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Introduction to Electronic Engineering VALERY VODOVOZOV INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING DOWNLOAD FREE TEXTBOOKS AT BOOKBOON.COM Valery Vodovozov Introduction to Electronic Engineering Download free books at BookBooN.com 2 Introduction to Electronic Engineering © 2010 Valery Vodovozov & Ventus Publishing ApS ISBN 978-87-7681-539-4 Download free books at BookBooN.com 3 Introduction to Electronic Engineering Contents Contents Designations 6 Abbreviations 7 Preface 8 Introduction 9 1. Semiconductor Devices 17 1.1 Semiconductors 17 1.1.1 Current in Conductors and Insulators 17 1.1.2 Current in Semiconductors 18 1.1.3 pn Junction 21 1.2 Diodes 24 1.2.1 Rectifier Diode 24 1.2.2 Power Diode 27 1.2.3 Special-Purpose Diodes 30 1.3 Transistors 36 1.3.1 Common Features of Transistors 36 1.3.2 Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT) 36 1.3.3 Power Bipolar Transistors 44 WHAt‘s missing in this equaTION? You could be one of our future talents Please click the advert MAERSK INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE PROGRAMME Are you about to graduate as an engineer or geoscientist? Or have you already graduated? If so, there may be an exciting future for you with A.P. Moller - Maersk. www.maersk.com/mitas Download free books at BookBooN.com 4 Introduction to Electronic Engineering Contents 1.3.4 Junction Field-Effect Transistors (JFET) 47 1.3.5 Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFET) 51 1.3.6. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT) 55 1.4 Thyristors 59 1.4.1 Rectifier Thyristor (SCR) 59 1.4.2 Special-Purpose Thyristors 63 2. Electronic Circuits 66 2.1 Circuit Composition 66 2.1.1 Electronic Components 66 2.1.2 Circuit Properties 72 2.2 Amplifiers 75 2.2.1 AC Amplifiers 75 2.2.2 DC Amplifiers 85 2.2.3 IC Op Amps 90 2.3 Supplies and References 96 2.3.1 Sources 96 2.3.2 Filters 101 2.3.3 Math Converters 108 2.4 Switching Circuits 113 2.4.1 Switches 113 2.4.2 Oscillators 119 2.4.3 Quantizing and Coding 126 2.4.4 Digital Circuits 128 Please click the advert Download free books at BookBooN.com 5 Introduction to Electronic Engineering Designations Designations С capacitor K amplification, gain W energy D diode, thyristor L inductance X reactance L inductor, choke P power Z impedance R resistor q duty cycle dc alpha, firing angle T transistor Q multiplication, current gain w number of turns selectivity error, loss C capacitance r ripple factor efficiency cos power factor R resistance phase angle t time f frequency angular frequency G conductivity T period I current U voltage Download free books at BookBooN.com 6 Introduction to Electronic Engineering Abbreviations Abbreviations A Ampere m milli = 10-3 (prefix) ac alternating current MOS metal-oxide semiconductor ADC analog-to-digital converter MCT MOS-controlled thyristor AM amplitude modulation MPP maximum peak-to-peak BiFET bipolar FET MSB most significant bit BiMOS bipolar MOS MSI medium-scale integration circuit BJT bipolar junction transistor MUX multiplexer CB common base n nano = 10-9 (prefix) complementary bipolar technology n negative CC common collector p pico = 10-12 (prefix) CD coder p positive CE common emitter PWM pulse-width modulation CMOS complementary MOS PZT piezoelectric transducer DAC digital-to-analog converter RDC resolver-to-digital converter dc direct current rms root mean square DC decoder RMS rms volts DMOS double-diffused transistor S Siemens F Farad s second FET field-effect transistor SADC sub-ADC FM frequency modulation SAR successive approximation register FS full scale SCR silicon-controlled rectifier G Giga = 109 (prefix) SDAC sub-DAC GaAsFET gallium arsenide FET S/H sample-and-hold GTO gate turn-off thyristor SSI small-scale integration circuit H Henry T flip-flop Hz Hertz TTL transistor-transistor logic IC integrated circuit V Volt IGBT insulated gate bipolar transistor VDC dc volts JFET junction FET VCO voltage-controlled oscillator k kilo = 103 (prefix) VFC voltage-to-frequency converter LDR light-dependent resistor W Watt LED light-emitting diode WA Volt-Ampere LSI large-scale integration circuit XFCB extra fast CB technology LSB least significant bit micro = 10-6 (prefix) 6 M Mega = 10 (prefix) Ohm Download free books at BookBooN.com 7 Introduction to Electronic Engineering Preface Preface Electronics is a science about the devices and processes that use electromagnetic energy conversion to transfer, process, and store energy, signals and data in energy, control, and computer systems. This science plays an important role in the world progress. Implementation of electronic devices in various spheres of human activity largely contributes to the successful development of complex scientific and technical problems, productivity increase of physical and mental labour, and production improvement in various forms of communications, automation, television, radiolocation, computer engineering, control systems, instrument engineering, as well as lighting equipment, wireless technology, and others. Contemporary electronics is under intense development, which is characterized by emergence of the new areas and creation the new directions in existing fields. The goal of this work is to introduce a reader to the basics of electronic engineering. The book is recommended for those who study electronics. Here, students may get their first knowledge of electronic concepts and basic components. Emphasis is on the devices used in day-to-day consumer electronic products. Therefore, semiconductor components diodes, transistors, and thyristors are discussed in the first step. Next, the most common electronic circuits, such as analogue, differential and operation amplifiers, suppliers and references, filters, math converters, pulsers, logical gates, etc. are covered. After this course, students can proceed to advanced topics in electronics. It is necessary to offer an insight into the general operation of loading as well as into the network distortions caused by variables, and possibilities for reducing these disturbances, partly in power electronics with different kinds of load. Such problems, as the design and methods for implementing digital equipment, Boolean algebra, digital arithmetic and codes, combinatorial and sequential circuits, network instruments, and computers are to be covered later. Modeling circuits and analysis tools should be a subject of interest for future engineers as well. Further, electronics concerns the theory of generalized energy transfer; control and protection of electronic converters; problems of electromagnetic compatibility; selection of electronic components; control algorithms, programs, and microprocessor control devices of electronic converters; cooling of devices; design of electronic converters. Clearly, in a wide coverage such, as presented in this book, deficiencies may be encountered. Thus, your commentary and criticisms are appreciated: [email protected]. Author Download free books at BookBooN.com 8 Introduction to Electronic Engineering Introduction Introduction Electronic system. Any technical system is an assembly of components that are connected together to form a functioning machine or an operational procedure. An electronic system includes some common used electrical devices, such as resistors, capacitors, transformers, inductors (choke coils), frames, etc., and a few classes of semiconductor devices (diodes, thyristors, and transistors). They are joined to control the load operation. Historical facts. An English physicist W. Hilbert proposed the term ”electricity” as far back as 1700. In 1744, H. Rihman founded the first electrotechnical laboratory in the Russian Academy of Science. Here, M. Lomonosov stated the relation of electricity on the “nature of things”. A major electronic development occurred in about 1819 when H. Oersted, a Danish physicist, found the correlation between an electric and a magnetic field. In 1831, M. Faraday opened the electromagnetic induction phenomenon. The first to develop an electromechanical rotational converter (1834) was M.H. Jacobi, an Estonian architect and Russian electrician. Also, he arranged the arrow telegraph receiver in 1843 and the letter-printing machine in 1850. In 1853, an American painter S. Morse built a telegraph with the original coding system and W. Kelvin, a Scottish physicist and mathematician, implemented a digital-to-analog converter using resistors and relays. In 1866, D. Kaselly, an Italian physicist, invented a pantelegraph for the long-line transmission of drawings that became a prototype of the fax. A.G. Bell was experimenting with a telegraph when he recognized a possibility of voice transmission. His invention of the telephone in 1875 was the most significant event in the entire history of communications. A. Popov and G. Marcony demonstrated their first radio transmitting and receiving systems in 1895–1897. In 1882, a French physicist J. Jasmin discovered a phenomenon of semiconductance and proposed this effect to be used for rectifying alternating current instead of mechanical switches. In 1892, a German researcher L. Arons invented the first mercury arc vacuum valve. P.C. Hewitt developed the first arc valve in 1901 in the USA and a year later, he patented the mercury rectifier. In 1906, J.A. Fleming has invented the first vacuum diode, an American electrician G.W. Pickard invented the silicon valve, and L. Forest patented the vacuum tube and a vacuum triode in 1907. The development of electronic amplifiers started with this invention. Later, based on the same principles, many types of electronic devices were worked out. A key technology was the invention of the feedback
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