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Kurt Och Tv-‐Serien Glee Högskolan Dalarna Akademin Språk och medier Vetenskaplig uppsats, BQ2014 Grundnivå 2, 15 högskolepoäng Termin (HT 2011) ”I’m not a box. There’s more than four sides to me.” En kvalitativ textanalys av karaktären Kurt Hummel och den homosexuella stereotypen Författare Handledare.. Yrsa Walldén Anna Laine Examinator.. Christo Burman Abstrakt Arbetet består av en närläsning av karaktären Kurt Hummel i tv-serien Glee med fokus på stereotyper för homosexuella män, och hur Kurt förhåller sig till dem stereotyperna. Studien är gjord utifrån ett queerteoretiskt perspektiv och visar att Kurt i viss mån framställs stereotypt i seriens tidigaste avsnitt, men att han efter hand uppvisar ett djup och komplexitet som man inte ofta ser hos homosexuella karaktärer på tv. Nyckelord: Kurt Hummel, Glee, stereotyper, genus, sexualitet, queerteori. INLEDNING ......................................................................................................................................... 1 BAKGRUND .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 SYFTE OCH FRÅGESTÄLLNING ......................................................................................................................... 3 METOD OCH MATERIAL .................................................................................................................................... 3 Kvalitativ textanalys ................................................................................................................................... 3 Avgränsning .................................................................................................................................................... 4 TEORI ................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Queerteori ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 HeteronormAtivitet ................................................................................................................................................................. 6 Den heterosexuellA mAtrisen .............................................................................................................................................. 6 Kön och genus ........................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Stereotyper ...................................................................................................................................................... 8 TIDIGARE FORSKNING ................................................................................................................... 9 STEREOTYPER OCH FÖREBILDER ..................................................................................................................... 9 FÖREBILDER I MEDIA OCH DESS INVERKAN PÅ HBTQ-PERSONER ........................................................... 9 DEN HOMOSEXUELLA STEREOTYPEN .......................................................................................................... 11 KURT OCH TV-SERIEN GLEE ...................................................................................................... 13 KURT OCH FEMININITET ................................................................................................................................ 14 KURT OCH DEN TRAGISKA HOMOSEXUELLA KARAKTÄREN ..................................................................... 19 KURT OCH FÖRHÅLLANDEN .......................................................................................................................... 23 RESULTAT OCH DISKUSSION .................................................................................................... 26 SLUTORD ......................................................................................................................................... 28 LITTERATUR- OCH KÄLLFÖRTECKNING ............................................................................... 29 TRYCKTA KÄLLOR ........................................................................................................................................... 29 ELEKTRONISKA KÄLLOR ................................................................................................................................ 31 FILM OCH TV-SERIER ...................................................................................................................................... 31 Inledning Porträttering av minoriteter på tv och film kan ha en avgörande roll i hur människor uppfattar dessa grupper. Där man själv saknar egna erfarenheter använder man sig gärna av medias presentation för att skapa sig en egen verklighetsuppfattning. Har man till exempel själv aldrig varit i kontakt med en viss minoritet bygger man gärna upp en egen bild utifrån karaktärer, personer eller scener man sett på tv, i tidningar eller på film. Medias roll i porträtterandet av minoritetsgrupper är därför av största vikt. Om man ständigt möter en stereotyp porträttering av till exempel homosexuella män kan det utveckla ett falskt antagande gentemot dem, vilket kan resultera i fördomar och diskriminering. Om vi ständigt kommer i kontakt med samma porträttering av homosexuella män, där vissa attribut framhävs framför andra, så skapar vi en inre bild utifrån dessa stereotyper som kan ge oss underlag för felaktiga uppfattningar om denna identitet. I den här uppsatsen kommer tv-serien Glee och Kurt Hummel, en av seriens huvudkaraktärer, undersökas utifrån ett queerteoretiskt perspektiv. Jag tar fasta på den stereotypa porträtteringen av homosexuella män, och undersöker hur Kurt förhåller sig till denna. Bakgrund Mycket har hänt under de senaste trettio åren när det kommer till representationen av homosexuella personer på tv. De har utan tvekan börjat ta mer plats inom tv-mediet och blivit allt mer synliga.1 En tv-serie som stått i framkant under de senaste åren är Glee (2009 –, FOX). Glee är en populär dramakomedi tv-serie med inslag av musikalmoment som främst vänder sig till en yngre målgrupp, ungdomar i tonåren. Serien visas på ”prime time”, som vanligtvis räknas från 20:00 till 23:00, det vill säga tiden då flest människor brukar titta på tv, på ”network”2 tv-kanalen FOX i USA. Glee har under de två säsonger, och början på en tredje, som serien har sänts nått höga 1 Becker, 2006, s. 9 f 2 En ”network” tv-kanal är, tillskillnad från ”cable” tv-kanaler som till exempel HBO och Showtime, i första hand finansierad av reklam och sponsorer. Kelso, red. Levette, Ott, Buckley, 2008, s. 47 1 tittarsiffror i USA, då den i genomsnitt legat på ungefär nio till tio miljoner tittare per avsnitt, där den största delen av tittarantalet är unga vuxna i åldern 18-34.3 Serien har blivit känd för att ta upp och diskutera känsliga ämnen så som identitet, sexualitet, och utanförskap på ett sätt som ska tilltala denna målgrupp. På grund av målgruppen, seriens sändningstid och höga tittarsiffror, kan det därför vara direkt avgörande hur en serie som Glee handskas med sociala och sexuella minoritetsgrupper, och hur de väljer att porträttera dem. Det påverkar inte bara hur andra uppfattar dessa minoritetsgrupper, utan även hur dessa minoriteter kan komma att uppfatta sig själva. Glee har hyllats av många tv-kritiker och journalister, men serien har även fått mycket kritik bland annat för att vara ”för gay” och för att dess karaktärer allt för ofta framställs stereotypt. En av dem är Alessandra Stanely, som skrev följande om seriens pilotavsnitt i tidningen The New York Times: The other glee club members are high school archetypes: the quiet Asian girl, the prissy gay boy [Kurt Hummel], the scrawny nerd with big glasses (here, in wheelchair) and a tough, heavy-set African-American girl, Mercedes Jones (Amber Riley), who resents singing backup.4 Kurt Hummel är en av de mest populära karaktärerna i tv-serien Glee, och stod både under seriens första, men framför allt andra säsong, för en av de större berättelsebågarna. För tittarna kunde Kurts sexualitet anas från första avsnittet, men under seriens första säsong kommer han ut som homosexuell och försöker efter hand att acceptera sin egen sexualitet. Kurts berättelsebåge dominerar den andra säsongen, och den handlar främst om att världen runt om honom ska acceptera honom som den han är. Karaktären Kurt har, precis som Glee, både hyllats och kritiserats. Kurt har uppfattats både som ytterligare en stereotyp och ytlig homosexuell karaktär,5 men även som nyskapande och som en positiv förebild för många unga människor som ifrågasätter sin egen sexualitet och behöver någon som dem att se upp till.6 3 Broadcasting & CAble, volym 141, nummer 11, 14 mars 2011 4 AlessAndrA StAnely, Motley Crew of School Misfits Sings, and Annoys the Cool kids, tv.nytimes.com, 18 maj 2009 5 Bland annat i artikeln The Gay one from Glee – Positive Role Model or Dangerous Clishé? I den brittiskA tidningen the GAurdiAn, 15 mars 2011 6 Bland annat i artikeln Gay Teens on TV i det AmerikAnskA magAsinet EntertAinment Weekly, 20 jAnuAri 2011 2 Syfte och Frågeställning Syften med den här uppsatsen är att analysera karaktären Kurt Hummel från tv-serien Glee utifrån ett queerteoretiskt perspektiv, och undersöka hur han förhåller sig till den stereotypa bilden
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