products. with Sajan’s GCMS, the offering includes www.unicodeconference.org/ml direct access to all translated content; compliance controls; advanced reporting; MEDIA SPONSOR: GOLD SPONSOR: and other patent-pending technological ® advancements in the global content space. SSajan,ajan, Inc.Inc. [email protected] www.sajan.com

ECTACO SpeechGuard 5 series For up-to-date information or to register: Ectaco, Inc., the creators of an interna- VISIT: www.unicodeconference.org/ml tional language device and software, has EMAIL: [email protected] developed SpeechGuard GI-5 and PD-5, Unicode and the Unicode Logo are trademarks of Unicode, Inc. All other marks are the property of their respective owners. designed to allow military and law enforce- ment entities to communicate thoroughly in

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a multitude of languages and ways without tool provides automation testing functional- analysts to translate foreign names from the assistance of a human translator. The ity during manual testing by running in the Arabic and Persian into the Latin alphabet. SpeechGuard 5 series has cultural aware- background, automatically fi nding graphical It also includes applications for locating ness notes, audio phrasebooks and text user interface (GUI) defects and reporting Middle Eastern place names against maps translation for multiple languages, audio them in a predefi ned format. In this way and for typing Arabic with an ordinary player for mp3 fi les, calendar planner, voice test engineers can combine specifi c manual English keyboard. recorder, and the capability to connect to test runs — localization testing or functional BBasisasis TechnologyTechnology Corp.Corp. external amplifi cation devices such as PA testing — along with continuous GUI testing [email protected], www.basistech.com systems or loudspeakers. without the need to deploy large-scale com- EEctaco,ctaco Inc.Inc. [email protected] mercial automation tools. Adobe FrameMaker 8 www.ectaco.com MMoraviaoravia WWorldwideorldwide Adobe Systems Incorporated has an- [email protected] nounced the release of Adobe FrameMaker www.moraviaworldwide.com 8 software, an authoring and publishing tool that combines word processing with Author-it Live XML. The new version provides support for Author-it Software Corporation, a devel- broader fi le formats, and the integration of oper of software for authoring, content XML accelerates the creation, localization management, publishing and localization, (supports Unicode text encoding) and dis- has introduced Author-it Live, a web-based tribution of content for output across oper- authoring, content management and pub- ating systems, devices and platforms. New lishing solution. The web-based delivery Unicode support enables authors to publish capabilities of the online version provide a a single document in multiple languages. user with an enterprise-level content man- FrameMaker 8 will be available in localized agement system combined with the access versions in French and German. Moravia QASight FaultFinder of the web from any location. AAdobedobe SystemsSystems IncorporatedIncorporated testing automation tool Author-it SSoftwareoftware CorporationCorporation www.adobe.com Moravia Worldwide has announced that [email protected], www.author-it.com its QASight business unit, provider of product FAST InStream 5.1 globalization testing services, has released a Basis Arabic Desktop Suite Fast Search & Transfer has launched FAST new version of its FaultFinder testing tool. Basis Technology Corp., a provider of InStream 5.1, the latest version of its embed- FaultFinder was developed specifi cally to software solutions for multilingual text ded enterprise search platform designed for address the ineffi ciency testers face when mining and information retrieval appli- original equipment manufacturer partners having to choose between pure manual test- cations, has developed Arabic Desktop and technology providers. New relevancy ing on the one hand and the use of large- Suite, a trio of productivity applications management and linguistic features include footprint, commercially-available software for . This suite enables 80 languages; advanced linguistics offered test automation solutions on the other. The translators, report writers and intelligence for 27 languages; query-side lemmatization No Complications. No Side Effects. www.fxtrans.com

Medical translations you can trust.

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by expansion improves recall without index for Windows XP and Vista. The new version director of research. The center reports to overhead; Linguistics Studio for graphical 4.3 offers compatible features with My Ara- Johns Hopkins’ vice provost for research, user interface-based dictionary manage- bic Teacher’s Macintosh v2.1.2 along with Theodore O. Poehler. ment; improved Asian language support; updates and interface upgrade. It is designed Together with the faculties at Johns and synonym dictionary selection on a per- for both Arabic-speaking natives as well as Hopkins University and the University of query basis. for English-speaking students and meets Maryland, the center will help train the FFastast SearchSearch & TransferTransfer academic standards worldwide. Two new next generation of language technology [email protected], www.fastsearch.com versions of Mualimi — French-Arabic and scientists by providing research opportu- Russian-Arabic — are planned for release in nities, graduate fellowships and doctoral termprofi le.com for the fall of 2007. degree programs. The center will invite translators and interpreters PPearlinkearlink SSoftwareoftware IInt’l,nt’l, IInc.nc. outside researchers to workshops to share sprachmanagement.net interpreter Anja [email protected] insights and test new ideas. Although the Rütten has created termprofi le.com — an www.arabicteacher.com center will be addressing government online tool that forwards queries to Google needs, software developed by the center when checking the frequency of use of a Resources could have many commercial applications. certain expression. The tool can compare JJohnsohns HopkinsHopkins UniversityUniversity www.jhu.edu frequency of source term to frequency Language Technology Center of target term; fi nd badly translated or funded at Johns Hopkins Tool Box version 5.7 e-book uncommon expressions; fi nd regionalisms; The Johns Hopkins University has been International Writers’ Group, LLC, has check alternatives in one language; and see awarded a long-term, multimillion dol- announced the release of version 5.7 of its the frequency of a term in relation to the lar contract to establish and operate a Tool Box e-book. The Tool Box is a compre- overall text stock of the internet comparing Human Language Technology Center of hensive computer primer for everyone in the the number of hits to the number of hits of Excellence near its Homewood campus in translation industry and covers all aspects a very general word of the same language. Baltimore. The center’s research will focus of computer life from the operating system ssprachmanagement.netprachmanagement.net on advanced technology for automatically to translation tools. The revised e-book now [email protected] analyzing a wide range of speech, text and comes with updated information on the http://termprofi le.com document image data in multiple languages. latest releases of Microsoft’s products and The center will be staffed by engineers, translation environment tools. Mualimi v4.3 for mathematicians, computer scientists, lin- IInternationalnternational WWriters’riters’ GGroup,roup, LLCLLC Windows XP and Vista guists, cognitive experts and other leading [email protected] Pearlink Software Int’l, Inc., a developer researchers. www.internationalwriters.com of business applications, utilities and edu- Johns Hopkins has hired Gary W. Strong cational software, has released Mualimi v4.3 as executive director and James K. Baker as Lionbridge opens translation institute in India Lionbridge Technologies, Inc., has intro- duced the Aksharmala program, an Indic language translator training and certifi - cation program, as part of the company’s continued development of an industry- ready translator base in Indic languages. To facilitate the program, Lionbridge formed a partnership with SNDT, an educational institution that runs post-graduate pro- grams in several Indic languages. A com- prehensive screening test was designed to test applicants on various aspects of language competence. LLionbridgeionbridge Technologies,Technologies, Inc.Inc. German Localization Provider www.lionbridge.com 9 SDL releases study fi ndings 9 According to a study by Forrester Consult- %NGLISH  'ERMAN ing commissioned by the global information € PER WORD 9 management staff at SDL International, less than a quarter of American companies are 9 $ISCOUNTS AVAILABLE FOR able to offer a consistent online customer LARGE CONTRACTS AND AGENCIES 9 experience in multiple languages. Compared to European marketers, half as many Ameri- !SK FOR OUR #OMPANY  0RICES BROCHURE 4HINK 'LOBAL 'MB( \ "ERLIN \ 'ERMANY can marketers say that their brand values 4EL   ˆ     \ MLC THINK GLOBALCOM WWWTHINK GLOBALCOM are well represented in all of their supported

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languages. As a result, only 24% of US mar- certifi cation levels: Verifi ed, Validated and Bilingual Dictionary contains 59,758 pairs keters say that their customer experiences Certifi ed. Certifi cation levels are determined of English-German terms with their parts of are consistent across all languages, compared by Common Sense Advisory. All informa- speech. The ELRA-M0037 SCI-ANES English- to 54% in Europe. 35% of the survey’s total tion is up to date and reliable. For users of Spanish Bilingual Dictionary contains around respondents cited language and translation language services, including both transla- 60,000 pairs of English-Spanish terms with issues, while another 35% cited cultural tion and localization, The Orange Book of their parts of speech. differences as the main barriers to effective Translation Companies helps buyers zero in ELRA has published six Evaluation Packages global market management. on specifi c skills and capabilities. in its catalogue. These Evaluation Packages SSDLDL IInternationalnternational CCommonommon SenseSense Advisory,Advisory, Inc.Inc. were produced within the French national [email protected], www.sdl.com [email protected] www.commonsenseadvisory.com Map of the World Wide Web Byte Level Research has published the Globalization Handbook for the 1UALITYISMORETHANJUSTAWORD Map of the World Wide Web — a tool for Microsoft .NET Platform, Part IV web globalization professionals (www.byte Part IV of Globalization Handbook for the level.com/map). Map of the World Wide Microsoft .NET Platform by international- Web includes 180 of the 250 country codes ization expert Bill Hall is now available for currently in use, covering most United download in PDF format exclusively from Nations countries. Each two-digit code is MultiLingual Computing, Inc. (www.multi aligned over the country it represents, and lingual.com/ebooks). each world region is color coded with the Four substantial chapters comprise Part legend below for quick and easy reference. IV. The fi rst two chapters cover the String BByteyte LLevelevel RResearchesearch [email protected] class — fi rst its fi elds, properties and con- www.bytelevel.com structors; then String class methods. The third chapter discusses the CompareInfo TM Marketplace offering grows and SortKey classes, and the fi nal chapter TM Marketplace LLC has extensively en- explains the TextInfo and StringInfo classes. larged its offering of translation memories All chapters are thoroughly illustrated with &SSPS4QZ  (TMs). In addition to the TM licenses it screenshots, tables, code snippets and other 4HE QUALITY ASSURANCE SOFTWARE brokers for industry giants such as General illustrations to help the reader understand Motors, it now also offers TMs from Eng- and use the information, and nearly all of FOR TRANSLATIONS lish into German, French, Chinese, Russian, the examples in Part IV have been updated (OWCANYOUENSURETHATTHE TECHNICAL TERMSOFYOURCOMPANYAREUSEDCORRECTLY Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, French, Dutch, to .NET 2.0/3.0. Hall draws from a worldwide ANDCONSISTENTLYINAPAGEMANUAL Korean, Italian, Spanish and Japanese based array of languages to create his examples. %RROR3PY CHECKS on the Windows Vista online help system; He shows fi ve sorting orders for various ’ 0ROPER USE OF TERMINOLOGY English into French and German based on forms of Chinese, for example, and provides ’ !CCURACY OF NUMBERS the Adobe Acrobat online documentation; illustrations of sorting in Slovak, Japanese ’ &ORMAT OF YOUR TEXTS and English into Portuguese, German and katakana and hiragana, Finnish, Georgian, ’ #OMPLETENESS OF THE TRANSLATION ’ )NTEGRITYOFTAGS French based on the online documentation German, Hungarian and Spanish.  ANDMUCHMORE for Nokia third-generation cell phones. In printed form, this section is more than %RROR3PY AUTOMATICALLY GENERATES Companies can order customized TMs that 100 pages of solid, tested internationaliza- ’ ALISTOFERRORSAND are generated from already-published con- tion guidance. All four parts of the book ’ A CUSTOMIZED EVALUATION OF THE tent according to language combination, are available separately for download, and TRANSLATION QUALITY subject matter and client. Hall also plans to provide updates in the &ORMATS SUPPORTED TTMM MMarketplacearketplace LLCLLC same format as .NET evolves into newer ’ !LL4RADOSFORMATS24& 448 ’ 4RANSLATION -EMORIES 4-8 4RADOS [email protected] versions. ’ "ILINGUAL TEXT lLES www.tmmarketplace.com MMultiLingualultiLingual Computing,Computing, Inc.Inc. ’ 4RANSIT lLES [email protected] &REELANCE VERSION  €  The Orange Book of www.multilingual.com &ULL VERSION  €  Translation Companies 0LEASE ADD LOCAL TAXES WHERE APPROPRIATE Common Sense Advisory, Inc., an inde- ELRA adds language resource, 3ERVER BASED VERSION ALSO AVAILABLE pendent market research fi rm specializing lexicon and evaluation packages in the language services industry, has The European Language Resources Asso- released The Orange Book of Translation ciation (ELRA) has added several new lan- Companies, thus giving users free access guage resources to its Language Resources to its research database — a listing of the Catalogue. The ELRA-S0240 French-Canadian $/' $OKUMENTATION OHNE 'RENZEN 'MB( services, languages and specializations Speecon database is comprised of the record- % -AIL INFO DOG GMBHDE offered by hundreds of language services ings of 550 adult French-Canadian speakers WWWDOG GMBHDE s WWWMULTILINGUAL PRODUCTSCOM providers. The free online reference tool and 50 child French-Canadian speakers. The also ranks each provider according to three ELRA-M0038 SCI-AN-ALL English-German

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research program Technolangue funded by perspective of interpreters themselves. The commercial instructor-led courses. the French Ministry of Research and New book will include personal anecdotes from MultiLingual Computing is participating Technologies. Each package includes the interpreters working in an array of settings. in this effort by making these materials material that was used and/or produced for It is intended to show how interpreters are available on its website at www.multilingual each evaluation campaign: resources, proto- helping meet a basic human need — the .com/courseMaterials. It is hoped that the cols, scoring tools, results of the campaign need to communicate with others. distribution of this material will contribute and so on. The aim of these evaluation pack- Stories are invited from interpreters to the improved understanding of interna- ages is to enable external players to evaluate working in all settings. Stories should aim tionalization issues by software developers. their own systems and compare their results to provide readers with a greater under- GG.. WWatsonatson IInternationalizationnternationalization SServiceservices against those obtained during the evalua- standing of the importance of interpreters’ [email protected] tion campaigns. work. Submissions should be received by MMultiLingualultiLingual Computing,Computing, Inc.Inc. EELRA/ELDALRA/ELDA [email protected], www.elda.org December 3, 2007. [email protected] NNatalyataly KKelly,elly, EEditorditor [email protected] www.multilingual.com Interpreters are focus of new book www.fromourlips.com The publication of a new book that will L10N Forum now online showcase interpreters and their contribu- Software internationalization A new online community for localization tions to society has been announced by course materials available online professionals has been created by the lan- the editor, Nataly Kelly, an interpreter and G. Watson Internationalization Services, a guage services fi rm Rubric. The L10N Forum author of a book on telephone interpret- provider of technical consulting and train- (www.l10n-forum.org) is now open to the ing, published by Multilingual Matters. ing, and MultiLingual Computing, Inc., are public. The forum provides topic areas on The upcoming book, From Our Lips to Your cooperating to make public domain copies all aspects of product and marketing local- Ears: How Interpreters Are Changing the of software internationalization course ization and globalization. Topic categories World, marks the fi rst published compen- materials available to both the commercial include globalization business issues and dium of stories about the unique and com- marketplace and academic institutions. trends; technical aspects to localization, plex profession of interpreting from the These materials have been used to deliver translation technologies and localization project management; and job postings. Registration is required to post a message, but anyone can read the forums. COMMUNICATION. RRubricubric [email protected], www.rubric.com IN ANY LANGUAGE. Translation studies book from Multilingual Matters Multilingual Matters has published A Companion to Translation Studies edited by Piotr Kuhiwczak (University of Warwick) and Karin Littau (University of Essex). The book, the fi rst work of its kind, provides an authoritative guide to key approaches in translation studies. All of the essays were specially commissioned for this collection and are written by international experts in the fi eld. Accompanied by an extensive bibliography, the book provides an entry point for students and scholars exploring the multifaceted and fast-developing dis- cipline of translation studies. We make translation look easy. MMultilingualultilingual MattersMatters WHEN ACCURACY COUNTS, CONVERSIS DELIVERS. [email protected] www.multilingual-matters.com With Conversis, choosing the right translation partner has never been easier. Because at Conversis, we offer much more than high-quality translations. Research document outlines You can trust us to deliver turnkey localization solutions on-time, on-target and university translator training role in-budget. Every time. That’s why you should connect with Conversis today. Horacio R. Dal Dosso, an English<>Span- ish certifi ed public translator specializing in

N. AMERICA (214) 443 9229 | S. AMERICA 55 (0) 12 39 137088 | U.K. 44 (0) 845 450 0805 business, international trade, information www.conversisglobal.com technology, telework and legal texts, has prepared a research work for his doctorate Visit our Web site to order our free booklet “What every manager should know about translation.” studies at the University of Granada, Spain Guidebooks currently available for French, German, Romanian and Bulgarian translations. (www.hdosso.com.ar/LITPUFTA.pdf). His research lines are translator training

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and new technologies. The research — “The LLE’s private label program partners are per- local languages, discover the most popular inclusion of ICT in university-based translator mitted to brand the service as part of their and relevant videos in their individual mar- training programs in Argentina” — focuses business portfolios, with the capability to kets, and connect with other local users. on three main aspects: academic, techno- create customized greetings, voice prompts GGoogle,oogle, Inc.Inc. www.google.com logical and professional. It shows the key and marketing collateral. LLE even provides role of universities in the training of future marketing, sales and technical support. SDL launches idea portal, translators in the use of translation-related LLLELE - LanguageLanguage ServicesServices certifi cation program localized information and communication technolo- [email protected], www.lle-inc.com SDL International, a provider of global gies (ICTs), and the challenges they will face information management solutions, has once they enter the market. Click with Technology launched an online customer suggestions HHoraciooracio RR.. DDalal DDossoosso multilanguage capabilities tool portal (http://ideas.sdltrados.com) for the [email protected], www.hdosso.com.ar Click with Technology Ltd. (CWT), a pro- SDL Trados technology community. The vider of travel websites, has launched an new portal will provide SDL customers with Services internationalization tool which can trans- the opportunity to make suggestions and late a website into an infi nite number of vote on product feature requests. It will GlobalVision’s gvAccess.com languages. The multilanguage capabilities serve as a virtual meeting room providing GlobalVision International, Inc., a pro- technology was used in the translation of customers with a space to come together vider of localization and translation ser- the Holiday Taxis website into fi ve lan- to share thoughts and ideas with SDL prod- vices, has debuted gvAccess.com, an online guages: French, German, Spanish, Italian uct management. portal to host enterprise-wide project assets and Dutch, as well as into two different cur- SDL has also localized its technology and information. GlobalVision’s clients will rencies. The tool’s technology is designed to certifi cation program in German, Japanese have free use and unrestricted control over target multinational search engine results, and Chinese languages. The decision to who has access to their localization data such as google.fr, google.de and google.it. provide localized versions of the SDL TRA- — from internal staff to partners and to CClicklick withwith TechnologyTechnology Ltd.Ltd. DOS certifi cation program has been driven other localization vendors. [email protected], www.clickwt.com by the increasing numbers of people who GGlobalVisionlobalVision International,International, Inc.Inc. are currently going through the certifi ca- [email protected], www.globalvis.com YouTube adds localized sites tion program. Google’s YouTube is expanding its global SSDLDL IInternationalnternational LLE - Language Services platform with the launch of nine versions [email protected], www.sdl.com private label program of its video-sharing site that are tailored to LLE - Language Services, a provider of specifi c countries — Brazil, France, Ireland, on-demand 24/7 telephone interpretation Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, , Spain Want more news? services, has announced an offering to and the United Kingdom. The company also Subscribe to our free biweekly organizations — the ability to private label plans to add country-specifi c video rankings. electronic newsletter at telephone interpretation services in over 150 Ultimately, the sites will allow users in each www.multilingual.com/news different languages to prospects and clients. country to share and create videos in their

www.multilingual.com September 2007 MultiLingual | 19

08-19 News #90.indd 19 8/9/07 8:36:05 AM Different perspective – fresh insights

Successful businesses are increasingly integrating electronics and software into STAR AG their products as well as increasing product diversity in response to the growing STAR Group Headquarters demand for customized products and the pressure to reduce time to market. Wiesholz 35 8262 Ramsen, Switzerland Conventionally produced technical documentation can no longer keep pace with Phone: +41- 52 - 742 92 00 the complexity of the new generation of products. Only by constant development Fax: +41- 52 - 742 92 92 E-mail: [email protected] and ongoing innovation in the field of technical communication and information management can customers, partners and suppliers around the world be provided with the latest information in all languages and media. STAR Group America, LLC 5001 Mayfield Rd, Suite 220 To overcome these challenges, STAR looks at problems from a different perspective Lyndhurst, OH 44124 to gain new understanding of the requirements. We develop concepts and meth- Phone: +1-216 -691 7827 Fax: +1-216 - 691 8910 ods, tools and solutions that ensure you will have open, future-proof information E-mail: [email protected] structures that can reveal new perspectives and possibilities for the communication of your product information. www.star-group.net

STAR – Your single-source partner for information services & tools

20-21 STAR AD -Calendar #90.indd20 20 8/3/07 2:20:51 PM September Online Educa Moscow September 30-October 3, 2007, in Moscow, . EST Congress 2007 ICWE GmbH, [email protected] September 3-5, 2007, in Ljubljana, Slovenia. www.online-educa-moscow.com Calendar European Society for Translation Studies, www.est2007.si October Translation Technology and Web Globalization Workshops EUATC International Conference 2007 September 4, 2007, in London, UK. October 4-5, 2007, in Warsaw, Poland. Common Sense Advisory, [email protected] European Union of Associations of Translation Companies www.commonsenseadvisory.com/news/events.php [email protected], www.psbt.pl/3rd/index.

SIIA Global Information Industry Summit 31st Internationalization & Unicode Conference September 5-7, 2007, in Berlin, Germany. October 15-17, 2007, in San Jose, California USA. Software & Information Industry Association Object Management Group, Inc. [email protected], http://siia.net/giis/2007 [email protected], www.unicodeconference.org

Machine Translation Summit XI IMCSIT September 10-14, 2007, in Copenhagen, Denmark. October 15-17, 2007, in Wisla, Poland. European Association for Machine Translation, www.eamt.org Polish Information Processing Society [email protected], www.imcsit.org ABRATES II September 14-15, 2007, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Localization World Seattle Brazilian Association of Translators (Abrates) October 16-18, 2007, in Seattle, Washington USA. [email protected], www.abrates.com.br Localization World Ltd. [email protected], www.localizationworld.com Localization Project Managers Roundtable September 16-18, 2007, in Lake Tahoe, California USA. DocTrain EAST 2007 The Localization Institute, [email protected] October 16-20, 2007, in Lowell, Massachusetts USA. www.localizationinstitute.com PUBSNET, [email protected], www.doctrain.com/east

CustomerCentric Selling Workshop New Research in Translation and Interpreting Studies September 17-19, 2007, in Lisbon, Portugal. October 18-20, 2007, in Tarragona, Spain. Common Sense Advisory, Inc., www.commonsenseadvisory Intercultural Studies Group, [email protected], .com/consulting/customer_centric.php http://isg.urv.es/seminars/2007_new_research

ATC Annual Conference ATA 48th Annual Conference September 20, 2007, in London, UK. October 31-November 3, 2007, in San Francisco, California USA. Association of Translation Companies, [email protected] American Translators Association, www.atanet.org/conf/2007 www.atc.org.uk/annual_conference2007.htm November TAUS Executive Forum September 20-21, 2007, in Beijing, China. Methods in Translator, Interpreter and Localizer Training TAUS, [email protected] November 5-6, 2007, in Monterey, California USA. www.translationautomation.com/meetings.php Graduate School of Translation and Interpretation - MIIS [email protected], www.miis.edu LRC XII September 26-28, 2007, in Dublin, Ireland. tcworld 2007 Localisation Research Centre, [email protected] November 7-9, 2007, in Wiesbaden, Germany. www.localisation.ie/resources/conferences/2007/index.htm tekom, [email protected], www.tekom.de

ELIA Networking Event 3 Translating and the Computer 29 Conference September 27-29, 2007, in Rome, Italy. November 29-30, 2007, in London, UK. European Language Industry Association Ltd. Association for Information Management, ASLIB [email protected], www.elia-association.org [email protected], www.aslib.com/conferences

RANLP 2007 Workshop TAUS Executive Forum September 30, 2007, in Borovetz, Bulgaria. November 29-30, 2007, in Brussels, Belgium. Expert System Inc., [email protected] TAUS, [email protected] www.wlv.ac.uk/~in8113/amml07 www.translationautomation.com/meetings.php

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20-21 STAR AD -Calendar #90.indd21 21 8/9/07 8:37:46 AM 22-28 Reviews .indd22 22 | and swiftaspossible. Ultimately, Freeway is aboutcontrol and integration, asseamless Lionbridge hastohave beenthinkingalong theseorsimilarlines. slowly unlesssomeonecomesalongand gives things ashake. Meer in fully read thethree articlesby Andrew JoscelyneandJaapvan der take us there intranslation —totheweb. Asthosewhohave care- back: welcometoLogoport/Freeway. environment. Nostopping,noturning,anddefi the wayLionbridge,world’s biggest,hasresponded to this new freelance translators. That’s whyit’s wellworthtakingalookat too —from corporate clients, contentcreators andengineers to all aspects oftheprocess plus thefullspectrum ofstakeholders, a majorlocalizationserviceprovider (LSP)thatroutinely deals with decidedly slow andfl way we’re used to atthemoment(the“oldway”)startslooking lean andagiletorespond tothis kindofdemand,andthe quotes ortrack projects. It’s allabout fl and time-consuming telephonecalls ore-mailmessages to handle to continuous streaming. Notimenowforstrictlyunnecessary be aware, intheageofWeb2.0,contentlifecycle gives way A MultiLingual That’s alotofinertiatodealwith,and changewillonlyoccur It’s happenedinbankingandtravel. Now, Freeway wantsto Power totheprocess If anyone is goingtogetthereally bigpicture onallofthis, it’s dustry whoserepercussions are stillbeingkeenlyfelt. between informationtechnologyandthetranslation in- ization —wehave seenanunprecedented partnership Digital content,theinternet,localization,international- has beenundergoing arevolution since theearly1990s. scene awhilenowwouldknow, thetranslation industry Reviews As anytranslation professional whohasbeenonthe MultiLingual University ofWestern Sydney. translation technologyatthe Ignacio Garciaisateacherof etme 07 [email protected] September2007 freelance translatorinAustralia. abby. underthe“Translation 2.0”titlewill already An importantmoveintechnologyapplicationandmanagement Reviewed byIgnacioGarcia&VivianStevenson Logoport Vivian Stevensonisa ow. Processes have tobe nitely nogoing implementing web-basedanswers forthataswell. a lotonitsplate,client-wise, sointrue designerspirit it’s been the number-oneMLV interms ofrevenue. Thatleaves itwithrather on, Lionbridgestillfoundtimetoacquire Bowne,thus becoming busy inthatdepartment,too.Whileall this development wasgoing stay atthetopithastoacquire andserve clients, andit’s beenvery free training —areal issue forcollaborators indeveloping countries. the peoplewhoworkforLionbridgecangetLogoportfree, plus all freelancers everywhere andwillsellyou thetraining aswell.Yet, vendor (MLV) services, also develops TMtools thatit happily sells to such asSDLInternationalwhich,asidefrom offeringmulti-language to us ([email protected] [email protected]). tions. Weinvitereaders whohave experiencewithLogoporttowrite is basedsimplyonwhatwe’ve beenshown incontrolled demonstra- tors workingonLionbridgeprojects. Noteven wehadit—this review renting ittotheoutsideworld.Logoportis onlyavailable totransla- internalized —Lionbridgehadnointerest whatsoever insellingor would notbeforpublicconsumption. Rather, itwascompletely it also meanttoholdontoitscards. Unlikeothertools, Logoport — thepricemust have beenright. base ofusers —andusers hadnotbought theproduct, just rented it saw, Lionbridgedecided to makeanoffer. Sincethere wasnotabig company’s internalTMtool;then,havingapparently likedwhatit be actively lookingforthenextlevel. Logoportwasfi company wasrestless enoughaboutthestateofTMofferings to the gazeofLionbridge’s scouts, though—anindicationthatthe missing inamarketalready awash withTMtools. Itdidcomeunder would just rent space andtimeontheserver astheneedarose. sit inyour desktop butonaserver. Anditwasnotforsale —users web-based —thetranslation memory(TM)andglossaries didnot Logoport entered themarketwithatleasttwofresh ideas. Itwas the industry leader, TRADOS.Soonafterwards, independentplayer Freeway with Logoportatitscore. Theideais that,dependingon But Lionbridgeis naturally notjust interested infreelancers. To This is avery different philosophyaltogether tothatofacompetitor Lionbridge hadmadeaboldbetonweb-basedtechnologies, but Unfortunately foritsmasscommercial prospects, Logoportwent A fewyears back,LionbridgeswappeditsownForeignDesk for In 2006, Lionbridge built a multi-faceted web interface called In 2006,Lionbridgebuiltamulti-faceted webinterfacecalled The Freewayinterface rst used asthe //7 1:525 AM 8/9/07 10:45 Reviews

the kind of user you are (translator, client, project manager), you can cruise into the part of Lionbridge’s software environment that you need for your task, whether that be translating, dealing with clients, or organizing and tracking the work. Again, following the toll-free philosophy — and unlike the competition — Freeway was offered to clients at no cost. There are three “on ramps” for clients who want to hit the Free- way. They can take the old route and go through a project manager (but through the web, mind), as will still be required particularly for big, fi rst time projects. But there’s direct online access too (in a kind of self-service mode), particularly suitable for small, straightforward projects. And then there’s the web interface that links into the client’s enterprise content management system, ideal for permanent big cli- ents working within the continuous streaming scenario — all in a no-frills, functional, intuitive environment which, as Lionbridge likes to point out, works for all projects and clients, regardless of size. Apart from being right there at the interface with the client, Free- way is also the place where all aspects of the management of local- Figure 1: Logoport: a segment opened in Word showing the ization are dealt with, from fi le handling to fi nancial matters. Within three code-colored rectangles and the Auto Terminology window. this environment, reporting back to the client, tracking projects and Memories and leveraging. Linguistic assets (TMs and terminology analyzing costs in a complex localization assignment can sound as databases) are kept within Freeway and thus well away from the trans- simple as jumping to the FedEx website to send a package and then lator’s hard drive. Project managers then allocate the relevant TM or following it online all the way to its destination. TMs to each project as required, ready for importing into Logoport. Several TMs and several glossaries can be in use at the same The Logoport application time, each of them with its own penalties and premiums. Yes, apart A full coverage of Freeway’s capabilities is beyond the scope of from the well-known concept of penalty, Logoport also uses pre- this review, so we will restrict specifi c discussion to the Logoport miums, adding points to a translation unit (TU) if given “bonus” application. For anyone familiar with TRADOS (or Wordfast or any conditions are met. Thus, Logoport can come up with a 101% other TM tool working within the Word environment), Logoport or higher match, which means an in-context match, akin to the seems easy enough to handle. TRADOS guaranteed match. Installation. Installing Logoport sounds like installing Wordfast Like most TM suites, Logoport also comes with a concordance — just a small plug-in that you download and add to your Templates feature that will fi nd the translation of a phrase at the translator’s and Add-ins in the Tools menu in Word 2003. We were informed that request, assuming that the phrase has been entered before into the no diffi culties are expected with Windows Vista or Offi ce 2007. TMs. With those TMs now sitting on the company servers, Lion- Once installed, the plug-in keeps itself updated, so there’s no bridge could be tempted to somehow access all of them for the bother with patches or upgrades. That’s much simpler than installing purpose of using this concordance feature. After all, phrase re-use is TRADOS, though not quite as simple and web-enabled as Lingotek, thought to offer huge potential for productivity gains. That’s tech- which just requires a web browser and not even the same computer. nically possible, we are told. However, for reasons of confi dentiality, Logoport then shows as an expanded toolbar and creates a drop- ownership rights and confl icts of interest, each client’s proprietary down menu in very much the same way TRADOS or Wordfast would material is kept segregated. do. An interesting feature in this expanded toolbar, and unique File formats. All commercial TM suites come with a well- to Logoport, is the chat icon that allows the translator to contact developed set of fi lters to deal with all kinds of fi le formats. In the people involved in the project — individually or as other transla- case of Word-based tools, these are required to deal with formats tors in the same language group, for example. In instant messaging that would not naturally open in Word. mode, the translator can reach whoever is linked to the project and Lionbridge sends out fi les that are already prepared. As fi les reach is online at that moment. Freeway, engineers deal with them, extracting translatable text into Interface. This plug-in is needed since Logoport, like Wordfast the RTF format that will be entered into Logoport. Thus, translators and TRADOS, uses Word as the translator’s working environment do not need to deal with formatting but for the in-line tags, which (although TRADOS is now pushing its TagEditor, and Lionbridge has Logoport presents in a way similar to that of the Trados Tag Editor. also released its own XLIFF editor). Logoport, however, doesn’t have a fl oating window like the TRADOS Workbench and in this regard is The interactive translation environment more similar in layout to Wordfast. What we’ve reviewed so far makes Logoport just another interest- When the translator opens a segment in this Word interface, ing TM tool, not too different from many others in the market. What three color-coded rectangles appear on the screen. For TRADOS and sets it off from the pack is the fact that it’s web-based, meaning that Wordfast it’s only two, one for the source segment and the other the TM and terminology databases where the linguistic assets are for the target segment. Logoport opens a third one on top of these, kept do not reside in the translator’s hard drive but in a Lionbridge which basically offers translators the same information that TRADOS server. presents in its Workbench, thus allowing them to check not just This “little” detail, in fact, radically changes the way the translator the proposed match with the highest value, but the other available works. Logoport does very much the same as other tools do, but the matches that might come from other TMs (Figure 1). translator works with it in a completely different environment.

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Translators using conventional tools, with each new project, updating their data- and looks to offer defi nite advantages in even when involved in big projects, usually bases as they go. streamlining and control. With real-time receive their work as fi les that have been Now, if we look at this mode of working access to an ongoing, updated, centralized “pre-translated” — bilingual fi les with exact from a project management standpoint, we TM, the process of translating and editing and fuzzy matches and terminological note that even when several translators are has been rendered parallel across the orga- information already inserted in the tar- working simultaneously on different sec- nization, rather than sequential as before. get language section (such as a TRADOS tions of the same text, the project won’t “uncleaned” fi le). Once the translation has benefi t from the re-use of TUs translated by Power shifts been completed, the translator returns this others until end-of-project or some other From the Lionbridge point of view, it uncleaned translated fi le. periodic reconciliation. is surely a good thing to have translators Working in this “pre-translation” mode, All this changes, however, when working all using the same software. There must translators have very different “rights” than in “interactive translation” mode. be project managers out there who can they do when working in the “interactive While the translator is in pre-translation remember formatting problems generated translation” mode that Logoport imposes. mode, editing is done after the translation in the past by a translator using a tool other We take the terminology from Julian Wallis’ or a section of it has been completed. In than the recommended one. “Interactive Translation vs. Pre-translation in the interactive translation mode, the editing Furthermore, the fact that translators the Context of Translation Memory Systems” starts as soon as the translated sentence has cannot use their own TMs and glossaries (winner of the 2006 Localisation Research been typed. is seen as a plus, not as a drawback. Now, Centre Best Thesis Award), but noting that Translators have no possibility of con- the capacity for translators to build up their while Wallis refers to the interactivity necting to the databases other than through own TMs for application to any and all between a translator and his or her data- the Logoport interface. They might prefer projects has been a (surreptitious) selling bases, in the web-based scenario the inter- to use another tool, but, when working on point of retail TM all along, but Lionbridge activity is between translators. Logoport projects, there is no such thing as clearly bucks the trend. Proprietary material In pre-translation mode, translators have opting for a “Logoport-compatible” one. belongs to the client, and using such mate- some option over which TM program to And they won’t be able to use Logoport for rial to compile your own (even anonymous) use. So, even if they’ve been sent fi les pre- non-Lionbridge jobs. But since Logoport databases breaches client confi dentiality. translated with TRADOS, they may choose is free, translators should not have much Actually applying such databases — perhaps to do the work using another TRADOS- cause for complaint, about price at least. to the benefi t of another client who is a compatible tool. Managing linguistic quality assurance direct competitor — is to be discouraged. Translators are also able to use their own (QA) within this simultaneous reconciliation Lionbridge has circumvented the whole TMs and glossaries to complement those of TM may not be an easy task, but the issue by focusing on the client side of the sent by the MLV, thus making their task conventional consecutive process of recon- equation, with process, confi dentiality and notionally easier. What’s more, translators ciliation is not simple either. Logoport/Free- QA being uppermost (and important sell- keep building up their own linguistic assets way effectively tightens the reins on things ing points, we imagine). The translators are, therefore, disempowered in some ways. They don’t have access to their own painstakingly assembled resources, nor can they keep their fi nished work on fi le to consult and perhaps Pain # 7: We are all so busy putting learn from months or years later. They are, however, also empowered in other ways. out fires and trying to keep up with They can still make informed decisions on accepting or modifying matches from the flow of work that we can’t slow among all the cross-leveraged TMs, and the chat feature is there to allow consultation, down long enough to make too, which could prove a valuable didactic exercise for translators in a frequently lonely improvements for efficiency. profession. And speaking of communicability, here is where the competitive advantage of web- based technology shines. A TU that has just been translated can now be re-used minutes later by another translator work- ing on the same project. TM reconciliation

Design by Jorge Marinho - 2tr So uções G obais is being done on the fl y, and thus termi- nology and phraseology are applied much Common Sense more consistently. Advisory There is a potential downside for the translator, though. If, in spite of the best Call +1.+1.978.275.0500 . . 0 or visit www.commonsenseadvisory.com efforts of the project team and all those TM premiums and penalties, you get an

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“exact” match of dubious quality, then you’re Logoport to make it easier for technical writers faced with a dilemma. Do you stop and edit, to give preference to approved terms by offer- and maybe spend your valuable time justify- ing them when needed or fl ashing a warning ing the choice for no monetary gain (your price signal when they have not been applied. It also has been set on those TM database matches, helps maintain consistency across phraseology remember), or go with the fl ow and lock it so that in order to perform a function, the in? Think twice before doing so because that same string of words is used all throughout a dubious match will thereafter be yours. Oh yes document, or a product. — while translators don’t get to keep their work In a way, the catchcry of TM is now being on their hard drives, they do get to “own” it echoed by authoring: you won’t need to write on the server databases in the sense that their the same sentence twice. So far so good, but solutions will be tagged with their identities it gets better: the gains in productivity by (plus other metadata). So any “howlers” you being able to re-use text already written may produce — or let slip by — will be yours, even if not amount to much, but these gains get the software and databases aren’t. multiplied throughout all documents and all languages when the source text enters the Are we there yet? TM engine. In a word, no, but the web-based approach as Text that is pipelined through Freeway and exemplifi ed by Logoport/Freeway does appear processed through the author assistant and as a point of infl ection on the translation tech- Logoport provides the client a powerful alter- nologies timeline in the fullest sense. That is, it Figure 2: Lionbridge’s Authoring native for coming to grips with the competing marks a new technical shift plus another role Assistant, indicating a suggested change. demands of text quality, product price and shift for participants — something whose ramifi cations working turnaround time; for the end-user, meanwhile, it’s at least as useful translators will want to keep an eye on. The TM revolution has had as the conventional localization workfl ows on offer. a few years to settle after its earlier ebullition, and perhaps we are Lionbridge has not only managed to get to the top in the witnessing a Churchillian “end of the beginning.” The future, as MLV rank, it is reinventing the role of the MLV. One might think Lionbridge surely knows, is still a long way off, but already some that with technological automation, MLVs would have become interesting things are starting to happen — and not only with “inter- irrelevant as corporations cut out the middlemen and engage active translation.” directly with freelancers. Lionbridge is, however, maintaining Take authoring, for example. Localization used to start at the point the pre-eminence of the MLV not by avoiding technology but when copywriters began typing the source text. Not now. In state-of- precisely by engaging with it. Its web-based Logoport/Freeway the-art projects, the localization fl owchart has engulfed copywriting is an important move in technology application and manage- itself. Now it’s about leveraging and re-using source text to create ment, made more signifi cant by Lionbridge’s dominant market “new” source text, too. position. Lionbridge looks to have the vision, as well as the size The Authoring Assistant tool (Figure 2) currently in beta release to stick around and watch it grow. The rest of us should keep an from Lionbridge relies on the linguistic assets gathered through eye out, too. M

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The Defence of French: A Language in Crisis?

Reviewed by Fabien Côté

A refreshing perspective on the French language

As a native French speaker, I sometimes feel that there is a pitched battle going on against my language. she presents a credible source of infor- While I am ready to go at it “hammer and tongue,” I mation to the English community so am also aware that many resources — communications, that, hopefully, our own stance can be Anews items, documents, books and so on sowing this better understood. Second, the author provides much more than a foray into seed of being threatened — are from my side — that is, French. This book proves to be an in- they share the same language, the same identity and, depth inventory of the state of the well, maybe the same fractious latin blood. French language in France — from its history to current forces (governmental The idea that the French language needs to be protected is and private), to regional minorities and almost as old as the language itself. In 1549, Joachim du Bellay to the broader, European perspective. published the much praised Deffence et Illustration de la Langue The Defence of French: The picture is enlightening, the story so Françoyse, in which he stated that to protect their language the A Language in Crisis? fi lled with surprising facts that readers French needed to make it evolve and to create a new poetry. by Robin Adamson. will turn a blind eye on the few stumbles Merely two years later, Barthelemy Aneau argued that French did Multilingual Matters over political considerations. not need to be defended. Today, a national icon such as La Plé- Limited, 2007, 199 iade explains that the then perceived threat arose from linguistic pages, $74.95. A checkered history nationalism, the consequence of the incipient national aware- Adamson starts by presenting an excel- ness of the Germans, Italians, Spaniards and French (Histoire de lent historical perspective of the key mile- l’histoire de la littérature, Histoire des littératures 3, Encyclopédie stones in the defense of French, from the Villers-Cotterêts Proclamation de la Pléiade, Paris, 1978, p. 1770). in 1539 by François 1er which established French as the only language Sounds convoluted? Maybe just as much as the political groups of public documents to the enactment of the Loi Toubon in 1994 trying to protect the French language. And just like any other which was meant to stem the tide of Frenglish that was supposedly French speaker from France, Belgium, Africa or North America, I sweeping France in the early 1990s. wonder if I will ever fi nd an answer to the thorny question: is Many contemporary matters take a very different fl avor when French really threatened today or am I just drawing hasty political compared to historical events. For example, French readers will conclusions? understand the current issue with Frenglish differently upon The book suggestively entitled The Defence of French: A Language learning that in the sixteenth century Henri Etienne, a renowned in Crisis? provides a new angle and an extremely refreshing perspec- Paris printer, was opposing strenuously the then fashionable inte- tive on this topic. First, it is uncommon to read a book about the gration of Italian words into French. It is also with great interest French language written by an author whose native language is that we fi nd out the heads of the French Revolution fi ercely pro- English. Robin Adamson is an Australian specialist of contemporary moted unifying the country through language, thus introducing French. Adamson provides the opportunity to understand how the “linguistic terror,” most notably towards Breton. This will certainly “threatening camp” sees the French language and its speakers; and help French Canadian readers put the infamous Durham Report of 1839, which called for an assimilation of French Canadians into the British population of Canada, into the perspective of how national leaders behaved back then. Since the Middle Ages, numerous initiatives such as those by Fabien Côté is an English-to-French (Canadian) Etienne and the French Revolution have taken place. Many com- freelance translator based in Laval, Québec, missions and committees were formed, changed names and were Canada. He translates mostly IT and fi nance restructured a number of times, thereby unwinding a “chequered documents and provides sales-related history of . . . government agencies” that seriously curtailed the consulting services to other freelancers. efforts to protect the French language.

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Tangled forces This protected institution plays a crucial role within the ever With the unifi cation of European countries in the European important Commission générale de terminologie et de néologie, Union (EU) in the late 1980s, the perceived threat that French as it must approve new words prior to any formal recommenda- could lose its status as an offi cial language increased. Chapter 2 tion by the Commission. The Académie, whose main mandate is describes the forces fl exing or foiling efforts to defend the French to protect the French language, may be too busy communicating language: professional groups, the French government, linguistic “infl ated claims” such as French “deserves to remain the [world’s] minorities, global trends in Europe and the internet. language of reference for everything.” It may also worry too much Adamson clearly describes the major professional groups about stemming the fl ood of English words into the French lan- involved — UPF (Union internationale de la presse francophone), guage and not enough about the syntactical evolution of the AUF (Association des universités partiellement ou entièrement language, which most linguists say is a much bigger threat. de langue française), CONFEMEN (Conférence des ministres de While the Alliance française focuses on promoting French in for- l’éducation nationale des pays francophones), APF (Association eign countries, the DGLFLF is also an important agency reporting internationale des parlementaires de langue française) — and to the French Ministry of Culture (its structure is clearly explained shows how they rely on promotion and persuasion to achieve in a set of tables). It is responsible for the famous spelling reform their objectives. In the meantime, the French and working on the feminization of titles. government, using its position of strength and As “evolutionists,” its members are prob- authority, has enforced four major laws since ably hampered by the fact that some of 1950, including the milestone Constitutional Most specialists who their roles confl ict with those of the Acadé- Law of 1992 that stated for the fi rst time that mie, which is seen as a “normative” group. French was the language of the Republic. study the state of The DGLFLF may also suffer from its dual In 1980, no linguistic minority in France languages in Europe have objective to protect French and to protect was offi cially recognized. Adamson suggests linguistic minorities in France. this centuries-old attitude and the policies on found France to be more On a global perspective, la Francophonie, language may be partly responsible for spur- greatly infl uenced by African countries, ring the November 2005 riots near Paris. This preoccupied with the has been very active since 1986. With its seems a feeble argument since the social groups defense of its language 50 member countries, its main body, the involved already spoke French prior to settling in Organisation Internationale de la Franco- France. Nonetheless, once the European Charter than any other country. phonie, has held ten Summits since 1986. for Regional or Minority Languages was passed An interesting table of these events and the in 1999, an important report to the Ministry themes covered in Adamson’s book sug- of Education tallied no fewer than 76 spoken gests that the objectives may be a far cry languages in France. The Charter defi nitely contributed to the from the promotion of French. The integration of new members strengthening of Breton, Basque, Corsican, Catalan and Provençal. such as Albania, Bulgaria and Macedonia may be in step with the Meanwhile, the EU brought its share of challenges: the dwindling organization’s emphasis on closer political and economic relations use of French as a working language, lost among the 23 offi cial among member countries rather than on language. languages of the EU (surprisingly, the fi rst countries to promote This picture of the major agencies stokes the idea of con- English as a common communication language within the EU were fused efforts. However, with clear objectives, France and other Sweden, Finland and Austria); the passing of the Charter, approved French-speaking locales such as Québec can boast results such by 82% of the French people but still ruled unconstitutional in as UNESCO’s adoption of the Convention on the Protection and France; and the London Protocol which, by reducing the cost of Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions in October 2005 the patent process partly by eliminating translation requirements, while the United States is ranting about it. The Convention enables earned the wrath of French language professionals; and the expan- countries to create commercial barriers to protect culture and lan- sion of the EU from 11 to over 20 languages in May 2004. guage locally. US offi cials wanted culture to be an open space just Adamson concludes her mapping of the forces involved in this like anything else, but lost this battle. Adamson writes, “Only four multidirectional tug-of-war on the French language by describ- nations did not support the Convention, resulting in a resounding ing how various groups with different objectives are using the victory for the French and fury in the USA which responded with information highway as a new tool to promote French and how threats of retaliatory fi nancial sanctions against UNESCO” (80). problems of quality and neutrality hobble their effi ciency. The general impression is that of a “tangled web” which may refl ect A unique geography how insecure French people feel about their language. This is also Most specialists who study the state of languages in Europe mirrored in the roles and responsibilities of offi cial agencies. have found France to be more preoccupied with the defense of its language than any other country. This interesting topic is covered Confused roles thoroughly in Chapter 5, which presents the situations of Ger- The book discusses in depth four main French government many, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom. The comparison with organizations involved in the promotion and/or the defense of the France is enlightening. French language: the Académie française, the Alliance française, Of these fi ve countries, only France and Spain have enshrined the DGLFLF (Délégation générale à la langue française et aux the language of the majority in their constitution. Germany — Ger- langues de France) and la Francophonie. man is the third working language in Europe — and Italy appear What strikes one immediately about the Académie française is lukewarm to any form of legislation on language, which can be the exclusion of linguists and philologists from its member base. explained by the decentralized structure of these countries and the

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willingness to avoid any action reminiscent of their nationalistic considerations. She discusses the merits of the “one language, histories. Also, both countries do not show much concern about one culture” ideology with a rather simplistic presentation of the English language. French readers, in particular, will learn the concept and even more over-simplifi ed counter-arguments. with great interest how Spain was innovative in addressing the She explains much better the linguists’ concept of ever-evolving question of feminization. Germany and Spain are also experi- languages, before reverting back to fi nger wagging: “. . . in a encing a phenomenon similar to Frenglish in France: Denglish democratic state citizens demand the right of free expression and Spanglish — although the reader may exercise a healthy and this may include the use of other languages. . . . Personal skepticism here as Spanglish appears to be a problem exclusively interests . . . may be put ahead of [equality] and of the interests in the Americas. of the state . . .” (151). Considering the particular case of the While US citizens perceive a Spanish language threat, inhabit- province of Québec in Canada or, on a broader scale, how one of ants of the United Kingdom do not seem to experience this type the side effects of globalization has been the re-empowerment of issue at all. Even though the greatest export of the mighty of nation-states’ control over their territory could help re-bal- British Empire may have been its language — “confi rmed and ance this angled statement. expanded by the vast economic and intellectual power wielded by Britain’s former colony, the United States” — the UK’s legal The map of French codes make no reference to English as the language of the major- So, is the French language really in crisis? Not in the short run ity. In contrast, Adamson’s excellent comparison highlights the but certainly in the longer term by the economical, political and marked differences between France and the other four countries: cultural strength of US English. While French government agencies’ the number of laws enacted to protect the French language and roles appear confusing if not confl icting, private groups and indi- the closer ties between language and politics. viduals may be harming the cause by adopting a strictly defensive position. Time has come to change the game plan, to celebrate Politics and minorities the French language and, as Du Bellay suggested in 1549, to cre- From day one, the defense of French has always been closely ate a new poetry by superimposing slang (verlan) and American tied to politics. As of April 2006, 15 or 16 of the 34 political par- expressions onto French to give it more oomph. After all, there may ties in France put the emphasis on language or separation. The be “convincing evidence of pluri-lingualism as the norm for most European Charter probably sprouted many of the new linguistic of the world’s people and multi-lingualism as the norm for most and separatist movements, such as Alsace’s Verdammi and Alsace countries.” And the future of French depends not on those who d’abord. While approaches often seem to be ethnocentric, there defend it but on those who speak it. is also an opportunity for moderates and radicals to bury their Written in a simple, accessible style, The Defence of French: A differences and regroup. Comparing this situation with that of Language in Crisis? is a linguistic feat in that it provides a complete the Parti québécois in Québec may be meaningful. The reader and yet concise map of French in France. It is highly informa- will also gain an interesting perspective on the connections tive and will fascinate anyone interested in the French language. between globalization, outward-looking countries and fl ourish- Adamson’s book also includes a comprehensive bibliography, plenty ing domestic cultures. of URLs and a useful index. If, after reading it, you still believe that But politics can also be a slippery topic, and Adamson stumbles French is losing the battle to English, it may just be that your latin trying to prove a linguistic point using political and economical blood is pulling a trick on you again! M

28 | MultiLingual September 2007 [email protected]

22-28 Reviews .indd 28 8/9/07 10:45:33 AM 29 Column || 8/9/07 8:43:06 AM ourish MultiLingual Off The Map Off The While the basic building blocks to geographic understanding understanding While the basic building blocks to geographic The reader is here reminded of the basic requirements of of the basic requirements reminded is here The reader Tom Edwards is owner and principal consultant of Englobe, a and principal consultant of Englobe, a Edwards is owner Tom Seattle-based consultancy for geostrategic content management. and spent 13 years at Microsoft as a geographer Tom Previously, as its senior geopolitical strategist. understanding the geocultural context of current events, context of current the geocultural understanding own beyond one’s thinking developing a spatial perspective, tools (maps, global and learning to use geographic culture information systems and so on). level of geocultural mature essential, they belie a more are individual and business to fl for any required literacy in the globalizing economy. If it is not addressed, a lack it is not addressed, If in the globalizing economy. becomes a quick path to understanding of geocultural international savvy obsolescence in the face of more and Pulitzer Prize As well-known author competitors. on the global remarked winner Thomas Friedman recently “the kind of [global] of the near future, business environment and the social competition our kids will face will be intense will be enormous.” Mary things implications of not repairing a global futurist and globalization expert, O’Hara-Devereaux, — such understanding likewise stated in 2004 that cultural of any successful — is the cornerstone literacy as geocultural the United States is being global worker and that currently and Asia in this area. seriously challenged by Europe global business. In addition to a successful, culturally-savvy business acumen, globalization demands a well-prepared, primed for an environment workforce literate geographically frequently are differences in which political and cultural managed. This is contrary and must be carefully pronounced of information that the worldwide spread to some perceptions a has effectively created technology and a “global culture” world, which has led some people to suggest that “borderless” Geocultural Geocultural part 1 literacy,

ned, geocultural literacy is the overall com- is the overall literacy ned, geocultural

As a geographer, I share a strong concern with a strong I share As a geographer, What is geocultural literacy? defi Broadly Geography has always been about more than reading the the than reading has always been about more Geography

others in my discipline about the pervasive lack in my discipline about the pervasive others — that is, and cultural of in-depth geographic — knowledge within the United geocultural in particular States and beyond. The United States about poor has long borne the brunt of jokes the highest from understanding, geocultural populace. position in the country to the greater arise solely My concern about this issue doesn’t people would wish that more a geographer’s from comes but rather the subject matter, comprehend the observing a clear connection between from in the business comprehension lack of geocultural blunders mistakes, errors, world and the resultant committed by companies and serious infractions — all of the issues I’ve been discussing in this column to date. A www.multilingual.com September 2007 petence of an individual’s sense of place, orientation, cultural sense of place, orientation, cultural petence of an individual’s and ability to discern critical spatial, cause-effect awareness It is built upon the most him or her. around relationships skills such as locating places, fundamental geographic rudimentary boundary lines, capital cities and basic place rudimentary boundary lines, capital cities and basic place the foundation for understanding provides names. Geography environment, natural between cultures, spatial relationships dimensions — all of which serve as politics and many more many other disciplines, including the basis for comprehending crucial history. Tom Edwards Edwards Tom 29-31 C Edwards #90.indd 29 Column

geography is not as signifi cant or even not important at all. On the contrary, the process of globalization does more to actually emphasize the local within the global at various levels of social and economic activity, and, moreover, that high- tech, globe-trotting “global culture” is a socio-economic privilege of the very few. So whether perceived as “geopolitical,” “geocultural,” “cross- cultural,” “linguistic” or otherwise on the surface, this type of knowledge should be mission critical as the cornerstone of a global business. Can we fi nd it on the map? How far advanced is the decline of geocultural literacy? The National Geographic-Roper Survey of 2006 provided a clear update to previous benchmark surveys with some disturbing trends. Only 54% of the US young adults (ages 18-24) surveyed answered all the questions correctly. For example, 63% An example of low geographic literacy: could not fi nd Iraq on a world map, and The chart above shows the result of a survey in which 18- to 24-year-olds in the about 46% could not identify the states United States were asked to use a map of Asia to fi nd fi ve countries which often appear of New York and Ohio on a US map. in the news: China, India, Japan, North Korea and Afghanistan. On average, the group These widely reported results essentially of young Americans surveyed could fi nd only two of the fi ve countries, with only 6% confi rm what has already been well identifying all fi ve countries correctly and 21% not able to fi nd any at all. realized and highlighted in international media: the geocultural literacy of US particularly in the context of becoming at the geography department at the citizens between the ages of 18 and effective global workers and citizens. As University of Miami, Tom Boswell 24 is in a serious state of fallibility, the director of undergraduate studies emphasizes that “we are being forced to function in a global economy, so it really pays to know your way around the world. Geography is a fi eld that has slipped between the gaps. As a result, the rest of the world knows a lot more about the rest of the world than we do.” So, as these young survey recipients enter the public and private sectors of society, we must consider this key question: What happens when geoculturally illiterate young adults mature into geoculturally illiterate professionals and politicians in a globally competitive workforce? Because of the great diversity of global cultures, it’s almost inevitable that differences in viewpoints will occur and confl icts may arise in the course of conducting business. Thus, companies that globally expand in a haze of geocultural ignorance make themselves liable to local governments, targets of anti-globalization activism and reinforce a negative perception of their home country (the United States, for example) as a force of economic and cultural imperialism. Mistakes both

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29-31 C Edwards #90.indd 30 8/9/07 8:43:08 AM Column

small-scale and large-scale — and almost excellent for specifi c purposes, but these all completely unintentional — continue resources are often not as well tuned to be made by US businesses eagerly for a specifi c corporate strategy, day-to- seeking to go global and expand their day intelligence and product production revenue base. And while the emphasis — aspects of business beyond the here is placed on business conducted traveling executive who is the target of outside the United States, it’s prudent to many of the existing resources. Although also consider that even those companies there are exceptions, such resources that view themselves as “US only” in also rarely address more fundamental scope must maintain competent levels geocultural concepts behind the surface- of geocultural awareness in order to level business practices and specifi cally avoid offending immigrant populations how these spatial ideas apply to specifi c and/or their descendants living within the job functions. United States who represent many other Regardless of the strengths and nations and cultures (this will be a future weaknesses of various support resources, column topic — the United States as a the most disappointing aspect is that “global market”). many business people who interact with non-US partners and even travel Cultural awareness training frequently to international locales rarely Some business advocates may take make a conscious effort to seek out even issue with my position the most rudimentary here as they cite the geocultural knowledge availability of many in the fi rst place. In cultural awareness short, a desire to self- resources for businesses. A lack of geocultural direct their lifelong Texts and training classes reinforcement of for global businesses literacy is a real and geocultural literacy are very prevalent. ongoing problem in — the groundwork for There’s no question that which was expected good resources exist today’s business to be laid in their to expand business academic years — is people’s international environment. virtually nonexistent. effectiveness. The vast In the end, the majority of these aids evidence is abun- are, however, typically dantly clear that a quite pragmatic and specifi c in nature, lack of geocultural literacy is a real and meaning they focus on the immediate ongoing problem in today’s business needs of the person doing business environment; it affects a wide variety outside the United States and provide of businesses; and it leads to consumer the needs of the moment such as mistrust within the United States cultural mores, hand gestures, greeting and abroad, which yields negative behaviors, how to present a business impacts on public image and revenue. card and so forth. Or they might contain So, how and what kind of measures much in-depth information but in a can be employed to remedy the situation format that might not be readily usable around geocultural literacy? In my next by business people with limited time. column I will provide several suggestions Granted, some exposure to political for how geography and culture can be and cultural complexities is better than made relevant to today’s young and none. Many business people become older adults and will address some steps defensive, saying how much they read that have been suggested by groups The Economist, listen to BBC News, and such as the National Geographic Society, seek out a range of other great outlets the National Council on Geography of international news. But when business Education (NCGE) and Business for people open themselves to cross-cultural Diplomatic Action. M resources for that brief moment, the processes, resources and reinforcement Resources mechanisms should be poised as to seize on their resurgence in geocultural National Geographic-Roper Survey of curiosity. The content and delivery of 2006 – http://www9.nationalgeographic what is generally available are typically .com/roper2006/pdf/RoperPoll2006.pdf

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29-31 C Edwards #90.indd 31 8/9/07 8:43:10 AM 32-33 CFreivalds #90.indd32 32 N | and kickedinthebuttatsame time.” Carolina vernacular, describeditasgetting “pattedontheback organizational structures. Onemanager, inaparticularlyNorth localization effortstoanever-changing array ofmanagers and acquired Lucentpart,mustcontinuallyjustify itstranslation and going from FrameMaker toXML. Alcatel-Lucent,particularlythe ronment. TheyinvestedinIdiomsoftware withtheexpenseof happen, aswellhavingastablereporting management envi- to spendmoneyfornewsoftware andhire peopletomakeit time tryingtofi Column MultiLingual In itsglobalizationefforts,BusinessObjectsspendsalotof coast) andinFrance. Objects onthewestcoast,Alcatel-Lucenteast each hasheadquarters intheUnitedStates(Business in-house translation andlocalizationgroups, and the translation andlocalizationgame.Eachhas tems, butisareluctant playerin systems tomobilephonesys- gear from fi variety oftelecommunications top. Alcatel-Lucentmakesawide and localizationfrom thevery cepted theneedfortranslation cream. Thecompanyhasac- chunks ofnutsfortheirice out howtomaketherightsize even helpsBenandJerry’s fi business enterprisesoftware; it Objects publishesawidevarietyofbusiness-to- might wonderiftheyshare thesameglobe.Business issue oflocalizationinthelastcoupleyears, one groups within-housetranslation haveaddressed the how twomajorhigh-techcompaniesandlocalization Not to be overly theatrical, but in comparing Not tobeoverlytheatrical,butincomparing World Savvy gure outhowtodothingsbetter. Itisnotafraid ber-optic switching etme 07 [email protected] September2007 localization efforts A taleoftwo gure gure it was the epoch of incredulity. . it was the epoch of belief, it was the age of wisdom . it was the worst of times, It was the best of times, A Tale of Two Cities — Charles Dickens has reported to,butIcount12since1989.Valuable timehasbeen how manydifferent groups the in-housegroup atAlcatel-Lucent been learnedthatbribeswere paidtogainthe business. In thecaseofSiemenswinningmanyoverseas contracts, ithas bly leadtoanincrease inprofi major telecommunicationsinstallation.Why?Thiswouldinevita- sometimes theywouldnotevenoffertranslated documentsfora unusual businesspractices. ANortelseniormanager toldmethat it wastenyears ago. located inWinston-Salem,NorthCarolina, isperhaps20%thesize costs towhatcouldbedonebyoutsourcing. Today, thegroup could dothejobaswellitscompetitors andbycomparingits fi John Freivaldsismanagingdirectorofthemarketingcommunications plicated terms.Itwasoneofthefi such asthetranslation of15,000pagesChineseinverycom- group wascreated becausenooneelsewasaround totacklethings part ofAT&T. ThencalledAT&T BusinessTranslations, thein-house group withinAlcatel-Lucentsometenyears agowhenitwasstill rm JFAandisthemarketing representativeforhisnativecountry, Latvia. It isdiffi Comparison intelecommunicationswasmadediffi I becameinterested inthein-housetranslation andlocalization cult todocument howmanydifferent managers and ISO 9000certifi base outsidethecompany. AfterLucent split from AT&T, itevolved,through a seriesofiterations, intoAlcatel- table service callsbythecompany. its existence by showing that it its existencebyshowingthatit group —usuallythemostcynical. porters havebeentheprocurement inside thecompanyitsstrongest sup- Lionbridge Technologies. Strangely, selling offthelocalizationteamto sought toappeasemanagementby to topmanagement.Onemanager diffi the splitfrom AT&T, itbecamemore Lucent LocalizationSolutions.After John Freivalds At fi rst translation groups toobtain cult for the group to appeal cult forthegroup toappeal cation and had a thriving client cation andhada thrivingclient rst, thegroup hadtojustify cult by some cult bysome 8/9/07 8:45:14 AM Column

taken away from managing the business because of constantly department wanted to go outside of her group’s management, they having to deal with in-house reporting and adjusting to the would fi nd her reluctant to share anything with an outside vendor. individual needs of particular executives. The positive side of this Sutton has to do a lot of inside marketing to keep everyone is, of course, that more people have learned about translation informed of her activities. She does this through webinars, an and localization within Alcatel-Lucent. A key factor has been that internal website, articles on their intranet and teaser quizzes. I top levels have never bought into the issue of translation and have always held that marketing is a non-linear function, and her localization as they have at Business Objects. But you have to give in-house website proves the point. It is festooned on one side with credit to the people who handle Alcatel-Lucent localization for pictures of cats and dogs with lots of feline and canine metaphors. keeping up their spirits and fi nding new ways to be effi cient. To wit: “Any dog or cat who has managed a translation project I spoke to Kirsten Sutton, director of translations at Business Ob- knows. . . .” or “Pick up the scent, Dog.” It takes hundreds of expert jects at the Vancouver, British Columbia, offi ce, to understand how translators to process the huge volume of words and languages they get their work done. She reports to the vice president of quality that Business Objects processes each year, or “You can’t just pick operation and services, who in turn reports to a senior vice president. up fi les and throw them to a translator like a bone to a dog.” Her group has reported to the same person for the last fi ve years. One thing that helps Sutton’s group is that they always have The upper management is very involved in their globalization efforts, the same reporting format as Business Objects in the business of and it is a given that their products should be translated. At present, publishing reporting software. It becomes relatively easy to put more than 20 people work in the translation group in different parts down numbers in an accepted format and run them through the of the world. They outsource part of their work to “approved ven- systems for planning and budgeting. dors.” The volume of work varies in accordance with market needs, Compare the simplicity of that format with Alcatel-Lucent’s, but as many as 15 languages are involved. which allowed each manager to have the data presented in his Business Objects is a moveable feast serving all of its translation or her own style. needs from products to marketing, sales of internal communications It is a known fact that you stop to make money and become and Hewlett-Packard documents. Sutton’s group has a terminology more effi cient when you get off the learning curve, which is database (500-plus terms at present in as many as 15 languages) something that Business Objects has done and Alcatel-Lucent is that it shares with those departments using its in-house group. If a striving to do. M

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32-33 C Freivalds #90.indd 33 8/9/07 8:45:16 AM Translation memory: Tech state of the technology Jost Zetzsche

It’s time for the day of reckoning: What is $100 million per quarter — that’s for just one product, not for the state of translation memory (TM) two years an entire industry.” after SDL, developer and owner of the market’s And note that these numbers include many more tools — second-leading tool SDLX, bought the industry such as localization, machine translation (MT) and management I tools — that are not part of the two dozen translation environ- gorilla TRADOS in the summer of 2005? ment tools mentioned above. This raises the obvious question: Well, much to the surprise of some doomsayers, the market Does this eagerness among developers to create new and better for TM has never been more alive! solutions stem from pure altruism, or do they see potentially As of this writing, SDL Trados has released version 8, STAR lucrative market scenarios that still need to be tapped into? Transit has released Service Pack 20 for its current version, and Personally, I think the answer lies somewhere in between. Déjà Vu is at build 302 of its current version, to quote just a But before we delve into the current and upcoming trends in few examples that show the ongoing development efforts of this fi eld, let’s make sure that we have our nomenclature straight. existing tools. In addition, two full-fl edged new tools (MemoQ I’ve been on a campaign to supplant the terms computer-assisted and Lingotek) were released within the last 18 months, and at translation (CAT) or TM tool with the more encompassing and least two more tool suites will be released later this year. All therefore more accurate term translation environment tool. In together, about two dozen commercial and open-source tools an article I wrote in this magazine (MultiLingual #77 January/ on the market provide the main features of the typical transla- February 2006, www.multilingual.com/zetzsche77), I explained tion environment tool (TM or bitext, terminology management, some of the details behind this personal terminology crusade. project management, and quality assurance [QA]), and a host Since the same article also outlines the history of TM technol- of smaller tools offers other specifi c features in the realm of ogy, I won’t bore you with that here, either. conversion, database management and QA. Written six months after the SDL-TRADOS deal, that article So there must be a huge market out there, right? identifi ed the following as the primary areas for “continuing Not so, says Common Sense Advisory’s Donald A. DePalma: development”: “The entire market for translation automation and localiza- Q terminology management tion tools, including translation management and machine Q content management translation, was somewhere in the neighborhood of US$100 Q workfl ow modules million for 2006. When I followed the application develop- Q MT components ment tool market back in the 1990s, you could fi nd any num- Q the translation fi le exchange format XLIFF ber of single tools doing $10 [million], $25 [million] and even Q open source Q TM exchange Let’s look at these categories in terms of what has happened in each over the course of the last couple of years.

Jost Zetzsche is a co-founder of International Terminology management Writers’ Group and TM Marketplace and Terminology management could also be called the “thorn author of The Translator’s Tool Box: A in the fl esh of the translation industry.” As has been lamented Computer Primer for Translators. by many before, terminology work in general has been greatly

34 | MultiLingual September 2007 [email protected]

34-38 Zetzsche w-sidebars 629.in34 34 8/9/07 8:58:24 AM Tech

neglected (see the excellent MultiLingual #87 April/May 2007 requirements now have to fi t into a larger framework of process about the current state of terminology work) — and this despite management. Tools such as Idiom WorldServer, Lionbridge’s the fact that most translation environment tools provide rela- Logoport, across, and SDL Trados Synergy are prime examples tively sophisticated terminology management facilities, which of tools that connect all three of the traditional layers in the have now also increasingly been extended into QA tools. translation process: translators, MLVs and translation buyers. Ironically, it is not so much the traditional terminology mod- On the other hand, other traditional translation environment ules that have started to change perspectives on terminology tools — including Déjà Vu, Similis, MemoQ, MultiTrans, SDLX work. Instead, there is a new emphasis on the subsegment level and STAR Transit — are offering an interface between the LSP of the otherwise more traditional sentence- version and the freely downloadable editor level translation unit. Tools such as Lin- for translators/editors. “Light” interfaces gotek, Similis and MultiTrans have fi nally between some project management tools had some success in creating a general A kind of partnership and the analysis module of the leading awareness that there is great value in small that represents a new translation environment tools have also subsegments (Similis calls them “chunks”) become commonplace. contained within larger structures. Other and promising A new development that will certainly tool vendors are already working on solu- continue in the future is actual partnerships tions that will follow suit. phenomenon is one that between translation environment tools and At the same time, terminology harvesting provides translation project management solution providers, tools from SDL (PhraseFinder and MultiTerm such as the newly announced partnership Extract), LogiTerm, MultiTrans and Similis environment tool vendors between MultiCorpora and Plunet. have made it possible to quickly build up terminology databases and are increasingly with MT components. MT components available for users outside the corporate Operating on the same keyword, another environment. kind of partnership that represents a new Unfortunately, TBX, the TermBase eXchange format, has and promising phenomenon is one that provides translation not had much of an impact. Aside from the standard’s most environment tool vendors with MT components. Both across ardent implementer, Heartsome, only a handful of other tools and Idiom have announced formal partnerships with MT actively supports it. I recently spoke with a developer of a provider Language Weaver, a trend that will most certainly standalone terminology tool who mentioned that TBX was just continue with increased cooperation of that nature and ever too complex to support with his tool, so he decided instead more seamless integration of MT into the process offered by to use the much simpler TMX format (Translation Memory translation environment tools. This quest for cooperation is eXchange) for exchanging his terminology databases. The mutually benefi cial and will continue to be pursued by both TBX-Lite standard that is currently under development may sides. It is in the interest of MT tools to have a strong TM (and end up helping this issue. terminology management) component, and it is equally in the interest of translation environment tools to offer an easy Content management and seamless interface and integration to MT. An immediate Content management was promising a year and a half ago drawback of this symbiosis will be that the language agnosti- and still is today. More tool developers have formed partner- cism that most translation environment tools practice will be ships with content management system (CMS) providers. SDL, replaced by a “preferred” treatment — at least as far as MT Idiom and across have been particularly active in that area by goes — of the larger languages for which MT is available. forming partnerships with the likes of the makers of Docu- Other less formal integration will also continue, such as has mentum and Interwoven or by creating APIs that easily adapt been offered for some time now by tools such as Wordfast or to CMS. MetaTexis with easy connections to MT packages with a Word Still, the challenge inherent in this confl uence of translation interface. and content creation — particularly emphasized by tools such as SDL AuthorAssistant, Sajan’s Authoring Coach, and across’ Exchange formats: XLIFF crossAuthor — has yet to be embraced by the language industry. XLIFF, the exchange format that was poised to make trans- These tools allow technical writers to connect to a TM so that latable content completely exchangeable between supporting the content will be written with the greatest possible number tools, has made some slow progress. While a number of tools of matches in the translation process. This would seem to be — including most if not all of the localization tools as well as an opportunity ripe for the picking, allowing language service Lingotek, SDLX, TRADOS and others — are supporting XLIFF at providers (LSPs) to broaden their service portfolios to include various levels, it is probably fair to say that it has not achieved authoring services by using the TMs they helped their clients the prominence that it was supposed to have and should have. generate in the fi rst place. There are some hopeful signs, though. Following Heartsome’s and Sun’s Open Language Tools XLIFF Translation Editor’s lead, Workflow modules both Lingotek and MultiTrans (in its XLIFF Editor) have adapted Workfl ow modules within translation environment tools were XLIFF as the internal default format for all (Lingotek) or HTML- still an exciting and fresh concept when I last wrote about it, based and XML-based formats (MultiTrans). but it’s now become an expected and required component. At In the meantime, two other formats have become a de facto the multi-language vendor (MLV) level, TM and terminology exchange format: SDL Trados’ bilingual RTF-based format and,

www.multilingual.com September 2007 MultiLingual | 35

34-38 Zetzsche w-sidebars 629.in35 35 8/9/07 8:58:25 AM Tech

because of the limitations of that format, the XML-based TTX format. You are hard-pressed to fi nd tools that do not support What’s next for TMS? one or both of these formats or are about to support them. While these formats do not offer all the manageability benefi ts of XLIFF, they are in fact more of an exchange format than Benjamin B. Sargent XLIFF is. Another originally distinguishing factor between translation Since the publication of the Common Sense Advisory report environment tools is slowly dissipating as well: the support of “Translation Management Systems Scorecards” in February 2007, the many desktop publishing or word processing formats. Since many language vendors and enterprise users have voiced their virtually all translation environment tools support XML and opinions about what is missing in these software products. Removing since many source formats are now in some form of XML or can the obviously blue-sky suggestions, what follows is a rundown of be represented as XML, the costly development of new fi lters realistic feature additions and enhancements that we believe TMS for new formats — which was typically only done by the larger vendors should be working on this year and next. tools — is increasingly becoming obsolete. Examples of this 1. Plug-ins for content management system (CMS) environments. include the latest versions of InDesign, Microsoft Offi ce and, of Content contributors and content managers want to order/select course, OpenOffi ce.org. translation from within their own environment. They don’t want to have to load or learn a new application. The natural evolution of the “content connector” that shuttles content to and from the translation Open source environment is a plug-in interface. Translations.com has pioneered The openness that XML provides also now allows open- this approach with graphical user interfaces consisting of one or more source tools to directly support formats such as Word, Excel screens that open within an Interwoven TeamSite, Documentum Web and PowerPoint (rather than through a prior conversion via Publisher or other CMS application. OpenOffi ce). OmegaT, the most actively developed open-source 2. Tie-ins to authoring environments. Documentation managers need tool, has announced the inclusion of a fi lter for Offi ce 2007 in their authors to select existing segments with equivalent meanings its next release, and that should help it gain an even stronger when translated matches already exist within the TM database. Ease footing in the freelance translator community. In May of this of use is paramount here since tech writers would be asked to deviate from their current practice: fi nish writing paragraph, apply TM, select year, ProZ.com astonishingly reported that OmegaT was the matches, perform fi nal cleanup, begin writing next paragraph. SDL fourth-most-used tool among its members. AuthorAssistant and Sajan Authoring Coach are good starts, but every vendor needs to be working on these capabilities. TM exchange 3. Business management capabilities. Vendors and buyers alike TM exchange has arguably made the largest strides in the write purchase orders for translation work, based on the results of past couple of years, both in the form of tool development and running new content against existing TMs. Push-button purchase tool-external initiatives. order generation is a winner for system users, but few vendors include Many tools now offer components to exchange project-based this feature. One reason is that named resources with known rate TMs interactively during the translation process (TRADOS, cards are needed, thus making resource management functions a necessary precursor. Translation companies generate their invoices SDLX, across, Fusion, MemoQ, Idiom Workbench, Logoport, based on similarly generated data. “Buyers” servicing corporate MetaTexis, MultiTrans and various others), and Lingotek in translation requirements also generate the internal equivalent of particular has made the sharing of TMs (“indexes” in Lingotek- invoices to charge back outsourced costs to other profi t and loss speech) one of the cornerstones of its tool architecture. centers within their organization. Software makers cavil and say Wordfast started the VLTM (Very Large Translation Memory) that so many other charges pertain — such as DTP, localization project, in which large public TMs for various language pairs engineering, QA and project management. Users say, “Yeah? So get are made available on a central server for all Wordfast users, busy!” The users are screaming for it. Which vendors will prove the nimblest? and recently this feature was extended by creating space for private projects on the server as well. 4. Cross-integrations with other enterprise systems. This is a long term requirement, but inevitable. Enterprise class business process Aside from the widely accepted TMX format and its as-of-yet- management, resource management, fi nancial management (general rarely-used extension SRX (the Segmentation Rules eXchange ledger and procurement) systems all need to talk to a mature TMS, format, which makes sure that the same segmentation rules are if and when someone builds one. LTC Organiser already talks to SAP, used across user settings and tools), another interesting new QuickBooks and Crystal Reports. Expect to see more connectors to technology has been introduced by MemoQ called “translation general ledger applications, as well as sales force automation tools memory driven segmentation.” With this technology, the under- such as .com and SugarCRM. lying TM dictates the segmentation to make sure that potential The core functions of TMSs are well defi ned. Vendors with matches are segmented according to the TM. workfl ow, centralized memory management functions, and webtop tools for translators and reviewers need to focus next on bridging the budget and resource management gap Methods of sharing data between their software and other enterprise Other tool-independent initiatives also show that there is an systems of record. It is all part of growing up ever-growing awareness of the need to share data. The Transla- and learning to do your household chores. M tion Automation User Society (TAUS) organized a summit in March of this year with representatives of 26 multinational orga- Benjamin B. Sargent is nizations “to explore how a co-operative platform for sharing a senior analyst at the research and language data can potentially increase levels of translation auto- consulting fi rm Common Sense Advisory. mation, through, for instance, advanced leveraging and training

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ITS. The Internationalization Tag Set is a recent recommendation from CAT tools and standards: the W3C (www.w3c.org/international/its). It aims at providing some internationalization built-in support for any XML document. Several aspects of ITS are relevant to CAT tools. For example, ITS offers a standard way to a brief summary describe what should be translated in an XML document. While today most tools have their XML fi lters based on restrictive element/attribute paradigms, ITS is based on XPath — the standard mechanism to select nodes in the XML world — and offers a much more powerful range of possibilities. Yves Savourel ITS presents also the particularity to be, in a large part, designed to be used by developers and authors of XML content, upstream of localization. To avoid being locked in proprietary solutions, the customers of So, implementing ITS in CAT tools may be a requirement driven by language services have pushed for the creation of different standards customers of translation services. Some tools vendors, such as XML-INTL, that would allow them to work with different computer-aided have already implemented the standard while others, such as Heartsome, translation (CAT) environments and to ensure that their translation- have announced support for it in the next version of their products. related assets outlive the tools that produced them. Here are some of OLIF. The Open Lexicon Interchange Format is a standard way to store the main standards used in the industry. lexical and terminological information. OLIF is maintained by the OLIF XLIFF. The XML Localisation Interchange File Format allows you Consortium (www.olif.net). The consortium provides various tools to work to store extracted text and metadata in a common format that can with OLIF data, including a programming toolkit as well as conversion and be carried from one step to the next in the localization process and comparison utilities. ultimately allows you to get the data back into their original format. XLIFF Because OLIF is mostly used by MT systems, few CAT tools have support is maintained by the OASIS XLIFF Technical Committee (www.oasis-open for it. Several proprietary terminology-related applications support the .org/committees/xliff). format, and SDL Trados MultiTerm allows the import of OLIF fi les. Many CAT tools can work with XLIFF documents. Some, such as Trans-WS. The Translation Web Services specifi cation is being developed Heartsome’s XLIFF Editor, are specifi cally built for them; others, such by the OASIS Translation Web Services Technical Committee (www.oasis- as SDL/Trados TagEditor, have enough fl exibility in the generic XML open.org/committees/trans-ws). Trans-WS is a web service to automate support they offer to be able to handle XLIFF. translation procurement tasks. In other words, it provides a common way SRX. The Segmentation Rules eXchange format is based on Unicode to request a translation quote, get it priced and, if needed, get back the TR29 and regular expression-based rules that describe how to break translated data. sentences. Version 1.0 suffered from a lack of detailed explanations on While Trans-WS is not directly related to most CAT tools, it illustrates how to process the rules. This caused CAT tools to have incompatible an increasing trend of using web-based processes for localization tasks, implementations. Version 2.0 remedies this by providing an algorithm something that will affect the architecture of the tools in the future. Trans- to interpret the rules. SRX is maintained by the OSCAR Special Interest WS is nearing the end of its development phase, and localization services Group at LISA (www.lisa.org/standards/srx). providers such as Lionbridge and thebigword or globalization management Several CAT applications have already implemented SRX (Heartsome’s services vendors such as Idiom have expressed interest in the project. suite, XML-INTL’s tools, SDLX and MemoQ, for example), and others such as OmegaT are moving in that direction or have very similar implementations. Missing parts. A few additional aspects of CAT tools still could be standardized. TMX. The Translation Memory eXchange format aims at exchanging TM between tools. TMX is maintained by the OSCAR Special Interest Inline codes. When you look at XLIFF and TMX, you quickly notice Group at LISA (www.lisa.org/standards/tmx). The version 1.4b has been that the constructs they use to represent inline codes — that is, how to released for a while now, and nowadays most translation tools can isolate codes such as bold, image references and so on — are very similar, import and export TMX documents. but not quite the same. In the long term, a single way to represent Data exchange between tools using TMX is not always seamless because an extracted segment would benefi t everyone. An additional aspect of their TMX implementations often differ. Also, issues not related to TMX can this issue is how to process and represent the various escape sequences make the transfer of a TM a depressing exercise. For example, many tools many source formats use. Today, there are no conventions on how to segment sentences and handle inline codes differently. code them in the extracted segments. TBX. The TermBase eXchange format is a standard format to exchange Translation resources access API. As the use of Web Services and web- terminology data. TBX is maintained by the OSCAR Special Interest Group related application grows, it becomes important to develop a way to share at LISA (www.lisa.org/standards/tbx). TBX is an instance of MARTIF (ISO- translation-related resources across the web, not just through fi le import 12200) and is based on the TMF (ISO-16642) meta-model and the data and export, but via direct requests and exchange at the segment level or categories defi ned in ISO-12620. lower. In other words, we need a standard way to query TMs, MT systems CAT tools historically have often used simple, even minimalist terminology and terminology databases. This would allow applications on both sides models, thus making the need to implement more complex systems such as — the ones needing to query and the ones who have data to provide — to TBX not a priority. It is, however, supported by several applications such as work seamlessly in a heterogeneous environment. Quite a few applications Heartsome’s suite, across and XML-INTL’s tools. already offer online query system for MT, TM and terminology, but they GMX-V. The Global Information Management Metrics eXchange are using different methods of access. Having a common interface would – Volume standard is the specifi cation of several rules about how to greatly simplify the development of implementations using such systems gather volume-related metrics such as word counts and how to store and create opportunities for both sides of the transactions. M them. GMX-V is maintained by the OSCAR Special Interest Group at LISA (www.lisa.org/standards/gmx). In an industry where almost all translation work is priced by the word, establishing a common way of counting them is crucial. But this is a hot topic politically because it affects directly and in opposite ways Yves Savourel is a localization solution all parties involved. GMX-V is implemented by few applications for architect at ENLASO Corporation in now (for example, in XML-INTL’s tools and the upcoming version 7 of Boulder, Colorado, and chairs the W3C Heartsome’s suite). Internationalization Tag Set Working Group.

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of machine translation systems” (quote LSPs who are active in the automotive Q Terminology management is mak- from the press release of TAUS, www industry, and MT developers. ing a gradual shift because of a stronger .translationautomation.com/downloads/ And there is a third initiative, the use of subsegments. TAUSSummitNewsRelease.pdf). While the “made-for-order model,” done without Q Workfl ow solutions have become a participants of the summit recognized any direct participation of the original data required feature in translation environ- that there are defi nite hurdles to overcome owner. Huge amounts of bilingual data in ment tools, either through partnerships (such as legal questions, classifi cation of the form of PDFs, web pages or various or tool-internal features. data, and infrastructure), the next meet- other formats are available for download Q There is a clear trend toward inte- ing to tackle some of the hands-on ques- on the internet. While these data sources gration of MT and TM technologies, both tions is already scheduled for this fall. are not prepared to be used as TMs, the through partnerships and through func- Another initiative is the licensing emergence of industrial-strength align- tional integration. scheme that TM Marketplace has been ment tools and expertise makes it possible Q Data exchange between tools, espe- offering for a couple of years. Rather to turn these documents into bilingual TM cially on the level of translation fi les and than giving data assets away to com- data. These TMs can be “custom-ordered” TMs, has become a reality. petitors, this concept looks at the value and tailored for specifi c industries or Q TM access has been increasingly of the TM data that has been assembled products. You can fi nd a white paper on opened up to allow workgroups simulta- over many years, puts a price tag on the legal ramifi cations at www.tmmarket neous data access. it and sells licenses for its use. For place.com/whitepapers/align Q TM sharing is supported by various instance, General Motors is offering TM other tool-independent initiatives. Marketplace licenses for more than four What it all means So far, so good. Because of the proac- million of its translation segments in six What does this all mean in a nutshell? tive approach of many tool developers, language combinations (English to Ger- Here’s how I would summarize the devel- tools are adapting to the market relatively man, European and Mexican Spanish, opments in the translation environment quickly, or, as in the case of the handling Canadian French, Italian, and Dutch) to tool market along the lines of the above of subsegments, they are encouraging other vendors in the automotive industry, categories: the market to adapt to them. Increased competition — rather than decreased, as many had predicted in 2005 — and an increasingly level playing fi eld through the openness of formats and the pos- sibilities of data exchange are helping this market to be ever more fl exible as it steps up the process of development. And the quest for partnerships and integration of tools on various levels is helping the “environment” of transla- tion environment tools to become ever Any Language. larger. Tools such as the “middleware” Clay Tablet (www.clay-tablet.com) could Any Culture. possibly further this process even more. The Translation Summit (www.transla tionsummit.org) has initiated a task force that is supposed to help further reduce the gap between what translation users at all levels need and what tools provide. Though this task force is not limited to “translation environment tools” but looks at all the different tool-based processes of the translation workfl ow, translation environment tool developers should be able to benefi t immensely from the results. This study is going to be launched with a comprehensive survey about which you’re sure to hear more in the pages of this magazine and other forums. To paraphrase the closing of the state of the union address delivered by Bill oao Clinton in January 2000: “As long as our dreams outweigh our memories, we will AMERICAS EUROPE IRELAND CHINA JAPAN be forever young. That is our destiny. And this is our moment.” M

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Tech || 8/9/07 9:00:34 AM MultiLingual In the simplest model, a TM consists TM in isolation is of little use, but , and they can be of any granularity. , and they can be of any granularity. from neighboring units of thought. For from neighboring units of thought. For some purposes, though, sentence-based segmentation is too limiting, and we shall explore this limitation. of matching segments of the source and target languages, and these segment pairs are called TUs. it becomes important in the context of segments Richard Sikes is a freelance localization management trainer and consultant. He has been immersed in localization since 1989. ers. The sentence is grammatically independent ers. The fragments of each document set contained in a TM are The fragments of each document set contained generally called The granularity is determined by segmentation rules employed The granularity is determined by segmentation many purposes, seg- by the software that creates the TM. For unit of division, mentation at the sentence level is a convenient to other languages. especially when translating from English communicates This is because in English a sentence generally a direct object and a unit of thought with a subject, a verb, some modifi translating new documents. If the content of the new source document is in some way related to the content contained in to be a degree the source segments of a TM, then there is likely of re-usability of the target segments in the translation. If the segments in the new source documents are very similar to the segments in the TM, then re-usability will be high. This is often the case with document sets that are iterative in nature such as successive generations of university textbooks or instructions for use for evolving medical device products. Translated Translated Fuzzy Wuzzy was a bear. Fuzzy Wuzzy had no hair. If Fuzzy Wuzzy had no hair, was he? He wasn’t fuzzy, French version these ele- ning Original English version nitions of segments and trans- Fuzzy matching Fuzzy and practice in theory Richard Sikes

Computer Document Source Target To begin a discussion of how computers can be To user manual The document set could also be comprised of many source A TM is a database collection of matching fragments of two TM, segmentation, TUs and fuzziness helpful in the realm of fuzzy matching, we starthelpful in the realm of fuzzy matching, with some basic defi lation units (TUs), described within the context oflation units (TUs), described within translation memory (TM). After defi ments, we shall look at the process of quantifyingments, we shall look at the process a human per- and then using fuzzy matches from of the processspective and then at which pieces are adaptable to computer envi- ronments and where some limits an we indicate Finally, may apply. area in the computer-aided trans- arena where the next lation (CAT) breakthroughs are close to reality. www.multilingual.com September 2007 and many matching target documents. This is often the case when multiple documents describe one theme and consistency among them is of importance. document sets, with one document set being a translation of the For this reason, one of these document sets is considered other. to be the source language, and the other is considered to be the target language. Consider this example of a document set that consists of one source and one target document: T 39-43 F Sikes.indd 39 Tech

Re-usability is not limited there is one deletion; therefore, to segments in a new source the distance is 1. Likewise, document that have equiva- transforming kitten to mitten lent segments in TM. If a new also results in a distance of 1 source document segment is due to the single substitution of matched partially by a seg- k by m. ment in the TM, then we Transforming words that dif- have what is known in the fer more greatly — for example, industry as a fuzzy match. multilingual to multilateral — For example, the old source can be best visualized in a document might have had a matrix that yields one or more sentence, “The grass is green minimum cost paths when com- today.” The TM would con- puting a cumulative distance for tain the translated equivalent each combination of letters in a TU. If the new source when moving through the two document now reads, “The words simultaneously from tree is green today,” the TU beginning to end. Here we see a would have a partial match, clear path with no changes all with the degree of matching the way through multil before depending on a number of substitutions begin. The next factors such as the relative three letters, ing do not occur in genders of tree and grass, multilateral, so the substitution the morphology of other count is incremented by one words in the TU, and other each time. The last two letters, linguistic parameters. al, again repeat, so the count Table 1: Matrix illustrating simple Levenshtein Distance example. remains at 4 (Table 1). How fuzzy is fuzzy? So should this be a 50% fuzzy match? In the foregoing case, there was one This brings us to a core question: That seems rather extreme, given such a very clear computational path through how do we quantify fuzziness? There are simple sentence and a relatively small the spelling differences, but this is not numerous ways, and each has its advan- contextual change. Does the simple always the case. Let us consider trans- tages and disadvantages. change of subtracting an e from the forming acrobatic to memory. These two Let us look more closely at our simple string of characters qualify as a full 25% example: difference in the fuzziness of the match? The grass is green today. From a human interpretive point of view, probably not. The tree is green today. These simple examples hint at the In this example, each sentence consists complexity of fuzzy matching and its big of fi ve words. One word has changed. So, brother, fuzzy search. Perhaps an algo- in a simplifi ed manner, one could consider rithm that would render a more granular this to be an 80% match, at least for the representation of the difference between source segments. But this 80% does not verte and vert would be appropriate for necessarily transfer to the target language determining fuzziness. Algorithms that because of some of the aforementioned are often used in spell checking, plagia- grammatical issues. rism detection and other applications Consider German: compare strings of characters to one another. These algorithms are based on Das Grass ist heute grün. a concept called Levenshtein Distance, Der Baum ist heute grün. also known as Edit Distance. In German, two words have changed. Levenshtein Distance. According to So, for translation purposes, should the the National Institute of Standards and match be considered to be 80% based on Technology (NIST), Levenshtein Distance the source or 60% based on the target? is defi ned as “the smallest number of Table 2: Matrix illustrating second Let’s consider French now: insertions, deletions, and substitutions Levenshtein Distance example. L’herbe est verte aujourd’hui. required to change one string or tree into another.” For the purposes of this words are clearly different for the fi rst L’arbre est vert aujourd’hui. discussion, we shall only consider strings, three letters, but then in the fourth posi- To start with, the sentence might be defi ned by NIST as “a list of characters . . . tion, both of them have an o. This causes counted as four words. The noun has Informally a word, phrase, sentence, etc.” the path to split, and henceforth there changed, of course, but so has the modi- In the case of transforming verte to are multiple paths to the fi nal score of 8 fi er verte due to the change in gender. vert, the Levenshtein Distance is simple: (Table 2). The fact that there are multiple

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paths is not directly relevant to -m-ul t i l ingual compu-t i--ng--- a computer-based solution and, indeed, a human tasked with compu-ti--ng--- --m-ulti l ingual fi nding such a path might actu- ally fi nd a more costly path to be more intuitive. In this con- text, though, we are only con- cerned with a fi nal minimum cost path which, in each of the illustrated cases, leads to a score of 8. So far, so good. But in some cases, a simple computation of editing distance is not an accurate refl ection of what goes on in the human brain when comprehending changes in words. Let’s consider yet another case: that of simply reversing the order of the two words multilingual computing. This case is interesting because there are numerous repeated letters. This is easily visual- ized by juxtaposing the two character strings vertically in such a way that the matched characters are aligned. In this way, one can clearly count the additions, substitutions and deletions yielding a score of 18 (Table 3). The repetition of 13 of 22 characters (counting the blank) causes considerable branching, thereby resulting in a much more varied path through the matrix. Viewed from a human brain Table 3: Large matrix illustrating multilingual computing to computing multilingual. perspective, there seems to be inequity in the calculated result of a sim- would yield the most usable result. This seems inappropriate and a disservice to the ple word reversal being so much greater would be especially true if a preference industry as a whole. than that of transforming the character to determine a weighted granularity bal- string acrobatic to memory. Indeed, despite ance (such as between words and word Fuzzy matching in practice its computational accuracy, Levenshtein components) based on language were So far, we have looked at some of the Distance alone cannot be considered a supported. Such a system is not avail- theory behind fuzzy matching. We will pragmatic solution for predicting usable able today. now turn our attention to how human fuzziness in human terms. In fact, manufacturers of TM systems translators use fuzzy matches and what Because Levenshtein Distance can also are secretive about how they go about aspects of this traditionally human work be defi ned for words rather than for char- calculating fuzzy matches. For example, might be realistically augmented by com- acters, it might actually be more useful to despite its , the TRADOS algorithm puter technology. use the character defi nition for Asian is not a published standard but rather an Let’s break down the process of trans- languages and the word defi nition for industrial secret. This is also true of other forming a fuzzy match to a full match languages in which word boundaries are systems. The translation community nev- within the context of everyday translation defi ned by spaces. ertheless relies on fuzzy matches as an work. Upon close examination, we may For now, let’s leave the subject at this. integral component of overall quantifi ca- conclude that translators repeatedly move In an ideal world, it would seem that a tion, for much comparative data, as the through three stages with each fuzzy fuzzy calculation that combines a mul- basis for job quotations, and a myriad of match they encounter: identifi cation, tilevel comparison (segment, word, and other uses. In this context, the absence of search and synthesis. Let’s take a look at Levenshtein Distance or a variant of it) a universal, public benchmarking standard each of these stages in greater detail.

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Identifi cation. Human brains are good linguistic knowledge from study or exp- context is added to the search. It imposes at pattern differentiation and can readily erience, dictionaries and reference books, useful limits that pattern matching alone distinguish words or phrases that are terminology databases, or possibly other does not contain. This allows humans to missing or changed in similar linguistic sections of the same document. Humans hop laterally to other TUs that are either segments. Nevertheless, humans need are quite good at this task; they are not, elsewhere within the same TM or perhaps help from computers in this task because however, effi cient at fi ne-combing completely outside of it. although human brains are quite effi - through massive volumes of material. Conventional TM systems do not sup- cient with small amounts of data, they For this, computers are much faster and port automated borrowing of material become less effi cient as volume grows. can be more detailed. A computer system from other TUs, even when that material Computers provide vastly superior speed that can quickly and effi ciently search is present elsewhere in one memory. In in parsing through large volumes of data other words, the translator may perform to fi nd candidate segment matches. a concordance search of other TUs, but Viewing only the results of such parsing Fuzzy Wuzzy was a match this search is not qualifi ed by context, drastically reduces the amount of mate- and results are not automatically inserted rial with which the human brain has to The TM system couldn’t catch. into the target segment, even though contend. A match so fuzzy it can’t be caught they may be present and can be found. After one or more candidate matches Is way too fuzzy, or maybe not? This concept has been given the moniker are found, matched and mismatched sub- advanced leveraging, and it is becoming segments on the source and target sides a current hot topic in CAT circles. New of the TU are identifi ed for the human through a very large volume of subseg- systems that support advanced lever- translator. At this point, the computer ments to fi nd a set of potential matches aging are becoming available. These hands the less fragmented segments over can beat human performance levels when have the ability to search outside of the to the human for alteration into linguis- the volume of material rises above rela- confi nes of individual TUs to retrieve tically meaningful equivalents — seg- tively low thresholds. a wider range of candidate matching regating them from highly fragmented That being said, one particular area material from other TUs and even from segment pairs, for which a more effi cient of human superiority over computers is sources altogether outside of the TM in approach is to translate without the use inference. The human translator might question. This represents an advance in of fuzzy matching. think, “This section is about boats. So, TM technology, but the most signifi cant Search. The human performing alter- I infer that I should investigate a short advance potential lies elsewhere — in ation on the mismatched components of list of possible subsegments from other fully automated synthesis of new and the new target segment must search areas of the TM that also discuss boats. better fuzzy matches. through repositories of data to fi nd app- I believe I remember something about Synthesis. It is in the area of synthe- ropriate solutions to rectify the mismatch. that elsewhere in the document or in a sis that humans differentiate themselves Some of these repositories are acquired particular reference text.” In this way, greatly from computers. The human trans- lator chooses from a variety of target- language sources to fi nd the most accurate match for the untranslated sub- segment. Some adaptation of the choice based on linguistic rules may need to be made. Humans do this naturally and with relative effi ciency. Some solutions available today leverage the effi ciency of computer-based internet searching to narrow the fi eld of potential match choices, yet they still offl oad the fi nal choice of subsegment match and adap- tation to humans. This type of solution is less than optimal because it intrinsi- cally contains the potential to create more work, not less, for translators in all but very simple cases. Emulating the natural human process of synthesis in computers is very diffi - cult. It falls into a category of complex combinatorial problems that are classi- fi ed as “NP complete.” Simply stated, an NP complete problem is one in which the solution is extremely hard to com- pute but very easy to verify. A classic colloquial example of such a problem is

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that of the traveling salesman who must visit numerous cities and then return to his starting point while traveling the shortest possible distance. The shortest distance is obvious through comparison with distances generated by other routes, but fi nding the optimal route that leads to this shortest distance is complex. Localization Is LTC Worx — Your New Analogously, in terms of fi nding appro- More Than Translation . . . priate matches, it is relatively easy to Management Solution determine whether a match is correct Global challenges require flexible and professional LTC Worx is a new generation of web-based by applying logical and linguistic rules, service providers. Take advantage of our experience business system for the language industry. It is the but narrowing the fi eld and determining and know-how and make your product a worldwide first product that can manage all of your language which match to use are very complex success! SAM Engineering was established in 1994 projects from translation and localization to problems for computers to solve. and provides localization services to IT organizations interpreting, consultancy and even language training. Once a match is chosen, it must be as well as translation and engineering services to It adapts fully to your tried and tested processes tested for linguistic fl uency by apply- vertical industries through its network of translation and optimizes them, thereby greatly increasing ing grammatical rules. Human trans- partners, specializing in the translation of Business productivity. LTC Worx is scalable. It can optimize lators do this instinctively as part of Applications and Technical Documentation. SAM SMEs and features the most comprehensive multi-site their training-based work. Computers Engineering GmbH is located in Muehltal, near features perfect for big players. have been able to do this with reason- Frankfurt, Germany. For more information, see able success for 20 years or so, to wit, www.sam-engineering.de grammar-checking in PC-based word The Language processing programs. The artistry here SAM Engineering GmbH Technology Centre comes beforehand — in choosing and adapting the subsegment. Kirchstrasse 1, D-64367 Muehltal, Germany 5-7 Kingston Hill 49-6151-9121-0 • Fax: 49-6151-9121-18 Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, KT2 7JN UK The future — [email protected] 44-20-8549-2359 • Fax: 44-20-8825-6994 advanced leveraging www.sam-engineering.de [email protected] • www.langtech.co.uk Central to this discussion is the human ability to effi ciently identify, search and synthesize target TU subsegments such as individual words and phrases. This is Terminotix Inc. highly repetitive work at which human brains excel. But both logic and experi- ence tell us that computers frequently Tools for Professionals provide speed advantages when accom- plishing repetitive tasks, thus freeing and Businesses human brains for other activities. So, can translate. the aforementioned linguistic task sets better. faster. cheaper. For a software suite that meets your needs or be done by computers as well as humans complements your existing TM and full-text software, can do them? The Holy Grail in transla- With solutions for all markets, the MemoQ contact us for more information on: tion automation is the technology that translation environment is quickly establishing itself • AlignFactory provides a yes to this question. as the technology leader. • AlignFactoryLight Many companies are working on Here are some reasons customers choose MemoQ: • AlignRobot the problem of advanced leveraging to • LogiTerm • Buy the license once and get all updates for free. improve the quality of fuzzy matches • LogiTermWebPlus • The world’s best value client-server translation and, in some cases, even eliminate them. • Web extension module environment. In the near future we should expect • SynchroTerm • ContexTM functionality and network access greater grass-roots integration of TM • TransSearch included, even in the basic edition. technologies with rules-based MT, sta- • TransFlow • Intuitive and easy-to-learn interface. tistical MT, other natural language pro- • Responsive support and tailored training. Terminotix is a Canadian company specializing in cessing technologies plus increasingly • Longest evaluation period with pilot project coaching. software geared to the day-to-day realities of termino- powerful search and crawl to provide • Extensive integration with other systems. logists, translators and language service managers. this advanced leveraging capability. Companies that can bring this combina- Terminotix Inc. tion of technologies in usable form to the Kilgray Translation Technologies 240 Bank Street, Suite 600 translation world will be the ones that 5700 Gyula, Béke sugárút 72. 2/8., Hungary Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2P 1X4 will lead the pack as we move farther 36-30-3839435 • Fax: 36-1-3460475 613-233-8465 • Fax: 613-233-3995 into the twenty-fi rst century. M [email protected] • www.kilgray.com [email protected] • www.terminotix.com

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39-43 F Sikes.indd 43 8/9/07 9:00:37 AM Localization World CONFERENCE LLocalocal LLanguageanguage FFirst!irst!

October 16 - 18, 2007 Bell Harbor Conference Center Seattle, Washington USA

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44 Localization World ad #90.ind44 44 8/3/07 2:21:50 PM 45

Tech || 8/9/07 9:03:10 AM MultiLingual t of physical contact. The local message is just as important (if not more) as theThe local message is just as important (if of the existingThe serious impact that lack of awareness the brand must be In order to succeed in a new market, Price adjustment requires more effort than simply replacing Q Q Q Q A company decides to expand internationally for one reason:A company decides to expand internationally If it’s so fraught with risk, why do so many organizations think The internet has increased the consumer’s ability to know which to increase its global footprint and/or brand and, therefore, theto increase its global footprint and/or brand living abroad, I havesize of its bank account. As an American established organizationseen thousands of instances where an readies the product forbrings its home product to new shores and symbol that appearsglobal sale by simply changing the currency price, vastly differ- in front of the price — same product, same (thanks to the exchange ent revenue realization for the company the business does notrate). I have also seen many cases where begins to understandperform as well as it expects, and it slowly message appropriate tothe importance and power of making your too late, this analysis concludes that: little the local culture. Too global brand message. corporate brand has in a new local market. established as if it were new again, which requires maintenance investment. one currency symbol with another. that operating globally is future-critical? It’s simple, really: the It’s changed all of our lives, just as Bill Gates predicted computer. up a phone book in yearsit would. Many of us haven’t picked can stay in because we search for local services on the internet. We touch with one another for the price of a broadband subscription, meaning that we may have closer personal relationships with one another than ever before without the benefi And children today are unbelievably tech-savvy. My friend’s three- And children today are unbelievably tech-savvy. year-old isn’t allowed to start pre-school until he knows how to use a mouse, and he doesn’t yet speak in complete sentences! My own MTV Generation has turned into The Now Generation: I want and I should be able to click to get it. it, I want it now, products are available, compare features and prices with other pro- viders, get independent research and consumer reviews, and make nished ciency is for an way to deliver a that our lug- nd cient effi from the United States, ight The conveyor belt approach belt The conveyor management and terminology Christie Fidura ciency is directly related to the company’s ciency is directly related to

Christie Fidura is senior product marketing manager for terminology at SDL International. wearing the same clothes, ve countries rst time I visited Europe was with my rst time I visited Europe

The fi My doubts notwithstanding, the conveyor belt approach My doubts notwithstanding, the conveyor new husband and his mother. After a long and new husband and his mother. stressful overnight fl we arrived tired and cranky to fi spent the next 17 days gage had been lost. We touring fi that it would with daily promises from the airline minute.” And why had our lug- show up “any a conveyor belt gage been lost? It had fallen off Ford’s phe- somewhere in transit. Despite Henry line for his nomenal success with the assembly my faith in the system was shaken. Model T, www.multilingual.com September 2007 product to the next business unit and so on. It’s completely rea- sonable — that is, until the product you are delivering is content and you add the pressures of globalization into the mix. organization to structure itself into a process-related hierarchy and to isolate individual functions into divisions — one business unit, performing one task incredibly well, delivering its fi product to market is to use the conveyor belt approach. This product to market driving need for effi and the faster competitor wins the bottom line: time is money, So, with this need at the forefront of operations, the customer. most sensible way to achieve maximum effi

is heavily in place today in every type of organization. From is heavily in place today in every type shop to a multi-locale a fast-food restaurant to a small print the most global software vendor, T 45-48 Terminology Fidura.indd 45 Tech

a purchase, all without direct teams for manipulation and physical interaction. distribution. A seemingly small This is great for consum- change at the corporate level ers, but makes things much can have an enormous effect more diffi cult for companies. on a local offi ce responsible for Because businesses no longer all print, media and marketing have such strong human rela- communications. tionships with their clients, The problem with the informa- they have less knowledge tion I have presented to you thus about their customers and, far is that it is narrow-minded. subsequently, less of an idea Only external communications of how to reach them. Tech- that are marketing-oriented have nology has given us more been mentioned. But, of course, customer channels — e-mail not all content is produced for marketing, wireless, even marketing purposes. Every com- digital billboards — but with- Figure 1: An inconsistency in the source material is replicated in other pany that has ever sold anything documents and multiplied by the number of target languages. out that strong foundation produces information about its knowledge of the customer, it makes it that 2006 reported Coca-Cola as the number product. Sometimes that content is pub- much harder to develop a message for an one most valuable brand (not company), lished externally and sometimes not. Here individual. Marketing is signifi cantly more worth about $67,000,000,000. are some examples: diffi cult than it used to be. Now imagine With such enormous values at stake, it Q Internal use: processes, plans, func- trying to do it on a global scale from a is critically important that the corporate tions, ideas, requirements, procedures, stan- central offi ce located within an isolated brand message be consistent, yet simulta- dards, intellectual property, administration, business unit. neously fl exible enough to sustain a local account management, accounts payable, Best practice dictates that a small group marketing infl uence. In the translation accounts receivable. located in corporate headquarters creates industry, we call this nuance. Leveraging Q External use: brochures, license agree- the overall brand message and then passes a cultural expert’s knowledge ensures ments, user guides, website, presentations, it to local marketers who manipulate it for that the larger global message becomes bills of lading, public relations, advertising, their audience with their cultural expertise. one that is equally signifi cant to the local product packaging. In 1997, Fortune magazine stated, “In the consumer and does its job in evoking a Multiple types of people located world- twenty-fi rst century, branding ultimately particular emotional response. Again, this wide are responsible for creating these will be the only unique differentiator process depends on one thing: the content individual types of content. Engineering between companies. Brand equity is now a conveyor belt. Content must be produced writes up product specifi cations; Opera- key asset.” InterBrand’s Best Global Brands and distributed to the local marketing tions creates procedures; Technical Docu- mentation creates user guides; Design creates product packaging; and so on. As Ближе не бывает mentioned before, each of these groups is So genau wie möglich 䤂േ䤂ࠁ structured into its own business silo, never needing to interact with any other .As Close as It Gets community. But this is the really interest- Aussi près que possible ing bit: each of these groups is using не бывает content developed by another group as the originating source of its own mate- rial. Engineering creates product specifi - cations and passes them to Technical Turbocharge Your TMs for Documentation. This group uses that source information to create, for example, Better Matches the user guide, which is then given to Marketing for use in developing the product messages. These messages are used by the Sales team to sell the product. Operations may also use Engineering specs to develop appropriate and effi cient processes for product development and delivery, and so on. A single piece of Translator content is used again and again for mul- tiple purposes, and this is where the breakdown happens. Try Online Demo Now – www.NoBabel.com Regardless of the fi nal delivery point of a document, internal or external, it is

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45-48 Terminology Fidura.indd 46 8/9/07 9:03:11 AM Tech

extremely likely that someone somewhere support himself or herself because of an used consistently across every piece of will use it as reference material. If anyone issue with corporate terminology. documentation produced by the business. within this user chain makes a change, “There is no common vocabulary at Their power cannot be underestimated. In an inconsistency has, by default, been Microsoft,” said Craig Mundie, Microsoft’s fact, a study by Rohit Mahajan and Ben introduced into the source materials. chief technical offi cer, in 2002. “Our lack Shneiderman (“Visual and Textual Consis- Because this information is passed onto of standardization undermines our trust- tency Checking Tools for Graphical User another content creator, the inconsistency worthiness.” The company recognized this Interfaces,” IEEE Transactions on Software is then replicated into other documents. problem and took action, publishing its Engineering, 1997) found that inconsistent Unfortunately, with the corporation terminology online in a knowledge base. terminology slowed user performance organized into business silos, there is no Today, terminology is so important to by 10% to 25%, which would negatively transparency into the content being pro- Microsoft that you can fi nd an entire affect the customer’s perception of the duced by the company, and monitoring it Microsoft Terminology Community Forum, application. Here are some examples of for accuracy and consistency is thereby as well as the company’s Community Glos- how managing terminology has benefi ted impossible. But inconsistency in source sary Project which helps local governments, global organizations: materials produced in a single language universities and other groups worldwide to Q SAP found that seeding a new local is not the only issue. The problem is build standardized glossaries. market with its technical terms established multiplied exponentially when these The example presented above becomes the company as the leader within that documents are translated into different even more challenging during the trans- market for its solutions, leaving competi- languages, as shown in Figure 1. lation process. According to Microsoft’s tors far behind. Microsoft provides us with the best Terminology Translations on its Glo- Q Siemens Medical Solutions found that real-world example possible. Multiple balDev website, the company is currently inconsistencies in its technical information applications reside under the Microsoft translating into 59 languages. So, each across product lines made it challenging Offi ce umbrella (Word, Excel, Power- single inconsistency of terminology in to fi nd information quickly and easily. Point), yet share many pieces of common the source language of English may be Customers required additional explanatory functionality. One of the most familiar is replicated 59 times. documents to overcome the inconsistencies the shortcut key, which enables users to This same problem was experienced execute a command by pressing a series by Giesecke & Devrient, a 150-year-old of keystrokes instead of using a mouse. German banking institution with an A shortcut key can be recognized by an established reputation for quality. Pro- underlined letter within the word, such ducing both hardware and software, each as Zoom. I have just called it a “shortcut product deliverable was organized into key,” but what does Microsoft call it? In its individual business silo. All develop- various pieces of user documentation, it ment for the product — from specifi cation can be seen as: to quality assurance to technical writing Q hot key (also hotkey) — occurred within the silo. It was only Q shortcut key when fi nalized documentation was given Q keyboard shortcut to the single translation department that Q access key problems arose. Q accelerator key Even though the same functions or fea- Q keyboard accelerator tures were used across all products, each Because there is no standard for business unit used different terminology. what this particular function should be This meant that existing translations could called across Microsoft documentation, not be re-used from one document to it causes repercussions for customers and another, thus making the translation pro- the company. Imagine the confusion of cess longer and creating a direct impact a customer looking up a problem with on product delivery to market. The trans- his or her “access key” in Excel on the lators spent most of their time asking the Microsoft Knowledge Base Support site, multiple business units questions (“Which yet not fi nding any results. Instead, the of these two terms is correct for this one user should have been searching for the function?”) and then waiting while the “shortcut key.” This small inconsistency departments argued it out. Inconsisten- has caused the customer to feel confused cies were mounting up across languages and frustrated, and subsequently means as well as within the source language. The that he or she now must contact Customer content conveyor belt approach in place Support to fi nd the solution to the prob- at Giesecke & Devrient was effi cient, but lem. The customer’s contacting Microsoft completely impractical for globalization. costs the company money and simultane- Companies spend signifi cant time and ously eradicates the very reason that the effort establishing terms that create their online Knowledge Base was created in the brand and establish their products within fi rst place! The customer can no longer the marketplace. These terms must be

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they saw, thereby causing a huge expense Terminology can be much more than a of the in-depth information required for for document production. With a simple way to maintain a brand or reduce costs. It the localization effort, which is simply goal of ensuring that customers knew how can also throw a wrench into the content due to the sheer complexity of language to use its products properly and effectively, conveyor belt. The biggest problem caused — consider abbreviations, parts of speech, Siemens used terminology as a founda- by business silos is the lack of transparency male/female articles, plurals, trademarks tion component for its common platform and the inability to share knowledge across and patents, and so on. of global content delivery and improved the organization. Cross-departmental checks Organizations such as HP, IBM and the access to critical product technical and balances cannot occur because there is Giesecke & Devrient have all learned a information for more than 4,000 customer no ownership of that process, no automat- hard lesson: delays to market directly service engineers worldwide. ing technology that encompasses all busi- impact the bottom line. If enterprises can Q Hewlett-Packard’s management of ness units, and no possibility that it could get a handle on their terminology — and terminology signifi cantly reduced cus- be done because it’s bigger than a human’s do so in an automated fashion so that it is tomer support costs, deterred legal prob- capacity to undertake. Individual depart- available to all content creators — before lems that could be the direct result of ments are responsible for the content they it reaches the customer, internal trans- misused or inaccurate terms, and improved place on the belt, but immediately disown parency results. Knowledge can be shared search results on the company’s website. it once it’s passed to the next group for throughout the organization without the Q Giesecke & Devrient implemented manipulation. need to break down established corporate a terminology management system that Companies are trying to control the hierarchy or those amazingly effi cient centralized term assets that were used by amount of content they are producing, business silos. Internal knowledge can everyone from engineering to the CEO to which is why content management systems be leveraged, the customer experience a secretary in the repair depot, reduced (CMS) are more popular than ever before. greatly improves, and the global brand is translation costs by 20%, enabled better Managing content is only one part of the protected — pretty good results consider- communication between development and process, however. Terminology must be ing all you did was to make sure everyone documentation, and produced consistent managed holistically, yet external of con- in your organization knows it’s called a information in all languages. tent; it cannot be part of a CMS because shortcut key. M

American Translators Association 48th Annual Conference MAKE Hyatt Regency San Francisco, California October 31-November 3, 2007 PLANS TO

Don’t miss this opportunity to network, market yourself and your skills, reunite with friends and colleagues, and HAVE FUN! LEARN With over 150 sessions covering a dozen languages and a variety of topics, the chance to see the latest software, publications, and products that fit your unique needs, and the opportunity to network with over 1,500 translators and interpreters from around the world, the ATA Annual Conference is an essential event, providing professional development specifically for the translator and interpreter. CONNECT Register today at www.atanet.org/conf/2007 EXPLORE

48 | MultiLingual September 2007 [email protected]

45-48 Terminology Fidura.indd 48 8/9/07 9:03:14 AM 49 ||

Tech el , 8/9/07 10:44 AM 25 reg- or exibility regex el Windows MultiLingual ( el , I refer to linguistic errors that tend criteria, they can be used to ne-tune search/replace to fi automatically post-edit MT outputs. Text editors such as automatically post-edit MT outputs. Text linguistic patterns ). This would be a linguistic pattern consisting of a redun- EditPad Pro and UltraEdit support this type of functionality. EditPad Figure 1: Because regular expressions provide great fl Figure 1: Because regular expressions provide ), they are used to search and extract or manipulate bodies Regular expressions and linguistic patterns By Regarding regular expressions (also known as The example mentioned above will help to illustrate the concept to recur in sentences translated by an MT system. Suppose, for instance, that an MT system always translates trademarks such as Windows and into Spanish adding Linux would have to be post-edited as many dant article. This mistake times as it occurs in each MT output. exp of text based on regular patterns — in this case, linguistic pat- terns. The syntax of regular expressions can be simple or highly complex, depending on the pattern. This article will not explain how to create regular expressions — many books and online tutorials are available for that purpose — but will show their potential to automate MT post-editing. behind regular expressions. Based on that pattern, the following UltraEdit). This feature is, however, still non-existent in widely UltraEdit). This feature is, however, used MT systems. ? The cial if post-editing ed and replaced with cantly, linguistic quality still cantly, Automating MT post-editing MT post-editing Automating regular expressions using Rafael Guzmán

proofreading computer output Rafael Guzmán works on Spanish MT, Rafael Guzmán works on Spanish MT,

terminology management and linguistic for the purposes explained in this article. The author thanks Dr. Johann Roturier for The author thanks Dr. quality for Symantec Corporation (Ireland). At the beginning of this century, Yves Cham- Yves At the beginning of this century, bad news is yes.” Then he went on to clarify bad news is yes.” Then he went expected, an MT that “we may see, sooner than solution that provides decent translation.” Unfortunately, although machine translation (MT) systems Unfortunately, In this context, MT would be more benefi pollion wrote, “Will the future of human trans- pollion wrote, “Will the future lation be . . . In order to quickly achieve this, translators and linguists It is interesting to notice that search-and-replace in text

introducing him to the use of regular expressions A www.multilingual.com September 2007 have been improved quite signifi as stated by Carnegie remains the biggest challenge for MT, Font-Llitjós and Jaime Mellon University researchers Ariadna always end up having G. Carbonell. In the end, post-editors left behind by MT. to manually post-edit the linguistic mess looks as if MT post-editing it or not, it certainly Whether we like is here to stay for a good while. could be highly automated. This means not just allowing users could be highly automated. This means in the MT system, but to change vocabulary and linguistic rules automatically searching for and replacing linguistic patterns in the actual MT output. — not just engineers — need to rediscover and master the power of regular expressions. By using them, the most complex and repetitive linguistic errors can be identifi the right text in the MT output. using regular expressions is a feature that is at least partially available in a wide range of tools used to localize software (such and edit TMs (Olifant), as well and PASSOLO) as CATALYST Pro, Notepad++ and as in many text editors (such as EditPad 49-52 Guzman.indd 49 Tech

regular expression could be created to search for all the occur- The key thing to remember is that as long as a linguistic pat- rences of el followed by Windows or Linux in the MT output: tern is identifi ed, a regular expression can be created to search Search=\bel (Windows|Linux)\b for and fi x the pattern. \b are just word boundaries. The group (Windows|Linux) targets two possible trademarks, although more could be added Examples of linguistic patterns in Spanish to this group, as long as they are separated with |. Then another The accompanying tables show a variety of typical linguistic regular expression could be used to replace this pattern with patterns (bold heading text) in Spanish MT raw outputs and how the right text: they can be automatically post-edited if regular expressions are Replace=$1 used to identify the wrong text and replace it with the right one. $1 represents everything between parentheses in the fi rst group The principle behind these examples remains valid, of course, for (in this case, Windows and Linux). Since el is not included in the other languages. The regular expressions used in these examples Replace fi eld, all instances of el Windows and el Linux will be are Perl-based, and the translations were generated with a well- replaced with just Windows and Linux as shown in Figure 1. known rule-based MT system. 1. Misspellings Linguistic pattern Regular expression Source MT raw output Automatically post-edited MT output The verbs search=\b(D|d) When prompted, Cuando se le pida, Cuando se le pida, desconéctese del servidor. desconectese and (esconectese)\b disconnect from desconectese del conectese are missing replace=$1esconéctese the server. servidor. an accent. search=\b(C|c)(onectese)\b replace=$1onéctese y should not precede search=(\by) ([iI]) You need to Usted necesita obtener Usted necesita obtener un archivo de a word beginning replace=e $2 obtain a license un archivo de licencia licencia e importarlo a través del servidor. with i. Instead, it fi le and import y importarlo a través should be replaced it through the del servidor. with e. server. 2. Punctuation Linguistic pattern Regular expression Source MT raw output Automatically post-edited MT output If a comma appears search=,(y\b) View details Ver los detalles sobre Ver los detalles sobre todas las sesiones before y, it should be replace=$1 about all active todas las sesiones activas y termine una sesión cuando sea deleted. sessions, and end activas, y termine una necesario. a session when sesión cuando sea necessary. necesario. 3. Articles Linguistic pattern Regular expression Source MT raw output Automatically post-edited MT output The article El, el search=\bel (Windows| This program Este programa admite Este programa admite la migración de la should not precede Linux|Macintosh)\b supports la migración de la versión 5 a la versión 6 en Windows Vista. trademarks, such as replace=$1 migration from versión 5 a la versión 6 Windows, Macintosh, version 5 to en el Windows Vista. Linux. version 6 on Windows Vista. 4. Prepositions Linguistic pattern Regular expression Source MT raw output Automatically post-edited MT output The para preposition search=\b(en el cual) Directory into Directorio en el cual Directorio en el cual poner el software de in front of infi nitives para\b which to place para poner el software instalación del cliente. should be deleted replace=$1 the client de instalación del when following en el installation cliente. cual. software. 5. Grammatical agreement (singular vs. plural) Linguistic pattern Regular expression Source MT raw output Automatically post-edited MT output Singular adjectives/ search=\b(est[áé]n|son) It automatically Detecta Detecta automáticamente los dispositivos adverbs should be ([\w-]+[aeiou])\b detects the automáticamente de conexión que están disponibles en su made plural by adding replace=$1 $2s connection los dispositivos de equipo. -s if preceded by devices that are conexión que están son/están/estén. available on your disponible en su computer. equipo.

50 | MultiLingual September 2007 [email protected]

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Practical recommendations syntax may sometimes require far more time during manual Trying to fix every single linguistic problem would obvi- post-editing than other linguistic patterns with a higher ously be unrealistic. The focus should be put instead on frequency. Searching, organizing and fi xing linguistic patterns fixing patterns, but the lack of time will often make this should, therefore, be carried out in a systematic way. unfeasible, too. As a result, frequency is a decisive factor Although searching for linguistic patterns during manual to consider. Relevance should, however, also be taken into post-editing for future reference is possible, it is more practical account. Less-frequent patterns involving ambiguity and bad to do this separately. This requires spending time doing tests and

6. Word order Linguistic pattern Regular expression Source MT raw output Automatically post-edited MT output Wrong word order search=(\bse) (\w+?\b) Name of the Nombre de la cuenta Nombre de la cuenta de usuario de base de produced by that (que) database user de usuario de base de datos que se crea. relative clause in replace=$3 $1 $2 account that is datos se crea que. the source. se + verb created. + que needs to be replaced with que se + verb. Word + -based is search=\b(\w+?s) (\w+?)- These are Java- Estos son programas Estos son programas basados en Java que translated with the (basad[ao]s?)\b based applets Java-basado que ejecutan en su navegador Web. wrong word order: replace=$1 $3s en $2 that run in your ejecutan en su word-basado or Web browser. navegador Web. word-basada. Instead, it should be search=\b(\w+?)- basado(a) en + (basad[ao]s?)\b word, making it replace=$2 en $1 plural by adding -s to basado(a) if the preceding word is plural (for example, if it ends in s). 7. Refl exive pronoun: -se Linguistic pattern Regular expression Source MT raw output Automatically post-edited MT output ejecutando should search=\b(.*[^se]) The program is El programa está El programa está ejecutándose en el servidor. be a pronominal (est[áé]n?) (ejecutando) running in the ejecutando en el verb with a refl exive (en)\b server. servidor. meaning (that is, replace=$1 $2 ejecutándose ends in -se) when $4 followed by en and not preceded by se. 8. Style: usted debe, necesita, tiene que Linguistic pattern Regular expression Source MT raw output Automatically post-edited MT output Stylistic issue: Usted search=\bUsted You must install Usted debe instalar Es necesario instalar la actualización para + debe/necesita/tiene (debe|necesita|tiene que) the update to la actualización para confi gurar la conexión al servidor. que at the beginning \b confi gure the confi gurar la conexión of a sentence replace=Es necesario connection to the al servidor. should normally be server. replaced with a more impersonal phrase such as Es necesario. 9. Redundancies Linguistic pattern Regular expression Source MT raw output Automatically post-edited MT output Most of the time, que search=\bque (es|son)\b If applicable, in Si corresponde, en Si corresponde, en la ventana principal, followed by es/son is replace= the main window, la ventana principal, confi gure las confi guraciones necesarias redundant and can be confi gure the confi gure las para conectarse al servidor. deleted. settings that confi guraciones que are needed to son necesarias para connect to the conectarse al servidor. server.

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trying to understand how the MT system and surrounding tags — will be useful. can always avail themselves of the Find/ “behaves” when translating different types The implementation of regular expres- Replace feature in text editors that sup- of content. Doing only occasional analysis sions should in any case always be the port regular expressions. — just before a translation project kicks fi nal step in the analysis process. Finally, it is advisable to always check off, for example — would be a fi re-fi ght- Once the regular expressions are created, that regular expressions are used properly ing approach. This approach brings little a process must be in place to automatically and implemented in the right sequence. benefi t in the medium-long term. There search and replace each individual pattern Unexpected linguistic side effects may is always room for further analysis and in the right sequence in the MT output otherwise occur. If Spanish infi nitives, refi nement after every project that will for instance, are assumed to be just words bring benefi ts to future projects. ending in -ar, -er and -ir and, based on this Source text As linguistic patterns are identifi ed, assumption, a regular expression is created they can be organized in different cat- to delete articles preceding infi nitives, egories such as “word order,” “concor- patterns such as el lugar, el primer and el dance,” “spelling,” “missing word in the MT system router will be damaged unintentionally. MT dictionary” and so on. Metrics can be generated based on this categorization in Conclusion order to get a clearer idea of what the MT post-editing can be highly auto- main problems are. Using a spreadsheet MT raw output mated if regular expressions are used to template can be useful. One of the advan- search and replace linguistic patterns in MT tages of having patterns categorized is raw outputs. This approach signifi cantly that they can be compared and fi xed at reduces manual post-editing and the costs a later stage if there is not enough time Automatic post-editing involved. On the other hand, translators available at the present moment. (sequential searching/replacing) and linguists need to invest time mastering It must also be clarifi ed that regular regular expressions and analyzing MT raw expressions are not meant to replace MT outputs. Appropriate training ideally should dictionaries. Instead, they are meant to be Manual post-editing be part of translation curricula. While MT their complement (Figure 1). This means systems do not provide an appropriate that if a linguistic problem can be fi xed by Figure 2: The result of automatic MT post-editing environment, in-house solu- just updating the MT dictionary, a regular post-editing is a signifi cant reduction of tions need to be developed to carry out expression would be unnecessary. manual post-editing and cost savings. sequential searches and replacements using Whenever a regular expression is regular expressions. created, the more fl exible it is, the fi le (Figure 2). This sequential search for Finally, the type of automatic post- better. The same regular expression patterns can be compared to the way editing described in this article has been should fi x as many potential linguistic ezParse uses a list of regular expressions tested using a rules-based MT system scenarios as possible. The better defi ned created by the user in CATALYST to (as opposed to a statistical MT system), a linguistic pattern is, of course, the fi nd and extract text within fi les. This where linguistic patterns are more likely more easily a regular expression can be type of functionality is, as I mentioned to occur in a consistent way. It is unlikely implemented. Creating an appropriate earlier, not currently available in well- that this approach would be as useful in regular expression may require some known MT systems. While this is the outputs generated by statistical MT sys- degree of creativity from the linguists. In case, in-house solutions will need to be tems. This will in any case require further this regard, identifying “anchor points” developed with a little bit of creativity. research. M in sentences — such as commas, periods In the worse of scenarios, post-editors References Butt, J. & Benjamin, C., 2004. A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish. Hodder Arnold, London. Champollion, Y., 2001. “Machine translation (MT), and the future of the translation industry,” Translation Journal, Vol. 5, No. 1. Retrieved: May 10, 2007, from: http://accurapid.com/journal/15mt.htm Font-Llitjós, A. & Carbonell, J. G., 2006, “Automating Post-Editing to Improve MT Systems.” Paper presented at the AMTA Automated Post-Editing Techniques and Applications Workshop, Cambridge, 2006. Friedl, J., 2002. Mastering Regular Expressions. O’Reilly Media, Sebastopol. www.regular-expressions.info http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ regular_expressions

52 | MultiLingual September 2007 [email protected]

49-52 Guzman.indd 52 8/9/07 10:44 27 AM Languages

A rule-based environment for Swahili development Arvi Hurskainen

The development of Swahili Language Manager and the Swahili-to-English Machine Translator (SALAMA-MT). (SALAMA) — an environment for developing SALAMA-DC is able to compile a dictionary on the basis of any various kinds of applications for manipulating corpus text, and it includes carefully selected use examples in Swahili text — began at the University of Helsinki context with translation in English. SALAMA-MT takes any type T of text as input and produces translation in English. in 1985. Rather than constructing an application The development work makes use of developing platforms from scratch for each computational task, it is of other researchers through companies such as Lingsoft and more economical to develop a comprehensive Connexor. The university was an environment for compiling management system for a language. It is also Swahili corpora. assumed that, in order to develop high-performing The basic analysis module applications, the language, in this case the written SALAMA is a computational environment for manipulating text, must fi rst be “written out” for computational text written in Swahili (www.njas.helsinki.fi /salama). The driving idea in constructing the system was that we should have a single handling. While the human being is able to general platform for performing various kinds of operations for mentally analyze the text directly from writing, language and for developing various utilities. The underlying the computer needs the hidden information that belief is that linguistic insight, when appropriately modelled the text contains to be spelled out. to be suitable for computer processing, has a great potential in producing high-performance applications. The basic module in Therefore, in SALAMA the fi rst phase in text processing is SALAMA includes the following: linguistic analysis, including morphology, syntax and semantics. (a) A tokenizer for pre-processing the raw text suitable for The aim is to fi rst spell out as much contextually disambigu- morphological analysis. The tokenizer produces text where each ated linguistic information as possible. When the text is pro- word, diacritic and punctuation mark are on a separate line. vided with comprehensive linguistic information, it is possible Also, orthographically motivated capital letters, such as initial to develop various applications. Such applications include, for letters of a sentence and of proper names and nouns, are put to example, spelling checkers, grammar checkers, linguistic taggers lowercase and marked with the preceding asterisk mark. Other and information retrieving tools. Among the more recent appli- capital letters are put to lowercase without marking. As a result, cations are the SALAMA Dictionary Compiler (SALAMA-DC) we have a “normalized” text. (b) The pre-processed text is given as input to the morpho- logical analyzer for performing detailed analysis. The analysis result contains all linguistically relevant information pertaining to each word-form, regardless of its actual interpretation in Arvi Hurskainen is a professor emeritus at the given context. Each word-form gets all the grammatically the University of Helsinki and director of the possible interpretations in the language. As a result, for some SALAMA project, having done the language- word-forms we get more than one hundred linguistically cor- specifi c development for the project. rect interpretations. This variation concerns morphology only.

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If we take also all semantically possible example, the word-form may belong to advantages in handling the MWEs in this interpretations into account, ambiguity more than one part-of-speech category. phase. First, here we have access to the will multiply. In addition to morphological ambiguity, base forms of words, as well as to various There are two versions of the mor- the word-form often has also semantic linguistic tags. We can make use of vari- phological analyzer. The earlier imple- ambiguity. For example, a noun may ous levels of abstraction in defi ning an mentation uses fi nite state methods and have several meanings, some of which are MWE. For example, if a verb is a member two-level description in processing. I near-synonyms, but others very distinct. in an MWE, all its infl ectional forms and have recently developed a new system Given these facts, it is necessary to dis- part of its derived forms must be allowed for describing morphology. In this sys- ambiguate the result of the morphological for an MWE. If we here refer to the base tem, the description is carried out in analysis. form of the verb rather than the concrete two phases. The fi rst phase produces In SALAMA, a Constraint Grammar surface form, we can catch all possible a meta-level description on the basis Parser CG-2 was used for morphologi- forms of the MWE. Second, a sequence of of which the fi nal detailed analysis is cal and semantic disambiguation. This is words that in one context is an MWE may produced. Some problems, such as the performed entirely using context-sensi- be an ordinary construction in another description of reduplication of verbs, tive rules. In other words, ambiguity is context. When MWEs are described in a were not possible to solve satisfactorily resolved using morphological information disambiguation environment, we have with fi nite state methods, while in the available in the analyzed text before and/ a multitude of possibilities for defi ning new two-phase analyzer such problems or after the word concerned. Rules can be constraints for rule application. have been solved. written using a wide range of means for (f) Very close to morphological dis- The morphological analyzer is com- defi ning the constraints correctly. ambiguation is syntactic analysis, which plete in the sense that it recognizes all (e) The treatment of multi-word expres- also can be performed with the CG- grammatically correct word-forms of sions (MWE) is a major problem in lan- parser. This performs so-called shallow the language. The lexicon is also being guage technology, and much effort has parsing, where syntactic tags are attached updated regularly so as to keep up been put for resolving it. The problem to words and a direction of the head is with the development of the language. is even bigger in morphologically rich only indicated. A dependency parser con- It is considered that the morphological languages, where members of the MWE structs full parse trees where the rela- analyzer is the key to high-performing may infl ect in many ways. Also, the part- tional position of each word in a sentence applications. of-speech category of the MWE may be is precisely defi ned. Functional Depen- (c) Because written language has also something else than the category of any dency Parser (www.connexor.com) has such words that even a good analyzer of its members. been used for this purpose, and this pro- cannot parse, SALAMA applies a heuris- If MWEs were fi xed forms without vides an alternative syntactic mapping tic guesser for such words. Using various infl ection, they could be described in the for SALAMA. morphological features, the guesser tries tokenizer and treated as a single string to give an analysis to each unknown from the beginning. Because this is sel- Primary applications word. Most often they are misspellings, dom the case, their treatment must be The phases I have described are so- but also named entities and new words postponed to the phase where we have called basic operations on the basis of are found. The aim is that every token in means for defi ning whether the string which various user applications can be the text will be analyzed. in question is an MWE or not. The Con- developed. To be precise, morphological (d) When each word in the text is given straint Grammar Analyzer is an environ- analysis is suffi cient for a word-level all possible interpretations, the result is in ment for writing rules for defi ning MWEs, spelling checker that does not check most cases ambiguous — that is, a word and the analyzed text has tags to be used context. But if we aim at a language has more than one interpretation. For in writing rules. There are at least two proofi ng tool that also checks the cor- rectness of the sentence, all the above phases are needed. SALAMA has been used for develop- ing several primary applications: Q A spell checker for Swahili that includes a language-specifi c hyphenator. Ortho grafi x II for Swahili was released in 1999 by Lingsoft (www.lingsoft.fi ). The Swahili spell checker is also included in the Microsoft Offi ce 2007 suite. Q A linguistic tagger that analyzes raw text and inserts a rich set of tags into the text. For example, Helsinki Corpus of Swahili with 12 million words (www .csc.fi ) was tagged using SALAMA. This tagger can also be used on the fl y as a pre- processor in various high-performance applications.

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Q A vocabulary compiler for compiling a raw dictionary of (National income continues to grow gradually) Swahili on the basis of a corpus. This computationally compiled Watu wawili wafa katika ajali Dar dictionary was then manually further edited and printed as (Two people die in the accident in Dar) Swahili-Suomi-Swahili-sanakirja. Watendakazi hao wamekuwa kikwazo kwa sababu hushindwa Q A dictionary evaluator for testing fi ve current dictionaries kufanya kazi zao kikamilifu of Swahili, using various corpus texts as test material. Accord- (These workers have been an obstacle because they fail to do ing to these tests, the dictionary compiled with SALAMA was their work perfectly) more thorough and precise than any of the others, although On the other hand, there are also Swahili verb-forms that are there were dictionaries with larger vocabularies. fairly easy to describe morphologically but diffi cult to trans- SALAMA was also used for studying possibilities for com- late correctly. Extended verbs can be described using a method puter-assisted compilation of domain-specifi c dictionaries, and where concatenation rules of extension morphemes defi ne it was installed at the Institute of Kiswahili Research, University which forms are permitted. But the translation of extended of Dar-es-Salaam, for this purpose. forms often cannot be derived using the grammatical information inherited from More challenging applications Swahili. Some extended verbs are clearly Because SALAMA is a comprehensive There is no grammaticalized with a special meaning environment for language manipulation, (such as enda — to go; endea — to go to; it has been developed further to man- one-to-one relation endelea — continue; endesha — drive), and age two particularly challenging tasks, between Swahili they can be translated without problems. machine translation (MT) of text and full- Other verbs are more diffi cult to describe range dictionary compilation. and English verb forms. and translate because the correct transla- MT of text. A major work in recent tion can only be defi ned on the basis of years has been the development of SAL- the context. An example is the extension AMA as an MT system (SALAMA-MT). -(I)k-, which is used to form the stative The fi rst target was to develop a module and neutro-passive form: that translates text from Swahili to English. A fully functional Inasemekana kwamba kesho itanyesha mvua system is already available, although improvement is still (It is said that tomorrow it will rain) needed for optimal translation. Because the system uses the full Njia hii inapitika lexicon, any types of text can be translated, and for the same (This road is passable) reason, all input text will be translated. Misspelled words will When all of the English words have been placed in correct be returned untranslated. order, unnecessary words removed and correct surface forms Because word orders are different in Swahili and English, a produced, and the text is brought back to normal writing with number of re-ordering rules are needed for arranging the con- capital letters, punctuation marks and diacritics, the fi nal trans- stituents as needed in English. Part of English glosses inherited lation is ready after the removal of tags. The translation result from the analyzed text must be deleted because Swahili also can be further improved with incremental TM. marks the subject in the main verb, although there is an overt Because the translation system is based on a comprehen- subject. The same applies also to animate objects; they are sive dictionary and the use of linguistic rules for manipulating also marked in the verb. The insertion of articles in English is word-forms, it does not fail to translate even defectively formed also a problem because Swahili does not use articles. And we text. The defects and mistakes are, of course, refl ected in the could mention as a problem the absence of gender marking translation result. The text goes through about 50 processing in Swahili. rounds in translation. Yet the system translates approximately We have been dealing so far with lexical equivalences 45,000 words per minute. This fairly high speed is due to opti- between Swahili and English as well as with their order. The mal solutions in programming. near-fi nal task in MT is the conversion of the lexical forms of SALAMA Dictionary Compiler. Among the recent develop- English into correct surface forms as required in the sentence. ments of SALAMA is a fully automatic system for compiling In this task, the grammatical information inherited from Swahili dictionaries (www.transtechno.fi ). SALAMA-DC not only pro- is used for rewriting the English base forms into surface forms. duces dictionary headwords with morphological information Because English has a fairly small number of infl ected forms, and translation equivalents in English, but it also looks for the this task is not immensely diffi cult. best use examples in context and translates the whole example More problematic is the grammar, especially the infl ection of texts in English. verbs. There is no one-to-one relation between Swahili and Eng- Production of dictionary entries. The production of basic lish verb forms. Some Swahili verb forms may be rendered in dictionary entries is a fairly simple operation as long as we have English with a single form. For example, there are three distinct a good language analyzer. Actually it involves only pruning the tense/aspect forms for which the closest equivalent in English is too-rich analysis results. In a dictionary we do not need all the the present tense. The most common form is marked with -na-, information on each infl ected word-form. Unnecessary infor- and this form is the closest equivalent with the present tense in mation should be removed because, if left there, it will distort English. The other two forms, marked with -a- and hu-, are less the frequency count of headwords. An example of headwords common in use. The former is mostly used in titles and the latter is shown in the next paragraph. The following information is in contexts where no particular time reference is made: included: headword, POS category, base form, gloss in English, Pato la taifa linaendelea kukua hatua kwa hatua type(s) of extension, and frequency count:

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[anza] V (anza) {begin, establish} member words. For this, we need a cross entries for MWEs is the controlled retrieval 10099 reference for those members of the MWE of use examples in context so that the [anzia] V (anza) {begin for, establish for which the user might like to look for likelihood for getting the best examples is for} APPL 1994 more information. Here are examples of high, while at the same time the number of [anzishwa] V (anza) {be begun, be cross references to multi-word members retrieved examples is small. Other require- established} CAUS PASS 1285 (taz., from tazama, indicates see): ments must also be considered, such as [anzwa] V (anza) {be begun, be estab- [chapa] taz. [chapa chapa] N 9/10 ensuring that examples will be found for lished} PASS 16 {waterlogged area} 1 all words, also rare words, selected for [piga] V (piga) {hit, beat} 1963 [chapa] taz. [mpiga chapa] N 1/2 example retrieval, and that long examples Good dictionaries also list many kinds {printer} 3 will be shortened at linguistically moti- of multi-word expressions and examples [chapa] taz. [piga chapa] V IDIOM-V vated points. of use in context so as to help the user to {print} 14 fi nd the most suitable expression in each [chapa] taz. [pigisha chapa] V CAUS case. How to produce all this automatically IDIOM-V {print} 7 In case of multi-word is far from simple. We need an accurate [chapa] taz. [pigiwa chapa] V APPL system for identifying MWEs in running PASS IDIOM-V {print} 3 expressions, it must text and for isolating them as headwords [chapa] taz. [pigwa chapa] V PASS of their own in the dictionary. As described IDIOM-V {print} 23 be possible to fi nd the earlier, SALAMA contains a module for the Another useful feature in a dictionary expression on the basis of accurate handling of MWEs in all infl ected is a cross-reference system to synonyms forms. Here are some examples of multi- and near-synonyms. In SALAMA-DC we any of its member words. word expressions as headwords: have implemented a system for produc- [piga bao] V IDIOM-V {divine} 13 ing cross references to synonyms using [piga bei] V IDIOM-V {sell} 3 glosses in English as keys for defi ning The examples to be retrieved are [piga bongo] V IDIOM-V {think hard} 2 headwords that either are synonyms or divided in two groups. For all headwords [piga bunduki] V IDIOM-V {shoot} 8 belong to the same set of meanings: we retrieve examples, the maximum [piga burashi] V IDIOM-V {brush} 1 [chapa] V {beat} taz. [buta] [chapa number of which can be defi ned by the [piga chapa] V IDIOM-V {print} 148 kiboko] [gonga] [gongagonga] [piga beni] user. The selection of examples can be [piga moyo konde] V IDIOM-V {be [chapa] N {print} taz. [chapisho] made fully randomly from the whole cor- skillful} 19 [piga chapa] pus, or it can be made so that examples A useful feature in a good dictionary [chapa] ADJ {wet} taz. [chapachapa] will be retrieved from all text types or is a thorough cross-referencing system. In [chepechepe] from texts selected by the user: case of MWEs, it must be possible to fi nd Finding good examples of use. Even [piga] Abdallah Hassani, the expression on the basis of any of its more diffi cult than producing dictionary kwa kumpiga [piga] na bakora sehemu mbalimbali za (Abdallah Hassani, by hit- ting him/her with the walking-stick the various parts of) [piga] Adhabu ya kumpiga [piga] mtoto ni mbaya kwa maendeleo (The punishment of hitting the child is bad to the development) Multi-word expressions also get use examples: [piga bongo] Kadiri alivyopiga [piga bongo] bongo, ndivyo alivyoanza kuelewa (The more he/she thought hard, the more he/she began to understand) [piga chafya] Ukoma huam- bukizwa zaidi kwa kupiga [piga chafya] chafya, kukohoa na kutema ovyo (The leprosy is infected more by sneezing, coughing and spitting carelessly) In another type of example retrieval, we fi rst look for frequent context types for each headword, thus trying to fi nd representative examples. For such head- words that occur frequently in a given context, we retrieve use examples. Only frequent words have such frequent con- texts. This second type of retrieval is

56 | MultiLingual September 2007 [email protected]

53-58 Swahili - Hurskainen.indd 56 8/9/07 9:08:59 AM Translation Showcase

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53-58 Swahili - Hurskainen.indd 57 8/9/07 9:09:00 AM Languages

important because it is diffi cult to select watu wasiojulikana (Having a wound in To achieve this is a complicated process, good examples for words with tens of the head after being hit by unknown men) and it is not possible to describe it here. thousands of occurrences in a corpus. [pigwa] fr Agosti 21 baada ya Because one of the SALAMA imple- This second method guarantees that, in kupigwa [pigwa] na watu wasiojulikana mentations is the automatic translation addition to the examples retrieved with na kuumizwa (On August 21 after being of text, this facility has also been imple- the random method, good examples will hit by unknown men and being hurt) mented in SALAMA-DC. We can auto- be found for frequent words: A further problem is that while the text matically include the English translation [pigwa] fr Akiwa na jeraha examples are normal written text, they with the retrieved text examples. kichwani baada ya kupigwa [pigwa] na must be listed according to the base form. In SALAMA-DC we have worked a lot on these issues, and currently there is a system that performs all these tasks well. In a test made with 20 million words of Swahili text, a dictionary was produced with the following result: 25,576 single- word headwords, 2,381 multi-word head- words, 2,634 multi-word cross references, 5,212 synonym cross references, 173,082 randomly retrieved examples of use and 11,048 frequent context examples of use, with translation in English. General use of the dictionary com- piler. SALAMA-DC was developed using Swahili as a source language and Eng- lish as a target language. However, it is INTERPRETING suited to dictionary compilation tasks in AND any language, either for monolingual or TRANSLATION Translation, traducción, multilingual dictionaries. Basic require- ᔿᙲ ments are that there is available a good Übersetzung, tradução… language analyzer and, in the case of multilingual dictionaries, a lexical con- version dictionary between the source The need for skilled translators and interpreters is greater than ever, here in New language and the target language(s). York and around the world. NYU’s School of Continuing Professional Studies (SCPS) offers professional level courses and certificates in the world’s most-spoken lan- Conclusion and further plans guages, both on-site and online. SALAMA comprises an integrated sys- tem of language processing in which text INTERPRETING/TRANSLATION PROGRAMS INCLUDE: is incrementally processed into various kinds of user applications. Any improve- • Certificate in Translation ment in the basic processing system - Online and on-site: French to English, Spanish to English, English to Spanish, will, therefore, have immediate positive General Translation effects on the quality of applications. The - Online only: German to English, Arabic to English, English to Portuguese whole system is, in fact, in a continuous process of improving, testing and cor- • Certificate in Medical Interpreting in Spanish/English and Chinese/English —New! recting various components. Because all • Certificate in Court Interpreting in Spanish/English components have been developed within • Continuing education courses for experienced court interpreters in Spanish/English — New! the same environment, corrections can • Foreign Language Proficiency Testing in Arabic, Spanish, Chinese, and many more be made directly to the source code itself, and post-corrections of analysis mistakes can be avoided. Further plans include the enrich- For information on all our programs, ment of the morphological lexicon with visit our website or call to receive our a semantic code set that makes it pos- new Bulletin. sible to write more fi ne-grained rules for scps.nyu.edu/x73 semantic disambiguation. This will fur- 1-800-FIND NYU, ext.73 ther improve the translation quality. We also plan to develop a translation system from English to Swahili. Finally, in a not very distant future, we hope to be able New York University is an affirmative action/equal opportunity institution. ©2007 New York University School of Continuing and Professional Studies to integrate SALAMA into a multilingual phone-call system. M

58 | MultiLingual September 2007 [email protected]

53-58 Swahili - Hurskainen.indd 58 8/9/07 9:09:02 AM 59 Alchemy #90.indd 59 8/3/07 2:22:26 PM Open-source software for South African languages

Languages Linda Martindale

“South Africa is in danger of becoming an African country where its citizens cannot speak, read or write African languages,” says Phumzile SMlambo-Ngcuka, deputy president, Republic of South Africa. Language is an emotive issue for many South Africans. Language was behind one of the largest marches by school children in 1976, who made their stand against being taught in the language of the oppressor, Afri- kaans. Children lost their lives that day. Lan- guage pride is closely linked to cultural pride and, in South Africa, also to freedom.

The digital divide is massive in South Africa’s 13-year-old democracy. While numerous attempts to bring technology to the masses have been initiated — for example, Gauteng Online where hundreds of schools received fully kitted out computer OpenOffi ce.org Impress, a presentation program, is shown here in Zulu. labs — one of the greatest hurdles remains language. South but language is a challenge yet to be conquered. Because lan- Africa has 11 offi cial languages. Children learning in languages guage is so deeply emotive and because it is one of the hurdles other than their mother tongue are faced with not only technol- to computing for the masses, translation of quality software ogy, which is a big enough step alone as many families are yet into local South African languages was inevitable. Promises to have a personal computer at home, but also with technology were made by proprietary software companies in the late that is primarily accessible in English — 80% of South Africans 1990s, but nothing materialized until Dwayne Bailey, fresh do not speak English as their fi rst language. out of the university and working for Obsidian Systems in Any plan to grow the user sector of computing needs to Cape Town, decided to do something about it. “With open seriously consider that fact. Most of the English literate are the source it’s all about getting really good quality software at no economically literate, but that does not mean that is the way it cost to the consumer, and I realized that as I had received has to stay. There are many attempts to lower the costs of com- much from the community, I also wanted to put something puting to invite more South Africans to the computing party, back,” he explains. “And what better way to do it than practi- cally ensuring that all South Africans could access technology in their mother tongue.” Linda Martindale is a writer, researcher and editor Translate.org.za’s work has included the translation of computer specializing in feature articles related to African software into the ten other offi cial languages of South Africa using travel and development. She also writes reports local translators and, more recently, the creation of the fi rst all- and proposals for non-government organ izations South African language keyboard — a world fi rst. “This is the fi rst and is author of Celebrate Hope — a coffee table Africans-helping-Africans, no-strings-attached free software. It has book of history and human interest stories. always been my dream that one day fellow South Africans would

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be using computers with high quality soft- .org.za can give them a choice of ware in their mother tongues,” says Bailey. words for inclusion. The organization focuses on transla- tions, but also intervenes when technology Finding the translators hinders language. For example, Venda, one The next mammoth task was fi nd- of the offi cial languages of South Africa, ing the right translators. “It was dif- cannot be accurately typed on a US Eng- fi cult to fi nd the right people,” says lish “QWERTY” keyboard, so Venda speak- Bailey, “but even more diffi cult to ers are unable to type their own names retain them and educate them around correctly. One can only wonder how their technological terminology.” The team names have been typed on offi cial govern- found it a challenge to train transla- ment birth certifi cates. tors because most translators in South “The lack of a Venda keyboard is indica- The DVD cover for the South African OpenOffi ce.org. Africa are not using computer-aided tive that linguists, translators and language translation (CAT) tools, and the team practitioners in South Africa operate in a source is that corrections can be made had to teach them how to use the tools. non-technical world,” says Bailey. It took rapidly and in an ongoing fashion.” Many “We had to implement methods and use the team a day to prototype the software localization professionals look down on tools that made it easier for the team to for the keyboard, yet for years translators this approach, but the Translate.org.za team localize. We eventually chose to do things across the country have simply translated, was adamant that it was the way to go for in spreadsheets, although with some we printed and added the diacritics by hand various reasons, and in hindsight they are installed CAT tools,” Bailey says. — the result being that websites and trans- glad they did. Defi ning terminology in a The team also had to train the translators lations on the government website into void was not a route they wanted to take. in the problems of localization, variables Venda are incorrect. Using the South Afri- “We decided to empower our translators and so on. Solving problems as they pro- can keyboard means that Venda can for the to create words that we could correct later gressed was the way the team did it. “We fi rst time be typed accurately, along with and that would form the basis of words developed a number of QA-related tools all the other offi cial languages, including that a linguist could later examine if they that could trap errors made by translators Afrikaans and to a lesser extent Northern wanted to coin a ‘proper’ term.” Bailey before integrating them into the build pro- Sotho and Tswana. The organization has goes on to explain that for most of these cess,” he says. Then followed the next chal- also created spell checkers from Afrikaans languages there was no established ter- lenging task of learning how to build the all the way to Zulu. This means that people minology and that they had two options. software. For the software to run, locales in South Africa no longer have to suffer the If they had used the traditional approach had to be built for 11 languages. “We did indignity of their language being under- of developing the technical terminology this for Linux and OpenOffi ce.org and now lined in red by an ignorant “teacher.” beforehand, Bailey says that they would validate them on the Common Locale Data Over Translate.org.za’s six-year history, have today a theoretically good set of Repository — thus, they are accessible to there have been great successes, but there terminology with no programs that actu- all software vendors. We also had to create have been plenty of challenges along the ally use the terms. “Instead, we took an fonts for Venda and a keyboard that would way. One has been language aspiration in approach that developed in parallel so allow us to type Venda characters to allow that people don’t always use their mother that as we translate, we develop termi- localization,” says Bailey. “Only then did tongue even when they can due to English nology alongside the translation. This is we have a technological platform on which being seen as the economically powerful then shared, evaluated and critiqued by we could localize.” language. “As a non-profi t we have the the team.” Now that they are approaching The team continues to work with luxury of our focus being longer term and national language authorities, Translate language boards to improve and approve not all just about the proverbial ‘bottom line,’” explains Bailey. “We are not mak- ing decisions based on sales and business Elia Networking Day 3 – Rome prospects but on the social development Metropole Hotel, Rome, 27-29 September 2007 aspect of language and technology. And Are you involved in the language industry? this means we can focus on long-term Are you keen to learn more about your craft? vitality, to change perceptions of language Then for you all roads lead to ROME. and stimulate the use of ICTs to this end.” The fi rst steps in this process were to Just look at ELIA’s exciting programme: develop the skills to localize, to understand • Executive Sales Management workshop led by industry expert Renato Beninatto (two days) needs and then develop strategies. This was • Crash course on EN 15038 certification, the newest industry standard (one day in parallel) done by translating numerous applications • Tech Day – Keep abreast of the latest technology (select presentations and workshops including OpenOffi ce.org, and the team provided by the best CAT/System tool manufacturers in our industry) Sponsored by had to learn the process of translating Open • Networking Day 3 — Growth Strategies: DIY vs M&A (Do It Yourself or Offi ce.org with all of its idiosyncrasies. Mergers and Acquisitions — different paths to make your company grow) “We chose the approach of translating Further information and registration: www.elia-association.org and developing terminology at the same or e-mail [email protected] time,” says Bailey. “And the value of open

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Mandy Njobe, a full-time lec- created. “As far as language is concerned, turer in the IT department of the I will do anything to preserve indigenous Durban University of Technology languages and promote their use,” says and one of Translate.org.za’s most Njobe. “Technology is a worldwide bread vibrant partners, has been at the for everyone and in a true South Africa, helm of some of these translate@ this goes for previously disadvantaged thons and explains why. “Initially people as well.” I was worried about the way that previously disadvantaged students Achievement award were performing in a computer For many years Translate.org.za has literacy class, which reminded been chipping away at the rock of the me of my battle through my IT monolingual world of technology, and it diploma. Most of these students has done so relatively quietly. But last year do not have computers at home, the organization received recognition for and I thought deeply about how its work when it won the prestigious Afri- Translators in Cape Town Translate@thon, January 2005. I could assist these stu- can ICT Achiever 2006 Award the terminology, as well as ongoing dents in their learning. for bridging the digital divide working relationships with local univer- One thing that came through in Africa by breaking down the sities doing translation studies to develop quite strongly was that English language barrier. localization courses. was a challenge in the learning “Finally,” says Bailey, “after of computers. Many studies years of hard work promoting Translation marathons prove that English-as-second- the importance of mother-tongue One of the greatest successes during language students fi nd it dif- languages in ICTs, it is fi tting the past few years has been Translate.org fi cult to learn in their second that language has been recog- .za’s translate@thons. The team got uni- language. I started searching nized as a critical part of the versity students excited about their mother the web and found Translate digital divide in the same year tongues and organized weekends of non- .org.za.” Moved by the fact that the African Union institutes as stop — except for pizza-and-Coke breaks fellow South Africans were the year of African languages.” — translation of software. These young doing something about the Dwayne Bailey receives He added, “We hope this will people contributed to Translate.org.za’s problem, she got in touch with ICT Achiever award. lead to more localization within taking huge strides ahead in the localiza- the organization, and together they forged South Africa and across the continent as tion process, as well as drawing in the ahead, drawing in many young people as we look forward to helping others to community and forever changing the way well as translating thousands of words and make similar achievements in their coun- many people feel about their language. inventing terminology for words not yet tries.” Abe Mathibela, business develop- ment manager at Translate.org.za and a mother-tongue Sesotho speaker, says, “This recognition makes me extremely happy. It’s Experience the a breakthrough, as now the common myths and fallacies that we cannot have comput- Excitement! ers in our languages have been challenged. There are a whole lot of things that can now happen across Africa to challenge the Language Weaver exclusion of African languages.” translaƟon soŌware oīers: Going forward Ɠ Fast CustomizaƟon Part of the philosophy of the team is Ɠ Simple IntegraƟon to share what they have developed with others and they are doing so on an ongo- Ɠ Rapid ROI ing basis, partnering with people who want to embark on similar projects of Contact us for more informaƟon localization. One of these is the Word- US: 1-310-437-7300 Forge project focusing on developing open-source localization tools in the form Europe: 0032-16-408310 of offl ine and online translation tools. www.languageweaver.com The aim is to equip localizers with high- quality tools and to lower the barrier to entry for open-source localization, with the ultimate aim of allowing more people to translate and thus to use software in their mother tongues. M

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Industry Focus || 8/9/07 9:20:19 AM rst two MultiLingual then yought you, ciaries of the current politi- ed by increasingly bizarre events les on them. ect Gandhi’s third phase (“First they ux. The evidence for progress is accumu- ux. The evidence for progress is cally excluded communities. nd “illegal” fi or specifi who focuses on ethical issues raised by globalization and on providing access to globalization and on providing Earl Mardle is an independent consultant information technologies for underserved c controls he or she previously enjoyed that are being Legislative assault Rearguard action is exemplifi There is panic among the benefi Included in the panic is the imprisonment of journalists, as The prognosis is still uncertain for administrative functionsThe prognosis is still uncertain for administrative — from the Australian government’s attempts to censor the entire— from the Australian government’s attempts to the debate internet (www.efa.org.au/Issues/Censor/cens1.html) over net neutrality to copyright owners seeking the right to disable computers if they fi cal and economic knowledge system. Every one aims to restore specifi distributed via the internet. While they will probably fail, the question is how much damage they will do in the meantime. tallied by the Committee to Protect Journalists. That a third of all such victims are online journalists directly measures the fear of the internet. networked world. In these pages I look at the growing evidence world. In these pages networked passed a watershed in that the United States especially has e-government. developments are inand enterprise applications, but governance constant and rapid fl demands for “account- lating in three ways: legislative assault, The fi ability and standards” and positive engagement. “resistance” measures refl they fi ignore you, then they laugh at you, then perceived threat and thewin”). The more reaction, the greater the closer to success they are. rst part of this article, rst part of this article, nitive form of any e-governance E-government — E-government the US access in citizen Earl Mardle

In the end, all politics is local. The applica- In the end, all politics is local. nitions of e-government and some of the major problems In Africa and parts of Asia we should expect heavy use expect heavy use In Africa and parts of Asia we should What follows is not the defi bility of e-government tools across societies bility of e-government tools for con- will be very limited, and the demand in be nil except tent translation will essentially is places such as Canada where multilingualism the language already endemic and India where While e-gover- problem is on a unique scale. of the pro- nance will probably embody many will cesses I discuss here, the implementations and many paths depending on the culture take embedded. the economies in which they are www.multilingual.com September 2007 of mobile technologies and increasingly sophisticated system sophisticated system of mobile technologies and increasingly management server (SMS) tools. Zimbabweans made exten- sive but eventually unsuccessful use of texting campaigns to circumvent Robert Mugabe’s iron grip on the media, and Filipinos have had successful SMS mini-revolutions that led to the ouster of unpopular leaders. But in both cases they were driven by critical events rather more civil disobedience spikes than the longer agendas implied by e-governance. Where government control of information and communication tech- nology (ICT) is pervasive and rigid, such as China and Saudi Arabia, we may not see any online political activity at all until the enforcement costs become prohibitive; and in the Com- monwealth of Independent States (much of the former Soviet Union), the infrastructure itself will be the limiting factor for a long time. activities they embody, but rather some ugly ducklings singing activities they embody, in the coal mine, hoping to become swans in the future. I look at defi of implementing the strategy in the fi some predictions about how it will play out in a and I make I 63-68 Mardle70907.indd 63 Industry Focus

The standards standard Matthew Taylor — who stressed he was users, community-based postings and We are seeing more frequently the speaking as a ‘citizen’ not a govern- traffi c) in part because shared perspec- language of political nervousness, such ment spokesman — said the web could tives and open rules enable strong social as the BBC headline “Web ‘fuelling crisis be ‘fantastic’ for democracy. But it was relationships to grow in parallel with the in politics’” that quotes former UK Prime too often used to encourage the ‘shrill political issues-based discourse. Minister Tony Blair’s outgoing chief discourse of demands’ that dominated Here are samples of the self-organizing strategy adviser who “fears the internet modern politics.” civil society actions that are creating a new could be fuelling a ‘crisis’ in the rela- Taylor conveniently overlooks a long underpinning for governance. The selec- tionship between politicians and voters. string of “shrill” demands, infl ammatory tion is not complete. It is often only the statements and outright lies by politicians fi rst swallow of my predicted spring, but and their publicists over the last decade it is evidence. covering everything from global warming to the and terrorism, few of which Colonizing the political process have needed the internet to propagate. Now, Howard Dean’s leadership. The fi rst when people can effectively object to those inkling that the internet could make a lies, it startles the complacent incumbents. political difference came with Governor Reporting on the development of World Howard Dean’s run at the 2004 presidential Intellectual Property Organization meet- election. His ability to connect with people ings, author Cory Doctorow observed that and to raise funds through the internet was what made participants most nervous was far ahead of anyone else. Dean opened the that their words and the meaning of those door to new ideas and possibilities that words were being widely reported. propelled him to the chairmanship of the The internet destroys the ability to Democratic National Committee. The model control the message through a compliant, needed refi ning, but the potential for power incurious media. We can expect the queru- shifts was clear. lousness to last for a while yet. What Dean did was shift the internet generally and the blogosphere in particu- Engagement: a sampler lar away from a megaphone and toward I have used as the primary source the an organizing tool. His use of fund-rais- left wing of American politics, which has ing bots and the MeetUp tool was a sig- been more active in its use of new tech- nifi cant turning point in the role of nologies in part because it has been unable networked technologies in governance. to enter public discourse on reasonable An excellent summary of Dean’s achieve- terms with media that were either terrifi ed ments is available at www.reference.com/ by the administration or water carriers for browse/wiki/Howard_Dean its agenda, effectively closing out debate or Netroots candidates. This was a joint alternative perspectives. fund-raising venture by left-wing blogs Most of the examples are drawn from MyDD, DailyKos and the Swing State Proj- or linked to the DailyKos blog owned by ect. The strategy and its outcome are easily liberal activist Markos Moulitsas. The rea- explained. son for this is simple: DailyKos has gone Five Netroots candidates were elected to far beyond being a “publication.” Rolling the House of Representatives — Joseph Ses- Stone magazine refers to Moulitsas, cor- tak, Jr., Patrick Murphy, Jerry McNerney, rectly I believe, as “one of the internet’s Tim Walz and Paul Hodes — while the blog- most infl uential organizers.” gers also put two of their Senate candidates The other reason for the left’s pre- into offi ce, Jim Webb and Jon Tester. Contact: [email protected] dominance in using the new governance When the Netroots campaign picked and CPSL will offer a translation tools is philosophical. Jerome Armstrong these candidates, none of them was top test free of charge. of MyDD.com says of the left, “We focus tier. In fact, I’m pretty sure that right up on the building of movement, particularly until the end most people thought Murphy, through becoming more localized. The McNerney and Walz would still lose. But conservative focus has been on integrat- they didn’t. ing with the other parts of the Republican During 2003 to 2006 the politicians machine” (www.mydd.com/story/2007/2/ also discovered the blogs and, on the left, 14/112410/319). regularly posted there to circumvent media This is a recognition that the blog distortions, to energize support and, increas- is not merely a place to publish but has ingly, to canvass ideas for legislation and become an organizing tool. DailyKos is campaigning. Regular posters at DailyKos both its cutting-edge exponent and its included Representative Louise Slaughter, most successful (in terms of registered Representative John Conyers, new House

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Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi and Sen- journalism” is that it relies on tradi- an expert community and, as traditional ate leader Harry Reid, who not only posted tional media for the raw material for its media continues to lose power, profi t- an electioneering thank you but threw in a analysis and critiques. That is no longer ability and the resources they can apply to YouTube exhortation for good measure. true, as blogger Jay Rosen at PressThink news-gathering and interpretation, we will Expert communities. Expert communi- demonstrates. An expert community has see more of them. ties is a prediction that expertise arises from revolved around the issue of whether When the US Department of Justice the gathering, interaction and community or not Vice President Richard Cheney’s invites blog-centered, citizen court report- building that happens online. The expertise chief-of-staff Lewis Libby committed a ers into the fold, we can be sure that the is not inherent in the individuals so much crime in revealing the identity of a CIA change is becoming entrenched. as in the group. Their most important tool covert operative. Dengre and CNMI. Dengre is the user is the Wiki, although more moderated “If you wanted to keep up with the name of another citizen journalist/com- forms will exist. Some early examples trial,” Rosen writes, “and needed something mentator who follows the money distrib- include ePluribus Media, the live blogging approaching a live transcript, with analyti- uted by convicted lobbyist Jack Abramoff, of the “Scooter” Libby trial and the work cal nuance, legal expertise, courthouse especially the role of political donations in of Dengre. the corrupt practices of the Commonwealth ePluribus Media. The left realized the of the North Marianas Islands (CNMI). value of new technologies after the revela- Because of the leverage offered by the tion of a bogus journalist with privileged ePluribus Media took less DailyKos brand, the investigation and access to the White House was found among than 24 hours to reconvert explication reached an important threshold the White House Press corps — a fake jour- in January 2007 when a local offi cial from nalist called Jeff Gannon who moonlighted those fi les to searchable the CNMI found himself obliged to make as a gay male prostitute. text, effectively undoing contact with Dengre, in part to correct a The research and aggregation capabili- misapprehension, but in part also to help ties built to follow the Gannon links to the any attempt to hinder fi ll out his understanding of what is hap- Republican party and the White House pening. US representative to the Pacifi c were created literally overnight on a web- access to the information. Community David Cohen, in preparing to site called ePluribus Media. The research report to Congress, suggested that local capabilities developed there paid off during bloggers were putting his case more elo- the 2006 mid-term election where they color and recognizably human voices, quently and forcefully than he could do were focused best on the Virginia contest. Firedoglake was your best . . . . FDL had and that perhaps he should enlist them to A recent application of this community more people on the story (six contributors, write his speeches. is an investigation into possible politically all housed together). They cared more about CNMI offi cials are not answerable to inspired fi rings of eight federal attorneys. documenting every turn. They knew more a Washington, D.C., blogger, nor are they Among other tools, ePluribus Media uses a about the case because they had been writ- required to acknowledge their local blog- form of massively parallel research where ing about it for longer, and they didn’t want ging community — but not to do so has the work can be done quickly by cutting to disappoint their supporters.” apparently become more of a risk than to the task into small pieces and having liter- The technology had enabled capable engage with the new voices. ally thousands of researchers do each par- people to make contact, aggregate knowl- cel. In this case ePluribus Media is working edge, learn to trust each other through The next step — in informal coalition with DailyKos and public discourse and to coalesce into a team setting the agenda Joshua Marshall’s Talking Points Memo to with a wide range of expertise focused on The Congressional Committees Proj- aggregate their research power. a highly specialized topic. This is exactly ect. One interesting sign of a shift to an When the US government released thou- sands of pages of PDF fi les with scanned images rather than the text equivalents, ePluribus Media took less than 24 hours to reconvert those fi les to searchable text, effectively undoing any attempt to hinder access to the information. In some cases, volunteers deciphered pages that were vaguely visible when the other side of the page was scanned. No organization — government, private enterprise or media — can muster the kind of resources available to such a commu- nity, and these kinds of actions will become increasingly powerful for a simple reason. They work. Live-blogging the Libby trial. One of the more trenchant criticisms of “citizen

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internet-mediated civil society is The Con- transparency was noticed by a staffer for interact with an increasingly sophisticated gressional Committees Project. Accor ding Speaker-to-be Nancy Pelosi, who asked community of Internet users.” to www.dkosopedia.com, its main goal “is that it become part of the Democratic Time will tell whether this amounts to to promote awareness of the Amer ican Party legislation management process. reaching out to or drawing in the rebel legislature by helping contributors to The project, dkosopedia continues, was voices, but within weeks of taking offi ce, organize information on committees, and also asked to “become knowledgeable the Democratic Party had moved beyond to share resources and information.” After advocates of legislative transparency, and mere monitoring and informing the pub- gaining prominence on DailyKos, a diary give recommendations on how the new lic via the net and tested the waters of by Greenrefl ex researching committee Democratic majority can most effectively open source policy development. Energize America. This collaboratively developed plan for American energy inde- pendence, led by French energy banker Jérôme Guillet and others, arises from a series of proposals on energy issues posted at DailyKos and presented at the YearlyKos Convention in June 2006 — a convention attended by party lead- ers such as General Wesley Clark; New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson, who addressed the energy panel discussion; and Iowa Governor Tom Vilsack, who fl ew in for an education panel. The energy expert community has moved into the policy development phase. In the words of Energize Amer- ica editor George Karayannis (blogging as Doolittle Sothere), “what started informally in spring 2006 took about nine months to morph into a compre- hensive and ambitious, 20-point plan to achieve US energy independence by 2020. . . . Then in January, 2007, a Con- gressional leader requested the EA2020 team submit more detailed proposals for up to 10 specifi c acts (of Congress). Using the same transparent, collab- orative process that created EA2020, a new team dove in and created the four referenced acts and background mate- rial, in less than three months — using only volunteers.” The key is that the technology enables a small team to integrate more than 10,000 policy submissions more rapidly, more openly and more effi ciently than any bureaucratic system could manage. As predicted, online communities are beginning to set the agenda in specialized areas and drafting legislation at a speed that is at best hard to track. FluWiki — a public health essential. Governments and health authorities worldwide are preparing for the next pandemic. Bloggers are increasingly a valid source for information on what is happening, how to respond and how people are preparing at a personal level. They are increasingly being used by public offi cials as a source of intel- ligence about what informed people are

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thinking. From the Centers for Disease access to Virginia government,’ said Mark The Speaker’s Gavel Control blog under the heading Health Bergman, spokesman for the Virginia falls on C-SPAN Marketing Musings: “Controlling and Democratic Party. ‘They are scheduling The new Speaker of the House, Nancy mitigating public health emergencies, these major votes in the wee hours of the Pelosi not only started her own blog, The especially those that are the size and morning or late at night, when no one Gavel, but she began to publish YouTube scale of an infl uenza pandemic, will from the public or press is there to see it. video of Democratic party members speak- absolutely require the active engage- Two or three members could effectively ing to the various House committees. In ment and participation of the public and kill a bill at 7:30 . . . in the morning when an act of some hubris, the company that all sectors of society. New media efforts nobody’s there and there’s no record of takes those videos, C-SPAN, sent Pelosi a to engage and galvanize the public like the vote.’” cease-and-desist order, claiming that she FluWiki, Green Hammer, and the Slidell did not have the right to retransmit the Hurricane Damage Blog are critical to videos without C-SPAN’s permission. CDC’s ability to prepare for and respond While we were not privy to the subse- to an infl uenza pandemic and to other quent conversations between the Speaker possible public health emergencies.” A key to the goal of of the US House of Representatives and This is the CDC of the US government. ‘transparent’ government C-SPAN’s management, it is signifi cant No further comment is needed. that very shortly after that, C-SPAN is ‘visible’ government. announced that such video would carry Transparent government from a Creative Commons license, and Pelosi macaca to Creative Commons continues to post it on her blog. A key to the goal of “transparent” New technology is making visible government is “visible” government, and “It’s an effort to demonize Republi- the processes of government; speeches the combination of ubiquitous video and cans,” said Shaun Kenney, communica- are more digestible and searchable, the distribution tools such as YouTube is tions director for the Virginia Republican collectible and shareable. As visibility making huge strides in that area. Party. “It’s about targeting and embar- is rising, so is the ability to confront Virginia’s “Macaca” Allen. In any rassing Republican delegates,” he said. legislators with their own statements campaign before 2006, the fact that Repub- Kenney is not explicit about how show- and to hold them accountable for those lican Senator George Allen had used the ing people exactly what their representa- statements. The internet is now operat- French racial slur macaca to refer to a staff tives in government are actually saying ing as a massive, inexpensive, publicly member of his opponent Jim Webb would amounts to demonization. It’s a question accessible memory bank for political have disappeared without trace. A Webb for which the Virginia Democratic Party statements. complaint would have been dismissed as apparently has an answer, and politicians The proposition that information is whining, and the video his young worker of all stripes will either get used to the power has never been so thoroughly tested had taken of the incident would never reality or get out of the business. and found to be true, and civil society have made the evening news. But when Webb’s campaign uploaded the video to YouTube and received over 300,000 views, the rest of the media scrambled to catch up. The racist remark SYSTRAN Premium prompted awkward questions, lame explanations and an internet search by Translator 6 activists who quickly discovered Allen’s connections to the white supremacist %FTJHOFE GPS 5PEBZµT Council of Conservative Citizens. From there it was all downhill for a 1SPGFTTJPOBM 5SBOTMBUPS man touted as a shoo-in for re-election Streamline the translation workflow and NEW and possible presidential candidate, his V6 automate the human translation process future cancelled by his own words, from to minimize costs. his own mouth, widely distributed. Having observed both the effect on 50+ language pairs Optimize translations. the election race and the aversion of their Desktop and server solutions Increase productivity. opponents to exposure, the Democratic New and intuitive Translation Toolbar is Cost-effective. Party minority in the Virginia Legislature always available on the desktop has enthusiastically adopted the strategy. New Dictionary Lookup provides instant Visit us online at www.systransoft.com “Democratic operatives began videotaping access to SYSTRAN, Larousse and early morning and late-night statehouse Chambers dictionaries proceedings,” says an ABC News story, Enhanced customization tools to manage “and posting them on their assembly’s dictionaries, TMs, post-editing, and QA blog and the Internet-based video site YouTube. ‘We’re providing openness and

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is building on that foundation with new now and the height of primary season in problem. From DailyKos, under the head- information technologies. Those founda- just under a year’s time. line “Feingold to Headline YearlyKos tions, however, contain unexpected traps And according to Time columnist Joe Fundraiser Tonight: Senator Russ Fein- for new players. Klein, it also suggests something else: “I gold will join Netroots luminaries Rep. disagreed — quietly, in a loyal and Brad Miller, Rep. John Hall, Rep. Earl Hillary Clinton hits a pothole seemly fashion — with Time’s Person of Blumenauer, and Rep. Jerry McNerney at New York Senator Hillary Rodham the Year last December (“Time’s Person a fundraiser tonight in D.C. to eat, drink, Clinton launched her presidential can- of the Year: You,” Time, December 13, and talk politics with all comers. . . . The didacy with a video on her website and 2006). But ads like this one, which will event benefi ts this year’s YearlyKos con- backed it up with an open consultation have an impact on this campaign, indi- vention, August 2-5 in .” through Yahoo Answers. cate that I was wrong. You are, appar- The Netroots asserted its power by To quote Bokardo blog creator Joshua ently, not only the Person of the Year, raising funds for politicians it approved, Porter, “This is amazing on several lev- but also the Political Consultants of the and in an unprecedented turnaround, els. One, Clinton is actually asking the future.” those politicians are now raising funds American people what they think, rather for a Netroots organization. than assuming or generalizing from the party she’s a part of. . . . Two, Clinton is Summary using Yahoo Answers, a publicly-acces- ‘Large progressive The process began as outsiders, exc luded sible social software app to ask the ques- from political discourse, who were able to tion. . . . Three, in just two days there donors, institutions raise a suffi ciently public fuss that they had are over 35,000 answers! . . . Is this an and politicians just don’t to be paid attention. Within three years the indicator of another level of political mechanism took from the Democratic Party discourse going forward?” want to fund something some of its control of the election machin- My response is yes because the com- ery by raising and strategically deploying munity providing the answers also rates they can’t control.’ its own funds. those answers and acts as a double layer Then Howard Dean became a Trojan of evaluation for the candidate. If Clin- horse within the party establishment, ton both uses this tool for research and The perpetrator, however, could not in part because of his connections with demonstrates that the answers are hav- remain anonymous because the tools that the blogosphere and the party realized it ing an effect on her policy positions, the made his coup possible also unmasked could not succeed unless it engaged the role of the internet in US politics will him. He is Philip de Vellis, a former strate- new source of power. Finally, as that new have taken another major step forward. gist with the internet consulting fi rm that source pushed the party toward power in There is, however, a downside to set up Barack Obama’s website. 2006, it was joined by politicians to cre- making content available, and it has ate pathways to policy in Congress. already come for Clinton in a mashup The final frontier – money The revolution is far from over. Real advertisement for her competitor Barack The fi nal problem for distributed civil power has always been diffi cult to manage Obama that was made by an originally society organization is the one identi- and often leads to hubris and co-option anonymous genius with video editing fi ed by Netroots founder Chris Bowers as the spur of opposition is blunted. software. The video clip became a clas- of MyDD — money. As Bowers says, What seems highly likely in the United sic in political advertising and a pointer “the main problem has always been that States, however, is that politics will come to a fundamental power shift in political large progressive donors, institutions down to a struggle between a Netroots discourse. and politicians just don’t want to fund model that can rapidly organize around Whether or not it changes any minds, something they can’t control. Since the a strategy and a traditional model that the advert marks a radical devolution in political blogosphere and the people- builds the organization fi rst, then tries the way politics is now conducted in the powered progressive movement are, by to fi nd a strategy that it can deploy United States and suggests that the 2008 nature, something over which no one — dynamic against static, process versus campaign could be an uncontrolled and can exert all that much individual con- structure and, as Klein points out in his uncontrollable free-for-all in which ordi- trol, they just don’t get funding in the comment, youth versus age. nary citizens could hold as much sway same way that more staid, cautious, and The risk to the fi rst model is that it will as fancy consultants and advertising restrained progressive organizations and fragment and dissipate; the risk to the agencies lobbying the main candidates politicians receive. second model is that it will have nobody for their business. “It also doesn’t help that we have been to focus its forces on. As with so much It also suggests that the tens of mil- so good at channelling resources into the else that happens in “internet time,” we lions of dollars Clinton is expected to establishment without asking for any- may have those answers by the time you raise from her well-stuffed electronic thing in return. Why would major donors, read this. M Rolodex might not go quite as far as organizations, and politicians bother to she might have hoped — especially if the fund us if we fund them without asking References and notes widely noted grassroots suspicion of her for anything in return?” An extended list of sources for this article candidacy fi nds equally compelling form From the latest news, however, the is available for download at www.multilingual in future citizen advertising between landscape is shifting around even that .com/downloads/mardleRef90.pdf

68 | MultiLingual September 2007 [email protected]

63-68 Mardle70907.indd 68 8/9/07 9:20:26 AM Basics Basic terminology

This section offers terminology, abbreviations, acronyms and other resources, especially as related to the content of this issue. For more definitions, see the Glossary section of MultiLingual’s annual Resource Directory and Index (www.multilingual.com/resourceDirectory).

Branding. A name, logo, slogan and/or design scheme E-government. Refers to a government’s use of infor- associated with a product or service. Brand recognition mation technology to exchange information and services and other reactions are created by the use of the product with citizens, businesses and other arms of government. E- or service and through the influence of advertising, design government may be applied by the legislature, judiciary or and media commentary. A brand is a symbolic embodiment administration in order to improve internal efficiency, the of all the information connected to the product and serves delivery of public services or the processes of democratic to create associations and expectations around it. A brand governance. often includes a logo, fonts, color schemes, symbols and Fuzzy match. Refers to the situation when a sentence or sound that may be developed to represent implicit values, phrase in a translation memory (TM) is similar — but not a ideas and even personality. 100% match — to the sentence or phrase the translator is Computer-aided translation (CAT). Computer techno- currently working on. The TM tool calculates the degree of logy applications that assist in the act of translating text similarity or “fuzziness” as a percentage figure. from one language to another. Globalization (g11n). In this context, the term refers to Content management system (CMS). A system used to the process that addresses business issues associated with store and subsequently find and retrieve large amounts of launching a product globally, such as integrating localiza- data. CMSs were not originally designed to synchronize trans- tion throughout a company after proper internationaliza- lation and localization of content, so most of them have been tion and product design. partnered with globalization management systems (GMS). Globalization management system (GMS). A system Double-byte character set (DBCS). This term has two that focuses on managing the translation and localization basic meanings. In CJK (Chinese-Japanese-Korean) comput- cycles and synchronizing those with source content man- ing, the term traditionally means a character set in which agement. Provides the capability of centralizing linguis- every graphic character not representable by an accompa- tic assets in the form of translation databases, leveraging nying SBCS (single-byte character set) is encoded in two glossaries and branding standards across global content. bytes. Han characters would generally comprise most of these two-byte characters. The term can also mean a char- HTML (HyperText Markup Language). A markup lan- acter set in which all characters — including all control guage that uses tags to structure text into headings, para- characters — are encoded in two bytes. graphs, lists and links, and tells a web browser how to E-governance. The public sector’s use of information display text and images on a web page. and communication technologies with the aim of improv- Internationalization (i18n). Especially in a computing ing information and service delivery, encouraging citizen context, the process of generalizing a product so that it can participation in the decision-making process and making handle multiple languages and cultural conventions (currency, government more accountable, transparent and effective. number separators, dates) without the need for redesign.

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69-70 Basics #90.indd 69 8/9/07 9:21:21 AM Basics

Lingua franca. A language that is adopted as a com- Translation. The process of converting all of the text mon language between speakers whose native languages or words from a source language to a target language. An are different. understanding of the context or meaning of the source lan- Localization (l10n). In this context, the process of adapting guage must be established in order to convey the same mes- a product or software to a specific international language or sage in the target language. culture so that it seems natural to that particular region. True Translation memory (TM). A special database that stores localization considers language, culture, customs and the char- previously translated sentences which can then be re-used acteristics of the target locale. It frequently involves changes on a sentence-by-sentence basis. The database matches to the software’s writing system and may change keyboard use source to target language pairs. and fonts as well as date, time and monetary formats. Translation Memory eXchange (TMX). An open stan- Machine translation (MT). A technology that trans- dard, based on XML, which has been designed to simplify lates text from one human language to another, using and automate the process of converting translation memo- terminology glossaries and advanced grammatical, syntac- ries (TMs) from one format to another. tic and semantic analysis techniques. Translation unit (TU). A segment of a text that the Open-source software. Any computer software distrib- translator treats as a single cognitive unit for the purposes uted under a license that allows users to change and/or of establishing an equivalence. The TU may be a single word, share the software freely. End users have the right to mod- a phrase, one or more sentences, or even a larger unit. ify and redistribute the software, as well as the right to package and sell the software. Resources

Return on investment (ROI). In finance, return on invest- ORGANIZATIONS ment is the ratio of money gained or lost on an investment American Translators Association: www.atanet.org; and its relative to the amount of money invested. The amount of Language Technology Division: www.atanet.org/divisions/LTD money gained or lost may be referred to as interest, profit/ Fédération Internationale des Traducteurs / International loss, gain/loss or net income/loss. Federation of Translators: www.fit-ift.org Search engine. A program designed to help find informa- Localization Industry Standards Association (LISA): tion stored on a computer system such as the worldwide www.lisa.org web or a personal computer. A search engine allows a user The Localization Institute: www.localizationinstitute.com to ask for content meeting specific criteria — typically those Translation Automation User Society (TAUS): www.translation containing a given word, phrase or name — and retrieves a automation.com list of references that match those criteria. The Unicode Consortium: www.unicode.org Simship. A term used to refer to the simultaneous ship- PUBLICATIONS ment of software products in different languages or with Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed., Raymond G. other distinguishing differences in design. Gordon, Jr., editor: www.ethnologue.com Source language. A language from which text is to be The Guide to Translation and Localization, published translated into another language. by Lingo Systems: www.lingosys.com Syntax. The study of the rules whereby words or other MultiLingual (formerly MultiLingual Computing & Technology): elements of sentence structure are combined to form gram- Additional resources available at www.multilingual.com matical sentences. The Translator’s Tool Box: A Computer Primer for Translators by Terminology management. Primarily concerned with Jost Zetzsche and The Tool Kit newsletter: manipulating terminological resources for specific pur- www.internationalwriters.com/toolkit poses — for example, establishing repositories of termino- WEBSITES logical resources for publishing dictionaries, maintaining Bisharat! a language, technology and development initiative terminology databases, ad hoc problem solving in finding focusing on use of African language in software and web multilingual equivalences in translation work or creating content: www.bisharat.net new terms in technical writing. Terminology management International Marketing Council of South Africa languages software provides the translator a means of automati- page: www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/ cally searching a given terminology database for terms demographics/language.htm appearing in a document, either by automatically display- Languages of Africa, Wikipedia page with language maps: ing terms in the translation memory software interface http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/african_languages window or through the use of hotkeys to view the entry The Webbook of African Language Resources (Michigan State in the terminology database. University): www.isp.msu.edu/afrlang/hiermenu.html

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69-70 Basics #90.indd 70 8/9/07 9:21:22 AM RReinventingeinventing tthehe WWheelheel rČ’’in-vin-vĒnnt’ingt’ing tthuhhuh wČl [[anan idiom]idiom] ToTo dodo somethingsomething again,again, fromfrom tthehe beginning,beginning, especiallyespecially inin a needlessneedless oror iinefficientnefficient effort.effort.

Why reinvent the wheel? TM Marketplace now offers databases created for you from already-published material.

You can also buy licenses for translation memories from industry leaders such as General Motors.

THE TRANSLATION MEMORY BROKERS

www.tmmarketplace.com • [email protected] • 541-271-0536 • 888-533-7886

71 TMM ad #90.indd 71 8/3/07 2:23:26 PM ASSOCIATIONS 72 AUTOMATED TRANSLAT ON 72 CONFERENCES 72 ENTERPRISE SOLUT ONS 72 interested in leveraging existing translation resources to localization processes. Idiom works with global organiza- NTERNATIONALIZAT ON OOLS I T 72 increase translation efficiency and productivity. Language tions including Adobe, Autodesk, Continental Airlines, eBay, LOCALIZAT ON SERVICES 73 Weaver has proven success delivering productivity improve- Motorola and Traveloc ty to cost-effectively translate global LOCALIZAT ON TOOLS 76 ments and time savings to large corporations, LSPs and websites and applications, streamline software localization translation solution providers by quickly creating custom- and delivery, and speed time-to-market for international PROJECT MANAGEMENT TOOLS 76 ized translation systems using each company’s existing product documentation. Idiom also partners with consult- RESEARCH 77 translated data. These systems produce high-quality transla- ing firms, systems integrators and technology vendors to help tions of domain specific data. Language Weaver software can customers achieve high-quality results and maximize existing SOFTWARE TESTING 77 be easily integrated into customer support tools, knowledge enterprise infrastructure. TM BROKERS 77 bases and translation workflow applications for added effi- Idiom Technologies, Inc. 200 Fifth Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, ciency. Find out how Language Weaver can meet your trans- 781-464-6000, Fax: 781-464-6100, E-mail: [email protected], RAINING EMINARS T & S 77 lation needs. Contact us to set up a p lot project. Web: www.idiominc.com See ad on page 83 TRANSLATION SERV CES 77 Language Weaver, Inc. 4640 Admiralty Way, Suite 1210, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, 310-437-7300, Fax: 310-437-7307, E-mail: info TRANSLATION TOOLS 79 @languageweaver.com, Web: www.languageweaver.com See ad WORKFLOW SOLUT ONS 80 on page 62

Buyer’s Guide Buyer’s CAREER OPPORTUNITIES 81 CONFERENCES A SSOCIATIONS STAR Group Multiple Platforms AILIA Association de l’industrie de la Languages All Description STAR is a leader in information langue/Language Industry Association management, localization, internationalization and global- Description AILIA is the voice of the Canadian language indus- ization solutions as well as a premier developer of language try, bringing together organizations and professionals from technology tools such as Transit/TermStar, WebTerm and of our information management system, GRIPS. For more than three sectors: translation, language technologies and language Localization World training. Through a single point of contact, AILIA members can 22 years, STAR has specialized in information management Description Localization World conferences are dedicated access key resources to stimulate their growth around the world. and publishing, mult lingual processing including translation to the language and localization industries. Our constituents AILIA 65 Sherbrooke Street East, Suite 110, Montréal, QC, Canada services, terminology management, software localization/ H2X 1C4, 514-285-6596, E-mail: [email protected], Web: are the people responsible for communicating across the internationalization, software development and multimedia www.ailia.ca boundaries of language and culture in the global marketplace. systems engineering. With 38 offices in 28 countries and our International product and marketing managers participate in global network of pre-qualified freelance translators, STAR Localization World from all sectors and all geographies to meet provides a unique combination of information management language service and technology providers and to network tools and services. with their peers. Hands-on practitioners come to share their STAR Group America, LLC 5001 Mayfi eld Road, Suite 220, knowledge and experience and to learn from others. See our Lyndhurst, OH 44124, 216-691-7827, 877-877-0093, Fax: 216-691- Globalization and Localization Association website for details on upcoming and past conferences. 8910, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.us.star-group.net Localization World Ltd. 319 North 1st Avenue, Sandpoint, ID 83864, See ad on page 20 Description The Globalization and Localization Association 208-263-8178, Fax: 208-263-6310, E-mail: info@localizationworld (GALA) is a fully representative, nonprofit, international industry .com, Web: www.localizationworld.com See ad on page 44 association for the translation, internationalization, localization and globalization industry. The association gives members a com- mon forum to discuss issues, create innovative solutions, promote the industry, and offer clients unique, collaborative value. Globalization and Localization Association 23 Main Street, Andover, MA 01810, 206-329-2596, Fax: 815-346-2361, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.gala-global.org XTRF Management System Multiple Platforms The Internationalization & Unicode Conference Languages All Description XTRF is a global management AUTOMATED TRANSLATION Description The Internationalization & Unicode Confer- system for translation agencies. Built-in cutting-edge Java ence (IUC) is the premier technical conference focusing on technology, XTRF is a flexible, customizable and web-based multilingual, global software and web internationalization. software enabling web access for a company’s suppliers and Each IUC conference features a variety of tutorials and con- customers. It’s designed to help translation companies to ference sessions that cover current topics related to web and streamline all their daily activities, and it guarantees smooth software internationalization, globalization and Unicode. management of the company wh le reducing administra- Internationalization and Unicode experts, implementers, tive costs. Project management, invoicing, quotations, ISO clients and vendors are invited to attend this unique confer- 9001 reports and CRM are the main fields covered by the KCSL Inc. ence. The interactive format makes the IUC a great place Languages All Description NoBabel Translator is based on 25 system. Designed by translation and localization profes- to meet and exchange ideas w th leading experts during years of KCSL research and development in multilingual spell- sionals and created by the best IT team, this powerful tool birds-of-a-feather gatherings, find out about the needs of ing and grammar correction, data compression and search will reduce the time spent on repetitive tasks and increase potential clients, or get information about new and existing technology. It not only provides automated, multi-document the company’s effectiveness. Unicode-enabled products in the exhib t hall. alignment but also offers a powerful way to improve translation XTRF ul. Walerego Slawka 3, 30-653 Krakow, Poland, 48-12-2546- memory (TM) creation and leveraging. NoBabel’s strength The Unicode Consortium P.O. Box 391476, Mountain View, CA 126, Fax: 48-12-2546-122, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.xtrf.eu 94039-1476, 781-444-0404, Fax: 781-444-0320, E-mail: dana@ lies in its unique ab lity to draw upon a variety of sources to omg.org, Web: www.unicodeconference.org See ad on page 14 synthesize newly matched, high-quality translation units with optimal relevance to source material. Without human inter- INTERNATIONALIZATION TOOLS action, NoBabel maintains TM integrity while lowering costs NTERPRISE OLUTIONS and increasing productivity. Designed originally for large E S enterprises, today NoBabel is equally beneficial to corpora- tions and individual translation service providers. KCSL Inc. 5160 Yonge Street, Suite 1012, Toronto, ON, Canada M2N 6L9, 416-222-6112, Fax: 416-222-6819, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.kcsl.ca See ad on page 46 across Systems GmbH Idiom Technologies, Inc. Windows Multiple Platforms Languages All Description across Systems GmbH is a spin- Languages More than 120 Description Idiom Technologies off of Nero AG with its world’s leading CD/DVD applica- optimizes the globalization supply chain by aligning global tion. across includes TM and terminology system as well enterprises, language service providers and translators. as powerful tools to support the project and workflow Language Weaver, Inc. Award-winning WorldServer™ software solutions expand management of translations. Product manager, transla- Languages All Description Language Weaver’s statistical market reach and accelerate multilingual communication tor and proofreader all work together within one system, automated translation software is designed for companies with a proven platform for automating translation and either in-house or smoothly integrated with translation

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service providers. across provides several partner concepts practices consultancy, event planning, translation, localiza- and the Software Development Kit (SDK) for system integra- tion, publishing and interpreting services. CPSL focuses on tors and technology partners, to allow the translation desktop localization services for life sciences, technical, automotive, to be integrated directly, in order to include both preliminary IT and energy industries, and is renowned for its ability to and subsequent process steps. This results in more flexible retain long-term relationships with its clients. These attri- and transparent processes that benef t all sides. Alpha CRC — Translating Excellence butes, paired w th its reputation for outstanding customer across Systems GmbH Im Stoeckmaedle 18, D-76307 Karlsbad, Languages All Description You benefit from 19 years of care, competence, quality and state-of-the-art technology, Germany, 49-7248-925-425, Fax: 49-7248-925-444, E-mail: info@ experience in software localization when choosing Alpha make CPSL an industry leader. While other translation busi- across.net, Web: www.across.net See ad on page 2 CRC. A private company, we pride ourselves on meeting the nesses have come and gone, CPSL has consistently grown to individual needs of customers. Our in-house staff includes become the largest Spanish-owned localization company. translators covering 17 languages plus experts in software CPSL Torre Llacuna, Llacuna 166, 9ª, 08018 Barcelona, Spain, 34- LOCALIZATION SERVICES engineering, DTP, QA and testing, voice recording and project 902-363-085, Fax: 34-933-000-040, E-mail: [email protected], Web: management. This means we always have people available to www.cpsl.com See ad on page 64 discuss and deliver your requirements. When selecting Alpha, you have the added confidence of knowing that top technol- ogy companies do the same. Our customers include SAP, Sun and Symantec. Whether you’re an experienced global player or starting, Alpha has the solution for you. Adams Globalization Alpha CRC Ltd. St. Andrew’s House, St. Andrew’s Road, Cambridge, Languages All major European and Asian languages CB4 1DL UK, 44-1223-431011, Fax: 44-1223-461274, E-mail: Description For over 22 years, Adams Globalization has [email protected], Web: www.alphacrc.com EuroGreek Translations Limited provided comprehensive turnkey solutions for globaliza- Language Greek Description Established in 1986, Euro- tion. We deliver software localization and testing, technical Greek Translations Limited is Europe’s number one Greek translation, web globalization and desktop publishing with localizer, specializing in technical and medical translations superior quality, and we do it on time. Our team of experi- from English into Greek and Greek into English. Euro- enced and efficient project managers, technically proficient Greek’s aim is to provide high-quality, turnkey solutions, native-speaking linguists, technical experts and desktop encompassing a whole range of client needs, from plain publishers using the latest software tools and technology Beijing E-C Translation Ltd. translation to desktop/web publishing to localization devel- will work to expand your boundaries and offer you a world Languages Asian Description Beijing E-C Translation Ltd., opment and testing. Over the years, EuroGreek’s services of possibilities. Please contact us today for a free estimate. one of the largest localization and translation companies have been extended to cover most subject areas, including Adams Globalization 10435 Burnet Road, Suite 125, Austin, TX in China, focuses mainly on software and webs te localiza- German and French into Greek localization services. All 78758, 800-880-0667, 512-821-1818, Fax: 512-821-1888, E-mail: tion; technical, financial, medical, patent and marketing of EuroGreek’s work is produced in-house by a team of 25 [email protected], Web: www.adamsglobalization.com translations; and desktop publishing services. We use TRADOS, highly qualified specialists and is fully guaranteed for qual- SDLX, CATALYST, TTT/PC, STAR Transit, Robohelp, Frame- ty and on-time delivery. Maker, PageMaker, InDesign, QuarkXPress, MS Office and EuroGreek Translations Limited other graphic and DTP tools. Having more than 150 full- London 27 Lascotts Road, London, N22 8JG UK time employees located in Beijing, Taipei, Singapore, Seoul, Athens EuroGreek House, 93 Karagiorga Street, Athens 16675, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Shenyang and Chengdu, we can han- Greece, 30-210-9605-244, Fax: 30-210-9647-077, E-mail: production@ dle English/German into and from Simplified Chinese/Tra- eurogreek.gr, Web: www.eurogreek.com See ad on page 57 ADAPT Localization Services ditional Chinese/Japanese/Korean/Thai. We guarantee that Languages More than 50 Description ADAPT Localization clients’ projects will be handled not only by native speak- Services (founded in 1999 as transline Localization) offers the ers, but also by topic specialists. Clients can expect and will full range of services that enables clients to be successful in receive high-quality services, on-time delivery and low cost. international markets, from documentation design through Beijing E-C Translation Ltd. 2nd Floor, Hua Teng Development translation, linguistic and technical localization services, pre- Building, No. 23, Xi Huan Bei Road, BDA, Beijing Economic- press and publication management. Serving both Fortune Technological Development Zone, Beijing 100176, P.R. China, 86- 500 and small companies, ADAPT has gained a reputation 10-67868761, Fax: 86-10-67868765, E-mail: service@e-cchina for quality, reliab lity, technological competence and a com- .com, Web: www.e-cchina.com mitment to customer service. Fields of specialization include diagnostic and medical devices, IT/telecom and web content. With offices in Bonn, Germany, and Stockholm, Sweden, and a number of certified partner companies, ADAPT is well suited to help clients achieve their goals in any market. ADAPT Localization Services Clemens-August-Strasse 16-18, 53115 Bonn, Germany, 49-228-98-22-60, Fax: 49-228-98-22-615, E-mail: Binari Sonori [email protected], Web: www.adapt-localization.com Languages From all European languages into Italian Descrip- See ad on page 10 tion Binari Sonori has served the localization and translation market since 1994. Binari Sonori has been awarded a number of crucial projects and has become one of the major players in the Italian localization industry. Our goal is to guarantee high quality, timeliness and flexibility. We are accustomed to working for clients throughout the world who need to reach the Italian market with their products. Our project managers, Alliance Localization China, Inc. (ALC) translators and revisers are trained to solve today’s challenges Languages Major Asian and European languages Descrip- of translation/localization projects, regardless of text length tion ALC offers document, website and software transla- or the software tools to be used. Fields of expertise are soft- tion and localization, desktop publishing, and interpreter ware, hardware, telecommunications, finance, training, web services. We focus on English, German and other Euro- and marketing. pean languages to and from Chinese, Japanese, Korean Binari Sonori srl Viale Fulvio Testi, 11, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, and other Asian languages. We use TRADOS, CATALYST, Milano, Italy, 39-02-61866-310, Fax: 39-02-61866-313, E-mail: SDLX, Transit and other CAT tools, as well as DTP tools [email protected], Web: www.binarisonori.it See ad on including CorelDraw, FrameMaker, FreeHand, Illustrator, page 11 InDesign, PageMaker, Photoshop and QuarkXPress. Our customer-oriented approach is supported by strong project management, a team of specialists, a large knowledgebase and advanced methodologies. We always provide service beyond our customers’ expectations at a low cost and with high quality, speed, dependab lity and flexibility. Alliance Localization China, Inc. Suite 609, Building B, Number 10 CPSL Xing Huo Road, Fengtai Science Park, Beijing 100070, P.R. China, 86- Languages All Description CPSL offers all the standard 10-8368-2169, Fax: 86-10-8368-2884, E-mail: customer_care@ localization services, yet so much more. With over 40 years allocalization.com, Web: www.allocalization.com of global experience, CPSL provides ts customers w th best

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including linguistic, publishing, engineering and testing ser- vices. With headquarters in Brussels, Jonckers has local offices in the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and the People’s Republic of China. Jonckers is a founding member of LCJ EEIG and a Microsoft Premier iDISC Information Technologies Vendor. To learn more, please visit www.jonckers.com & Language Spanish Description iDISC, established in 1987, is Jonckers Translation Engineering s.a. Avenue Herrmann- Logrus International Corporation a leading independent localization company based in Barce- Debroux 15a, B-1160 Brussels, Belgium, 32-2-672-80-30, Fax: 32- Languages EE, EA, ME, WE, rare languages Description lona, Spain. Services range from localization to DTP, from 2-672-80-19, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.jonckers.com Logrus offers a full set of localization and translation ser- compiling to product testing. We are backed by a team of vices for various industries, including top-notch software in-house, full-time professionals and a carefully selected and engineering and testing and DTP for all languages, includ- assessed freelance database which allows us to tackle any size ing bidirectional and double-byte ones. The company is of project in our areas of expertise, mainly software localiza- proud of its unique problem-solving skills and minimal tion, technical and telecom documentation, ERP and market- support requirements. The company offers all European ing. As a single-language localization company, we leverage and Asian languages as well as many rare languages through from long-time experience using TRADOS, IBM Translation Lingo Systems, Translation & Localization its offices and established long-term partners. With its pro- Manager and other translation tools. Highly technical capa- Languages 100+ Description Lingo Systems, a division of duction site in Moscow, Russia, Logrus provides a winning bil ties, in-house know-how and professional support are Coto Global Solutions, provides customer-focused solutions combination of quality, experience and affordability. W th guaranteed by iDISC’s Support and Development Depart- for global companies in 100+ languages. We specialize in the over 14 years in business, the company has received mul- ment. Contact us for a quote or other details. translation and localization of technical documentation, soft- tiple awards for excellence from ts long-time customers, iDISC Information Technologies Passeig del progrés 96, 08640 Olesa de Montserrat, Barcelona, Spain, 34-93-778-73-00, Fax: 34- ware, multimedia applications, training materials, e-learning including IBM, Microsoft, Novell, Oracle and others. 93-778-35-80, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.idisc.es solutions and online applications. Other globalization services Logrus International Corporation Suite 305, 2600 Philmont Ave- include qual ty assurance testing (hardware and software), nue, Huntingdon Valley, PA 19006, 215-947-4773, Fax: 215-947-4773, integration of content management solutions, interpretation E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.logrus.ru See ad on page 25 (170+ languages), cultural training and assessment and inter- nationalization consulting. Lingo Systems has never caused a late release. No other firm makes this claim. For a free copy of our award-winning book, The Guide to Translation and Localization — Communicating with the Global Marketplace, iSP — The Localization Experts vis t www.lingosys.com or call 800-878-8523. Languages From English into all major languages Description Loquant Localization Services Lingo Systems 15115 SW Sequoia Parkway, Suite 200, Portland, OR iSP (international Software Products) is a distinct provider of Languages English, Brazilian Portuguese Description 97224, 503-419-4856, 800-878-8523, Fax: 503-419-4873, E-mail: Loquant bases its operations on the experience of its found- localization services. For 20 years iSP has served its clients [email protected], Web: www.lingosys.com See ad on page 31 with the principles of honesty and customer-centric services. ers and collaborators, professionals who closely follow the Not surprisingly, first-time customers and new customers ongoing evolution of technology and the latest processes in have always stayed w th iSP. We are dedicated to delivering the internationalization and localization of information. Adher- highest quality localized products. Our flat, in-house organi- ing to rigorous processes that were developed by the software zational structure means decision-making and action-taking localization industry during the last few , Loquant are quick and simple. We are located near Amsterdam, The is able to prepare the most diverse products for the primary Netherlands, where we surround ourselves w th languages. world markets. To do this, Loquant counts on the best project Our services cover all aspects of localization. We are in the Lionbridge Software and Content Localization managers, native translators, engineers and desktop publish- heart of Europe. We are iSP. We are the localization experts. Languages All Description Lionbridge provides globaliza- ers to guarantee a quality control recognized internationally iSP — international Software Products B.V. Dorpsstraat 35-37, tion and offshoring services that enable clients to develop, by the main international standards organizations. 1191 BH Ouderkerk aan de Amstel, The Netherlands, 31-20-496-5271, localize, test and maintain their enterprise content and tech- Loquant Localization Services Rua Luís Carlos Prestes, 410/114, Fax: 31-20-496-4553, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.isp.nl nology applications globally. Through its globalization ser- 22775-055, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 55-21-2104-9597, Fax: 55-21- vice offerings, Lionbridge adapts client products and content 2104-9597, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.loquant.com to meet the linguistic, technical and cultural requirements of customers, partners and employees worldwide. Lionbridge 2G Localization Alliance offshoring services include the development and mainte- Languages All Description m lengo Inc. is a global provider New markets for your for localization, engineering and testing services for the high- products and solutions nance of content and applications as well as testing to ensure the quality, interoperability, usab lity and performance of tech industries. It is the largest 2nd Generation (2G) Localiza- Janus Worldwide Inc. clients’ software, hardware, consumer technology products, tion Alliance in the market, formed by 16 leading localization Languages Russian, ex-USSR and Eastern European lan- websites and content. Lionbridge offers its testing services companies located in the most important global ITC markets guages Description Janus provides translation, localization, under the VeriTest brand. Lionbridge has more than 4,000 spanning Europe, the Americas and Asia. DTP and linguistic consulting for Russian, Ukrainian and employees based in 25 countries worldwide. milengo Inc. 1001 Fourth Avenue, #3200, Seattle, WA 98154, 877-224-8740, 49-30-2248-7681, Fax: 866-203-1685, E-mail: other European languages. Our deep expertise, flexib lity, Lionbridge 1050 Winter Street, Waltham, MA 02451, 781-434- [email protected], Web: www.milengo.com diversity and exceptional value of services are recognized by 6111, Fax: 781-434-6034, E-mail: [email protected], Web: many industry-leading customers and partners worldwide. www.lionbridge.com See ad on page 3 Our uniqueness is a solid team of the best professionals in all relevant areas — localization engineers, language specialists, QA officers, DTP and software engineers, and more. We do it end-to-end — from servers to handhelds, from ERP to automotive solutions and from interface specifications to legal notices. Janus is ISO 9001:2000 certified. Company Moravia Worldwide activ ties including translating, localizing, DTP and linguistic Languages All Description Moravia Worldwide is a leading consulting were subjected to audit. LocHouse Translation & DTP globalization solution provider, enabling companies in the Janus Worldwide Inc. Derbenevskaya nab., 11B, Offi ce 113, Moscow Languages Translation: Brazilian Portuguese; DTP: All Euro- information technology, e-learning, life sciences and financial 115114, Russia, 7-495-913-66-53, Fax: 7-495-913-66-53, E-mail: pean Description Translation, DTP and project management industries to enter global markets with high-quality multilin- [email protected], Web: www.janus.ru See ad on page 42 — this is what we do well and what we focus on doing. We gual products. Moravia’s solutions include localization and work with experts, under strict quality control, respecting product testing services, internationalization, multilingual deadlines and offering customized services. Our translation publishing and technical translation. Hewlett-Packard, IBM, team specializes in software, online applications, technical Microsoft, Oracle, and Symantec are among documentation and e-learning. Our DTP team has proven some of the companies that depend on Moravia Worldwide for expertise in working as a low cost center, dealing with multi- accurate, on-time localization. Moravia Worldwide maintains language DTP projects under strict deadlines and with supe- global headquarters in the Czech Republic and North Ameri- Jonckers Translation & Engineering s.a. rior quality results. For more information, visit us at www can headquarters in California, w th local offices and produc- Languages All Description Jonckers is focused on delivering .loc-house.com or call or e-mail us, and you have our word tion centers in Ireland, China, Japan and throughout Europe. software, e-learning and multimedia localization services. We that we will do the utmost for you to achieve success. To learn more, please vis t www.moraviaworldwide.com support the globalization strategies of industry leaders such LocHouse Translation & DTP Av. Rio Branco, 277/301, Rio de Moravia Worldwide as Adobe, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Microsoft and SAP. Our Janeiro - RJ, Brazil 20040-009, 55-21-2533-6051, E-mail: info@ USA 199 East Thousand Oaks Boulevard, Thousand Oaks, CA service range covers the complete localization value chain, loc-house.com, Web: www.loc-house.com 91360, 805-557-1700, 800-276-1664, Fax: 805-557-1702, E-mail:

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[email protected], Web: www.moraviaworldwide.com Studio Gambit Sp. z o.o. creative and proactive to meet tight time frames with a high- Asia 86-25-8473-2772, E-mail: [email protected] Languages Central and Eastern European Description quality level and a cost-effective budget. Customizing its pro- Europe 420-545-552-222, E-mail: [email protected] Studio Gambit, a regional vendor of choice for many cesses, Ushuaia assures project consistency and technical and Ireland 353-1-216-4102, E-mail: [email protected] linguistic accuracy, thus reducing clients’ time-to-market. Japan 81-3-3354-3320, E-mail: [email protected] renowned global companies, has helped clients to get their See ad on page 38 message across to Central and Eastern Europe for the past Ushuaia combines state-of-the-art technology with top-notch 14 years — always on time, on target and within budget. The experienced native translators, editors and software engineers. fields of our subject matter expertise include IT, life sciences, Our mission is to work together with our clients, thereby creat- consumer electronics, financial services, automotive and ing a flexible, reliable and open relationship for success. engineering industries. Streamlined ISO 9001:2000-certified Ushuaia Solutions Rioja 919, S2000AYK Rosario, Argentina, 54-341- processes, advanced engineering capabil ties and value-added 4493064, Fax: 54-341-4492542, E-mail: [email protected], project management create a solid foundation of our services Web: www.ushuaiasolutions.com See ad on page 10 which go far beyond translation. We provide a full range of PTIGlobal quality localization engineering and DTP services that every day yield tangible benefits to our customers’ bottom line. Languages All commercial languages for Europe, Asia and the Studio Gambit Sp. z o.o. ul. Matejki 6, 80-952 Gda´nsk, Poland, 48- Americas Description PTIGlobal is committed to developing 58-345-3800, Fax: 48-58-345-1909, E-mail: gambit@stgambit ongoing, long-term partnerships with its clients. This means .com, Web: www.stgambit.com a dedication to personal service, responsiveness, high-qual- VistaTEC ity output, and sensitivity to clients’ cost goals and timelines. Languages All Description VistaTEC is a leading provider Backed by over 30 years of experience in technical transla- of globalization services and specializes in the localization tion, PTIGlobal provides turnkey localization services in and testing of enterprise, mobile and desktop applica- 27 languages simultaneously for software, web applications, tions. VistaTEC provides translation, technical consulting, embedded devices, wireless applications and gaming tech- engineering and testing during the design, development nology. Projects are customized to fit client needs and feature and marketing cycles of software products. VistaTEC has our expertise in end-to-end project management; interna- Tek Translation International headquarters in Dublin, Ireland, and satellite offices in the tionalization consultation; glossary development; native- Languages European, Scandinavian, Latin American, Middle United States. Additional information on VistaTEC is avail- language translation; multilingual web content management; Eastern, Asian Description Tek Translation has over 40 years able at www.vistatec.ie translation memory maintenance; localization engineering; of experience in working worldwide for the leading technol- VistaTEC linguistic and functionality QA; desktop publishing, graphics ogy companies. Now, thanks to the web, we operate globally Europe VistaTEC House, 700 South Circular Road, Kilmainham, localization, complete multilingual video and audio services, from one production center offering a complete transla- Dublin 8, Ireland, 353-1-416-8000, Fax: 353-1-416-8099, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.vistatec.ie as well as on-site managed services. tion, web and software localization service into more than 50 languages at lower prices than our major competitors. USA East 2706 Loma Street, Silver Spring, MD 20902, 301-649- PTIGlobal 9900 SW Wilshire, Suite 280, Portland, OR 97225, 888- 3012, Fax: 301-649-3032, E-mail: [email protected] 357-3125, Fax: 503-297-0655, E-mail: [email protected], Web: Our English-speaking project managers, specialist transla- USA West 131 Shady Lane, Monterey, CA 93940, 831-655-1717, Fax: www.ptiglobal.com tors, linguistic controllers and engineers are all connected via 831-372-5838, E-mail: [email protected] See ad on page 54 Tek’s exclusive Project Web, which provides clients with their latest information online, schedules and query logs and allows them to keep track of their projects at all times. To learn more about Tek, contact: Tek Translation International C/ Ochandiano 18, 28023 Madrid, Spain, 34-91-414-1111, Fax: 34-91-414-4444, E-mail: sales@ tektrans.com, Web: www.tektrans.com See ad on page 30 RusLoc Ltd. Welocalize Languages Russian, Ukrainian, other ex-USSR, major Euro- Languages More than 40 European, Middle Eastern and pean languages, Traditional and Simplified Chinese Descrip- Asian languages Description Welocalize offers integrated tion RusLoc Ltd. is a Seattle-based corporation specializing globalization services for the fluid and rapid deployment of in the translation and localization of software and other enterprise content and applications to international markets. IT materials, scientific and technical publications, medical In response to unique customer needs, we provide globaliza- instrument manuals, web content, tests and tutorials. We TOIN Corporation tion consulting, translation, localization and testing solutions provide in-country quality assurance and testing; quality Languages Traditional and Simplified Chinese, Japanese, that manage risk, improve repeatability and ensure transfer graphic design; and multilingual DTP (PC and Mac). We Korean, Malay, Thai, Vietnamese and European languages of knowledge from project to project. Our Hybrid Delivery have a proven ab lity to meet tight deadlines at compet tive Description TOIN Corporation is a full-service localization ModelSM offers a flexible mix of onshore expertise and off- rates maintaining the highest possible quality with virtually provider with services encompassing authoring, localiza- shore production to create a scalable, cost-efficient solution unlimited capacity due to the online nature of the enterprise. tion, content management and workflow/process consulting. that delivers predictable business outcomes in a shorter time RusLoc is reliable, financially secure, NATO Commercial and TOIN offers global reach and exceptional strength in Asia, frame. Welocalize has over 250 employees worldwide and Government Entity (NCAGE), CCR and D&B registered. with headquarters in Tokyo and additional operations in the offices in the US, Germany, Ireland, Japan and China. RusLoc Ltd. 20310 53rd Avenue West, Suite A, Lynnwood, WA 98036, Un ted States, Europe and China. The company has more than Welocalize 241 East 4th Street, Suite 207, Frederick, MD 21701, 888-578-7562, Fax: 425-673-1322, E-mail: [email protected], Web: 301-668-0330, Fax: 301-668-0335, E-mail: [email protected], www.rusloc.com See ad on page 19 40 years’ experience helping Global 1000 companies in indus- tries such as automotive, information technology, life sciences, Web: www.welocalize.com See ad on page 66 engineering, electronics, training, publishing, software devel- opment, manufacturing, semiconductors and consumer prod- ucts. TOIN has worked with clients such as IBM, Microsoft, NEC, Panasonic, SAP, Sun, Sybase, Toshiba and others. TOIN Corporation Japan Shiba 1-chome Building, 1-12-7 Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0014 Japan, 81-3-3455-8764, Fax: 81-3-3455-6514, E-mail: SDL International — E-nabling Global Business yosh [email protected], Web: www.to-in.com WhP Languages All Description SDL International is the leader Europe Dodaarslaan 55, 3645 JB Vinkeveen, The Netherlands, Languages All European and major Middle Eastern and in global information management (GIM) solutions that 31-297-212-091, Fax: 31-297-212-086, E-mail: rene-savelsbergh@ Asian languages, including local variants Description WhP, empower organizations to accelerate delivery of high-qual- to-in.co.jp, Web: www.to-in.com a major supplier for the industry-leading corporations, ty multilingual content to global markets. Our enterprise USA P.O. Box 19407, Minneapolis, MN 55419-0407, 612-926-0201, localizes software, documentation and web content. WhP software and services integrate with existing systems to man- E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.to-in.com has been benchmarked “Best Localization Vendor” by Com- age global information from authoring to publication and paq. Clients specifically appreciate WhP’s dedication to high throughout the distributed localization supply chain. Global quality and strict respect of deadlines and, consequently, industry leaders rely on SDL to provide enterprise software entrust WhP with their most sensitive projects. WhP also or full outsourcing for their GIM processes. SDL has imple- helps many fast-growing companies to get their first local- mented more than 150 enterprise solutions and has over ization projects smoothly off the ground. WhP’s flexible 130,000 software licenses deployed across the GIM ecosys- and open workflow technology adapts to any production tem. Our global services infrastructure spans over 50 offices Ushuaia Solutions process. WhP’s high standards satisfy the most demanding in 30 countries. Languages Spanish (all varieties), Portuguese (Braz l) globalization requirements. SDL International 5700 Granite Parkway, Suite 410, Plano, TX Description Ushuaia Solutions is a fast-growing Latin Ameri- WhP Espace Beethoven BP102, F06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, 75024, 214-387-8500, Fax: 214-387-9120, Web: www.sdl.com can company providing solutions for translation, localization France, 33-493-00-40-30, Fax: 33-493-00-40-34, E-mail: info@ See ad on page 84 and globalization needs. Ushuaia Solutions is focused on being whp.fr, Web: www.whp.net, www.whp.fr See ad on page 33

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release of their translated applications. Corel Corporation holds a 20% equ ty stake in Alchemy Software Development. Alchemy Software Development Ltd. Block 2, Harcourt Business Centre, Harcourt Street, Dublin 2, Ireland, 353-1-708-2800, Fax: 353-1-708-2801, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www .alchemysoftware.ie See ad on page 59 PASSOLO Version 6.0 for Windows NT, Windows 2000 and Windows XP WORDSTATION GmbH Languages All, including Eastern European, Asian and Languages Br tish and US English, German, French (other bidirectional languages using Unicode support Description European languages are available upon request) Description PASSOLO offers cutting-edge localization technology for all Since its founding in 1991, WORDSTATION has become a major Windows development platforms to process Windows superior quality provider of localization services, including Visual Localize software, Microsoft .NET, Borland Delphi/C++ Builder, terminology work, software and documentation transla- Windows 98, NT, 2000, XP Java, XML, XLIFF, HTML, text files and databases. The inte- tion, electronic publishing and film production — starting Languages All, including Eastern European, Asian and gration of translation memory systems (for example, SDL from the bytes of the software down to the final details of bidirectional languages using Unicode support Description Trados), terminology databases, spell checkers and WYSI- the documentation. We also conduct prototype translations Visual Localize is a leading application that fully supports WYG editors guarantees high-quality and short turn-around to ensure translatability of software and documentation. the software localization process of Microsoft Windows cycles. PASSOLO offers fuzzy-matching, pseudo-translation, WORDSTATION is large enough to ensure security and applications (including .NET applications), databases and numerous check functions, statistical reports, and experts for continuity, yet small enough to provide numerous advan- XML f les. It dramatically reduces cost, effort and complex- project setup, alignment and update processes. The optional tages: no administrative overhead, short communication ity of software localization. With its MS Explorer “look and Layout Engine can automatically re-size Windows dialogs channels, fast and efficient feedback, short production cycles, feel,” it is user friendly and intuitive to use. After a very short and so reduces engineering costs. Automation and integra- high motivation and excellent team spirit. Updates and fol- introduction time, you will be able to handle all kinds of tion technologies provide users the means to adapt quickly to low-up versions are done by the same specialists. localization projects. Visual Localize remembers all previous special requirements and non-standard file formats. WORDSTATION GmbH Max-Planck-Strasse 6, D-63128 Dietzen- translations and thus maximizes re-use. With Visual Local- PASS Engineering GmbH Remigiusstrasse 1, D-53111 Bonn, bach, Germany, 49-6074-91442-0, Fax: 49-6074-91442-29, E-mail: ize, no programming skills are required for localization. This Germany, 49-228-697242, Fax: 49-228-697104, E-mail: info@ [email protected], Web: www.wordstation.com makes it applicable for everyone. A free evaluation copy is passolo.com, Web: www.passolo.com See ad on page 7 available at www.visloc.com AIT — Applied Information Technologies AG Leitzstrasse 45, LOCALIZATION TOOLS D-70469 Stuttgart, Germany, 49-711-49066-431, Fax: 49-711- 49066-440, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.visloc.com PROJECT MANAGEMENT TOOLS Idiom Technologies Projetex: Project Management Software Multiple Platforms Languages More than 120 Description Idiom Technologies for Translation Agencies optimizes the globalization supply chain by aligning global Windows enterprises, language service providers and translators. Award- Language English Description Projetex 2006 is time-tested, Alchemy Software Development Ltd. winning WorldServer™ software solutions expand market multiuser project management software for translation Multiple Platforms reach and accelerate multilingual communication w th a proven agencies. It is effectively used by managing directors, proj- Languages All Description Alchemy Software Development is platform for automating translation and localization processes. ect managers, accountants, in-house translators, human the market leader in localization technology. W th over 8,000 Idiom works with global organizations including Adobe, resources managers and sales managers in 150+ small and licenses worldwide, Alchemy CATALYST is the dominant Autodesk, Continental Airlines, eBay, Motorola and Traveloc- medium-sized translation agencies around the world. Cur- choice among professional development companies, local- ity to cost-effectively translate global websites and applications, rent deployments range from 2 to 100 workstations, with ization service providers and global technology leaders that streamline software localization and delivery, and speed time- tested capacities of up to 500. Does not require additional need to accelerate entry into international markets. Alchemy to-market for international product documentation. Idiom components. Includes built-in AnyCount (word and char- CATALYST 5.0 boosts localization veloc ty, improves qual- also partners with consulting firms, systems integrators and acter count software) and CATCount (computer-assisted ity and reduces localization cost. Supporting all Microsoft technology vendors to help customers achieve high-quality translation tool for easy word count). Reasonable pricing, platforms and development languages (VB, .NET, C++, C#), results and maximize existing enterprise infrastructure. fast implementation time and free technical support. Borland C++Bu lder and Delphi, XML/XLIFF and databases Idiom Technologies, Inc. 200 Fifth Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, Advanced International Translations, Ltd. Suite 1, Tolstogo 15 (Oracle, MS-SQL), it is an indispensable solution for soft- 781-464-6000, Fax: 781-464-6100, E-mail: [email protected], Street, 01033 Kyiv, , 380-44-288-11-45, Fax: 380-44-288- ware localization, helping clients achieve near-simultaneous Web: www.idiominc.com See ad on page 83 11-52, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.projetex.com

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professionals and promote the sharing of experience and our meticulous quality and uncompromising standards, and RESEARCH information. Seminars include “Multilingual Websites,” that’s why companies such as Intel have chosen to partner “Writing and Designing for an International Audience,” w th Arial Global for more than a decade. “Localization Project Management,” “Advanced Localiza- Arial Global, LLC 1820 East River Road, Suite 106, Tucson, AZ tion Project Management,” “Designing International Web 85718, 307-587-2557, Fax: 307-587-7448, E-mail: globalsales@ and User Interfaces,” “Writing Software for Win32API,” arialglobalreach.com, Web: www.arialglobalreach.com “Introduction to Localization,” “Tools and Technologies for Localization/Internationalization,” “QA of Global Products,” Celer Soluciones, S.L. “Implementing a Translation Memory Process” and “Intro- Translation — Technology — Quality Make Our Knowledge Your Power duction to Unicode.” See our website for details. Most semi- Languages All major European languages Description Celer Description Common Sense Advisory is a research and con- nars are ava lable in-house. Soluciones provides su table solutions to ensure we meet our sulting firm committed to improving the quality of interna- The Localization Institute 4513 Vernon Boulevard, Suite 11, clients’ objectives. We study their documentation require- tional business and the efficiency of the online and offline Madison, WI 53705, 608-233-1790, Fax: 608-441-6124, E-mail: ments; produce translations that are adapted to specific operations that support t. We provide independent research, [email protected], Web: www.localizationinstitute.com markets and cultures; and prepare an end product in DTP or executive sales and management workshops, and business See ad on page 9 printed format in accordance with the demands of each proj- consulting to help companies make informed decisions ect. Specialized fields include software localization; engineer- about the technology, business services and organizational ing and technology; life sciences; and institutional-corporate structures on which a global enterprise depends. Of course, TRANSLATION SERVICES sector. Three elements of fundamental importance are devel- keeping abreast of the fast pace of a global economy, whether oped and combined at Celer Soluciones: translation — good you are a vendor or a buyer, is difficult, at best. Get accurate translation practice; technology — use of suitable computer- information. Profit in a global market. Contact Common assisted translation, file-handling and management tools; Sense Advisory today. quality — quality in our client relations, quality of project Common Sense Advisory, Inc. 100 Merrimack Street, Suite 301, management and quality of the documentation produced. Lowell, MA 01852, 866-510-6101, E-mail: info@commonsenseadvisory Celer Soluciones, S.L. Plaza de España, 12, 28008 Madrid, Spain, 34- .com, Web: www.commonsenseadvisory.com See ad on page 24 91-540-0540, Fax: 34-91-541-9259, E-mail: [email protected], Web: 2tr Soluções Globais www.celersol.com See ad on page 52 Language Brazilian Portuguese Description Firmly com- SOFTWARE TESTING mitted to providing top-quality services, 2tr is backed by the proven track record of its founders, Adriana Ferreira MULTILINGUAL QA Ltd. and Jorge Marinho, with over ten years’ experience in the Description MULTILINGUAL QA Ltd. is dedicated to the localization industry. We specialize in technical translations, single task of testing localized software for localization ven- from a few words on a label to complex million-word proj- dors and software publishers. We offer third-party verifica- ects involving TEP, DTP, QA and testing of web, mobile and tion, including functional, linguistic and cosmetic testing desktop applications and documentation in fields ranging Conversis in more than 30 languages. Located in the heart of Israel’s from IT, telecom, energy and pharmaceuticals to business, Languages All Description Founded in 2003, Conversis is a Silicon Valley, we attract highly professional and technical finance and legal affairs. We are fully qualified in related UK-based leading provider of globalization, internationaliza- QA testers who are also native speakers of the target lan- localization services, such as DTP, engineering and testing tion, localization and translation (GILT) services, tailoring guage. QA is performed in our professional testing center, in Western European languages. For add tional information, business needs to each company’s relevant markets worldwide. thereby enabling us to retain our know-how and provide all please contact us. Conversis offers a full range of global linguistic services, from the needed infrastructure and human resources to support 2tr Soluções Globais Ltda. Rua Voluntários da Pátria, 45 Sala 401, high-quality translation of marketing collateral and techni- our linguistic QA personnel. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22270-000, Brazil, 55-21-2266-6449, Fax: 55-21- cal documentation to localization of software and websites. MULTILINGUAL QA Ltd. 7 Hamasger Street, P.O. Box 778, Or 2286-1694, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.2tr.com.br Serving clients in more than 30 markets worldwide, Conversis Yehuda 60500, Israel, 972-3-533-3999, Fax: 972-3-548-0212, partners with industry and linguistic experts to deliver return E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.multilingualqa.com on investment for clients’ global business needs. See ad on page 57 Conversis Bignell Park Barns, Chesterton, Bicester, Oxfordshire, OX26 1TD UK, 44-845-450-0805, Fax: 44-845-450-0806, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.conversisglobal.com See ad TM BROKERS ACP Traductera on page 18 Languages From all the world languages to languages of Central and Eastern Europe Description ACP Traductera is a translation agency based in the Czech Republic. Our local experience in Central Europe and our strong focus on appro- priate language use make us the reliable partner for provid- ing high-quality translations into Bulgarian, Czech, Estonian, Hungarian, Latvian, L thuanian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Decoder Plus Ltd The Translation Memory Brokers Slovak, Slovenian and Ukrainian. Document translation ser- Languages All Asian languages Description Decoder Plus is Languages All Description Central to most translation pro- vice, translation, proofreading, review, independent specialist a highly trusted language service provider in Hong Kong, the cesses today is the database that contains previously trans- review, legal certification of translated documents, website gateway to mainland China and Asia. Since our establishment lated data: the translation memory (TM). The consistently and software localization, localization engineering, testing, in early 2000, we have provided solutions for Asian language growing size of the TM represents an ever-increasing value documentation localization, graphic design, DTP operations requirements to translation/localization companies, multi- to you as its owner. By the same token, it becomes increas- and pre-press review and printing. Our team of more than national corporations, listed companies and government ingly attractive to TM buyers from the same industry to 1,000 professional translators, proofreaders, terminology spe- departments from over 25 countries in Asia Pacific, North either jump-start a TM or complement it with proven, cialists, graphic designers, IT engineers and, last but not least, America and Europe. We offer translation, editing, proof- industry-specific translations. Through TM Marketplace, experienced project managers is our most significant asset. reading, web localization, software localization and multilin- this asset can now provide an immediate return on invest- ACP Traductera Na Vysluni 201/13, Prague 10, Czech Republic, 420- gual DTP services at compet tive prices. Fields of expertise ment through licensing to other parties. As TM brokers, 384-361-300, Fax: 420-384-361-303, E-mail: info@traductera include IT, telecommunications, business, finance, banking, TM Marketplace connects corporate owners of translation .com, Web: www.traductera.com See ad on page 47 legal affairs/contracts, marketing, education and manufac- assets with parties who want to license and benefit from turing as well as all areas of science and technology. those linguistic resources. Decoder Plus Ltd 16/F Cheung Kong Center, 2 Queen’s Road, Cen- TM Marketplace LLC 319 North 1st Avenue, Sandpoint, ID 83864, tral, Hong Kong, 852-2992-0656, Fax: 852-2992-0434, E-mail: 208-265-9465, 888-533-7886, Fax: 208-263-6310, E-mail: info@tm [email protected], Web: www.decoderplus.com marketplace.com, Web: www.tmmarketplace.com See ad on page 71

TRAINING & SEMINARS Technology Translations and Software Localization Stay current. Stay informed. Languages Chinese, Japanese, Korean and major European The Localization Institute languages Description Arial Global is a US-based localiza- Languages All Description The Localization Institute pro- tion company. Since 1993, we have translated and localized www.multilingual.com/ vides training, seminars and conferences for the global technical manuals and software for some of the best-known multilingualNews localization community. Best known for ts four annual local- US and European technology firms in the world, all with the ization roundtables, the Institute’s events train localization greatest precision, on time and on budget. We are known for

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technology and measurable translation qual ty in a process that is both robust and completely scalable, ensuring your projects are finished on time and w thin budget. For more informa- tion on how we can help meet your translation requirements or for a quote on your next translation project, please contact Eriksen Translations Inc. us directly or visit our website at www.fxtrans.com Lido-Lang Technical Translations Languages All Description Eriksen Translations Inc. is a lead- ForeignExchange Translations 411 Waverley Oaks Road, Suite 315, Languages All Description Established in Poland in 1991, ing provider of multilingual services, including translation, Waltham, MA 02452, 866-398-7267, 781-893-0013, Fax: 781- Lido-Lang has expertise in technical translations into Central interpreting, typesetting, project management, web localiza- 893-0012, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.fxtrans.com and Eastern European languages. We also possess in-depth tion and cultural consulting. For 20 years, Eriksen has helped See ad on page 15 experience in the following fields: economics, law, medicine a broad range of organizations in both the public and private and IT, providing translations in nearly all European and Asian sectors excel across print, desktop and web environments language combinations. Our global network of more than 1,000 in the domestic and global marketplace. With a worldwide approved and highly qualified translators, our comprehen- network of over 5,000 linguists, a commitment to leading sive project management processes which cover translations, technologies, and an in-house staff dedicated to tailoring our proofreading, editing and desktop publishing (QuarkXPress, proven project management process to the individual needs InDesign, PageMaker, FrameMaker), and our experience with of each client, Eriksen is your globalization partner. CAT tools (TRADOS, SDLX) allow us to provide a premium Eriksen Translations Inc. 32 Court Street, 20th Floor, Brooklyn, Hermes Traducciones y quality service in accordance with the provisions of ISO NY 11201, 718-802-9010, Fax: 718-802-0041, E-mail: info@er ksen Servicios Lingüísticos, S.L. 9001:2000 standard to which we were certified in May 2005. inc.com, Web: www.erikseninc.com Languages Spanish, Portuguese (Continental and Braz lian), Lido-Lang Technical Translations ul. Walerego Slawka 3, 30-653 English, French, Italian, German and other languages on Krakow, Poland, 48-12-2546-123, Fax: 48-12-2546-122, E-mail: demand Description Established in 1991, Hermes Traduc- offi [email protected], Web: www.lidolang.com ciones is a leading Spanish translation company, specializing in software and hardware localization and also undertaking a broad range of other translation projects. Comprehensive in-house translation teams include translators, reviewers and linguists w th an expertise in Spanish and Portuguese, EuroGreek Translations Limited a knowledge of CAT tools, and a commitment to deliver Language Greek Description EuroGreek Translations Lim- cost-efficient, reliable and high-qual ty services to customers. LinguaLinx Language Solutions, Inc. ted is Europe’s number one Greek production house, spe- Hermes Traducciones is a member of the International Com- Languages All Description LinguaLinx is a full-service trans- cializing in technical and medical translations from English mittee for the creation of the European Quality Standard for lation and localization agency specializing in the adaptation into Greek and from Greek into English. EuroGreek’s aim is Translation Services. Hermes Traducciones also organizes of marketing and communications materials into most of the to provide high-qual ty, turnkey solutions, encompassing a university courses on localization and translation. world’s languages. Our enterprise language solutions range whole range of client needs, from plain translation to desk- Hermes Traducciones y Servicios Lingüísticos, S.L. C/ Cólquide, from glossary development and maintenance to translation o top/web publishing to localization development and testing. 6 - planta 2 - 3. I, Edifi cio “Prisma”, 28230 Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain, memory deployment and global content management. In Over the years, EuroGreek’s services have been extended to 34-916-407640, Fax: 34-916-378023, E-mail: hermestr@hermes today’s highly competitive global environment, it is becoming trans.com, Web: www.hermestrans.com See ad on page 65 cover most subject areas, including German and French into increasingly difficult to differentiate one translation agency Greek translation services. All of EuroGreek’s work is proof- ISO 9001:2000-Certified Translation Services from another. We stand apart by taking the most proactive read by a second in-house specialist and is fully guaranteed approach to quality in the industry, utilizing stringent project Languages All major languages Description Idem Transla- for quality and on-time delivery. management procedures, offering one of the most aggressive tions, Inc., is a full-service translation/localization company, EuroGreek Translations Limited rate structures available and applying a sincere dedication to specializing in the life sciences, legal and IT industries since London 27 Lascotts Road, London, N22 8JG UK providing the best possible service. 1983. Our expert translation teams combine linguistic excel- Athens EuroGreek House, 93 Karagiorga Street, Athens 16675, LinguaLinx Language Solutions, Inc. 650 Franklin Street, Suite 502, Greece, 30-210-9605-244, Fax: 30-210-9647-077, E-mail: production@ lence with strong backgrounds in a variety of fields. We main- Schenectady, NY 12305, 518-388-9000, Fax: 518-388-0066, E-mail: eurogreek.gr, Web: www.eurogreek.com See ad on page 57 tain specialized client glossaries and memory databases to [email protected], Web: www.lingualinx.com ensure consistent terminology. Our ISO 9001:2000-certified translation and quality processes guarantee a service that meets the highest industry standards. We offer a unique combination of industry-specific experience, knowledgeable translation teams and friendly, client-oriented service. Idem Translations, Inc. 550 California Avenue, Suite 310, Palo Alto, CA 94306, 650-858-4336, Fax: 650-858-4339, E-mail: info@idem Follow-Up Translation Services translations.com, Web: www.idemtranslations.com See ad on page 57 McElroy Translation Languages English, Brazilian Portuguese, Latin American Languages All Description If you could design one, what Spanish Description With more than 17 years of experi- would your ideal translation vendor be like? Your ideal trans- ence, we know exactly how to help your products and docu- lation vendor would, above all, give you more peace of mind ments penetrate South American markets faster and more at the end of the day. Maybe your ideal translation vendor efficiently. Trust our expertise and leave your software/web- focuses on helping you use translation to achieve a competi- site localization with us. Follow-Up gathers a select group tive advantage in the global marketplace by improving turn- of translation, localization, DTP, engineering and project KERN Global Language Services around times, cost savings, communication, product quality management specialists to always exceed your company’s Your language partner and workflow processes? McElroy empowers you to design requirements of high quality and time-to-market. Our areas Languages All Description KERN Global Language Services communication and processes around schedules and proj- of expertise include IT, telecom, finance, ERP, marketing, is a leading provider in the area of global communica- ect benchmarks that optimally meet your needs. McElroy’s medicine and pharmaceuticals. tion with over 35 offices worldwide. With more than 30 clients have found their expectations met and exceeded for Follow-Up Av. Presidente Wilson 165, Sala 1308, Rio de Janeiro, years of experience, our services include translation and almost 40 years. Now, that’s peace of mind. RJ 20030-020 Brazil, 55-21-2524-2994, Fax: 55-21-2210-5472, interpreting in all languages; software, multimedia and McElroy Translation 910 West Avenue, Austin, TX 78701, 800-531- E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.follow-up.com.br See website localization; terminology management; multi- 9977, 512-472-6753, Fax: 512-472-4591, E-mail: quotes@mcelroy ad on page 28 lingual desktop publishing; and individual and corporate translation.com, Web: www.mcelroytranslation.com See ad on page 56 language training in all major languages. KERN has estab- lished itself as a preferred insourcing and outsourcing solution provider for language services. We serve clients in all industry sectors, including the automotive, medical, pharmaceutical, chemical, IT and financial services indus- tries. To learn more about us, please visit www.e-kern.com ForeignExchange Translations KERN Global Language Services Medical Translations Only Languages 42 languages and growing Description ForeignEx- USA 230 Park Avenue, Suite 1517, New York, NY 10169, 212-953- Languages All European languages and Japanese Description change is the global leader in providing translation services 2070, Fax: 212-953-2073, E-mail: [email protected] MediLingua is one of the few medical translation specialists to life sciences companies. We work with many of the biggest Europe Kurfuerstenstrasse 1, 60486 Frankfurt/Main, Germany, 49- in Europe. We only do medical. We provide all European lan- 69-7560730, Fax: 49-69-751353, E-mail: [email protected] pharmaceutical companies, medical-device manufacturers, China Right Emperor Commercial Building, Unit B, 11/F, 122-126 guages (31 today and counting) and Japanese as well as trans- biotech companies and CROs. Our proprietary Mult lingual Wellington Street, Central, Hong Kong, SAR China, 852-2850-4455, lation-related services to manufacturers of medical devices, Compliance Process combines expert linguists, best-of-breed Fax: 852-2850-4466, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.e-kern.com instruments, in vitro diagnostics and software; pharmaceutical

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and biotechnology companies; medical publishers; national and long-term planning for the incorporation of foreign and international medical organizations; and other customers language elements into your business. For 19 years, we’ve in the medical sector. Projects include the translation of docu- offered proven expertise in all major fields of industry, mentation for medical devices, surgical instruments, hospital delivered by accomplished, experienced professionals. All equipment and medical software; medical information for of this means that you get the ultimate in customer care patients, medical students and physicians; scientific articles; One Planet and the best value for your project dollars. press releases; product launches; clinical trial documentation; Languages All Description What makes One Planet differ- Syntes Language Group, Inc. 7465 East Peakview Avenue, Centen- medical news; and articles from medical journals. ent? A deep understanding of corporate culture. Our clients nial, CO 80111, 888-779-1288, 303-779-1288, Fax: 303-779-1232, MediLingua Medical Translations BV Poortgebouw, Rijnsbur- require accuracy, measurable productiv ty and excellence in E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.syntes.com gerweg 10, 2333 AA Leiden, The Netherlands, 31-71-5680862, Fax: communication. How can one firm specialize in areas such 31-71-5234660, E-mail: [email protected], Web: German Localization Provider www.medilingua.com See ad on page 57 as high technology, medical products and technical manu- facturing? By blazing the path in translation since 1979, we Language German Description At Think Global we are utilize knowledgeable translators in the United States, Europe experts in German translation and localization for the IT and Asia in every field and every specialty. Services include and telecom industries w th more than 15 years of experi- technical translation, software localization and multilingual ence and blue-chip references. Our team of more than 30 website development. Our customers from Ametek to Unisys in-house translators and ed tors assures ready-to-publish the medical information company like the fact that we function as an extension of their teams. quality translation, editing and proofing. English > German translations start at €0.13 per word, w th discounts for large mt-g — the medical information company One Planet 820 Evergreen Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15209, 888- 677-1010, Fax: 412-632-1071, E-mail: [email protected], Web: contracts and agencies. DTP, engineering and testing services Languages All Description mt-g is the leading provider of www.one-planet.net are also available. translations and global information services dedicated to the Think Global GmbH Schwedter Str. 9a, 10119 Berlin, Germany, medical science. We specialize primarily in medical technol- 49-30-22-48-93-48, Fax: 49-30-22-48-93-52, E-mail: mlc@ ogy and diagnostics, regulatory affairs, dental medicine and think-global.com, Web: www.think-global.com See ad on page 16 other specialist medical fields. We offer a range of professional services covering translation, information production, global information management and XML documentation applica- tions. At ts head office in Ulm and ts branch in Munich, 31 salaried staff deliver solutions for information processes in Translation and localization into Polish medical science. More than 450 medical and pharmaceutical Language Polish Description Ryszard Jarza Translations is an experts in over 100 countries are engaged in translating, pro- established provider of specialized Polish translation, local- TripleInk Multilingual Communications ducing, managing and documenting medical information. ization and DTP services, primarily for life sciences, IT, auto- Languages All major commercial languages Description As mt-g medical translation GmbH & Co. KG Eberhard-Finckh- motive, refrigeration and other technology sectors. We work a mult lingual communications agency, TripleInk has pro- Strasse 55, 89075 Ulm, Germany, 49-731-17-63-97-0, Fax: 49-731- with multilanguage vendors and directly with documentation vided industrial and consumer products companies with 17-63-97-50, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.mt-g.com departments of large multinational customers. Our in-house precise translation and multilingual production services for team (12 full-time specialists) is comprised of experienced audio-visual, online and print media since 1991. Our expe- linguists with medical, engineering and IT backgrounds. We rience in adapting technical documentation and marketing guarantee a high standard of quality while maintaining flex- communication materials covers a wide range of industries, ibility, unparalleled responsiveness and reliabil ty. including biomedical and health care; building and con- Ryszard Jarza Translations ul. Barlickiego 23/22, 50-324 Wroclaw, struction; financial services; food and agriculture; high- Poland, 48-601-728018, Fax: 48-71-3414441, E-mail: info@jarza tech and manufacturing; and hospitality and leisure, as well NCS Enterprises, L.L.C. .com.pl, Web: www.jarza.com.pl See ad on page 57 as government and nonprofit organizations. Using a total Languages All Description Wth NCS you’ll find that the focus quality management process and state-of-the-art software is on our clients and their translation projects. From the small- and equipment, our team of foreign language professionals est product label requiring desktop publishing to the largest, delivers the highest quality translations in a cost-effective mult lingual, online help text, our project managers w ll make and time-efficient manner. the process smooth and painless. We find the right team of TripleInk 60 South 6th Street, Suite 2600, Minneapolis, MN 55402, native-speaker professional translators and editors w th indus- 612-342-9800, 800-632-1388, Fax: 612-342-9745, E-mail: info@ try-specific knowledge for each project. Our working knowl- tripleink.com, Web: www.tripleink.com edge of all types of software makes sure the translations are Skrivanek Translation Services delivered as required. Even with being ISO 9001:2000-com- Languages All, with a focus on Central and Eastern Europe pliant and using the latest technology, t’s about the people, Description Skrivanek is a world leader in the provision of RANSLATION OOLS communication and commitment to service. Call us at 412- language services, specifically translations spanning a mul- T T 278-4590 to see how this translates into quality. titude of languages and the localization of products for NCS Enterprises, L.L.C. 1222 Hope Hollow Road, 2nd Floor, maximum effect and achievement on international mar- Carnegie, PA 15106, 412-278-4590, Fax: 412-278-4595, E-mail: kets. Established in the Czech Republic in 1994, it quickly [email protected], Web: www.ncs-pubs.com dominated the Central European translation market, creat- ing a network of outlets stretching across 51 cities around the world. Its staff of professional translators, experienced project managers, and dedicated software engineers and pro- Applications Technology, Inc. grammers has enabled Skrivanek to provide translation and Multiple Platforms localization services in any conceivable language, building Languages All Description Machine Translation (MT) sys- up, in the process, an enviable clientele. Skrivanek’s quality of tems (TranSphere): Fully automated (parsing + statistics), Neotech service is backed by EN ISO 9001:2001 certification. special-domain dictionary stacking/update. Language pairs: Languages From major European languages into Russian, Skrivanek Translation Services, Ltd. Nad Zaloznou 499/6, 180 00 English, Arabic, Turkish, Persian, Dari, Pashto, Korean, Ukrainian, Kazakh and Azeri Description Neotech is the Prague 8, Czech Republic, 420-233-320-560, Fax: 420-224-321- Chinese, Japanese, Hebrew, German, French, Italian, Spanish, 556, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.skrivanek.com largest translation company in Russia and CIS countries, Portuguese, Russian, Polish, Ukrainian and Dutch. Cross lan- offering a full range of linguistic services to global corpora- guage pairs new releases: Arabic-French/Arabic-German/ tions. Neotech is the first translation company on the Russian Turkish-German. Translation Memory: Statistical paral- market that has certified ts quality management system to lel corpora-based system decoupled/integrated w th MT. international ISO 9001:2000 standards. Neotech’s key areas Webtrans: Web page translation — target language page of expertise are in the oil and gas industries, auto manufac- reconstructed with hyperlinks, images, applets, objects and turing, information technologies and telecommunications. embedded scripts. MT API: For MT system integration (all The business techniques introduced and applied by the com- languages with various solutions). NameFinder: Proper pany currently serve as the best practice w thin the transla- Syntes Language Group, Inc. noun detection (languages w th no capitalization). MLIR tion industry. Neotech is leading the drive to continuously Languages All Description Syntes Language Group is a (Multilingual Information Retrieval): retrieval of multilin- develop translation market standards and to implement new leading quality provider of customized language solu- gual content, including query translation, morphological levels of business and interpersonal communications into the tions to business, government and professional clients. We and thematic searches (geographic, personal, corporate) translation industry within Russia and abroad. deliver a full line of services in translation, interpreting and name/event combinations. Neotech 23/1 Matrosskaya Tishina, Moscow, Russia, 7-495-787- conference coordination; product, software and website Applications Technology, Inc. 6867 Elm Street, Suite 300, 3331, Fax: 7-495-787-1189, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www localization; desktop publishing; multimedia production McLean, VA 22101, 703-821-5000, Fax: 703-821-5001, E-mail: .neotech.ru See ad on page 13 and voiceovers; and consultation in both project-specific [email protected], Web: www.apptek.com

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Quality Assurance Software for Translations managers, in-house translators and revisers, LSPs and freelanc- search, content management, online customer support, Windows ers. MultiTrans 4 is a value-added alternative to conventional intra-company communications, and e-commerce. Languages All/Unicode Description ErrorSpy, a qual ty assur- TM and is widely adopted by corporations, institutions, gov- SYSTRAN ance software for translations, generates automatically a list of ernments, LSPs and freelancers in over 30 countries, including North America 9333 Genesee Avenue, Plaza Level, Suite PL1, San potential errors (terminology, numbers, completeness, tags, the Translation Bureau of the Government of Canada, several Diego, CA 92121, 858-457-1900, Fax: 858-457-0648 consistency and so on). The formats supported are b lingual Un ted Nations’ organizations, Ford, Pfizer and Kraft. Europe Paroi Nord - La Grande Arche, 1, Parvis de la Défense, 92044 Paris La Défense Cedex, France, 33-825-80-10-80, Fax: 33-1-46-98- MultiCorpora 102-490 St. Joseph Boulevard, Gatineau, QC, Canada files, all TRADOS formats, TMX (translation memories) and 00-59, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.systransoft.com J8Y 3Y7, 819-778-7070, 877-725-7070, Fax: 819-778-0801, E-mail: info Transit. An evaluation report of the translation quality can be See ad on page 67 customized. ErrorSpy is also available as a server-based ver- @multicorpora.com, Web: www.multicorpora.com See ad on page 4 sion and can be integrated into individual workflows. D.O.G. Dokumentation ohne Grenzen GmbH Neue Ramtelstrasse 12, D-71299 Leonberg, Germany, 49-7152-354-11, Fax: 49- 7152-354-11, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.multilingual-products.com See ad on page 17 Solutions for Terminology, Idiom Technologies, Inc. SDL TRADOS Technologies Full-text and Bitext Management Multiple Platforms Languages All Description SDL TRADOS Technologies, Windows and Web Languages More than 120 Description Idiom Technologies a division of SDL International, is the world’s largest pro- Languages Windows: All Roman alphabet; LogiTermWeb-Plus: optimizes the globalization supply chain by aligning global vider of trusted technology solutions for global information Unicode Description A single software package to manage your enterprises, language service providers and translators. management (GIM), which benefit corporations and insti- terminology and databanks. Efficient and effective consultation Award-winning WorldServer™ software solutions expand tutions, language service providers and freelance translators of terms and texts. The most robust alignment tool on the market reach and accelerate multilingual communication worldwide. SDL has over 130,000 software licenses deployed market. More consistent use of terminology and phraseology with a proven platform for automating translation and across the translation supply chain and has demonstrated in-house and by freelancers. Internal and external repet tion localization processes. Idiom works with global organiza- proven ROI in over 150 enterprise solution installations. detection and pretranslation. The web version allows access to tions including Adobe, Autodesk, Continental Airlines, eBay, SDL delivers innovative software products that accelerate your terminology, bitexts and documents by translators, writers Motorola and Travelocity to cost-effectively translate global global content delivery and maximize language translation and subcontractors from anywhere in the world. websites and applications, streamline software localization productivity. The new launch of SDL Trados Synergy 2007 Terminotix Inc. 240 Bank Street, Suite 600, Ottawa, ON, Canada and delivery, and speed time-to-market for international empowers enterprises to efficiently manage translation proj- K2P 1X4, 613-233-8465, Fax: 613-233-3995, E-mail: termino@ terminotix.com, Web: www.terminotix.com See ads on pages 43, 57 product documentation. Idiom also partners with consult- ects across multiple suppliers and ensures total visibil ty of all ing firms, systems integrators and technology vendors to help project elements across the entire translation supply chain. customers achieve high-quality results and maximize exist- SDL International 5700 Granite Parkway, Suite 410, Plano, TX WORKFLOW SOLUTIONS ing enterprise infrastructure. 75024, 904-683-9259, Fax: 904-683-9259, E-mail: productsales@ sdl.com, Web: www.sdl.com See ad on page 84 Idiom Technologies, Inc. 200 Fifth Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, 781-464-6000, Fax: 781-464-6100, E-mail: idiom_info@idiominc .com, Web: www.idiominc.com See ad on page 83

LTC Worx Multiple Platforms Languages All Description LTC Worx and ts time-saving SYSTRAN philosophy of “automate what you can, control what you Multiple Platforms need” mean that the software adapts to the user’s needs, not Languages 52 language combinations Description SYSTRAN the other way around. Users themselves define company- TextBase meets Translation Memory is the market leading provider of language translation wide and project- specific workflows to save significant time Multiple Platforms software products for the desktop, enterprise and inter- and money on every step of every project from the quotation Languages All Unicode languages Description MultiTrans 4 net that facilitate communication in 52 language combi- right through to the invoice. LTC Worx is suitable for any size is an innovative software solution integrating TextBase Trans- nations and in 20 domains. With over three decades of LSP or language department, and ts powerful multi-site, lation Memory (TM) with best-in-class terminology manage- expertise, research and development, SYSTRAN’s software multi-currency and time zone management means it will ment. The unique and revolutionary text alignment capabilities is the choice of leading global corporations, portals and also satisfy the largest players. of the TextBase TM allow unlocking linguistic assets by rapidly public agencies. Use of SYSTRAN products and solu- The Language Technology Centre Ltd. 5-7 Kingston Hill, Kingston creating very large TextBase TMs and extracting relevant ter- tions enhances multilingual communication and increases upon Thames, Surrey, KT2 7PW UK, 44-20-8549-2359, Fax: 44-20- minology. MultiTrans 4 deploys linguistic assets through desk- user productiv ty and time-savings for B2E, B2B and B2C 8974-6994, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.langtech.co.uk top and centralized enterprise applications for authors, project markets as they deliver real-time language solutions for See ads on pages 12, 43

ADVERTISER INDEX ACP Traductera 47 Idiom Technologies, Inc. 83 Neotech 13 across Systems GmbH 2 Internationalization & Unicode Conf. 14 New York University 58 ADAPT Localization Services 10 Janus Worldwide Inc. 42 PASS Engineering GmbH 7 Alchemy Software Development Ltd. 59 KCSL Inc. 46 RusLoc Ltd. 19 American Translators Association 48 Kilgray 43 Ryszard Jarza Translations 57 Binari Sonori srl 11 The Language Technology Centre Ltd. 12, 43 SAM Engineering GmbH 43 Celer Soluciones, S.L. 52 Language Weaver, Inc. 62 Schaudin.com 76 Common Sense Advisory, Inc. 24 Lingo Systems 31 SDL International 84 Conversis 18 Lionbridge 3 STAR Group America, LLC 20 CPSL 64 The Localization Institute 9 SYSTRAN 67 Dokumentation ohne Grenzen GmbH 17 Localization World Ltd. 44 Tek Translation International 30 E4NET 73 Logrus International Corporation 25 Terminotix Inc. 43, 57 EuroGreek Translations Limited 57 McElroy Translation 56 Think Global GmbH 16 European Language Industry Assoc. 61 MediLingua BV 57 TM Marketplace 71 Follow-Up 28 Medtronic 81 Ushuaia Solutions 10 ForeignExchange Translations 15 Moravia Worldwide 38 VistaTEC 54 Hermes Traducciones 65 MultiCorpora 4 Welocalize 66 Idem Translations, Inc. 57 MULTILINGUAL QA Ltd. 57 WhP 33

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CAREER OPPORTUNITIES

Every 5 seconds we improve a life. You could help make it every 4 seconds.

At Medtronic every day is a new challenge to fi nd the limits of medical technology. Medtronic’s Technical Literature department ensures the development of product-related literature and software in multiple languages, in compliance with regulatory and Medtronic standards. The department serves Medtronic Business Units all over the world and plays a key role in our multinational organization. Due to constant and rapid growth we are looking for dedicated communicators with a desire for perfection for the following positions at our Technical Literature department in Maastricht, The Netherlands.

LINGUISTIC SPECIALISTS

Norwegian  Spanish  Italian  Greek  Turkish

Russian  Polish  Czech  Slovak  Hungarian

OUR CHALLENGE - As a Linguistic Specialist you will contribute to the development of product-related literature and software in compliance with regulatory and Medtronic standards. This literature includes patient and system reference manuals, help screens, labels, software, presentations, DVDs, press releases etc. You will be responsible for the coordination of the localization process as well as for review and translation of these materials in accordance with customer needs and quality demands.

Be the difference OUR OFFER - You will select and maintain a database of qualifi ed freelance translators and organize optimal communication with project coordinators, proofreaders, translators and others. You will Are you looking for a challenge as well perform a full check of the translations done by external translators and monitor the correct as a career? What bigger challenge implementation of all changes. Finally, you will translate small revisions during the life cycle of a can there be than making real, tangible project. Medtronic offers a dynamic, informal and international environment with a high level of individual freedom and responsibility. You will be in a position to benefi t from product and process improvements in people’s lives and training, personalized growth and development programs, full team support, fl exible working hours, health? Everyone at Medtronic is and much more. If needed, relocation will be facilitated by Medtronic. committed to doing just that. OUR REQUIREMENTS - You are a native or near-native speaker with a degree in linguistics, That’s why we have created a translation or equivalent and an excellent command of English, both in speech and writing. company that nurtures talent, Native or near-native skills in additional languages are a defi nite plus. As a dedicated communicator encourages individuality and with a desire for perfection you adhere to a strict use of internal procedures in compliance with ISO 13485 standards. Of course, you possess good project planning skills and knowledge of computer supports innovation. When the best aided publishing and translation technology. Good communication skills make you an unambiguous people are allowed to deliver their and customer friendly communicator. best, we all benefi t – the individual, the company and most importantly YOUR ANSWER - Is this the position you have been waiting for? Then please contact the Medtronic Talent Acquisition Center (Mrs. J. Fulmer / Mr. J. Koster), +31 45 566 8232 for more information. patients everywhere. Or apply online via http://www.medtronic.com/employment/european_recruiting.html.

HEART AND VASCULAR DISEASE • NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS • PAIN • SPINAL DISORDERS • DIABETES UROLOGIC DISORDERS • DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS • EYE, EAR, NOSE AND THROAT DISORDERS

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Web 2.0: the end of organized localization as we know it?

Takeaway Web 2.0 presents a sea change for organized localiza- even if that means inconsistency, slang and user vernacular. How tion. That’s a good thing. The principles of Web 2.0 are could it be any other way? Ironically, for an industry that has characterized, according to Tim O’Reilly in his ground- struggled so hard with commoditization, there is now no longer any breaking 2005 article “What Is Web 2.0?” by collective such notion as the customer. There is only this customer. Witness the intelligence,W relentless innovation and mass participa- uproar over attempted blogging rules and ethics. tion. No content is too “niche” (Chris Anderson, The Long 6. Much faster penetration of smaller markets as the barriers to Tail) to not merit contribution on this “web as platform.” entry fall with zero-cost localization and the disappearance of the time-to-market constraint. Web 2.0 is not an English-language phenomenon. Social net- 7. For localization clients, shorter innovation cycles, creation of working sites such as MySpace are translated, and Chinese entre- less content, provision of more varied formats, lower costs, and preneurs have followed with MOP.com and WangYou.com. YouTube a focus on development and distribution of tools for global user plans Brazilian, French, Italian, Japanese, Dutch, Polish and Spanish content creation and participation. translations. Byte Level Research’s “Web Globalization Report Card 8. For localization vendors, large cash-cow accounts will dry up. 2007” reveals that Google tops the list of globalized websites, with Their business model will move further towards the development Wikipedia in second place. Google translates a small core set of lan- and provision of tool-based and platform-based revenue streams. guages while relying on “volunteer” translators for the balance, and In fact, with open standards, vendors and clients could be on a Wikipedia relies solely on volunteer translators. Web-based global competitive collision course here. dialogue and worldwide participation, and the promises offered, are 9. A new form of localization conference and event — one that is well represented by innovations such as Meadan.com’s combination free, online and collaborative with participation regardless of status of machine translation and instant chat. — will emerge. Boasting of air-mile collection and expense budgets Web 2.0’s dynamic nature of participation and varied content will become as embarrassing as SUVs and carbon footprints. confronts the “organized” localization industry (clients and vendors) Naturally, some “traditional” localization will continue to exist. with the reality of a changing world. The industry must react and The public sector and intragovernmental customers with their innovate accordingly as “social translation” — I refuse to believe unaccountable, irrelevant masses of meaningless content (and that “localization” is anything other than correct translation budgets) — not to mention such market-distorting obscenities as — becomes the prime deliverer of content. So, what could social the translation effort required by the war in Iraq — won’t go away translation mean in practical terms? soon. But these examples will be the “uncool” Web 1.0 cases that 1. Zero lead time as users translate English-language content will attract only the lazy, bureaucratic-minded and real-world- in real time (volunteer translation such as what we’ve seen in the ignorant as a source of careers and research. OpenOffi ce.org project and Wikipedia). Yes, these are exciting and unnerving times. We’re already dis- 2. The end of website content symmetry. Content will be unique cussing them on our blog, www.multilingualblog.com. In forthcom- in each language (true localization) and will be provided by the ing issues of MultiLingual we’ll explore the implications of social users, leaving perhaps user interface and translation frameworks translation and global dialogue in more detail, and just like Web 2.0, to be internationalized and localized. The all-conquering model of we look forward to your participation and comment. M English-As-Base-Language will be vanquished. References 3. Constant revision and innovation. No current globalization Anderson, Chris. The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business Is Selling Less management system (GMS), workfl ow or leveraging utilities could of More, Hyperion, 2006. keep pace with the rapidly evolving, diverse nature and volume of O’Reilly, Tim. “What Is Web 2.0?” www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/ user content. Instead, human ingenuity becomes the GMS. news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html 4. No in-house quality assurance (QA). QA becomes the domain Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter of the customer. The “wisdom of crowds” model à la James Than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Surowiecki means that bad translations will be driven out by good Societies and Nations, Doubleday, 2004. immediately, just like on Wikipedia. Don’t like that term or transla- tion? Hell, change it yourself. Now. Ultan Ó Broin is a member of the editorial board of MultiLingual and 5. Rapidly evolving content rules, with little emphasis on orga- works for . His opinions and comments are his nized terminology and style. Instead, the focus is on the message, own and not those of Oracle Corporation.

82 | MultiLingual September 2007 [email protected]

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83 Idiom #90.indd 83 8/3/07 2:24:20 PM The new way of working faster easier more powerful www.translationzone.com

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