FEDERAL REPUBLIC of NIGERIA Public Disclosure Authorized FEDERAL ROADS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (FRDP)

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA Public Disclosure Authorized FEDERAL ROADS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (FRDP)

ROAD SECTOR DEVELOPMENT TEAM (RSDT)

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF AKURE-ILESHA ROAD REHABILITATION PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized

FINAL REPORT

Submitted by Public Disclosure Authorized SEEMS NIGERIA LIMITED

AUGUST, 2012

Public Disclosure Authorized

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Title i Table of Contents ii List of Tables vi List of Figures vii List of Plates viii Abbreviations and Acronyms ix Acknowledgement xii ESIA Report Preparers xiii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xiv

1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 2 1.2 Project Overview 2 1.3 Regulatory Framework 7 1.3.1 National Legislations 8 1.3.2 Other Environmental Regulations Governing Environmental Protection 9 1.3.3 Statutory Limits/Standards 10 1.3.4 State Legislation 10 1.3.5 International Standards, Treaties and Conventions 11 1.3.6 Health, Safety and Environmental Policies and Guidelines of FMW 11 1.3.7 Organisation and Responsibilities 11 1.3.8 World Bank Policies 13 1.4 Environmental Impact Assessment 15 1.4.1 ESIA Objectives 16 1.4.2 Scope of the ESIA 16 1.4.3 Terms of Reference 17 1.4.4 Methodology 17 1.5 Structure of the Report 18

2.0 Project Justification 20 2.1 Need for the Project 20 2.2 Project Alternatives 20 2.2.1 No Project 20 2.2.2 Using other Travel Modes 21 2.2.3 Alternative Alignments 21 2.2.4 Upgrading the Existing Roads 21 2.3 Project Benefits 21 2.4 Envisaged Substainability 21

2.5 Type of Project 22 2.6 Project Location 22 ii

2.7 Existing conditions of the project Road 22 2.7.1 Shoulders of the Road 23 2.7.2 Pavement 24 2.7.3 Exisitng Alignment 24 2.7.4 Drainage 25 2.7.5 Traffic Volume 25 2.7.6 Road Furniture 25 2.8 Design Standards 26 2.9 Input and Output of Raw Materials and Products 27 2.9.1 Raw Material Supply 27 2.9.2 Process Inputs 27 2.9.3 Sources of Energy Availale of the Project 27 2.10 Project Operation and Maintenance 27 2.11 Project Life cycle 27 2.12 Project Schedule 27

3.0 Description of the Environment 28 3.1 Introduction 28 3.2 Baseline Data Acquisition Methods 28 3.2.1 Sampling Methods & Field Measurement 29 3.2.2 Quality Assurance/Control Procedure 30 3.3 Description of the Baseline Status of the project area 30 3.3.1 Climate/Meteorology 30 3.3.2 Air Temperature 31 3.3.3 Relative Humidity 33 3.3.4 Rainfall 33 3.3.5 Wind Speed & Direction 35 3.3.6 Air Quality 37 3.3.7 Noise 38 3.3.8 Soils 38 3.3.8.1 Physical Properties 38 3.3.8.2 Chemical Properties 40 3.3.8.3 Soil Microbiology 40 3.3.8.4 Land Use 41 3.3.9 Geology & Hydrogeology 41 3.3.9.1 Geology of the Project area 41 3.3.9.2 Geophysical Studies characteristics 42 3.3.9.3 Hydrogeological Characteristics 42 3.3.9.4 Geophysical (Geolectric) Characteristics 43 3.3.10 Vegetation 43 3.3.11 Aquatic System 46 3.3.11.1 Water Quality 46 3.3.11.2 Water Microbiology 47 3.3.11.3 Hydrobiology 48 3.3.11.4 Fish/Fisheris 50 iii

3.3.11.5 Sediment 51 3.3.12 Terrestial Fauna and Wildlife 53 3.3.13 Waste Management 55 3.3.14 Socio Economics 55 3.3.14.1 The Project Environment 55 3.3.14.2 Socioeconomic Attributes 56 3.3.14.3 Community Health status 66 3.3.14.4 Consultation with Key Stakeholders 67 3.4 Institutional Arrangement 69 3.5 Budget for the Implementation of ESMP 71

4.0 Associated & Potential Environmental Impacts 72 4.1 Impact Prediction Methodology 72 4.2 Impact Appraisal 78 4.2.1 Environmental Issues 78 4.2.2 Environmental Consequences 83 4.3 Significant Positive Impact 83 4.4 Significant Negative Impact 84 4.5 Raw materials Impacts 84 4.6 Process Impact 84 4.7 Project Specific Incremental 84 4.8 Project Specific Cummulative Effects 84 4.9 Project Specific Long/Short term Effects 84 4.10 Project Specific Adverse/Beneficial Effects 84 4.11 Project Specific Direct/Indirect Effects 84 4.12 Project Specific Reversiable/Irreversiable Effects 84 4.13 Project Specific Risk and Hazard Assessment 85 4.13.1 Risk Scenerio 85

5.0 Mitigation of Potential and Associated Environmental Impacts 86 5.1 Best Available Control Technology 86 5.1.1 Site Clearing and Civil Work Construction 86 5.1.2 Highway Operations and Maintenance 87 5.2 Decommissioning Plan 90

6.0 Environmental and Social Management Plan 91 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Waste Management Strategies 97 6.3 Waste Management Programme 99 6.4 Waste Management 99 6.5 Monitoring Schedule 100 6.6 Environmental Audit 100 6.6.1 Contingency Planning 100 6.6.2 Project Organisation and Responsibilities 100 6.7 Follow-Up Action Plan 101 iv

6.8 Inter-Agency and Public/NGO 101

7.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 103 References 104 Appendices 106

LIST OF TABLES PAGES Table 3.1: Summar of Weather condition Recorded at various sampling stations along 34 Akure Ilesha road Table 3.2: Sammpling Coordinates of Air pollutants & Noise Measurements 35 (Wet & Dry season) Table 3.3a: Air Quality Characteristics of theproject area (Wt & Dry Season) 36 Table 3.3b: Regulatory Standards for Ambient Air Quality 37 Table 3.4: Noise Characteristics of the project area (Wet & Dry Season) 37

Table 3.5: Sampling Cordinates for water Quality 38 Table 3.6: Summary of Physico-Chemical Characteristic of Soils of the project area 39 Table 3.7: The Geology Beneath the Proposed Akure-Ilesha Rehabilitation road 41 Table 3.8: VES Station and the GPS Geograghic Co-ordinates 41 Table 3.9: Classification of Soil Resistivity in terms of its Corrosivity 42 Table 3.10: Checklist of Crops plants in farms encountered along the Proposed 45 Rehabilitation road Table 3.11: Checklist of common Economic Plant species along the route 45 Table 3.12: Sampling Coordinate for water Quality 46

Table 3.13: Summary of Physio-Chemical characteristics of water from the 47 Rivers/Streams & Boreholes/Wwells in the study area Table 3.14a: Checklist of Phytoplankton groups 49 Table 3.14b: Distribution of Phytoplankton in the water of the project area 50 Table 3.15a: Checklist of Zooplankton Groups 50 Table 3.15b: Distribution of Zooplankton in the water of the project area 50 Table 3.16: A checklist of the fish species inhaiting the Sampled Rivers during the 50 period of study Table 3.17: Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Sediments of Rivers/Streams in the 52 species in the area Table 3.18: List of Wildlife species sighted or reported around the project area 54 Table 4.19: Major settlements & their Geographical locations relative to the proposed 55 Rehabilitation Akure-Ilesha road Table 3.20: Socioeconomics characteristics of PAPs 56 Table 3.21: Socioeconomics of Charateristics of PAPs 62 Table 3.22: The Summary of the Outcome of the Consultation 68 Table 4.1: Impact Indicators for various Environmental Components 75 Table 4.2: Environmental Impacts o road Construction & Operations 76 (from RAU’s (1990)Method) Table 4.3: Impact Evaluation Matrix or the Akure-Ilesha road development project 77 Table 4.4: Summary of project Actions & Potential Impacts 79 Table 6.1: Summary of Environmental Management Responsiilities for various 92 stages of project Table 6.2: Monitoring Impact Indicators 93 vi

Table 6.3a: Environmental Monitoring Programme for the road Development Project 94 Table 6.3b Monitoring Programme of the Project affected people 95

Table 6.4: Environmental Monitoring Programme for the Road Development Project 97 Table 6.5: Environmental and SocialManagement Plan for the road Development project 99

LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 Map of Nigeria showing Ondo State & Osun State Travesed by Akure- 3 Ilesh road(Red line) 1.2 Map of part of Southwestern Nigeria Showing the Akure-Ilesh 4 Travelling Osun & Ondo State 1.3 Osun State Local government areas Traversed by Akure-Ilesha road 5 1.4 Ondo State Local governmntareas Traversed by Akure-Ilesha 6 1.5 Satellite Image showing Akure-Ilesha (A122) road betwwen red arrows 7 3.1 Sampling & location Map of the study area 29 3.2. Temperature regime in the Project area 31 3.3. Relative Humidity Regime inthe study area 32 3.4 Prevailing Wind directions in the study area 34 3.5 Distribution of PAPs by Community 57 3.6 Age Distribution 58 3.7 Marital Status 59 4.8 Education 60 3.9 Primary Occupation 60 3.10 Skills (The PAPs are mostly unskilled workers) 61 3.11 Annual Income 61 3.12 Family Size 63 3.13 Length of stay in the Community 63 3.14 Type of House Lived in 64 3.15 Source of water 65 3.16 Attitude towards the road 65 3.17 Expected Benefits from the Projects 66

vii

LIST OF PLATES

PLATE 2.1 Akure –Ilesha road at Iwaraja 22 PLATE 2.2 Akure-Ilesha road at Ikere jut in Akure 22 PLATE 2.3 ROW Encroachment y Structires 23 PLATE 2.4 Common view of sholder conditions along Akure-Ilesha road 24 PLATE 2.5 Segm,ents of road pavement failure & Pot holes road 24 PLATE 2.6 Common Alignment on Akure-Ilesha road 25 PLATE 2.7 Some of the few road Signage Infrastructure 26 PLATE 3.1 Fallow/ Bush Regrowth Vegetation stand 44 PLATE 3.2 Fallow/ Bush Regrowth Vegetation stand 44 PLATE 3.3 Consultation meeting with people in Akure 68 PLATE 3.4 Consuktation meeting with people in Erinmo 69

viii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

GENERAL ASL Above sea level BDL Below Detection Limit BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand DC Double Circuit DO Dissolved Oxygen DPR Department of Petroleum Resources DS Dissolved Solids EC Electrical Conductivity EIA Environmental Impact Assessment HC Hydrocarbon HSE Health, Safety and Environment ITN Insecticide Treated Nets SS Suspended solids TDS Total Dissolved Solids THC Total Hydrocarbon TSP Total Suspended Particulate VES Vertical Electrical Sounding VOC Volatile Organic Compounds ROW Right of Way ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT cfu/ml Colony forming unit per milliliter cm Centimeter dBA Decibel ft Feet g Gramme k Kilogramme g/cm Gramme per Centimeter Km Kilometer m Meter m3 Meter Cube meq Milliequivalent mg Milligramme mg/Kg Milligramme per Kilogramme mg/l Milligramme per Litre ml Millilitre mm Millimetre ix m/s Meter per Second NTU Turbidity Unit o /oo Parts per thousand oN Degree North PH Hydrogen ion concentration ppb parts per billion ppm parts per million ToC Temperature in degrees Celsius g Microgramme S micro Siemen m micrometer % Percentage

CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS Al Aluminum C Carbon Ca Calcium CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate CCl4 Carbon Tetrachloride Cd Cadmium Cl Chloride CO Carbon Monoxide CO2 Carbon Dioxide Cr Chromium Cu Copper Fe Iron H Hydrogen H2O water H2S Hydrogen Sulphide Hg Mercury K Potassium Mg Magnesium Mn Manganese N Nitrogen Na Sodium Na2PO4 Sodium phosphate NaOH Sodium hydroxide NH3 Ammonia + NH4 Ammonium ion NH4F Ammonium flouride Ni Nickel NO2 Nitrite ion

NO3 Nitrate ion

NOX Nitrogen Oxides x

O2 Oxygen P Phosphorus Pb Lead PO4 Phosphate SiO2 Silicate SO2 Sulphur dioxide SO4 Sulphate ion V Vanadium Zn Zinc

STRUCTURES AND EQUIPMENT AAS Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer GPS Global Positioning System

ORGANIZATIONS APHA America Public Health Association API American Petroleum Institute ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials DPR Department of Petroleum Resources FAO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency FMENV Federal Ministry of Environment FMEH & UD Federal Ministry of Environment, Housing & Urban Development ISO International Standard Organisation SEEMS Scienctific Energy and Environment Management Systems WB World Bank WHO World Health Organisation FMW Federal Ministry of Works RSDT Road Sector Development Team

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Federal Ministry of Works (FMW) wishes to acknowledge with thanks, the opportunity granted it by the Federal Government of Nigeria, through its agencies, to conduct this Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Akure-Ilesha Road Rehabilitation Project.

This report has been prepared in line with the national and international regulatory requirements and standards for FMW by SEEMS Nigeria Limited. The Project Team enjoyed a cordial working relationship with the Road Sector Development Team (RSDT), the Elders, Chiefs and Youths of the communities along the study corridor.

The active participation of the RSDT in the ESIA study from the conceptual stage, supervision and review of the preliminary results is hereby acknowledged.

xii

ESIA REPORT PREPARERS

SEEMS’ Project Team:

Name Task Assigned

Prof. A.F. Oluwole Consultation

Prof. P.O. Aina Coordination

Prof F.A. Akeredolu Meteorology, Air Quality, Oluwasesan Joshua Climate and Noise Data Fasuyan Abiodun Prof A.O. Isichei Ecology Study Dr. V.F. Olaleye Dr A.O. Akinfala Wildlife & Artefacts Dr. O.O. Awotoye Prof O.I. Asubiojo Surface Water & Dr. F.M. Adebiyi Hydrodynamics Dr Y.A. Asiwaju- Bello Hydrology Prof. M.O. Olorunfemi Geology / Geophysics Dr O.A. Akintonrinwa Dr. J. Oyedele Soil Study Nurudeen Owolabi K.A. Adewara GIS Prof (Mrs) ) O.A. Aina Socio-Economics Mrs. O.A. Tijani Prof G. E. Erhabor Community Health Dr A.O. Fatusi Dr. S.O. Oke Vegetation Dr. J.I. Muoghalu Prof. I.F. Adeniyi Aquatic Study Dr .Ife Adewumi Waste Management Engr. O.S. Aderinola Highway Engineering

Project Proponents: Federal Ministry of Works Road Sector Development Team

xiii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

The Federal Government of Nigeria has proposed, through the Federal Ministry of Works (FMW) Road Sector Development Team, to rehabilitate the Akure-Ilesha Road. This may require debottlenecking of the road network through the construction and maintenance of roads and rehabilitation of degraded ones. While the justification of road development projects from socio- economic considerations cannot be overemphasized, the cumulative environmental consequences of such projects need to be brought to fore. In order to ensure environmental protection vis-à-vis the highway sector projects of such magnitudes, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required and mandatory in Nigeria as stipulated by Environmental Impact Assessment Decree No. 86 of 1992 of the Federal Ministry of Environment (formerly Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA).

The project will not involve land acquisition along the existing right of way (ROW) but involuntary resettlement will occur due to loss of roadside space vendors, traders, mechanics and other informal activity. However, no number of environmental and social safeguards policies will be triggered. In line with the Resettlement policy framework that was prepared and disclosed by the project, a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is currently underway to address the issues of involuntary settlement. The ESMF has been prepared for the project and this ESIA in line with the specific World Bank Safeguard policies based on screening checklist.This report presents the environmental and social impact assessment of the road development.

Objectives of the ESIA The main purpose of this ESIA is to establish a baseline of existing conditions in the project area and to assess proactively the potential impact and associated impacts, including health and socio- economic, of the proposed road construction, rehabilitation and operation on the area with a view to mitigating the identified significant adverse impacts to acceptable level. The objectives of the ESIA study for Akure-Ilesha road are to:  Collecting information/data on existing conditions (baseline studies) from records, surveys and consultation with local residents with local residents, experts and professionals;  Characterizing the existing environmental and social conditions and predicting the significance of major impacts (including reviewing expected trends within the influence of the road project);  Developing approaches to avoid, mitigate or compensate any adverse impacts and resolving conflicts and enhance positive impacts;  Producing an EMP; and

xiv

 Providing for the involvement of the public in the assessment and for reviewing the

proposed road project in an open, transparent and participatory manner Methodology The methodology adopted for conducting this ESIA is as follows: Extensive literature review, detailed baseline survey from field sampling and laboratory analyses. Identification of potential impacts ansd mitigation measures; and development of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)

ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK The constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria confers jurisdiction on the Federal Government to regulate the operations and development activities in the Nigerian transport sector. These, together with applicable International conventions provide a basis for an ESIA of the project. The development will take account of Nigerian laws and regulations, and international conventions that apply to the subject development. In the event of discordance between EIA laws in Nigeria and that of World Bank safeguard policies, the more stringent will take precedence.Some of these laws and regulations that apply to the subject development are listed below:

 National Legislations  State Legislation  International Standards, Treaties and Conventions  Health, Safety and Environment Policies and Guidelines of FMW  World Bank Safeguard Policies

PROJECT JUSTIFICATION: NEED FOR THE PROJECT Nigeria’s economy is highly dependent on good road network to facilitate haulage of people, goods and services. Therefore, its inadequacy can be a serious constraint to national development. Development of this road would be a confidence reassurance measure to improve the movement of commuter and good along the corridor.

PROJECT LOCATION AND OVERVIEW The Akure-Ilesha road is located within co-ordinates (expressed in the Universal Traverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates of Zone 31 using Minna datum) 070082mN, 0842594mE and 074566mN, 0805470mE. The topography along the highway route which stretches through a distance of about 74km is gently undulating. It starts from the end of the dual carriage at Iwaraja Ilesha and terminates in Akure at the Akure-Ikere/Akure-Owo junction.

In general, the project will involve some civil works, vegetation (bush) clearing, earth (soil) movement, topographic levelling, alignment and re-alignment of road segments, creation of road pavement, coal tarring, etc with potential environmental impacts. The works will be hosted and founded on surface and the near-surface earth

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT The baseline environmental conditions of the project area are summarized as follows:

Climate/Meteorology The project area is associated with high temperatures (22oC-34oC), high humidities for most of the year. Mean monthly relative humidity is generally high with the highest values occurring in July (92%) and August (92%) and lowest values recorded in December (76%), January (68%) and March (78%). Rainfall in the project area is generally high, with mean total annual rainfall of 1353.3mm and 1418.2mm for Akure and Osogbo, respectively. The project area has a calm weather with wind speed ranging between 0.5 m/s to 5.7m/s. During the dry season, the wind direction is northeast while the southwest winds are dominant during the wet season.

Air Quality The project area has excellent ambient air quality, with all the measured pollutant indicators being below FMENV regulatory limits. The ambient air concentrations ranged between <0.01ppm and 0.01 (ppm) for SOx, between <0.01ppm and 0.01ppm for NOx, and between <1ppm and 2ppm for -3 CO. The concentration of H2S was not detectable. SPM ranged between 60 (g.m ) and 206 (g.m-3).

Noise The (daytime) ambient noise levels measured at different locations within and outside the study area ranged from values of 47.9 decibels-acoustic (dBA) to 70.5dBA in some communities. All the ambient noise levels recorded were below Ministry of Environment permissible exposure limits of 85 dB(A) for 8 hour exposure.

Soils, Land Use and Agriculture The Akure-Ilesha road is underlain by four major soils. These soils which are derived from basement complex rocks comprise broad groups of poorly drained and well upland drained soils. The well drained soils covered over 70% of the study area and have good potential to support arable crops. The soils which ranged in texture from sand to sandy clay loam in the topsoil with 69.0% to 85.0% sand, 6.9% to 12.0% silt are acidic (pH 4.5 to 5.7), low electrical conductivity (58-190µS/cm), low organic matter contents 1.08-4.43%), low to adequate total N ranged (0.05- 0.38%). The phosphorus concentrations ranged from 10.6 to 31.3ppm and most of the values fall within the accepted range of 7.0-20.00ppm for agricultural purposes.

Geomorphology, Geology and Hydrogeology The geology underlying the proposed Rehabilitation road is composed of Precambrian Basement Complex rocks. The subsurface layers, which are strongly dependent on the solid geology, vary from clay to sandy clay and clayey sand and basement bedrock beneath the segment underlain by basement complex rocks

Water Studies Turbidity levels of the water bodies ranged between 15 and 225NTU, indicating turbid waters during the wet season. The values were generally above the FMENV/DPR limit of 10 NTU. The water bodies were slightly acidic or slightly alkaline with pH values varying from 5.5-7.6. Electrical conductivity, which is a measure of the ionic richness of the river course, ranged between 22 and 260μS/cm. These values are typical of fresh water bodies. The surface waters in xvi the project area are slightly acid to alkaline (pH 7.43-8.06 and mean 7.68±0.0.12), fresh and non- saline, with low chloride and conductivities of 160-780Scm-1; high levels of dissolved oxygen (DO =2.4-5.6mgl-1). The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of the samples are (0.85 -2.40mg/l- 1) below 5.0mg/l-1, indicating low levels of organic pollution. The concentrations of heavy metals of the waters, especially the pollution indicators - Hg, Cr, Pb, Ni and V, are very low or below detectable limits and Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) and WHO limits, thus showing no evidence of contamination.

Sediment Physical and Chemical Properties The sediments were mainly sandy (sand 65.8% - 85.5%, clay 5.2%-18.4%, silt 9.3%-15.8%), acidic (pH4.4-5.7) and low electrical conductivity (66.8-130.2μS/cm) indicating that the environment under study is within the freshwater habitat. The sediment samples had low contents of organic carbon (1.48 and 2.28%), nitrogen (0.15 to 0.32%) low to moderate phosphorus concentrations (5.8 to 34.5ppm). The concentrations of nitrate (0.072-0.112ppm), ammonium (4.62-18.27ppm), sulphate (10.48-22.80ppm), and chloride (28.6-58.8ppm). ECEC (4.48- 7.39meq/100g) and the contents of contributory exchangeable cations are also low. The low concentrations of heavy metals and total hydrocarbon showed that there was no accumulation of pollutants in the sediments.

Ecology Planktons Sixty eight taxa of phytoplankton belonging to three divisions namely bacillariophyta or diatoms, cyanophyta or blue-green algae, and chlorophyta or green algae, were identified during the studies. The diatoms comprised the bulk of the flora with 51.5% followed by Chlorophyta with 33.8%. Cyanophyta constituted 14.7%. The blue-greens occurred in a few sampling stations.

Fish and Fisheries Fish study was conducted on fishes obtained from rivers along the proposed rehabilitation road and through interviews and literature search. Fishing activities are carried out mostly in the nights, early mornings and evenings, and generally done from dug out canoes. Generally, there was more fish during the wet season compared to the dry season. The fishing gears commonly used includes castnets, set nets, drift nets, gill nets and hook on line as well as fish fence. Fishing is carried out by migrant fishermen, few indigenes also participate in fishing activities.

Vegetation The main block of the Nigerian forest formation at low and medium altitude along this route is Lowland Rainforest. The high human population densities and their activities along the rehabilitation road have greatly transformed the complex structure and species richness of this route. Plant cover in the study area consisted predominantly of farmlands, fallow lands at various stages of regeneration and degraded remnant lowland tropical moist forests (freshwater swamp and dry-land rainforests

xvii

Wildlife A check list of forty four (44) wildlife species belonging to 36 families were encountered, based on ground surveys and participatory rural appraisal interviews is shown in Table 4.18. Of the species of vertebrate wildlife identified, the avifauna and mammals were the dominant groups. The mammals, reportedly sighted or reported to occur in the area were mainly browsers or grazers including medium-sized mammals such as duikers and antelopes

Socio-Economics There were at least 7 major settlements within 2 km on either side of the Akure-Ilesha road. These communities were studied in detail for the social impact assessment. Socioeconomic data was collected in seven locations. The affected communities are Akure, Owena Ijesa, Owena Owode, Igbara Oke, Erin Oke, Erinmo and Ipetu Ijesa. The distribution indicates that most of the PAPs are in Akure and Owena-Ijesa

There were many PAPs in Akure because of its size and population (the city is the Capital of Ondo state and a magnet to people from all parts of the state, including roadside artisans and traders). Owena-Ijesa however has the largest number of PAPs due to having lots of structures too close to the highway (the encroachments include permanent physical structures and makeshift shops). The distribution of the PAPs by ethnicity shows that they are all virtually of the Yoruba ethnicity.

About 61% of the PAPs are Christians while the rest are of the Islamic faith. Most of the PAPs are females, 44% are males while the remaining 56% are females. Most of the PAPs are roadside traders. These are two areas where women are mainly engaged to earn a living, hence their preponderance among the PAPs.

Examining the education level of the PAPs, from figure 4.8 shows that about 40% either did not go to school at all or attended only primary school. 38% attended secondary school while 15% had tertiary education. The literacy level is generally high, with 85% having at least primary education. The occupational distribution of the PAPs shows in figure 3.9 that they are predominantly roadside traders (77%). A further 14% claim to be business contractors. The others are mainly petty traders artisan.

Community Health Status The common ailments reported are malaria, typhoid fever, coughs, and water borne diseases e.g. diarrheoa, cholera and guinea worm. Health facilities prevalent in the project area include patient medicine stores, local herbal dispenses.

Consultation In-depth consultations were conducted at various times at the Palaces of the traditional rulers between SEEMS Socio-Economic Team, leaders, different social groups and youth leaders of each community. The socio-economic benefits were appreciated as well as possible reduction in accident rate.

xviii

Institutional Arrangement

One of the basic elements of any Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) implementation and management is the appropriate institutional framework that will ensure the timely establishment and functioning of the team or agency mandated to implement the plan.

The major institutions that are involved in the ESIA are the Federal Ministry of Environment, Road Sector Development Team – Federal Ministry of Works, the World Bank, Federal Ministry of Transportation, State Ministry of Environmental, State Waste Management Authority, State Ministry of Health, Environmental NGOs, State Minitsry of Transportation, Federal Road Safety and Local Government Area in each project designated area. Their functions could also be complimentary or over lapping.

In the execution of the project, the RSTD will be responsible for the implementation of the mitigation measures through their contractor who would be accountable to the RSTD. This contractor shall have an Environmental Engineer on site who will be responsible for all environmental issues. Whereas the World Bank will monitor the execution/ implementation of the project by RSTD. The EIA Division the Federal Ministry of Environment in collaboration with affected state Ministry of Environment will carry out regulatory monitoring to ensure that all agreed mitigations are actually implemented in line with regulatory requirements. RSDT shall be represented by Social and Environmental Officer who will be responsible for the implementation of the EMPFMENV and the Local environmental regulating bodies. Alternatively, an independent consultant may be hired by the RSDT to implement the EMP. The World Bank and FMENV will routinely supervised the implementation of this ESMP

Budget for the Implementation of ESMP The implementation of ESMP will cost about N148, 000,000. The budget for the Implementation of ESMP covers mitigation, environmental auditing, capacity strenghtening and monitoring.

The proposed budget and responsibilities for the implementation of the EIA is as detailed below: Item Budget (estimate) Responsibility Implementation of N118m Contractor Mitigation measures Environmental Auditing N10.0m RSDT/MoE/HSE Consultant Environmental training N10.m Contractor/RSDT/HSE Strengthening Consultant Monitoring and N10.0m RSDT/FMENV/State Min Env Reporting Total N148m

Waste Management The waste stream encountered in the project area comprises both bio-degradable and non-bio- degradable products. The biodegradable wastes include domestic wastes, vegetable matter, food xix remnants and other assorted organic materials. Waste is also generated by craftsmen engaged in various trades. The non-bio-degradable wastes include plastics, glasses, scraps from past sand mining, scraps of vehicle involved in accidents on Akure-Ilesha expressways.Wastes are disposed of generally by free litter. Dry refuse is burnt and the residue used as much on plants around homesteads.

POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION The project is intended to rehabilitate the already existing Akure-Ilesha road. No severe unprecedented and or cumulative negative impacts were identified; however the following significant adverse impacts and corresponding mitigation measures were identified

Air Quality and Noise The land clearing and construction-related atmospheric emission (CO, HC and NOx emissions), dust and noise impacts will occur though these will be short-lived. Operational phase noise impact will be long term and increase over time as traffic volume on the project roads increases. The site workers and some communities would therefore experience discomforting construction and operational noise from construction equipment if mitigating measures are not put in place.

Mitigation  During site clearing, preparation and construction, all equipment and vehicles that show excessive emissions of particulates due to poor engine adjustment or other inefficient operating conditions shall not be operated unless corrective measures are taken.  The construction site shall be watered regularly during dry season to minimize fugitive dust emissions.  Operational emission impact will be mitigated by the upgrading of the existing roads and consequent increase in motor vehicle speeds to reduce acceleration/deceleration on the roads and reduce CO, HC and NOx emissions.  During construction and facility operation, workers will be provided with ear muffs and other protectors to mitigate noise and air quality(dust) impacts;  Construction work on built-up areas will be limited to day time.  Planting of trees within 5 metres shall be established between road and residential/ community during operation activities in order to reduce effect of noise.

Water Quality Surface runoff from disturbed soil and in-river construction activities will impact surface water quality during construction. Such impacts will be temporary and limited to small areas downstream, but can affect a large portion of an adjacent fish pond. The construction camp stations will also generate effluent containing COD, SS, and O&G. The effluent will eventually be discharged to the water bodies. During the operational phase, small quantities of sediment and dripping oil and grease from the road surface may be washed out and discharged to nearby surface water bodies as runoff during the rainy season. As this would also be the season when the rivers have their highest flow rates, the impact to water quality will be small. Long-term impacts on water quality in other rivers in the Project area during expressway operation will be low.

Mitigation  All contractors will be required to build septic tanks at their construction camps for waste disposal. They will also be required to have sound environmental management programs for the storage of hazardous materials, solid waste collection and disposal, and environmental contingency plans.  During construction, surface water flows shall be controlled and if necessary channelled to temporary discharge points to minimize the potential threat of erosion and siltation in the receiving water channels.

Ecology Contamination of surface and groundwater will arise from chemical effluents, solid waste and domestic sewage discharge and discarded lubricants, fuel and oils. Discharge of effluents has potentials for water pollution with attendant effect on water quality and aquatic life.

Mitigation  Selective and controlled clearing of vegetation restricted to what is needed for the project will be carried out  To mitigate the impact of loss of vegetation, trees and bushes will be planted on both sides of the expressway, and land will be seeded to grass the embankment in an expressway landscape plan.

Social and Health Impacts Identified potential impacts include:

 Interference with traffic and economic activities and increased safety risk to local road users due to increased traffic during construction and project operation  Increase in social vices (drug abuse, commercial sex workers, teenage pregnancies, etc) and increased pressure on existing infrastructure and health care facilities (housing, educational and recreational facilities) from influx of people (job seekers)  Health impairment from equipment (air pollutants) gaseous emissions inhalation  Social & health problems (new communicable diseases, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HIV/AIDS) from influx of job seekers & post-construction demobilisation of large contigent of workers  Improved employment opportunities for indigenes and rural economy from phases of project implementation

Mitigation  Payment of commensurate compensation for economic crops and surface rights to displaced or dispossessed parties.  Resettlement of displaced people xxi

 Youths from the host communities will be given priority in unskilled labour employment;  FMW will provide on-the-job training for unskilled and semi-skilled workers (especially from the host communities) during the construction and project operation periods.  Community assistance programmes will be provided along with project development to boost the health status and socio-economic conditions of the stakeholders;  Development of green areas in the Project site to mitigate noise impact;  Implementation of safety regulations at all times.  Development of careful proactive management to avoid many of the social risks that have troubled project development areas  Provision of construction camp and sanitary facilities  Compliance with company’s safety regulations around worksite  Awareness campaign to enlighten the communities/field workers on the implications of drug and alcohol abuse, unprotected sex, prostitution and the need to sustain healthy lifestyle and behaviour.  Medical facilities shall be provided on site, with critical cases transferred to retainer hospitals.  Alternative source of potable water shall be provided during construction

Waste Management The construction camps will generate effluent containing COD and SS. The effluent will eventually be discharged to the water bodies. During the operational phase, small quantities of sediment and dripping oil and grease from the road surface may be washed out and discharged to nearby surface water bodies as runoff during the rainy season.

Environmental and Social Management Plan The prroposed Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) approach which is designed to guarantee and achieve the implementation of the ESIA findings and FMW’s Corporate HSE policy objectives, will include:

 Effective integration of ESIA into project design, from construction through abandonment;  Environmental Monitoring of development phases including operations and close down;  Specific training of staff and contractors to enhance environmental awareness; and  Sustained consultation with all stakeholders at all times on the field development. xxii

CONCLUSION This ESIA has been carried out by the project proponent in order to comply with the statutory requirements and to identify, evaluate and mitigate the significant potential impacts of the development project on the environment. An Environment and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has also been developed as a guide to ensure environmental sustainability during and after the execution of the various project activities.

The Akure-Ilesha highway route is underlain by clays, sandy clays, clayey sands, sands and laterites occurring at varying depths and locations along the route. The road development will lower transportation cost, reduce travel time and will provide a significant aid to the poor through greatly improved transport infrastructure and access to marketplaces. The construction/rehabilitation and operation of the Project will bring a large number of direct and induced employment opportunities to the local economy.

Eventhough the ESIA shows that there are none of the significant potential impacts identified that cannot be adequately managed and mitigated, an environmental management plan is required for effective mitigation of the potential impacts following the conduct of full ESIA.

xxiii

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Roads play a key role in the socio-economic development of any Nation. Development in the industry, agriculture, service, trade and other major sectors of a country’s economy depend to a large extent on the efficiency of the existing road network. In Nigeria, the need for the development and maintenance of efficient and adequate road infrastructure to meet the rapid rise in the traffic volume and to provide a fillip to the socio-economic development of the country is indeed evident. This may require debottlenecking of the road network through the construction and maintenance of roads and rehabilitation of degraded ones. While the justification of road development projects from socio-economic considerations cannot be overemphasized, the cumulative environmental consequences of such projects need to be brought to fore. In order to ensure environmental protection and safety of the population, vis-à-vis, the highway sector projects of such magnitudes, an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) which is mandatory in Nigeria as stipulated by Environmental Impact Assessment Decree No. 86 of 1992 of the Federal Ministry of Environment (formerly Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) is required. Similarly the multilateral aid agencies, including the World Bank require ESIA as part of their conditions for project funding.

The project will not involve land acquisition along the existing right of way (ROW) but involuntary resettlement will occur due to loss of roadside space vendors, traders, mechanics and other informal activity. However, few numbers of environmental and social safeguards policies will be triggered. In line with the Resettlement policy framework that was prepared and disclosed by the project, a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is currently underway to address the issues of involuntary settlement. The World Bank’s Operational Policy 4.12 (Involuntary Settlement) encourages the participation of displaced people in resettlement planning and implementation. The policy covers direct economic and social impacts that both results from the World Bank- assisted investment projects

It is in compliance with the national and international regulations of minimizing impact on the environment in which it operates that Federal Ministry of Works (FMW) that is charged with the responsibility for the planning, design, construction and maintenance of the Federal Highways has planned to proactively conduct an ESIA of the Federal Roads Development Project (FRDP) for the rehabilitation and maintenance of some federal roads including the Akure - Ilesha road.

Earlier, at the preparatory stage, a number of safeguard instruments were prepared to guide the project namely, the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) and the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF). These instruments were prepared because of the multiple sub- projects nature of the project, whose detailed engineering design, precise location and the entire gamut of environmental and social safeguard issues were not fully understood then. The basic idea in the preparation of the instruments was to ensure that the RSDT sub-projects’ environmental and social impacts were identified, assessed, evaluated and appropriately mitigated, managed and monitored as early as possible in the overall project management.

The Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) is in place to enhance the quality and efficiency of the works program. The RPF sets out the general terms under which land needed for the program is acquired and outlines the steps needed before any occupied land, whether part of the existing rights of way or outside them, can be entered and used in construction and reconstruction tasks. The RPF establishes a process for treating fully and fairly, and in a timely way, whatever rights to occupy such space that individuals and enterprises may have. The ESMF on the other hand has been prepared to satisfy national and state regulatory requirements as well as World Bank‟s mandate for project of such magnitude and it addresses the environmental and socio-economic consequences of the project. The framework also identifies the project-environment interactions during operational phase and defines standard procedures and methods for incorporating environmental and social concerns into the selection, planning and implementation of all sub-projects carried out under the project. Both the RPF & ESMF contain checklist for screening project activities for the potential environmental and social impacts, EA category and appropiate mitigation. In line with these provisions of the ESMF, the proposed Akure-Ilesha road was screened for potential adverse environmental and social impacts. The report of the screening also classified the EA category as B and recommended the preparation of ESIA for the mitigation of potential adverse impacts of the rehabilitation of the Akure-Ilesha Road Presented here is the Final Report of the ESIA of the Akure - Ilesha road rehabilitation and maintenance project which will be carried out in compliance with the provisions of the ESIA Decree 86 of 1992 and FMW’s Corporate Health, Safety and Environmental policy. The need for ESIA of road projects may be seen in the context of sustainable development, to:

 Ensure that environmental concerns are explicitly addressed and incorporated into the project decision making process,

 Anticipate and avoid, minimize or offset the adverse significant biophysical, social and other relevant effects of development proposals,

 Maintain eco-system and conserve bio-diversity,

 Protect the productivity and capacity of natural systems and the ecological processes which maintain their functions,

 Promote development that is sustainable and optimizes resource use and management opportunities.

1.2 Project Overview The project involves road rehabilitation through the widening (in places) and improving the pavement of the present roadway by grading and paving with asphalt surfacing. Small portions may be built on new alignments to bypass areas where significant disturbance to village properties and people would otherwise occur. In general, the project will involve some civil works, vegetation (bush) clearing, earth (soil) movement, topographic levelling, alignment and re- alignment of road segments, creation of road pavement, coal tarring, etc with potential environmental impacts. The works will be hosted and founded on surface and the near-surface earth

Project Location

The Akure-Ilesha road is located within co-ordinates (expressed in the Universal Traverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates of Zone 31 using Minna datum) 070082mN, 0842594mE and 074566mN, 0805470mE. The topography along the highway route which stretches through a distance of about 74km is gently undulating. It starts from the end of the dual carriage at Iwaraja Ilesha and terminates in Akure at the Akure-Ikere/Akure-Owo junction. It traverses Osun, and Ondo states and 5 Local Government Areas – Akure South, Ifedore (Ondo State), Atakunmosa East, Atakunmosa West and Oriade (Osun State) LGAs and transecting or outlying some urban and rural settlements (Figures 1.1-1.4). The topography along the highway is gently undulating. The Satellite image in Figure 1.5 shows the location of the Akure-Ilesha road (A122).

Figure 1.1: Map of Nigeria showing Ondo and Osun States Traversed by Akure-Ilesha Road (Red Line)

Figure 1.2: Map of Part of Southwestern Nigeria Showing the Akure-Ilesha Road Traversing Osun and Ondo States. (Modified After Spectrum Road Map, 2002)

Figure 1.3: Osun State Local Government Areas Traversed by Akure-Ilesha Road

Figure 1.4: Ondo State Local Government Areas Traversed by Akure-Ilesha Road

Figure 1.5: Satellite Image showing Akure - Ilesha (A122) Road (between red arrows)

1.3 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK The work scope of this project involves development of roads and highways and related activities. The constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria confers jurisdiction on the Federal Government to regulate the operations and development activities in this sector. These, together with applicable International conventions provide a basis for an ESIA of the project. The development will take account of the following Nigerian laws and regulations, and international conventions that apply to the subject development:

1.3.1 National Legislations  Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural/Sectoral Guidelines for Infrastucture development projects (1995) of the Federal Ministry of Environment Guideline

 Decree No. 58 of 30 December 1988: Federal Environmental Protection Agency Decree.  Decree No. 86 of 10 December 1992: National Environmental Protection (Management Procedure on Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations.  Federal Highways Draft Bill 2001 It provides guidelines and standards for construction, maintenance and operation of highways,  Quarries Act 350 LFN of 1990

(i) Federal Environmental Protection Agency Decree No 58 of 30 December 1988 (as amended by Decree 59 of 1992 and further amended by Decree 14 of 1999) The Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), now Federal Ministry of Environment (FME), was established by Decree No. 58 of 1988 (amended by the FEPA Decree 59 of 1992). The Agency has responsibility for the protection and development of the environment in general, and environmental technology, including initiation of policies in relation to environmental research and technology.

(ii) National Effluent Limitation Regulations 1991 This Decree was issued in 1991. It provides national Guidelines and Standards for industrial effluents, gaseous emissions, noise, air quality and hazardous wastes management for Nigeria.

(iii) National Environmental Protection (Pollution and Abatement in Industries in Facilities Producing Waste) Regulations, 1991 This provides general guidelines for the containment of pollution in industries that generate harmful wastes. These include:

Regulations S.1.8, S.1.9, S.1.15 of 15 August 1991  National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitation) Regulations S.I.8 (FEPA, 1991).  National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Wastes) Regulations – S.I.9 (FEPA, 1991).  National Environmental Protection (Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes) Regulation S.I. 15

Waste Notification Industries are obliged to notify the FMENV of all toxic hazardous and radioactive wastes which are stored on site or which are generated as part of operations (Regulations 1991, Article 2).

Waste Management With regard to waste management, a legal basis exists in Nigeria for the establishment and implementation of a “cradle-to-grave” tracking system. Specifically, the Solid and Hazardous Wastes Management Regulations 1991 provide for the establishment of a documentation scheme to cover the generation, transport, treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes.

(iv) Environmental Impact Assessment Decree No. 86 of 10 December 1992 This decree provides the guideline for activities or development projects for which ESIA is mandatory in Nigeria. Such developments include oil and gas fields, conversion of mangrove swamps covering area of 50 hectares or more for industrial use, land/coastal reclamation projects

8 involving an area of 50 hectares or more. Pursuant to this, the ESIA Decree No 86 sets out the procedure for prior consideration of environmental issues in certain categories of public and private development projects.

(v) Federal Ministry of Environment Sectoral Guidelines for ESIA The FEPA Act, cap 131, LFN, 1990 allocates powers of environment legislation making and enforcement to the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). In-line with its functions, FEPA has published the ESIA Sectoral Guidelines (revised in September 1995). The guidelines cover major development projects and are intended to inform and assist proponents in conducting ESIA studies.

(vi) Harmful Waste Decree No. 42 of 25 November 1988 Harmful Wastes (Special Criminal Provisions etc.).

(vii) Ordinance of 23 May 1937: Forest Ordinance - Northern Region and Decree No. 36 of 26 August 1991 Federal National Parks Decree For instance, Decree No. 86/92 (Management Procedure on Environmental Impact Assessment) includes a number of provisions concerning protected areas and makes an ESIA mandatory where: Logging or conversion of forestland to other land uses is planned to take place within river basin catchment areas and irrigation areas for hydropower generation.

(vii) National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Act 2007 NESREA is charged with the responsibility of enforcing all environmental laws, guidelines, policies, standards and regulations in Nigeria. It also has the responsibility to enforce compliance with provisions of international agreements, protocols, conventions and treaties on the environment

1.3.2 Other Environmental Regulations Governing Environmental Protection The environmental regulations related to the protection of environment include:

(i) Criminal Code Section 247 of the Nigerian Criminal code makes it an offence punishable with up to 6 months imprisonment for “Any person who: Violates the atmosphere in any place so as to make it noxious to the health of persons in general dwelling or carrying on business in the neighbourhoods or passing along a public way or, does any act which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe to be, likely to spread the infection of any disease dangerous to life, whether human or animal”.

(ii) Forestry Act, 1958 Provides for the preservation of forests and the setting up of forest reserves and makes it an offence, punishable with a fine of N100 or up to 6 months imprisonment to cut down trees over 2 feet in girth or to set fire to the forest except under special circumstances.

(iii) Land Use Decree 1978 States that “… it is also in the public interest that the rights of all Nigerians to use and enjoy land in Nigeria and the natural fruits thereof in sufficient quality to enable them to provide for the sustenance of themselves and their families should be assured, protected and preserved”.

1.3.3 Statutory Limits/Standards The Guidelines and standards for Environmental Pollutions Control in Nigeria (1991) of the Federal Ministry of Environment provides interim permissible effluent limits as protective measures against the indiscriminate discharge of particulate matter and untreated industrial effluent into lakes, rivers, estuaries, lagoons and coastal waters. The national limitations on effluent and gaseous emissions in Nigeria as applicable to the construction and operational phases of the proposed project are shown in Appendix 1. These statutory limits shall also form the basis for future environmental monitoring of the project.

1.3.4 State Legislation The Nigerian Constitution allows States to make legislations, laws and edicts on the Environment. The ESIA Decree No. 86 of 1992 also recommends the setting up of State Environmental Protection Agencies (SMENV), to participate in regulating the consequences of project development on the environment in their area of jurisdiction. SMENVs thus have the responsibility for environmental protection at the state level within their states. The functions of the SMENV s include:

 Routine liaison and ensuring effective harmonisation with the FMENV in order to achieve the objectives of the National Policy on the Environment;  Co-operate with FMENV and other relevant National Directorates/Agencies in the promotion of environmental education;  Be responsible for monitoring compliance with waste management standards;  Monitor the implementation of the ESIA and the Environmental Audit Report (EAR) guidelines and procedures on all developments policies and projects within the State.

In accordance with the provisions of Section 24 of Decree 58 of 1988 and Chapter 131 of the Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, the State Environmental Protection Agencies were formed in Akure –Ilesha which are important stakeholders in the proposed project because the site of the project is within the two States.

1.3.5 International Standards, Treaties and Conventions Global and Regional Treaties and Conventions are, in principle, binding in first instance on National Governments that accede to them. They are obliged to implement such arrangements through national legislation. At the international level, Nigeria is party to a number of

Conventions that are relevant to the proposed development project. UNEP (1991) provides an overview of applicable, international Treaties and conventions. The more relevant ones are reviewed briefly below:

(i) Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, including the Montreal Protocol and the London Amendment The objectives of this Convention adopted in 1985 are to protect human health and the environment against adverse effects resulting or likely to result from human activities which modify or are likely to modify the Ozone Layer and to adopt agreed measures to control human activities found to have adverse effects on the Ozone Layer.

(ii) Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals or Bonn Convention The Bonn Convention’s adopted in 1979 aims at the conservation and management of migratory species (including waterfowl and other wetland species) and promotion of measures for their conservation, including habitat conservation.

(iii) Convention on Biological Diversity The objectives of this Convention, which was opened for signature at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit and adopted in 1994, are the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies.

(iv) Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage or World Heritage Convention This Convention adopted in 1972 defines cultural and natural heritage. The latter is defined as areas with outstanding universal value from the aesthetic and conservation points of view.

1.3.6 Health, Safety and Environment Policies and Guidelines of FMW The following will be FMW’s objectives, targets and minimum environmental practice. It will be the policy of FMW to:

(i) establish and maintain the highest standards of occupational health, safety and environmental protection at work, so as to prevent personal injury or illness, property damage, fires security losses and environmental pollution and to ensure that its consumers and customers are provided with products that are safe in use by designing safety into all product and processes; (ii) Require its staff and contractors working on their behalf to apply health, safety and environmental matters; provide them with relevant information and discuss with them related company policies and practices;

(iii) Develop and maintain contingency procedures, in co-operation with authorities and emergency services, in order to minimise harm from accidents; (iv) Work with government and others in the development of improved regulations and industry standards, which relate to health, safety and environmental matters; (v) Conduct or support research towards the improvement of health, safety and environmental aspects of their products, processes and operations; (vi) Facilitate the transfer to others, freely or on a commercial basis, of know-how developed by the component companies in these fields.

HSE Commitment Statement will ensure that: “FMW is committed to:  Pursue the goal of no harm to people  Protect the environment  Use material and energy efficiently to provide products and services  Develop energy resources, products and services consistent with these aims  Consult with stakeholders and publicly report on performance  Manage Health, Safety and Environment matters as any other key business activity  Promote a culture in which all FMW employees, contractors and partners share this Commitment”.

In this way FMW intends to earn the confidence of the customers, shareholder and society at large, by being a good neighbour and contribute to sustainable development. In the implementation of these policies, FMW will be guided by the following objectives amongst others;  Collective and personal responsibility;  Regular consultation and the involvement of stakeholders;  Utilisation of best available equipment, materials, contractors, specialist services and operational methods;  Maintenance of clean, healthy and safe working environment;  Provision of appropriate protective clothing and equipment;  Safeguarding the health and safety of employees and protecting people, property and environment in hazardous/emergency planning/situations within the vicinity of FMW operations;  Maintaining adequate provisions for the prevention of fire, fire-fighting, fire evacuation;  Provide expert professional support on occupational health issues;  Have certified safety, health and environmental protection specialist;  establish and maintain close working relationship with all relevant Government Agencies;  Report and investigate incidents/accidents with potential damage to workers and environment and take necessary actions; and  Ensure that FMW minimum standards and Nigerian legislation product safety standards are achieved.

1.3.7 Organisation and Responsibilities

The responsibility for implementing the FMW HSE Policy will reside with Planning Division of the Highway Department.

1.3.8 World Bank Safeguard Policies Operational Directive 4.01 ‘Environmental Assessment’ (1991) The World Bank is committed to a number of operational and safeguards policies which aim to prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment in any development initiative involving the bank. These policies provide guidelines for bank and borrower staff in the identification, preparation, and implementation of programs and projects. There are ten World Bank Environmental/Safeguard Policies.

Relevant World Bank Safeguard Policies

The World Bank safegaurd policies that may be triggered by the proposed project are:

(i) World Bank Safeguard PolicyOP/BP 4.01: Environmental Assessment The is the umbrella policy for the Bank's environmental 'safeguard policies' which among others include: Natural Habitats (OP 4.04), Forests (OP 4.36), Pest Management (OP 4.09), Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11), and Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) The Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus improve decision making. Such EAs are carried out by the borrower to evaluate a project's potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence. The EA process analyzes project alternatives; identifies ways of improving project selection, siting, planning, design, and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts; and includes the process of mitigating and managing adverse environmental impacts throughout project implementation. The Bank favours preventive measures over mitigatory or compensatory measures, whenever feasible.

EA looks at the interaction of the project with the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and physical cultural resources); and where applicable, transboundary and global environmental aspects.World Bank safeguard policy and Nigeria EIA law are very similar indeed. However, in the event discordance between World Bank policy and the existing laws in Nigeria, the more stringent shall apply

Summary of Provisions: . States that all projects proposed for World Bank Group funding require EA review/analysis to ensure that they are environmentally and socially sound/sustainable. . An EA evaluates a project’s potential environmental impacts; examines project alternatives; identifies ways of preventing, minimizing, mitigating or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts. . EA considers: the natural environment (air, water and land); human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, cultural property); as well as, trans-boundary and global environmental aspects. . Projects are categorized based on environmental significance and the type of EA required.

Category A - projects are those whose impacts are sensitive, diverse, unprecedented, felt beyond the immediate project environment and are potentially irreversible over the long term. Such projects require full EA. Category ‘A’ projects require a full EIA undertaken by independent EA experts.

Category B - projects involve site specific and immediate project environment interactions, do not significantly affect human populations, do not significantly alter natural systems and resources, do not consume much natural resources (e.g., ground water) and have adverse impacts that are not sensitive, diverse, unprecedented and are mostly reversible. Category B projects will require partial EA, and environmental and social action plans.

Category C - Projects are mostly benign and are likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project, although some may require environmental and social action plans.

Category FI - A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental impacts.

. Project sponsors for Category A projects must prepare a Public Consultation and Disclosure Plan (PCDP) and an Environmental Action Plan (EAP). Project sponsor must consult project-affected groups and local NGOs at least twice: before TORs for EA are finalized and once a draft EA report is prepared. . During project implementation, the project sponsor reports on compliance with (a) measures as agreed upon with IFC, including implementation of an EAP; (b) status of mitigative measures; and (c) the findings of monitoring programs.

The World Bank Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook describe pollution prevention and abatement measures and emission levels that are normally acceptable to the Bank. However, taking into account borrower country legislation and local conditions, the Bank works with alternative emission levels and approaches to pollution prevention and abatement for projects. The EA report must provide full and detailed justification for the levels and approaches chosen for the particular project or site.

(ii) Operational Policy/Bank Procedure 4.04 - Natural Habitat - seeks to ensure that World Bank-supported infrastructure and other development projects take into account the conservation of biodiversity, as well as the numerous environmental services and products which natural habitats provide to human society

(iii) Operational Policy/Bank Procedure 4.36 - Forests. This policy aims to reduce deforestation, enhance the environmental contribution of forested areas, promote afforestation, reduce poverty, and encourage economic development.

(iv) Operational Policy 4.09 - Pest Management - policy recognizes that pesticides can be persistent and harmful to the environment for a long time. If pesticides must be used, the policy requires that Pest Management Plan (PMP) be prepared by the borrower, either as a stand-alone document or as part of an Environmental Assessment.

(v) Operational Policy /Bank Procedure 4.11 - Physical Cultural Resources seeks to avoid, or mitigate, adverse impacts on cultural resources from development projects that the World Bank finances. This project will not affect physical cultural resources because it requires no land acquisition.

(vi) Operational Policy 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement is concerned with situations involving involuntary taking of land and involuntary restrictions of access to legally designated parks and protected areas. The policy aims to avoid involuntary resettlement to the extent feasible, or to minimize and mitigate its adverse social and economic impacts. It promotes participation of displaced people in resettlement planning and implementation, and its key economic objective is to assist displaced persons in their efforts to improve or at least restore their incomes and standards of living after displacement.

Summary of Provisions: . Operational Policy 4.12 is forthcoming; projects must comply with OD 4.30, Involuntary Resettlement in the interim. . Aims to avoid or minimise the involuntary resettlement of people required for projects. . Applied wherever land, housing, or other resources are taken involuntarily from people. . Sets out procedures for baseline studies impact analyses and mitigation plans for affected people. . Project sponsors must implement a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), as specified in the policy. However, in the course of implementing the road project, a number of environmental and social safeguards policies will be triggered. Temporally shops and structures along the ROW of the road corridor will be displaced. This will result to involuntary displacement and disturbance of access to means of livelihoods, and therefore, triggering the World Bank's Operational Policy 4.12 (Involuntary Resettlement).

. RAP must address both physical resettlement and economic effects of displacement. . The physical cultural resource will not be affected because the project requires no land acqusition

1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Environmental impact is any alteration of the environmental conditions or creation of a new set of environmental conditions adverse or beneficial caused or induced by the action or set of actions under consideration. ESIA is the documentation of an environmental analysis, which includes identification, interpretation, prediction and mitigation of impacts caused by a proposed

15 action or project. FMW has commissioned this ESIA study in order to anticipate the impacts of road development on the environment. The objective is to articulate the mitigation measures that will be incorporated into the project Environmental Management Plan and design. The ESIA study which covers the baseline studies, consultation programmes, environmental quality assessment and impact prediction and quantification was conducted in consonance with the laid down procedures contained in the National Sectoral Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment (Decree 86 of 1992) for transportation development projects (roads and highways) issued by the Federal Ministry of Environment in 1995.

1.4.1 ESIA Objectives The main purpose of this ESIA is to establish a baseline of existing conditions in the project area and to assess proactively the potential impact associated impacts, including health, socio- economic and gender issues of the proposed construction and operation of the roads on the environment. It aims at ensuring sustainable development (i.e. the minimization of negative impacts) during project conception and implementation through the conduct of baseline pre- impact studies of the environment, systematic identification and evaluation of the potential impacts of proposed projects, plans, programme or legislative actions and mitigating negative impacts from the project as well as monitoring the environment during and after the project.The main specific objectives of the ESIA are to:

(i) establish the existing biological, physical and socio-economic conditions of the project area; (ii) characterize the environment, thereby identifying the resultant hazards (including social) associated with the project; (iii) identify, evaluate and predict the impacts of the project on the environment including socio-economic and health aspects with adequate interfacing and project interaction; (iv) make recommendations to eliminate/mitigate/control the magnitude and significance of the impacts; (iv) ensure proper consultation with the host communities around the proposed project site; (v) development of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) that will ensure environmental sustainability throughout the project life-span.

1.4.2 Scope of the ESIA The Scope of Work for the ESIA requires field observations, field measurements and laboratory analyses. It also covers all the phases of the road development and improvement project including mobilization, construction, operation, maintenance and decommissioning in as much as the activities take place within the field area and the access routes and in as far as these activities are within the responsibility of FMW. The study has focused on evaluating the potential environmental impacts due to road development activities thereby, providing guidelines for the project execution.

Detailed workscope for the ESIA includes:

 Project definition and preparation of TOR for the study in accordance with FMENV guidelines  Preparation of Preliminary Impact Assessment  Extensive literature search for theoretical support and direction.  Screening, preliminary impact assessment and scoping  Carrying out a detailed baseline survey involving field sampling and laboratory analysis of the collected samples  Predicting the potential impacts of project activities using appropriate models, and recommending options for mitigation of impacts  Development of a comprehensive Environmental Management Plan, including monitoring, decommissioning/abandonment and remediation plans  Preparation of detailed reports to meet FMENV standards.

1.4.3 Terms of Reference The Terms of Reference (TOR) used as a guide in executing and implementing the ESIA study of Akure-Ilesha road under Phase I of FRDP, rehabilitation and operation include the following tasks:

 Outline the general scope of the ESIA study including the overall data requirements on the proposed project and affected environment  Carry out the detailed Environmental baseline studies of the ambient environment;  Define the procedures and protocols for identification and assessment of associated and potential impacts;  Select appropriate mitigation measures for such impacts and develop an effective Environmental Management Plan for the project;  Define framework for interaction and integration of views of a multidisciplinary project team with regulators, host communities and other stakeholders;  Define relevant framework of legal and administrative requirements of the project.  Prepare the ESIA Report for the approval/permit to commence the projects from the Federal Ministry of Environment.

1.4.4 Methodology The methodology adopted for conducting this ESIA is as follows:

(i) Literature Search Desktop research was carried out to establish an environmental information database for the ESIA. Consulted materials include textbooks, articles, reports, maps and photographs, as specified in the references section to this report.

(ii) Field Work and Laboratory Analysis A reconnaissance survey was first undertaken to familiarize the ESIA Team with the proposed project area and to facilitate concept design of field work execution. Baseline data gathering and

17 laboratory analysis were then carried out to verify and complement information obtained from literature search. The fieldwork covered all the relevant aspects of the ecological and socio- economic environment.

(iii) Validation The systematic incorporation of expert opinions, as well as mathematical modeling techniques were used to identify potential environmental impacts and to predict their magnitudes and significance (empirical worst case scenario). Experts in the relevant fields (as listed in the list of report preparers) were consulted for their opinions on issues relating to the potential ecological impacts of the proposed project.

(iv) Consultation with Stakeholders Stakeholder consultation is a very important aspect of the ESIA study. The result of the process forms the basis for consultation with key stakeholders who are identified in Chapter 3 of this report.

(v) Project Logistics The logistic support for the project included the following:

 A preliminary project kick-off meeting was held between FMW and Professor Oluwole, the Project Consultants’ Team Leader. The meeting discussed the Terms of Reference prepared by the Clients in relation to the Work Plan submitted by the Contractor. The details of the Scope of Services for the Project were agreed upon;  A Pre-mobilization meeting before the fieldwork commenced;  Field Work and sample collection were carried out at the project site;  Consultation and interaction with Stakeholders within the communities along the route in project area;  Administration of ESIA survey questionnaires, FGD and in-depth interview;  Analysis of results;  Preparation of draft ESIA Report;  Submission of ESIA Report to the regulatory authority, FMENV.

1.5 Structure of the Report The ESIA report is presented in nine chapters. Chapter 1 is the Introduction. It gives relevant background information on the project, FMW (the ESIA proponent), the Statutory Regulations and project objectives. In addition, it highlights the environmental assessment process. Chapter 2 discusses justification for the project, project alternatives the proposed project and processes, namely, type, input and output of raw materials and products, project operation and maintenance and schedule. Chapter 3 describes the existing environmental status of the study area, consultations, institutional arrangement, budget for the implementation of ESMP and Chapter 4 identifies and predicts the potential impacts. Chapter 5 proffers mitigative and ameliorative measures. The project involves road rehabilitation through the widening (in places) and improving the pavement of the present roadway by grading and paving with asphalt surfacing. Small portions may be built on new alignments to bypass areas where significant disturbance to village properties and people would otherwise occur. In general, the project will

18 involve some civil works, vegetation (bush) clearing, earth (soil) movement, topographic levelling, alignment and re-alignment of road segments, creation of road pavement, coal tarring, etc with potential environmental impacts. The works will be hosted and founded on surface and the near- surface earth e adverse potential impacts identified. Chapter 6 presents the Environmental Management Plan that will be adopted throughout the project cycle. It also includes the Monitoring Plan that will ensure the effectiveness of the mitigative measures and the remediation plans after decommissioning/closure. Chapter 7 contains the Conclusions.

CHAPTER TWO

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 NEED FOR THE PROJECT Nigeria’s economy is highly dependent on good road network to facilitate haulage of people, goods and services. Its inadequacy can therefore be a serious constraint to national development. Handling increased traffic volumes efficiently require widen the existing road network through the rehabilitation of degraded portions. The Akure-Ilesha road is one of the major and shorter road linking our Federal Capital-Abuja and carrying the bulk of the commuter and goods. Development of this road would be a confidence reassurance measure to improve the movement of vehicles. The rehabilitation of the study road is also considered necessary to accommodate the existing and projected traffic demand, improve the transportation infrastructure of the states and promote economic development in and around the project corridors.

2.2 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES Study alternatives will be considered that best suit the purpose and need for the Project. Potential alternatives include (1) taking no action; (2) using alternative travel modes; (3) improving the existing facilities; and, (4) alternative alignments construction of a multi-lane, controlled access facility on new location. Design variations of alignment and grade will be incorporated into the study of each of the alternatives. In conceiving the development options and scenarios, the following main factors were also considered:

 availability of raw materials,  process facilities,  cost effectiveness and more effective utilization of resources.

2.2.1 No-Project A no-project or no-development scenario in which road development/improvement project is not executed. With the “no-project” option, existing levels of service and safety deficiencies in the project area will worsen as automobile and truck traffic volumes continue to increase and would make industrial and socio-economic development impossible or unaffordably expensive. This will negatively impact the nation’s economy that is highly dependent on good road network. This scenario is therefore rejected as it would prevent meeting the nation’s growing transport needs.

In general all the interactions with the communities were positive. They wanted the project to commence in earnest. The results of the public meetings and the completed questionnaires supported the Project and considered it a necessity to promote economic development and reduce poverty in the region.

2.2.2 Using Other Travel Modes Other modes of efficient passenger travel and goods movement over long distances include air, rail, transit, and marine. With regards to goods movement the only realistic alternative to trucking is rail. Rail, transit is feasible alternatives for transporting passengers. However,

20 currently there is no passenger and goods rail service between Akure and Ilesha and very limited distance transit service. Therefore other modes of travel are not seen as effective alternatives.

2.2.3 Alternative Alignments Alternative alignment options would be prohibitively expensive and more disruptive, and could lead to loss of revenues from diverted traffic. It would also entail very high costs for property acquisition and compensation claims, lost employment, a decreased tax base, and reduced access. This alternative is not acceptable as it would be prohibitively expensive.

2.2.4 Upgrading the Existing Roads Dualizing existing Akure-Ilesha road to a dual carriage will debottleneck the existing road network to facilitate more efficient haulage of people, goods and services. It will accommodate the existing and projected traffic demand, improve the transportation infrastructure of the region and promote economic development in and around the project corridors. This alternative is acceptable.

2.3 PROJECT BENEFITS There are tangible benefits some of which are listed below:

• reduce the transport operating cost by improving the riding quality of the road. • reduce journey time by minimizing congestion in urban centers. • minimize road accidents by increasing road widths, improving inter sections and road geometry. • upgrade roads to function in all weathers, by improving drainage and raising road levels. • provide route options to achieve better distribution of traffic. • minimize annual road maintenance costs. • minimize the environmental impact from road improvement works.

2.4 ENVISAGED SUSTAINABILITY The road development project will be undertaken according to best industry practice, including standard and time-tested design, standard construction methods, standard operational procedures and fully trained and qualified personnel to man the project. For any form of development to be sustainable, it should also incorporate an enhancement and the preservation of the existing environment. The sustainability of the project is based on the above premise and on the following specific considerations:  Time-tested standard civil designs as listed below. This will improve the life cycle costs, environmental performance and project economics;  All other works would follow Standard Construction methods of FMW so as to keep the disruption to the environment at acceptable levels;  The use of best available technology and effective waste management will be carried out to enhance environmental protection;  Operation, maintenance and upkeep of roads by periodic inspection in accordance with the operational procedures developed through FMW’s extensive experience.  Project management by fully trained and qualified personnel who are conversant with the FMW’s HSE policy guidelines;

2.5 TYPE OF PROJECT The project involves road rehabilitation through the widening (in places) and improving the pavement of the present roadway by grading and paving with asphalt surfacing. Small portions may be built on new alignments to bypass areas where significant disturbance to village properties and people would otherwise occur. In general, the project will involve some civil works, vegetation (bush) clearing, earth (soil) movement, topographic levelling, alignment and re- alignment of road segments, creation of road pavement, coal tarring, etc with potential environmental impacts. The works will be hosted and founded on surface and the near-surface earth.

2.6 PROJECT LOCATION The Akure-Ilesha road is located within co-ordinates (expressed in the Universal Traverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates of Zone 31 using Minna datum) 070082mN, 0842594mE and 074566mN, 0805470mE. The topography along the highway route which stretches through a distance of about 74km is gently undulating. It starts from the end of the dual carriage at Iwaraja Ilesha and terminates in Akure at the Akure-Ikere/Akure-Owo junction.

Plate 2.1:Akure-Ilesha Road at Iwaraja Plate 2.2: Akure-Ilesha Road at Ikere Jct in Akure

2.7 EXISTING CONDITIONS OF PROJECT ROAD The project covered a distance of 74 kilometer and involved 5 metres right of way (ROW) on either side and from the edge of the road. A site assessment of the project roads, covering the full length of approximately 74km from the Ado-Ekiti junction in Akure to Iwaraja junction in Ilesha. The objectives of this study were:

 To assess the present condition of the local network at each location so as to determine the present state of effects of the local environment

 To ascertain the details of the road geometry (width, slopes, curvature, etc) pavement construction method and pavement conditions, drainage location and condition of structures;  To ascertain the present site of the road development in its locality, the communities served by the section of the highway, the common goods moved, the alternative mode of transportation, problems militating transport and travel within these locations.

The following were the observations made during the survey:

2.7.1 Shoulders of the Road The existing single lane in general was 7.30m wide and the width of the existing shoulders varied from 1.20 to 1.5m (of the required width of 2.75m) the condition of which was mostly heavily vegetated (especially after FUTA at Akure), eroded or non-existent. Even though originally paved with asphaltic material, the condition of the roads ranged from fair to poor and has fallen below acceptable standards in places because of neglect and inadequate maintenance. Akure-Ilesha road was generally fairly good with less frequent pavement distress features like potholes, cracks, ruts, edge failure and erosion (especially around Erinmo and Ilara Mokin ) bad shoulders with loss of surfacing).

Plate 2.3: ROW Encroachment by Structures

Plate 2.4: Common View of Shoulder Conditions along Akure-Ilesha Road

2.7.2 Pavement The pavement of the existing Akure-Ilesha road was mostly of naturally occurring lateritic materials stabilized with cement as sub-base course and crushed stone as base course. The surfacing is of hot-rolled asphaltic concrete. Some portions of the pavement have deteriorated; these will have to be rehabilitated along with the road The Ondo State section was fairly good with less frequent pavement failures but shouldiers over- grown by bush especially around FUTA gate in Akure.

Plate 2.5: Segments of Road Pavement Failure and Pot holes along Akure-Ilesha Road

2.7.3 Existing Alignment The alignment generally traverses a flat to gently rolling terrain. Most of the existing road between Iwaraja junction and Erinmo has long straight sections but rough elevation while section between Owena and Akure has sharp corners. The horizontal and vertical alignments appear sufficient for the proposed road design of 100km/hr. However, some of the horizontal alignment has to be improved upon to satisfy geometric design requirements.

Plate 2.6: Common Alignment on Akure-Ilesha Road

2.7.4 Drainage The project road is criss-crossed by many rivers. There are therefore various types of existing drainage structures – mainly bridges and culverts along the route to ensure adequate drainage and maintenance of moisture equilibrium throughout the year. This is apparently because of the high incidence of rainfall and the fact that the terrain is rolling thus forming many water pathways. However, from the assessment, it was noticed that over a significant part of the road, side drains were not provided which is likely one of the reasons why the pavement has completely failed in places.

2.7.5 Traffic Volume A 7-day-16-hour traffic count conducted from 7am to 7pm at locations along the route indicated the following trend in traffic volume. The points chosen for the survey include Iwaraja junction, FUTA gate and Ado Ekiti Junction. By and large, the traffic along the single-lane Akure-Ilesha road is heavy, consisting of 23% trucks while cars and buses/pick-ups shared the rest almost equally. This project road leads to different mojor cities like Abuja, Ekiti and so on. This could be easily taken as the reason for the high proportion of cars and buses/pick-ups

2.7.6 Road Furniture The traditional highway furniture such as road markings and safety warning signs and kilometre posts for proper direction of traffic are not common on the project roads. The few ones provided along the roads are not obeyed by the road user.

Plate 2.7: Some of the Few Road Signage Infrastructure

2.8 DESIGN STANDARDS The horizontal and vertical alignments of this route as they exist will in a lot of cases meet with the design standards required of Federal highways by the Federal Ministry of Works without much impediment and re-alignment. In general, the road design shall be carried out to the Federal Ministry of Works’ “Highway Manual Part I – Design”, unless when this is not justifiable due to site constraints or economic considerations. The design speed required is 100Km/hr. Where re-alignment is considered, after examining various alternatives, long stretches joined by large curves of minimum radius 300m will be aimed at. Permanent features like bridges and culverts shall be provided in accordance with the Federal Highways standards.

The design standards upon which the road development shall be based are as follows:

Design Rehabilitation Road Project

(i) Design Speed 100km/hr (ii) Type of Road Single lane carriageway (iii) Carriageway Width 8.0m (iv) Shoulder Width 2.5m (v) Drainage 2.5m (vi) Maximum Grade 5% (vii) Pavement Laterite subbase, crushed stone base course, with thickness specified after determination of the soil bearing capacity (viii) Surfacing AC binder and wearing courses shall be used for pavement/Surfacing Design) (ix) Design parameters Curve radius, curve lengths, sight distances and other parameters shall correspond to the 100km/hr design speed.

2.9 INPUT AND OUTPUT OF RAW MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS

2.9.1 Raw Material Supply Major inputs in the road project include the various construction equipment and machinery for vegetation (bush) clearing, earth (soil) movement, topographic levelling, alignment and re- alignment of road segments, creation of road pavement, coal tarring and construction materials including bitumen, gravel and fill material usually excavated on site. The coal burning residual/bottom ash has also been used widely as a subgrade material.

2.9.2 Process Inputs Road pavement is usually of lateritic materials stabilized with cement as sub-surface course and crushed stone as base course while the surfacing is of hot-rolled asphaltic concrete

2.9.3 Sources of Energy Available to the Project Petroleum products which include motor gasoline, dual purpose kerosene, automotive gas oil, liquefied petroleum gas, low- and high-pour fuel oil and base oil represent major energy sources in Nigeria available to the project.

2.10 ROJECT OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE Optimum highway operation will ensure free flow of traffic at the designed speed to avoid frequent acceleration/deceleration which is environmentally undesirable) and maintain high level of safety. Road infrastructure will therefore be maintained to achieve these objectives by periodic inspection of roads to maintain good drainage, bridges and culverts in functional conditions, and rehabilitation as necessary for timely rectification of road failures through reworking or strengthening of base and sub-bases of deteriorated pavement to improve their structural integrity and asphalt surfacing as necessary, clearing of road shoulders of bush and maintaining adequate road furniture.

2.11 PROJECT LIFE CYCLE The project will go through conceptual/design stages (in which the ESIA outputs will be fed back into improving the final design for sustainable development). During the construction and operational phases, negative environmental impacts identified in this ESIA (and documented in the Environmental Management Plan) will be guarded against. At the end of project life span, the decommissioning plan will be activated.

2.12 PROJECT SCHEDULE The total duration from zero date to commissioning of plant is 12 months. The remaining phases required prior to construction include completion of the environmental impact assessment and screening, detailed field survey and geometric design, and acquisition of the required right of way especially for the Owena-Akure section of the expressway. This is estimated to take one to two years to complete. Construction thereafter will depend on the availability of funding. The project of the expressway is expected to be maintained and to remain in operation indefinitely.

CHAPTER THREE

DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

3.1 Introduction This chapter presents the environmental (biophysical, health and social) setting of the study area along Akure and Ilesha road. In this study, the environmental characteristics of the project area were established through extensive literature search, field sampling/measurements, laboratory analysis, stakeholder consultation and data interpretation. Gaps in environmental baseline information of the area were identified, and fieldwork activities designed to acquire additional data to fill these gaps was then planned and conducted.

3.2 Baseline Data Acquisition Methods Prior to commencing baseline studies, known issues and impacts identified from some of the ESIA projects review were used in further developing the scope of this study. These identified issues were complemented by examining inventory of potential negative impacts of major energy and industry developments as contained in the Guidelines for Environment Assessment of Energy and Industry Projects, Vol. 111, World Bank Technical Paper no. 154. Environment Department.

3.2.1 Sampling Methods and Field Measurement

A two-season fieldwork was embarked upon for the biophysical as well as social and health studies. The field sampling and measurement was carried out between September 20 and September 23, 2011 for wet season fieldwork and between January 30 and February 3, 2012 for the dry season. FMENV Guidelines and Standards were strictly adhered to in the course of field sampling and measurement. A multi-disciplinary approach was adopted for the ecological characterization and data acquisition. The environmental components covered include topography, climate/Meteorology, air quality, and noise soil, vegetation, animal ecology, aquatic systems including ecology and fisheries, geology/geophysics/hydrogeology, socio-economics, health status assessment and waste management. The sampling points were geo-referenced using Global Positioning System (GPS).The coordinates were used to generate sampling and location map for the study area ( see Figure 3.1) . Parameters with short-holding time were determined in-situ using calibrated instruments. Detailed field sampling methodologies are provided in Appendix

810000 820000 830000 840000 850000 860000 745000 745000

Ado-Ekiti Junction 740000 740000 Akure

735000 735000 Ilara Mokin Junction Igbara oke Junction 730000 730000 A Owena River k Owena u r e 725000 -I 725000 le s h a R 720000 o 720000 a d

715000 Ikeji-Arakeji Junction 715000 Legend ROW Erin Oke Junction 710000 Water Sample Afariogun 710000 Soil Sample

Air & Noise Ipetu-Ijesha Junction Erinmo 705000 705000

Contour lines are in feet (ft) Iwaraja Junction

810000 820000 830000 840000 850000 860000

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 cm Figure 3.1: Sampling and Location Map of the Study Area

3.2.2 Quality Assurance/Control Procedure Quality Assurance/quality Control (QA/QC) procedures covered all aspects of the study, including sample collection, handling, laboratory analyses, data coding and manipulation, statistical analyses, presentation and communication of results. Chain of

29 custody procedures including sample handling, transportation, logging and cross- checking in the laboratory were also implemented. All analyses were carried out in FMENV accredited laboratories. The methods of analyses used in this study were those specified in EGASPIN 2002 and other internationally accepted analytical procedures, in order to ensure the reliability and integrity of the data obtained. Details of the sampling procedures and the laboratory analysis methods used are presented in Appendix

3.3 Description of the Baseline Status of the Project Area Below is the description of the baseline status of environmental components of the proposed rehabilitation of Akure-Ilesha Road.

3.3.1 Climate/Meteorology The climate of the area can be described as humid, semi hot equatorial type with high rainfall. There are two seasons namely, the rainy season and dry season. The wet season from April to October and the dry season from November to March, is typical of the area. Although weather/climatic data were collected during the field study, historical data were also collected from the Nigerian Meteorological Agencies (NIMET) covering the period 2002-2011 for Akure and Osogbo, representative of the study area and are expected to be no different. The main characteristics of the climate and meteorology of the study area is described below.

3.3.2 Air Temperature Temperatures are generally high throughout the year in the project area, with monthly minima and maxima of about 22oC and 34oC, respectively and an annual mean of 32oC. On a diurnal basis, maximum temperature occurs between 1300 and 1500h while minimum temperature occurs between 0100 and 0600h. Air temperature values are generally slightly higher for the dry season months (32.4-35.0oC) than the wet season months (28.0-32.8oC) (Figures 3.2a & 3.2b).

OSHOGBO

Temperature(oC) 0

FEB JUN JUL SEP JAN MAR APRMAY AUG OCTNOV DEC Month30 TMAX TMIN

AKURE 40 35 30 25 20 15

Temperature(oC) 5

FEB JUN JUL SEP JAN MAR APRMAY AUG OCTNOV DEC Month TMAX TMIN

Figures 3.2a-b: Temperature Regime in the Project Area Source: Nigerian Meteorological Agencies (NIMET)

The highest mean temperature values occur in the month of February at the peak of the dry season while the lowest temperature occurs in the month of August at the peak of the wet season. During the field studies, the temperatures recorded at various sampling locations along Akure-Ilesha road which ranged from 32.6-34.8oC in the dry season and from 28.4-31.5oC in the wet season fall within the historical range of temperatures for the area (Table 3.1).

3.3.3 Relative Humidity The mean monthly RH for the area is shown in Figures 3.3a & 3.3b with the highest values occurring in July (92%) and August (92%) and lowest values recorded in December (76%), January (68%) and March (78%). As expected, mean monthly relative humidity values are high for the wet season months when the influence of the moisture-laden southwesterlies is greatest. During the field monitoring, daily relative humidity of 69-88% was recorded for wet season and 52-62% for dry season (Table 3.1). Maximum relative humidity values generally occurred between 0700h and 0900h while minimum relative humidity values were recorded between 1000h and 1600h.

AKURE 100 80

RalativeHumidity(%) 0

JAN FEB APR JUN JUL SEP OCT DEC MAR MAY AUG NOV Month 9 HOURS 15 HOURS

Figures 3.3a &b: Relative Humidity Regime in the Project Area Source: Nigerian Meteorological Agencies

3.3.4 Rainfall Rainfall in the project area is generally high, with mean total annual rainfall of 1353.3mm and 1418.2mm for Akure and Osogbo, respectively. The rainfall pattern shows a double maxima resulting in two identifiable seasons: the raining season (April to October) typified by the southwest trade winds and the dry season (November to March) characterized by the northeast trade winds which bring harmattan. Rainfall is heaviest during the months of May and June. About 65% of the total rainfall occurs between April and September whilst only about 10% of the annual total falls between November and February.

3.3.5 Wind Speed and Direction The project area has a calm weather with wind speed ranging between 0.5 m/s to 5.7m/s (Figure 3.4). The mean surface wind speed and direction are influenced by seasonal variation. Two main air masses alternate with the season. During the dry season, the northeast winds predominate while the southwest winds are dominant during the wet season (Figure 3.4). The highest wind speed is recorded at the onset of the wet season when early rains are torrential and accompanied by squalls, lightning, and thunder. The wind speeds are lower in the nights than during the days. During the field study the mean wind speed varied from 1.0 to 2.2m/s during the wet season and 1.3 – 3.2 m/s during the dry season.

Figure 3.4: Prevailing Wind Directions in the Study Area (Source: Nigerian Meteorological Agencies)

Table 3.1: Summary of Weather Conditions Recorded at Various Sampling Stations along Akure-Ilesha Road (Wet And Dry Season Field Studies)

Station Season Temperature Relative Wind Speed Wind oC Humidity m/s Direction % SS1 Dry 32.6 58 2.5 N Wet 31.3 88 2.2 SW SS2 Dry 34.0 62 1.9 NW Wet 31.5 80 2.1 SW SS3 Dry 34.4 57 1.6 NE Wet 30.4 81 2.8 SSE SS4 Dry 33.8 52 1.8 NW Wet 31.5 69 3.2 SW SS5 Dry 33.7 62 2.0 E Wet 29.4 81 1.9 SW SS6 Dry 34.8 59 2.0 N Wet 31.3 80 2.5 SSE SS7 Dry 34.0 58 1.2 N Wet 30.5 87 2.5 SW Wet 31.5 72 2.5 S SS8 Dry 34.1 62 2.2 E Wet 28.4 77 1.8 SW Source: Field work 2011&2012

3.3.6 Air Quality The ambient air concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), SO2, H2S and VOC measurement were measured using VRAE Multi gas analyzer from RAE System Inc in United State of America. Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) was determined with Air metric sampler and handheld model PDR-1000AN monitor. The air samples were collected at heights of 1.6m above ground level. Overall, air quality was measured over eight locations including control point.

Table 3.2: Sampling Coordinates for Air Pollutants and Noise Measurements S/N Location Northing Easting

1 Iwaraja Junction 842602 700847 2 Omo Ijesha Junction 841223 705362 3 Erin Oke Junction 835116 707700 4 Owena 818611 722170 5 Ilara Mokin 812112 732099 6 Akure 806981 738138 7 Ado-Ekiti Junction 805489 745128 8 Afariogun Village (Control Point) 831060 708527 Source: Field work 2011&2012

A summary of the findings of the ambient air quality measurements taken for the project area is presented in Table 3.3a with due reference to FMENV standards.

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) 3 SPM concentrations ranged from 60 to 206μg/m in the study area for dry season and wet season. Although the SPM value was relatively high at some locations in the immediate environment of the project, the values along Akure –Ilesha road and communities were below FMENV maximum allowable levels of 250g.m-3 for the Nigerian environment in the remote areas.

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) The levels of SO2 were ranged from <0.01 to 0.01ppm during both the wet and dry seasons and within the FMENV limits of 0.10ppm. Anthropogenic contribution to SO2 load was apparently insignificant at some locations along the proposed project area and neighbouring communities.

Oxides of Nitrogen (NO & NO2) Low levels of NO and NO2 were measured for both dry and wet seasons at all sampling locations. The values obtained (<0.01-0.01ppm) are well within the FMENV limits of 0.04- 0.06ppm. The lowest concentrations were measured at the locations remote to roads and petroleum combustion activities.

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Carbon monoxide has a very short atmospheric life span. As expected therefore, low concentrations were obtained at most of the sampled sites, except Erin Oke Junction and Ilara mokin with elevated concentrations between <1ppm and 2ppm in the dry and wet seasons, which are still within the FMENV limits of 10ppm.

Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) The levels of H2S were less than 0.01ppm with no significant spatial and seasonal variations in the data obtained except Omo Ijesha due to the dumping site along the road. The predominant source of ambient H2S is the anaerobic degradation of wastes. Although there are no standards set for H2S, the low levels obtained should not attract any precautionary measures.

Non-Methane Hydrocarbon (NMHC) The values obtained for NMHC were very low (<0.01-0.01ppm) and several orders within the FMENV limit of 160g/m3 at all the sampling locations. The results indicate that there are low fugitive emissions of VOC along Akure-Ilesha.

Table 3.3a: Air Quality Characteristics of the Project Area (Wet and Dry Seasons)

Sampling Station SPM SO2 NO NOx CO H2S NMHC

-3 g.m ppm Iwaraja Junction (Dry) 131.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 <1.00 <0.01 <0.01 Iwaraja Junction (Wet) 110.00 <0.01 0.01 0.01 1.00 <0.01 <0.01

Omo Ijesha Junction (Dry) 135.00 0.01 0.01 <0.01 <1.00 <0.01 <0.01

Omo Ijesha Junction (Wet) 100.00 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 1.00 0.01 <0.01 Erin Oke Junction (Dry) 188.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 2.00 <0.01 0.01

Erin Oke Junction (Wet) 90.70 <0.01 0.01 0.01 2.00 <0.01 <0.01

Owena (Dry) 168.00 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 1.00 <0.01 <0.01 Owena (Wet) 60.00 <0.01 0.01 0.01 1.00 <0.01 <0.01

Ilara Mokin (Dry) 142.00 <0.01 0.01 0.01 2.00 <0.01 <0.01

Ilara Mokin (Wet) 90.00 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 1.00 <0.01 <0.01 Akure (Dry) 206.00 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 2.00 <0.01 <0.01 Akure (Wet) 65.00 <0.01 0.01 0.01 1.00 <0.01 <0.01 Ado-Ekiti Junction (Dry) 117.00 <0.01 0.01 0.01 <1.00 <0.01 <0.01

Ado-Ekiti Junction (Wet) 70.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 1.00 <0.01 <0.01 Afariogun Village (Dry) 150.00 <0.01 0.01 0.01 1.00 <0.01 <0.01 Afariogun Village (Wet) 69.50 0.01 0.01 0.01 1.00 <0.01 <0.01

Source: Field work 2011&2012

Table 3.3b: Regulatory Standards for Ambient Air Quality S/N Contaminant Averaging Maximum Concentration (µg/m3) Period WHO FMENVa World Bankb 1. CO 1 – Hr 30,000 8 – Hr 22,800 10,000 24 – Hr 11,400 2. NOX 24 – Hr 200 75 – 113 150 0.04-0.06ppm 3 SO2 1 – Hr 125 260(0.1ppm) 24 – Hr 26(0.01ppm) 4 O3 24 – Hr 100-120 5. PM2.5 24 – Hr 25 6. PM10 24 – Hr 80 7 Non –Methane HC 160 8. TSP 1 – Hr 600 24 – Hr 250 80 aSource: FMENV (1991); bSource: World Bank (1998)

3.3.7 Noise The noise levels (Table 3.4) varied from 47.9 to 70.5dB (A) in the dry season and from 57.0 to 69.0dB (A) in the wet season. The highest noise level was recorded at Ado-Ekiti junction due to the high level of traffic while lowest noise level was recorded at Afariogun (rural) community. The main sources of sound in the project area are vehicular traffic and human conversation. Slight seasonal variations observed in the data were not significant. The results indicate that the mean noise levels recorded at the different receptors within the project area were below the Maximum Allowable Laeq (Hourly) of 90dB (A) limit of FMENV.

Table 3.4: Noise Characteristics of the Project Area (Wet and Dry Seasons) Noise Level Sampling Station LAeq(dBA) Wet season Dry season 64.80 Iwaraja Junction 58.40 Omo Ijesha Junction 63.40 57.20 Erin Oke Junction 62.70 60.90 Owena 65.10 60.00 Ilara Mokin 64.30 59.50 Akure 66.50 64.40 Ado-Ekiti Junction 69.00 70.50 Afariogun Village 57.00 47.90 Source: Field work 2011&2012

3.3.8 Soil The Akure-Ilesha road is underlain by four major soils. These soils which are derived from basement complex rocks comprise broad groups of poorly drained and well upland drained soils. The well drained soils covered over 70% of the study area and have good potential to support arable crops. The coordinates of the soil sample is given in Table 3.5 while the physical and chemical properties of the soils of the proposed rehabilitation Akure-Ilesha road are presented for the wet and dry seasons in Table 3.6.

Table 3.5: Sampling Coordinates for Water Quality S/N Source Northing Easting

1 Iwaraja Junction 842586 700855 2 Afariogun Junction 831062 708527 3 Ilara Mokin Junction 812081 732063 4 Akure 807007 738129 5 Ado Ekiti Junction 805488 745108 Source: Field work 2011&2012

3.3.8.1 Physical Properties In general, the soils ranged in texture from sand to sandy loam in the topsoil (top 15cm of soil profile) with the sand fraction varying from 69.0% to 85.0% with mean values of 76.4 ± 6.3% and 67.5 ± 13.5% in the top 15cm and the subsoil horizons respectively and the silt fractions from 6.9% to 12.0% (means of 8.6 ± 5.1% and 11.1 ± 6.5% in top and sub soil layers respectively. The soils were moderately aerated, as porosity values (computed from measured bulk density values) ranged from 47.0 to 52.0%, with mean values of 50.0 ± 2.8% in the top soils.

3.3.8.2 Chemical Properties The soils are characterised by acidic reaction (pH range of 4.5 to 5.7 in the surface 15cm to pH 4.6 to 5.3 at lower depths with mean values of 5.4 ± 0.36 and 5.0 ± 0.19 for the top and sub-soil horizons, respectively), low EC (58-190µS/cm) and low organic matter (1.08-4.43%), total nitrogen (0.05-0.38% with mean for top and sub-soils of 1.05±0.20 and 0.83±1.8%, respectively). Contents of available phosphorus were moderate to high in the soils with available P ranging from 10.6 to 31.3 ppm for all soils and mean values of 18.2±7.3ppm in top soils and 16.7±5.8ppm in the sub soils, while the concentrations of other anions were low to moderate and composed mainly of nitrates (0.06-0.32ppm); ammonium (0.12-19.5ppm) and sulphates (0.76- 8.56ppm). The chloride concentrations were generally low (77.6-995ppm). Contents of exchangeable cations were either low or moderate. Range of values of exchangeable cations in the soils was for potassium, 0.06 to 0.26 cmol/Kg soil, calcium, 2.03 to 5.21 cmol/Kg soil; magnesium, 1.50 to 2.71 cmol/Kg soil, and sodium, 0.08 to 0.18cmol/Kg, low ECEC 3.88-4.85 cmol/Kg and moderate to high base saturation values (82-98%).

Heavy metal and hydrocarbon contents of the soils were generally low and of little or no environmental consequences. Contents of iron (Fe) varied widely from 119.5 to 230.7 ppm

(mean = 188.4 ± 67.5ppm and 201.6±45.7 in the top and subsoil layers, respectively). Values of Mn varied from 63.2 to 125.9µg/g with mean values of 89.3±35.28 µg/g in surface soils and 117.6±34.13 µg/g in the subsurface layers. The soils contain adequate concentrations of other microelements or heavy metals for the healthy growth of plants. There was no indication of accumulation of microelements (Table 3.6) as a result of past/present farming practices or industrial activities or the construction of the existing road.

Table 3.6: Summary of Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Soils of the Project Area Mean/Season 1Normal Soil Parameters Values Dry Wet pH 4.6-5.5 4.5-5.7 5.0 – 6.0 EC, μS/cm 48.2-210.0 58-190 % OM 0.72-2.25 1.08-4.43 1.0 % N 0.05-0.25 0.05-0.38 0.15 NO3, ppm 0.02-0.180 0.06-0.32 +1 NH4 , ppm 0.22-4.26 0.12-19.5 6-10 Available P, ppm 8.58-20.6 10.6 - 31.3 7-20

SO4 ppm 0.55-7.10 0.76-8.56 Cl, ppm 58.2-615.0 77.6-995.3 Na, cmol/kg 0.12-0.21 0.08 to 0.18 K, cmol/kg 0.10-0.22 0.06 - 0.26 Ca, cmol/kg 3.15-4.68 2.03 to 5.21 2-5 Mg, cmol/kg 2.02-2.26 1.50 to 2.71 0.1-10 ECEC cmol/kg 3.33-5.25 3.88-4.85 8.0 – 16 Base Saturation, % 80-98 82-98 50 Fe, ppm 130.0-280.4 119.5 - 230.7 4.5 mg/kg Mn, ppm 55.8-115.1 63.2 - 125.9 1.0 Zn, ppm 2.65-6.50 3.22-8.15 1.0 Cu, ppm 0.22-1.14 0.27-0.65 0.2 Cr, ppm 0.32-1.10 0.37-1.13 Cd, ppm 0.01-0.04 0.01-0.03 Ni, ppm 0.10-0.22 0.14-0.22 V, ppm 0.01-0.06 0.01-0.05 Pb, ppm 0.82-3.48 1.01-3.54 Hg, ppm 0-0.0 0.0-0.0 THC, ppm 4.45-8.75 6.52 - 18.25 30 Clay % 4.9-32.4 3.0-36.1 Silt % 5.2-15.6 5.9-12.0 Sand % 62.4-79.5 59.0-85.0 Source: Field work 2011&2012 &1Alloway, 1990

The total hydrocarbon concentrations of the soils of the study area were low with values varying widely from 6.5 to 18.2 mg/g THC (mean values of 12.2±6.6 mg/g and 8.1±5.7mg/g for the top and sub soils, respectively). These could be from biogenic sources (decaying plant and animal parts - suberins, waxes, chitin etc). There is therefore no addition of hydrocarbon from anthropogenic or pathogenic sources within the study area.

3.3.8.3 Soil Microbiology Total heterotrophic bacteria abundance ranged from 3.20-8.26x105 and 2.85-7.25x105 CFU g-1 in the surface and subsurface samples respectively during the dry season. During the wet season, the counts were slightly higher ranging from 3.83-8.88 x105 and 1.83-8.25x105 CFU g-1 in the surface and subsurface samples, respectively. The pre-dominant heterotrophic bacterial isolates were Bacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Serratia sp, Escherichia sp, Vibro sp, Flavobacterium sp and Alkalegenes sp. The abundance of heterotrophic fungi varied from 2.50- 5.15 x103 and 3.12-6.33x103 CFU g-1 in surface and subsurface samples in the dry-season. Lower counts were observed during the wet season. The major fungal isolates are Penicillium sp, Aspergillus sp, Candida sp, and Mucor sp. Hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi in the surface and subsurface were higher during the wet season sampling than during the dry season. Heterotrophic bacteria and fungi were generally more numerous in the surface than subsurface. This trend may be related with availability of more organic material and better growth conditions in the surface than the subsurface. The low percentage of hydrocarbon utilizes to heterotrophy (less than 5%) in both seasons indicates that the soils have no recent anthropogenic hydrocarbon pollution.

3.3.8.4 Land Use The predominant types of vegetation traversed along Akure-Ilesha road are secondary forest regrowth, with sparse population of various food crops. Major changes, which had occurred during the wet season sampling included denser thicket and taller canopy stature of the predominant vegetation types, greener colouration of the leaves for both planted crops and wild plants and the submergence of some low growing grasses in the lowland areas along the proposed rehabilitation road.

The primary use of land in the communities along the proposed rehabilitation road is for agriculture. Most of the land area was cultivated to arable crops such as cassava (Manihot spp.), followed by cocoyam (Xanthsomonas spp.), yam (Dioscorea spp), yam (Dioscorea spp) and vegetables (Telferia, Amaranths spp) in a descending order. The lands were also cultivated to some deep-feeding tree crops such as oil palm (Eleais guineensis), and cashew (Anarcardium occidentalis) trees and in a few upland places such as Owena areas there were Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) tree plantations.

3.3.9 Geology and Hydrogeology 3.3.9.1 Geology of the Project Area The geology underlying the proposed Rehabilitation road is composed of Precambrian Basement Complex rocks . The geology and the lithological units along the rehabilitation road are contained in

Table 3.7.

Table 3.7: The Geology Beneath the Proposed Benin-Osogbo Rehabilitation road

VES Site Description Geology Lithological Unit Loc. 1 Akure (Ondo State) Basement Complex Migmatite Gneiss 2 Ilara Mokin (Ondo State) Basement Complex Charnockite 3 Owena-Igbara Oke (Ondo Basement Complex Migmatite Gneiss State) 4 Abule-Fariogun Junction, Basement Complex Migmatite Gneiss Ipetu (Osun State) 5 Iwaraja Junction (Osun State) Basement Complex Metasediment (Sources of Geological Information: Rahaman, 1976; Geological Survey Nigeria, 1974; Offodile, 2002)

3.3.9.2 Geophysical Studies Geophysical investigation involving Schlumberger vertical electrical soundings (VES) was carried out along the proposed rehabilitation road at five (5) localities at intervals varying from 6.0 – 15.0 km. The depth sounding measurements were required for both near and sub-surface soil resistivity determination and sub-surface imaging for stratigraphic sequence delineation. The description and geographical co-ordinates of the VES stations are shown in Table 3.6 .

3.3.9.3 Hydrogeological Characteristics The proposed rehabilitation road is mainly basement complex terrains.The groundwater within the segment underlain by the basement complex area (VES 1-5) is contained in weathered and or fractured basement columns. Groundwater yield is dependent on the degree of weathering and fracturing. It is highest where groundwater flow is assisted by fractures. The groundwater table varies from few meters, in basement complex area, to several tens of meters.

Table 3.8: VES Stations and the GPS Geographic Co-ordinates.

VES Site Description UTM (Zone 31) Geographic Coordinate Easting; Northing Latitude; Longitude 1 Ala-Elefosan (Ondo State) 761159; 783808m 7o 05.14’; 5o 21.85’ 2 Ilara Mokin (Ondo State) 732170; 812054m 7o 20.53’; 5o 06.19’ 3 Owena-Igbara Oke (Ondo State) 722899; 819098m 7o 24.38’; 5o 01.17’ 4 Abule-Fariogun Junction, Ipetu 708623; 830943m 7o 30.84’; 4o 53.44’ (Osun State) 5 Iwaraja Junction (Osun State) 700951; 842585m 7o 37.17’; 4o 49.29’ Source: Field work 2011&2012

Recharges and Discharges

The major source of aquifer recharge in the project area is surface precipitation (rainfall). The high annual average rainfall over the area ensures adequate groundwater recharge. Other sources include lateral water movement from streams and rivers and basal groundwater flow.

Discharge sources include groundwater abstraction from boreholes located within the project area and evapo-transpiration.

3.3.9.4 Geophysical (Geoelectric) Characteristics General Features of the VES Curves The VES curves are the H, K, HA, KH, KQ and QH type. Geoelectric Parameters and Geoelectric/Stratigraphic Sections The subsurface geoelectric sequence is determined by the geology. The characteristics are the following:

Basement Complex Environment for VES 1-5;

1st Layer: Topsoil: Clay/Sandy Clay/Clayey Sand. Resistivity: 31 - 621 ohm-m; Thickness: 0.6 – 1.6 m

2nd Layer: Weathered Layer: This is composed of Clay/Sandy clay. Resistivity: 29 - 379 ohm-m; Thickness: 1.2 – 24.8 m

3rd Layer: Basement Bedrock (fractured in places). Resistivity: 112 - ∞ ohm-m; Rockhead at:1.2 – 26.0 m

Groundwater Quality In the study area, the basement complex rocks are generally known to host fresh water.

Soil Resistivity and Corrosivity Evaluation The formation of corrosion cells which can lead to severe corrosion failures are known to be associated with low resistivities. Soil resistivity can be classified in terms of the degree of soil corrosivity as shown in Table 3.9.

Table 3.9: Classification of Soil Resistivity in terms of its Corrosivity

SOIL RESISTIVITY (ohm-m) SOIL CORROSIVITY Up to 10 Very Strongly Corrosive (VSC) 10 – 60 Moderately Corrosive (MC) 60 – 180 Slightly Corrosive (SC) 180 and above Practically Non-Corrosive (PNC) (Based on Baeckmann and Schwenk, 1975 and Agunloye, 1984)

The subsoil resistivity within the depth range of 0 - 2 m within which the base of the rehabilitation road could be founded varies from 29 – 3912 ohm-m (Figure 3.8). Based on Table 3.9 above, soils with layer resistivity values within this range are moderately corrosive to practically non-corrosive.

3.3.10 Vegetation The main block of the Nigerian forest formation at low and medium altitude along this route is Lowland Rainforest. The high human population densities and their activities along the rehabilitation road have greatly transformed the complex structure and species richness of this route. Plant cover in the study area consisted predominantly of farmlands, fallow lands at various stages of regeneration and degraded remnant lowland tropical moist forests (freshwater swamp and dry-land rainforests). Plates 3.1-3.2 capture the some of the various vegetation forms encountered along the proposed rehabilitation road

The bush re-growth vegetation includes fallow of less than five years of age. The rotational bush fallow systems of cultivation accounts for much of the structural and floristic variations as well as the micro pattern of the present cover along the route. Elaeis guineensis (oil palm) forms an upper stratum with isolated crowns in most of the encountered fallowlands while a great variety of species with relatively small crowns generally in lateral contact with each other such as Albizia zygia, Alstonia boonei, Anthocleista vogelli, Mangifera indica, Myrianthus arboreus, Azadiractha indica, Bambusa vulgaris, Alchornea spp, Blighia sapida, Newbouldia laevis, Ricinus communis, Tithonia diversifolia, Tremia orientalis, and Cnetis ferruginea form the middle stratum. Herbaceous species such as Panicum maximum, Aspilia africana, Urena lobata, Axonopus compresus, Sida acuta, Andropogon gayanus. Imperata cylindrica and Chromolaena odorata form the ground layer. Climbers, epiphytes, saprophytes and parasite are also found along this route. The epiphytic components include a large number of lower cryptograms and ferns and flowering epiphytes were conspicuous. The tree density is is generally low as a result of human influence.

Fallow land vegetation of the following distinct physiognomy was encountered at the study site: . Fallow land vegetation with Tremia orientalis as the dominant woody species and Chromolaena odorata as the dominantnt shrubby/herbaceous species. . Fallow land vegetation with Musanga cecrepoides as the dominantnt woody species and Chromolaena odorata as the dominant shrubby/herbaceous species . Fallow land vegetation dominated by Cassia siamea (woody species and Chromolaena odorata (shrubby/herbaceous species) . Fallowwland vegetation with woody species such as Cassia siamea, Cola gigantea,Mangifera indica,Elaeis guineensis and shrubs such Jatropha species,Ricinus communis,Chromolaena odorata and Solanum torvum guineensis,Newbouldia laevis Trema orientalis and Spondias mombim, . Fallow land vegetation with woody species such as Alstonia boonei,Alchornea cordifolia,Gliricidia sepium,Anthoclestia vogelli,shrubs such as Chromolaena odorata and grasses as ground layer such as Andropogon spp, Panicum maximum . Fallowland vegetattion of fresh water swamp dominated by Alchornea cordifolia and Elaeis guineensis

. Fallowland vegetation of grasses and Chromolaena odorata with evidence of annual burning . Fallowland vegetation dominated by Tithonia diversifolia

Plate 3.1 Fallow / Bush Regrowth Vegetation Stand

Plate 3.2 Fallow / Bush Regrowth Vegetation Stand

Agriculture The major cultivated crops in the areas include cassava (Mannihot esculenta), Yams (Dioscorea sp), Pumpkin (Telfainia occidentalis), banana and plantaing (Musa sp). Tree species, which offer non-timber forest products (barks, fruits, roots etc) that play roles in traditional medicine and nutrition, abound in the areas and include Raphia hookeri (wine palm), Alstonia booneii (Stool wood), Harungana madagascariensis (Blood tree), and Musanga cercropioides (Umbrella trees). Checklist of crops encountered along the rehabilitation road are presented in Table 3.10 The study area has a diversity of plants that are of economic importance, including their uses as fuel, timber, dyes, vegetable, edible fruits and seed trees, medicinal and religious plants and sponge. A checklist of the common economic plants within the study area is presented in Table 3.11.

Table 3.10: Checklist of Crops Plants in Farms Encountered along the Proposed Rehabilitation Road S/N Scientific Name Family/Sub Common Uses/Economic Density family Name Importance (No./ha)

1 Zea mays Poaceae Maize/Corn Grains 10,000 2 Manihot Euphoriace Cassava Root tuber 2,500 esculenta 3 Arachis Fabaceae Groundnut Peanuts 30,000 hypogea (papilionaceae) 4 Dioscorea Dioscoreaceae White yam Stem tuber 5,000 rotundata 5 Dioscorea alata Discoreaceae Water yam Stem tuber 5,000 6 Vigna Fabaceae Cowpea Grain legume 20,000 unguiculata 7 Dioscorea Dioscoreaceae Yellow yam Stem tuber 2,500 trifoliate 8 Capsicum Solanaceae Pepper Spice 5,000 Annum 9 Lycopersicon Solanaceae Tomato Fruit vegetable 5,000 esculentum

10 Corchorus Malvaceae Yoruba: Leafy vegetable 10,000 olitorus Ewedu edible fruits 11 Hibiscus Malvaceae Okra Edible fruit 5,000 Esculentus 12 Oryza sativa Poaceae Rice Grains 80,000 13 Citrulus lanatus Cucurbitaceae Melon Seeds for soup 2,500 14 Saccharum Poaceae Sugar cane Edible 2,500 officinarum stem/sugar Source: Field work 2011&2012

Table 3.11: Checklist of Common Economic Plant Species along the route Economic Plant Species Common Name Use(s) 1. Mangifera indica Mango Edible fruit 2. Alchornea spp Christinas bush Medicinal 3. Raphia hookeri Rafia Wine 4. Elaeis guineensis Oil palm Palm oil / wine brown 5. Alstonia boonei Alstonia Medicinal / timber 6. Manihot esculenta Cassava Food product

7. Oryza sativa Rice Food prodcts 8. Musa spp Banana Food product 9. Xanthosoma mafaffa Cocoyam Food products 10. Abelmoschus esculentus Okro Food products 11. Zea mays Maize Food product 12. Rauvolfia vomitoria Medicinal 13. Chromolaena odorata Awolowo/Akintola Medicinal 14 Ananas spp Pineapple Food product 15 Piliostigma Thonning’s Dye yielding, thonningii piliostigm Religions purposes 16 Daniellia oliveri African copaiba Timber, fuel wood balsam 17 Vitex doniana Black plum Fuel wood, Edible Yoruba: orinla fruits 18 Anacardium occidentalis Cashew Edible fruit, Medicinal 19 Mangifera indica Mango Edible fruit, Medicinal

20 Tectonia grandis Teak Used as poles for high/low tension electric lines 21 Citrus aurantium Orange Edible fruit Source: Field work 2011&2012

3.3.11 Aquatic System

3.3.11.1 Water Quality The water body investigated along the proposed rehabilitation road axis was only one perennial river: Owena River. Baseline information on the existing water quality of the study area is presented in Table 4.12 and Table 4.13.

Table 3.12: Sampling Coordinate for Water Quality S/N Source Type Easting Northing

1 Iwaraja Junction Well 842726 700826 2 Owena River River 818872 722305 3 Ado-Ekiti Junction Well 805488 745108 Source: Field work 2011&2012

The water temperature at sampling varied between 26.8.0ºC and 33.4ºC.. The conductivity of water samples which is a reflection of the low total dissolved solids content varied between 22.5μS and 260μS/cm (Ado-Ekiti junction-well water) . The poor ionic contents of the water samples were probably responsible for the low conductivity. In the western axis of the rehabilitation road, the TDS of water which ranged between 59.4 mgl-1 and 287.6 mg/l was also reflected as high conductivity values. The dissolved oxygen content of water ranged between 1.80 mgl-1 and 5.6 mgl-1 . As expected, the DO content of flowing river water was higher than

46 those of borehole and well water samples respectively, because of high rate of turbulence and atmospheric dissolution at the air-water interphase.

The levels of the biogenic cations and those of some heavy metals assayed in the water samples collected along the rehabilitation road axis is shown in Table 3.13. he Mg2+ level ranged between 0.10 mgl-1 and 4.60 mgl-1 (Owena River samples). In the water samples collected from most locations the Mn2+ and Fe2+ ionic contents were very high, while Zn2+ and Cr2+ which were the minor elements had relatively low concentration. The other assayed heavy metals occurred in trace amounts and below recommended limits set by FMENV.

The total hydrocarbon values reported were quite low in most sampling stations. It fluctuated between 0.55mg/l and 2.75mg/l. These levels are generally lower than recommended limits for inland waters in Nigeria.

3.3.11.2 Water Microbiology Twenty species of bacteria and fifteen of fungi were isolated from the surface water bodies including those of human origin. The bacterial isolates belong to two orders: Pseudomonadales and Eubacteriales while the fungal isolates belong to 3 Orders - Mucorales, Moniliales and Sphaeriales. The prominent isolates were Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae and Yeasts sp. Heterophic bacteria and Fungi abundance in the waters ranged from 2.15 x 104 – 8.75 x 104 and 1.75 x 103 – 3.55103 CFU ml-1, respectively. The low proportion (<1%) of hydrocarbon utilizers to heterotrophs indicates that the water bodies sampled were not contaminated with hydrocarbons. Saccharomyces (yeast), Mucor, Aspergillus, Candida, and Penicillium were the predominant fungi species whereas Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Serretia, Proteus and Pseudomonas were the major bacteria species. Results also revealed that most of the water bodies contained coliforms, confirmed as faecal in origin in excess of 50 MPN/100ml.

Table 3.13: Summary of Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Water From the Rivers/Streams and Boreholes/Wells in the study area

Surface Water Ground Water Parameter Min Max Min Max 1Limit Water temperature ˚C 27.4 33.4 26.8 28.5 pH 6.5-9.5 5.7 7.6 6.6 7.5 Conductivity μS/cm 30 102 22.5 260 Total dissolved Solids (mgl-1) 1200 70.5 220 29 287.6 Apparent colour (Pt-Co) 90.3 224.15 8.75 160.5 OD, mg/l 5 2.4 5.6 1.8 3.3 COD, mg/l 50 4.2 7.8 8.4 12.0

Turbidity (NTU) 15.5 225.5 3.79 46.97 Alkalinity Mgl-1 CaCO ) 3 0.94 46.0 2.0 80.0 Acidity (Mgl-1 CaCO ) 3 2 4.15 2 12 Chloride (Mgl-1) 0.8 2.8 0.95 10.08 Bicarbonate (Mgl-1) 1.08 55.2 2.4 116 Sulphate (Mgl-1) 250 0.11 0.65 0.16 1.06 Nitrate (Mgl-1) 50 0.01 3 0.01 0.7 Sodium (mgl-1) 0.45 1.15 0.1 2.2 200 Potassium (mgl-1) 4.35 31.13 2.94 257.35 Calcium (mgl-1) 0.05 0.61 0.2 22 Magnesium (μgl-1) 0.15 4.6 0.1 2.5 Manganese (μgl-1) 0.1 21 115.4 7 196.5 Iron (μgl-1) 0.3 0.15 190.4 16.5 248 Copper (μgl-1) 2 1.05 3.84 0.65 3.15 Zinc (μgl-1) 2.6 10.2 4.8 39 Lead (μgl-1) 0.01 0.05 1.6 0.04 0.5 Chromium (μgl-1) 0.05 1.11 2.05 0.05 1.6 Cadmium (μgl-1) 0.003 0.06 1.4 0.06 0.9 Nickel (μgl-1) 0.02 0.85 2.38 2.02 17 Arsenic (μgl-1) 0.01 0.06 0.014 0.075 Mercury (μgl-1) 0.001 0 0 0 0 THC 10 0.55 2.75 0.28 0.62 Source: Field work 2011&2012

3.3.11.3 Hydrobiology Phytoplankton The phytoplankton assemblages of the surface waters along the proposed rehabilitation road shows that the species richness varied between 8 and 20 species with 68 taxa of phytoplankton belonging to three divisions namely bacillariophyta or diatoms, cyanophyta or blue- green algae, and chlorophyta or green algae identified during the studies (Table 3.14a and Table 3.14b).In Owena River water, the phytoplankton flora consists of 2 Blue green algae (Cyanophyta), 4 chlorophytes (Chlorophyta) and 7 diatom species.

The diatoms comprised the bulk of the flora with 51.5% followed by Chlorophyta with 33.8% and Cyanophyta forming 14.7%. The blue-greens are known to be tolerant of pollution because of their ability to utilize high nutrient levels, and have been known to tolerate high levels of stress in aquatic environment. The low diversity levels reported

48 for the phytoplankton flora may be attributable to alterations of the physico-chemical conditions of the water (Copper and Wihun 1975).

Table 3.14a: Check list of Phytoplankton Groups Division Chlorophyta Division Cyanophyta Division Closterium acerosum Nostoc spp. Bacillariophyta C. moniliferum Anabaena solitaria Asterionella formosa, Cosmarium sp. Anacystis cyanea Fragilaria crotenensis, Desmidium sp. Chroococcus limieticum Navicula radiosa, Eudorina elegans Chroococcus turgidus Synedra ulna Hyalotheca dissiliens Microcystis aeruginosa Melosira varians Micrasterias radiata Oscillatoria borneltia Aulocoseira granulata Mongeilia spherocarpa Oscillatoria Formosa Frustulia rhomboides Oedogonium grande O. limosa Pinnularia viridis Pediastrum duplex Surirella elegans Spirogyra varians

Ulothrix tenuissima Zygnema pectinatum Scenedesmus spp. Source: Field work 2011&2012

Table 3.14b: Distribution of Phytoplankton in the waters of the project area

Group Number Total % Abundance of Species Abundance Cyanophyta 10 478 14.7 Chlorophyta 23 1099 33.8 Bacillariophyta 35 1672 51.5 Source: Field work 2011&2012

Zooplankton The results on zooplankton taxa, abundance and distribution encountered during the rainy season are presented in Tables 3.15a and 3.15b. The data show that four major groups of zooplankton containing a total of 16 taxa were observed. In Owena River water samples, the micro invertebrate fauna consist of 3 rotifers and 2 arthropodic species.

The Rotifera made up 75.0% while Cladocerans constituted 17.9% and Arthropoda 7.1% of the total population. Rotifers dominated the water bodies followed by the Cladocerans . Generally, the zooplanktons are sparse in terms of numbers of individuals and taxa richness. In terms of abundance, Nauplius larvae are relatively the most abundant, followed by insect larvae. Species diversity, which expresses species richness, was determined using the Simpson’s Diversity Index. The analysis showed low species diversity. 49

Table 3.15a: Check list of Zooplankton Groups Arthropoda Rotifera Cladocera Cyclops sp. Rotaria neptunia Bosmina longirostris Diaphanosoma sp. Chydorus sp Asplanchna priodonta Ceriodaphinna sp. Nauplia of Cyclopod Brachionus falcatus Moina micrura Chaoborus sp. Keratella cochlearis Lecane luna Notholca sp. Trichocerca bicristata Source: Field work 2011&2012

Table 3.15b: Distribution of Zooplankton in the waters of the project area Group Number Total % Abundance of Species Abundance Arthropoda 2 80 7.1 Rotifera 4 824 75.0 Cladocera 4 196 17.9 Source: Field work 2011&2012

3.3.11.4 Fish/fisheries Fish study was conducted on fishes obtained from rivers along the proposed rehabilitation road and through interviews and literature search. Fishing activities are carried out mostly in the nights, early mornings and evenings, and generally done from dug out canoes. Generally, there was more fish during the wet season compared to the dry season. The fishing gears commonly used includes castnets, set nets, drift nets, gill nets and hook on line as well as fish fence. Fishing is carried out by migrant fishermen, few indigenes also participate in fishing activities.

Fifteen fish species distributed in 7 families were identified. The checklist of fishes observed in the river along the rehabilitation road is shown in Table 3.16.

Table 3.16: A checklist of the fish species inhabiting the sampled rivers during the period of study

Family Species Name Common Name Economic Abundance Importance Mormyridae Mormyrus rume Mormyrid High Low Cyprinidae Barbus ablabes Minnow/Barbels Low High B. callipterus Minnow/Barbels Low High

Hepsetidae Hepsetus odoe African River Pike High Very High Malapteruridae Malapterurus electricus Electric Fish Fairly High Low Clariidae Clarias gariepinus Mudfish Very High Very High Heterobranchus bidorsalis Mudfish Very High Very High Cyprinodontidae Epiplatys senegalensis Pan chax Low Very Low Channidae Channa obscura Snake Head Very High High Cichlidae Hemichromis bimaculatus African Jewel fish High High H. fasciatus Five spotted Fairly High High Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Nile Tilapia Very High Very High Tilapia zillii Red Belly Tilapia Very High Very High Source: Field work 2011&2012

In terms of species richness, Cichlidae was dominant. Fish processing within the study area is basically traditional using indigenous technology. Traditional smoking kiln or earthen ovens were prevalent throughout the study area. The smoked fish is consumed within the family unit and/or sold at the local markets. Gymnarchus niloticus (Mormyrid), Channa obscura (Snake head fish), Heterotis niloticus (African bony tongue fish), and Chrysichthys auratus (Silver cat fish) were the most palatable among the fish species. All the fishes examined did not show any physical evidence of parasitic infestation. There was no observation of disease infestation, abnormalities or physical deformities. Analysis of the condition factors (KF), an index of the well being of the fish, showed that the fishes were healthy and well fed in relatively undisturbed environment. The factors on the average were well above the critical value of 1.0.

3.3.11.5 Sediment Physico-Chemical Characteristics The physico-chemical characteristics of sediment samples are presented in Table 3.17. The sediments were mainly sandy (sand 65.8% - 85.5%, clay 5.2%-18.4%, silt 9.3%-15.8%), acidic (pH4.4-5.7) and low electrical conductivity (66.8-130.2μS/cm) indicating that the environment under study is within the freshwater habitat. The sediment samples had low contents of organic carbon (1.48 and 2.28%), nitrogen (0.15 to 0.32%) low to moderate phosphorus concentrations (5.8 to 34.5ppm). The concentrations of nitrate (0.072-0.112ppm), ammonium (4.62-18.27ppm), sulphate (10.48-22.80ppm), and chloride (28.6-58.8ppm) are considered low but the nutrients are adequate to support the healthy growth of benthic population. The exchangeable cation exchange capacity (ECEC) is low, ranging from 4.48to 7.39meq/100g sediment. The major contributors to the ECEC were Ca (2.25-4.43meq/100g sediment), Mg 1.24 to 2.24meq/100g sediment), and Na (0.12 to 0.44 meq/100g sediment). The heavy metal concentrations are low in the sediment samples and there was no indication of their accumulation in the samples. No mercury (Hg) was detected in the sediment samples. The total hydrocabon content (THC) varied from 0.78 to 4.52ppm and these can be accounted for from biogenic sources mainly of vegetal debris. Thus there was no oil pollution of the sediment.

Sediment Microbiology Microorganism abundance was generally higher in the sediment than in the overlying water body. This is understandable given that deposition and subsequent degradation of organic material in the sediment releases dissolved organic carbon and materials into the sediment. These materials are utilized by heterotrophs for growth and incorporated into their body biomass. Heterotrophic bacteria in the sediment varied from 8.06 x 104 – 9.15 x 105 CFU g-1 during wet season. Heterotrophic fungi in the sediment had mean abundance of 8.75 x 103 CFUg-1. The sediment samples also had hydrocarbon utilizers to heterotrophic microbes’ ratio of less than 4.5%, indicating that the area had no recent hydrocarbon pollution.

Table 3.17: Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Sediments of Rivers/Streams in the study area

Parameters Sediment Clay % 12.0 Silt % 7.6 Sand % 80.4 pH 4.8 EC, μS/cm 130.2 % C 2.26 % N 0.17 NO3, ppm 0.112 +1 NH4 , ppm 17.10 Available P, ppm 8.9

SO4 ppm 22.8 Cl, Meq/100g soil 58.8 Na, Meq/100g soil 0.16 K, Meq/100g soil 0.28 Ca, Meq/100g soil 2.89 Mg, Meq/100g soil 1.56 ECEC, Meq/100g soil 3.93 Base Saturation, % 92.8 Fe, ppm 128. 2 Mn, ppm 75.8 Zn, ppm 4.75 Cu, ppm 1.82 Cr, ppm 0.08 Cd, ppm 0.06 Ni, ppm 0.12 V, ppm 0 Pb, ppm 0 Hg, ppm 0 THC, ppm 1.12 Source: Field work 2011&2012

3.3.12 Terrestrial Fauna and Wildlife A check list of forty four (44) wildlife species belonging to 36 families were encountered, based on ground surveys and participatory rural appraisal interviews is shown in Table 3.18. Of the species of vertebrate wildlife identified, the avifauna and mammals were the dominant groups. The mammals, reportedly sighted or reported to occur in the area were mainly browsers or grazers including medium-sized mammals such as duikers and antelopes. Others include some primates (Cercopithecus Erthropgaster) and rodents (small mammals) like Thryonomys swinderianus (cutting grass), Xerus erythropus (ground squirrel) and Cricetomys gambianus (Gambia pouched rat). At Afariogun village crossing, the farmer interviewed confirmed the presence of the primates (Papio anubis, Erythrocebus patas, and Goilla gorilla) as well as those of the Reed buck (Redunca redunca) and the Civet cat (Cirettictis civetta) was also confirmed by famers in the forest reserve area. The observed mammalian taxonomic diversity was however low for this environment indicating a disturbed ecosystem, due to farming activities and annual bush burning.

Amphibians and reptiles include frogs, toads, lizards, and snakes (cobra and vipers). Toads are represented by the genus Bufo while the frogs were mainly Rana spp. The reptiles are represented by snakes (Cobra, viper, and African python); lizards (Hemidactylus brooki, Brook’s gecko; Chameleo senegalensis, African chameleon; and Agama agama, the rainbow lizard). Four (4) reptilian species which were not sighted during the rainy period were sighted during the dry season. These are the rainbow lizard, the monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus), the black cobra (Naja nigricollis) and the West African Green tree mamba (Dendroaspis viridis).

A number of species sighted in the rainy season but not during the dry season include the mouse- brown sun bird (Anthreptes gabonicus) (which is known to be dependent on nectars of flowers) and Black and White-tailed hornbill (Tockus fasciatus). The Senegal Indigo Finch (Vindua calybeata) and the Yellow Fronted Canary (Serinus mozambicus) sighted during the rainy season were also absent during the dry season. Black hawks were sighted along the water banks.

In general, low densities and sparse distribution of wildlife were observed in the project area, apparently due to the exposure of the study area has anthropogenic impacts such as clearance for agriculture, annual bush burning and hunting (including the setting of traps). Literature review and information gap analysis also revealed a dearth of information on the wildlife of the project area, resulting in an unclear picture of wildlife diversity, abundance and distribution. Most of the wildlife taxa would, therefore, be classified as not evaluated’ or “data deficient” based on IUCN (1994) guidelines. This implies that data is insufficient to assign conservation status to these wildlife taxa. Under these circumstances, the IUCN (1994) recommends that such organisms should be given the same degree of protection as threatened taxa, at least until their status can be evaluated. Other than the small mammals whose conservation status may be considered as

53 satisfactory (survival not threatened), most vertebrate wildlife would be considered as rare (and therefore vulnerable). Some of the mammalian (Athercunus africanus and Tragelephus spekei), avifauna (Family Arceidae) and reptilian (Pyton (Morelia spilotata) and Crocodyius) species identified are threatened or endangered and international trade is either prohibited or requiring licenses (NEST, 1991).

Table 3.18: List of Wildlife Species sighted or reported around the project area

Common Name Biological Name Detection Decrees National method 11/1985 Resources (DS/IH) Conservation Council, 1992 MAMMALIAN White throated Cercopithecus IH Vulnerable Guenon Erthropgaster Common Rats Rattus rattus 10 House Mouse Mus musculus 5 Gambia pouched rat Cricetomys gambianus 10 African Palm Squirrel Epixerus ebii 8 Schedule 1 Endangered Ground Squirrel Xenus erythropus IH Grass Cutters Thryonomys swinderianus IH African Civet Civettictis civetta IH Threatened Small Deer IH Antelope Neotragus batesi IH Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriplus IH Maxwell’s Duiker Cephalopus maxwelli IH Vulnerable Porcupine Atherunus africanus IH Schedule 1 Nigerian musk shrew Crocidura nigenriae IH REPTILIA African Pyton Morelia spilotata IH Black Cobra Naja melanoleuca IH Schedule 1 Viper Echis caminatus IH Black Tree Snake Thrasops occidentalis IH Snake Dendroaspis viridis IH Snake Atheris chloraechis IH Common Lizards Agamma agamma 15 Monitor Lizard Veranus niloticus 20 AMPHIBIAN Frogs Dicoglossus sp 5 Long-Legged Frog Ptychodena sp 4 Toads Bufo regularis 5 Crabs 2 African chameleon Chameleo senegalensis, 2 AVIES

Black Kites Milvus nigrans 8 Chicken Hawk Accipter erythropus 5 Cattle Egret Ardeola ibis 25 White Egret Egretta alba IH Schedule 2 Common Vultures Necrosyrtes monarchus 15 Sparrows Sparrows IH Eagle Eagle IH Pin-Tailed Whydah Vidua macroura IH Pied Crow Corvus albus IH Wood Pecker Dendropicos pyrrhogaster IH Bronze Manikin Lonchura cucullatus IH Weaver Bird Plesiositagra cucullatus >20 White-Crested hornbill Tropicranus albocristatus IH Cassin Guinea fowl Guttera pulcherani 15 Nectar Bird Anthreptes collaris Vieil. IH Source: Field work 2011&2012 Note: Schedule 1 Animals in relation to which international trade is absolutely prohibited Schedule 2 Animals in relation to which international trade may only be conducted under license DS Direct sighting IH Interview with Hunters, communities or literature search

3.3.13 Wastes Management The waste stream encountered in the project area comprises both bio-degradable and non- bio-degradable products. The biodegradable wastes include domestic wastes, vegetable matter, food remnants and other assorted organic materials. Waste is also generated by craftsmen engaged in various trades. The non-bio-degradable wastes include plastics, glasses, scraps from past sand mining, scraps of vehicle involved in accidents on Akure-Ilesha expressways.Wastes are disposed of generally by free litter. Dry refuse is burnt and the residue used as much on plants around homesteads.

3.3.14 Socio-Economics 3.3.14.1 The Project Environment There were at least 7 major settlements (listed in Table 3.19) within 2 km on either side of the Akure-Ilesha road. These communities were studied in detail for the social impact assessment.

Table 3.19: Major Settlements and their Geographical Locations Relative to the Proposed Rehabilitation Akure-Ilesha Road S/N Name of Community State Easting Northing 1 Akure Ondo 0741212 0799989 2 Owena Ijesha Osun 0722612 0818826 3 Owena Owode Ondo 0704928 0843071 4 Igbara Oke Ondo 0722899 0819098 5 Erin Oke Osun 0705362 0841223 6 Erinmo Osun 0707700 0835116 7 Ipetu Ijesa Osun 0708623 0830943 Source: Fieldwork 2011 and 2012

3.3.14.2 Socioeconomic Attributes

Table 3.20: Socioeconomic Characteristics of PAPs

Variables Frequency percentage Name of village/town Akure 36 37.11 Owena Ijesa 47 48.45 Owena Owode 6 6.19 Igbara Oke 1 1.03 Erin Oke 4 4.12 Erinmo 2 2.06 Ipetu Ijesa 1 1.03

Ethnicity Yoruba 98 98.99 Igbo 1 1.01

Religion Christianity 60 60.61 Islam 39 39.39

Age 11-20 6 5.94 21-30 32 31.68 31-40 25 24.75 41-50 27 26.73 51-60 8 7.92 61+ 3 2.97

Marital Status Single 12 11.88 Married 76 75.25 Divorced 3 2.97 Widow 10 9.90

Level of Education Primary 24 23.76 Secondary 38 37.62 Vocational/Technical 8 7.92 Tertiary 15 14.85 No formal education 16 15.84

Occupation Farming/hunting 1 0.99 Technician 4 3.96 Trading 78 77.23 Business/contractor 14 13.86 Teaching 1 0.99 Civil servant 2 1.98 Student/apprentice 1 0.99

Skills Mason 1 1.03 Technician 4 4.12 Politician 1 1.03 Transporter 2 2.06 Unskilled 89 91.75

Annual income (₦) 1000-10000 1 0.99 11000-20000 1 0.99 21000-30000 0 0 56

31000-40000 0 0 41000-50000 1 0.99 51000-60000 4 3.96 61000-70000 3 2.97 71000-80000 7 6.93 Above 80000 84 83.17 Source: Field work 2011&2012

Figure 3.5: Distribution of PAPs by Community

Socioeconomic data was collected in seven locations as shown in Table 3.19 and figure 3.5. The affected communities are Akure, Owena Ijesa, Owena Owode, Igbara Oke, Erin Oke, Erinmo and Ipetu Ijesa. The distribution indicates that most of the PAPs are in Akure and Owena-Ijesa. There were many PAPs in Akure because of its size and population (the city is the Capital of Ondo state and a magnet to people from all parts of the state, including roadside artisans and traders). Owena-Ijesa however has the largest number of PAPs due to having lots of structures too close to the highway (the encroachments include permanent physical structures and makeshift shops, Plate 1.2).

Ethnicity

The distribution of the PAPs by ethnicity shows that they are all virtually of the Yoruba ethnicity. The road project actually runs through two states whose indigenes are of Yoruba descent, hence the nearly 100% Yoruba ethnicity.

Gender of PAPs

Most of the PAPs are females, 44% are males while the remaining 56% are females. Most of the PAPs are roadside traders. These are two areas where women are mainly engaged to earn a living, hence their preponderance among the PAPs.

Religion

About 61% of the PAPs are Christians while the rest are of the Islamic faith.

Age Distribution The disaggregation of the PAPs by age shows that they are between age range of 17 and 90 years (Figure 3.6). When grouped (in ten-year intervals), the majority of the PAPs are between ages 21 and 50 (83%). A third of the PAPs are between 21 – 30 years, and about a quarter each are between ages 31 – 40 (25%) and 41 – 50 (27%) respectively. Thus, the data suggests that most of those to be affected by the project are people in their primes who are making a livelihood from the roadsides.

Age Distribution of PAPs

11-20. 21-30

31-40

41-50 51-60

61+

Figure 3.6: Age Distribution

Marital status The data also show in figure 3.7 that three-quarters (75%)of the PAPs interviewed are married, 12% are unmarried, 10% are widowed and 3% are divorced. This indicates that most of the PAPs are either currently married or were in a marital union; these people are likely to have families that depend on them for livelihood and hence any displacement will not only have a direct effect on the PAPs but also on their likely dependants.

Figure 3.7: Marital status

Education Examining the education level of the PAPs, from figure 3.8 shows that about 40% either did not go to school at all or attended only primary school. 38% attended secondary school while 15% had tertiary education. The literacy level is generally high, with 85% having at least primary education.

Figure 3.8: Education

Occupation The occupational distribution of the PAPs shows in figure 3.9 that they are predominantly roadside traders (77%). A further 14% claim to be business contractors. The others are mainly artisans. This is not surprising giving the educational qualifications and the locations where they earn their livelihood (by the roadside). This suggests that they are mostly struggling to make a livelihood from the mostly petty trading they engage in by the sides of the Akure – Ilesa highway. The skills reported by the respondents further underscores the educational and occupational data described earlier. About 9 in 10 of the interviewed PAPs were unskilled workers (92%) while the remaining 8% comprises mainly of technicians and transporters.

Figure 3.9: Primary Occupation

Figure 3.10: Skills (The PAPs are mostly unskilled workers)

Annual Income The income distribution of the affected persons show that majority of them (83%) earn incomes in excess of ₦80,000 per annum. Only a few earn less than ₦70,000 per annum among the affected persons.

Figure 3.11: Annual Income

Table 3.21: Socioeconomic Characteristics of PAPs

Variables Frequency percentage Family size 1-3 32 34.04 4-6 44 46.81 7-10 14 14.89 11-15 2 2.13 16-20 2 2.13

Length of stay in the community (years) 0-5. 32 32.32 6-10. 28 28.28 11-15. 8 8.08 16-20. 10 10.10 Above 20 years 12 12.12 Since birth 9 9.09

Type of house Thatched 21 21.88 Thatched/wooden 28 29.17 Zinc roof/wooden 12 12.50 Zinc roof/block 35 36.46

Type of waste discharge system Water system 3 3.23 Pit system 6 6.45 Bucket system 6 6.45 River 1 1.08 Bush swamp 58 62.37 Other 19 20.43

House Refuse Disposal Dustbin 29 31.87 Open dumping on land/creeks 33 36.26 Composting 4 4.40 Incineration 3 3.30 Others 22 24.18

Source of drinking water Tap 44 44.0 Well 33 33.0 Stream 4 4.0 Other 19 19.0

Attitude to this project Support the project 85 86.73 Resist the project 8 8.16 No idea 4 4.08 Demand compensation 1 1.02

Benefit expected from road project Employment opportunity 11 11.11 Economic boom 73 73.74 Infrastructural development 12 12.12 Scholarship 2 2.02 Hospital 1 1.01 Source: Field work 2011&2012

Family size The socioeconomic data shows that many of the affected persons are members of large families. About 66% belong to families with a size ranging between 4 to 20 members while a third of the affected persons are part of families with a size range of 1 to 3 members. The family size of 4 – 6 persons is the most common family size in the area with a proportion of 47%.

Figure 3.12: Family Size

Length of Stay in the Community The findings show that majority (32%) of the affected persons have stayed in the communities for less than six years while about a fifth (21%) have been living in the communities either since birth or for at least twenty years. About 47% of the affected persons have lived in the communities where they were interviewed for between 6 years and 20 years.

Figure 3.13: Length of stay in the Community

Type of House Lived in The findings also show that only 36% of the affected structures are made of blocks/zinc roof. About 13% of the structures are wooden/zinc roof while 29% are wooden structures with thatched roof. The remaining 22% are only thatched structures.

Figure 3.14: Type of House Lived In

Type of toilet The type of toilet facilities used by the affected persons show that only a tenth (10%) use proper toilets (sewage system or pit latrine). The remaining 90% defecate in the bush or nearby swamps.

Also, the disposal of house refuse by the affected persons show that only about a third (32%) have dustbins in their structures. About 36% of the affected persons dispose of refuse wherever they find convenient (open dumping). About 8% dispose of refuse by either composting or incineration of the refuse.

Source of Water

Figure 3.15: Source of Water

The findings show that 44% of the affected persons source their drinking water from a tap while 33% drink from wells. The portability of the well water cannot be determined as the wells were not examined by the interview team, also the frequency of supply of the tap water was not asked. The remaining quarter (23%) of the affected persons drink from streams and other sources.

Attitude towards the road project

Figure 3.16: Attitude towards the Road

The findings also show that almost all the affected persons are favourably disposed to the project. About 8% are opposed to the project while the remaining 92% have no opposition to the project; 87% outrightly supports the project.

Expected benefits from the project

Figure 3.17: Expected benefits from the project

On the benefits that the affected persons expect should accrue from the project, most expects that the project will impact positively on the communities in terms of employment and economic opportunities and infrastructural developments.

3.3.14.3 Community Health Status Common health facilities in the project area include Chemist Stores, hospitals, and clinics, (private and/or government owned). Chemist or patent store is the most common and the most used health facility in the rural communities. Self medication is practised in at least 7 out of 10 households. In the urban sites, hospitals and clinics were reported as the popularly used health facilities. Other alternative local health resources are Traditional Birth Attendants (TBA) and Herbalists. The common ailments reported are malaria, typhoid fever, coughs, and water borne diseases e.g. diarrheoa, cholera and guinea worm.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Sexually Transmitted Infections About 56% of the respondents have heard of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) but only 11% reported that they can describe symptoms of STIs in women and while none reported being able to describe symptoms of STIs in men. Also, about 41% of the respondents have heard of HIV/AIDS though only about 3% knows of a person who is infected or have died of HIV/AIDS. The symptoms of STIs described for women include bunrning pains on urination, genital ulcers/sores, itching, abdominal pains and genital discharge

3.3.14.4 Consultation with Key Stakeholders Early and effective community engagement engenders the success of risks and impacts identification and management. It is therefore our wish to effect the International Finance Corporation (IFC) process of “free Prior and informed consultation with Affected Communities” at the various stages of activities. Before the commencement of the study, meetings and consultations will be held with community leaders and different groups to gain accessibility to the affected portions of the road.  Consultation process and outcome are important and seen as early and mandatory exercise as the best strategy to overcome the problems that may arise during project execution and as a means to achieve the overall scope of the activities of the project. This is in line with the definition of World Bank which defined Consultation as “the soliciting of people’s views on a proposed action and engaging them in a dialogue”. It is pertinent as a process of informing the community of the need for citing a project in their domain, the scope and the need for the community to own and safeguard the project as beneficiaries and stakeholders. It also affords an opportunity for input and feedback information, aimed at strengthening the development project and avoiding negative impacts or mitigating them, where they cannot be avoided.

Based on these, the public consultation which started with the reconnaissance level-survey was done at two levels, viz community level and project affected person’s level.

Community Consultations Field activities that took place offered the opportunity to interact with host communities along Akure-Ilesha road. The consultation took place across the corridor in order to sample the opinion of the people on the project and their expectations from the proponent. During the subsequent field work that commenced on September 17, 2011, consultative meetings through FGDs, In-depth Interviews and questionnaire survey were conducted at various times at the Palaces of the traditional rulers between SEEMS Socio- Economic Team, leaders, different social groups and youth leaders of each community. At the meetings, the socio-economic benefits and environmental implications of the proposed project, and the need for and objectives of an environmental impact assessment were explained.

The socio-economic aspect of the studies involved field interviews and consultation with the host communities, the leaders, and other community representatives. The community leaders interviewed included the chiefs of the different villages. Issues of concern raised by the communities during the meetings and interviews are as summarized below.

Issues and Concerns Opinions gathered through interaction with stakeholders along the proposed rehabilitation road indicate that the people are well disposed to the project. However, issues and concerns were expressed by them. Some of the issues raised and the way they were addressed at the meetings are highlighted in Table 3.22 below.

Table 3.22: Summary of the outcome of the Consultation

S/N Issues Raised Recommended Action 1 That government should inform PAPs on That a workable time line be given time when the road project operation will to PAPs for early evacuation of take place to enable them remove their belongings belongings 2 That the project authority should ensure that That the resettlement committee compensation benefits reach the actual should ensure transparency in PAPs dispensing compensation benefits 3 That practical alternative in the form of by- That contractor should show pass be constructed where feasible to enable professional standards and social the people’s movement during project responsibility during road operation phase rehabilitation by providing temporary access way so that communities and commuters are not hindered from going about their normal businesses That contractor should put in place appropriate safeguard measures and signal words to prevent public intrusion into construction work areas 4 That government should engage their RSDT/FMW is happy to have youths in employment even as casual everyone’s support as the project is labourers in the proposed road rehabilitation for the common good of everyone especially those that transverse the corridor.

In general, interactions with the communities were positive and there was widespread appreciation of the consultation process undertaken. In terms of proposed road rehabilitation project, the communities were of the view that it would afford considerable potential for providing significant socio-economic benefits and community assistance projects. However, their priority was to ensure that compensations are paid.

Community Expectations Views on expectations of what the proposed project would bring to the people were unanimous and people ranked them in the following order of priority:

Pipe-borne water supply; Primary health care centers/c Electricity supply;

Plate 3.1: Akure Consultation Meeting Plate 3.2: Owena Consultation Meeting

Plate 3.3 Owena Youth Forum Meeting Plate 3.4: Erinmo Meeting

3.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT

The major institutions that are involved in the ESIA are the Federal Ministry of Environment, Road Sector Development Team – Federal Ministry of Works, the World Bank, Federal Ministry of Transportation, State Ministry of Environmental, State Waste Management Authority, Environmental NGOs, State Minitsry of Transportation, Federal Road Safety and Local Government Area in each project designated area. Their functions could also be complimentary or over lapping.

The roles and responsibilities of the institutions regarding Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Implementation are below;

Road Sector Development Team and World Bank They will be responsible for compliance with safety and environmental standards and regulations. The RSDT and World Bank shall be charged with the following specific tasks:

 The developing and maintaining of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and associated plans for materials management, waste management, accident preparedness and response, inspection and monitoring, staff training;  The implementation of the Environmental and Social Management Plan related tasks;  Conducting or organising periodic audits;  Initiating or organising corrective actions when necessary;  Preparing and managing documentation related to environmental performance;  Regular and incidental reporting to the FMW management;  Liaising and reporting to the appropriate environmental regulatory authorities.

Ministry of Transport (Federal and State) The Ministry formulates policies and other agencies. It also sees to the implementation of policy decisions and coordinates various transport law and policies. Statutorily, the Ministry is mandated to: provide road infrastructures, enforce traffic regulations, carry out public education and enlightenment. Specifically Ministry shall work with RSDT/World Bank to ensure that affected people are compensated in areas that will not impede traffic and also with the NURTW.

Federal Ministry of Environment Federal Ministry of Environment is the supreme reference authority in environmental matters in Nigeria although state and local government authorities and institutions including their environmental departments are still expected to play their traditional role of monitoring and enforcing standards as well as fixing penalties charges, taxes and incentives to achieve certain environmental goals. The agency was also empowered to initiate specific programmes of environmental protection and may establish monitoring stations or networks to locate sources of and dangers associated with pollution. Furthermore, it had powers to conduct public investigations or enquiries into aspects of pollution (Federal Government of Nigeria, 1988). The Ministry shall work directly with RSDT/World Bank.

State Ministry of Environment The Ministry is responsible for the overall environmental policy of the State. Pursuant to the fulfillment of its responsibilities, the government enacted the Environmental Sanitation law 2000. The law provide for Environmental sanitation in the affected states (Osun and Ondo), and establishment of environmental sanitation Corps and for connected purposes. It imposes responsibility on all facets of environmental media, and prohibition of certain acts and conducts. The Ministry shall work directly with RSDT/World Bank.

Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) Federal Road Safety Commission has the power to regulate, control and manage traffic and other related matters. Parts of the functions of the commission include:  Conducting high visible day and night traffic patrols to enforce traffic rule and regulations and clear the highways of obstruction; 70

 Reducing the incidence and severity of road traffic accidents  Safeguarding highways from encroachment from the activities (market, trading e.t.c.)  Safeguarding motor vehicles and motor cyclists The Ministry shall mandate FRSC to enforce traffic regulations on the road during construction and operation phases of the project. FRSC shall report directly to RSDT.

Local Government Areas and Environmental NGO These are part of stakeholders for the implementation of ESIA. The ESIA work shall be carried out in close cooperation with Local Government Area (LGA) and Environmental NGO. Relevant NGOs and affected LGAs shall be consulted and the outcome of consultation shall be forwarded to World Bank through RSDT.

State Waste Management Authority The affected State Waste Management Authority shall coordinate the waste management of the project activities especially, construction phase. The Authority shall report to RSDT through Ministry of Environment.

3.5 BUDGET FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ESMP The budget for the Implementation of ESMP covers mitigation, Environmental Auditing, capacity strenghtening and monitoring (Table3.23).

Table 3.23: Budget for the Implementation of ESMP Item Budget Estimate (N) Responsibility Mitigation 118,000,000 Contractor Environmental Auditing 10,000,000 RSDT/Consultant Capacity Strengthening 10,000,000 RSDT/World Bank Monitoring 10,000,000 RSDT/FMENV/State Ministry of Environment Total 148,000,000

Total budgetary Estimate for ESMP Implementation: N148, 000,000

CHAPTER FOUR

ASSOCIATED AND POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

4.1 IMPACT PREDICTION METHODOLOGY To be of most benefit, it is essential that an environmental assessment is carried out to identify significant impacts early in the project cycle so that recommendations can be built into the design. The first stage in the identification of impacts is to establish the scope of the investigations needed for each of the environmental components. This was carried out using a combination of desk study, consultation with stakeholders and field survey to characterize the ambient environment. Then, the potential impacts were assessed and mitigation measures identified. The significance of the environmental impacts of the project was also established. The objectives of this chapter are to:

• Identify potential environmental and social impacts of the proposed project activities, both negative and positive; • Empirically predict the likelihood and magnitude of such impacts and evaluate the significance of changes likely to result from them; and • Proffer appropriate impact mitigation and/or control measures.

Methods for the assessment of environmental impacts range from simple checklists and qualitative impact matrices to much more complex computer-based approaches using, for example, simulation modeling and optimization, geographical information systems (GIS), or expert systems techniques. The methods of assessment also ought to include some of the more important aspects, such as legal, procedural and institutional components, that may differ widely from country to country and from project to project. The following five major approaches are considered for this study:

(i) Leopold matrix (Leopold et al., 1971) (ii) Peterson Matrix (Peterson et al., 1974) (iii) Overlays (McHarg, 1968); and (iv) Battelie Environmental Evaluation System (Dee et al., 1972). (v) Rau'Ad Hoc method' (Rau 1990)

All of these methods employ the following steps:

 Identification of impacts  Prediction of impacts  Evaluation and interpretation of impacts  Communication  Inspection procedure

For this project, the associated and potential impacts of the project activities were predicted using a combination of the Peterson Interaction Model (Peterson 1974) which relates project activities with environment components and the Rau'Ad Hoc method (Rau 1990). This methodology is expected to indicate whether the impact is beneficial or adverse, whether it has temporal or spatial dimension, cumulative, spontaneous, and primary or secondary (Table 7.2). 72

The Leopold Matrix, (Leopold, et al. 1971), another assessment method, was used to identify cause-effect relationships between specific project actions in the environment and potential environmental impacts. The checklist presented in Table 7.1 shows a comprehensive list of environmental effects and impact indicators that helped to review possible consequences of contemplated actions. The method provides a semi-quantitative insight into the potential impacts, specified as an expert opinion value for Impact Magnitude and one for Impact Significance. Magnitude represents the extent and duration of interaction between the activity and the environment. Significance which represents the severity of impact and the importance of the environmental component is related to the rate by which legislative environmental standards are exceeded. A significant impact is considered to be an impact that should be taken into account during the decision-making process.

(i) The Leopold Matrix The Leopold Matrix is a comprehensive checklist designed for the identification, evaluation, assessment and analysis of environmental impacts on the Development project following the interaction matrix analysis approach by Leopold. The Leopold Matrix developed for the road construction/rehabilitation project is provided as Table 6.3. The checklist interaction matrix for environmental impact assessment was obtained by placing identified existing environmental components in the columns and the proposed project activities in the rows of the matrix. The number on the left hand side of the diagonal, in a cell, represents the magnitude of identified impact, while that on the right hand side, represents the importance or significance of the impact. A plus (+) sign indicates a positive or beneficial impact while the minus (-) sign is used to express negative or adverse impact. The process is summarized as follow:

The Leopold Matrix Table Columns represent identified existing environmental components Rows, proposed project activities Cells – x/y where x = magnitude of identified impact, and y = importance or significance of impact. (+) sign = positive or beneficial impact (-) sign = negative or adverse impact.

An attribute description package is complied and by means of "value functions", measured environmental parameters such as pollutant concentrations are translated into environmental quality rating of high quality, moderate and poor quality with numerical ratings of (0 -1.9), (2.0 - 5.9) and (6.0 - 10.0), respectively:

The magnitude (severity of impacts) is scaled as follows: 1 - 2 - negligible 3 - 4 - mild 5 - 6 - moderate 7 - 10 - severe

The degree of importance or probability of identified impacts: 1 - 2 - negligible 3 - 4 - low 5 - 6 - medium 7 - 10 - high.

The criteria applied to the screening of various activities are: (i) Magnitude - probable level of severity. (ii) Prevalence - likely extent of the impact. (iii) Duration and frequency - likely duration - long-term, short-term or intermittent. (iv) Risks - probability of serious impacts. (v) Importance - value attached to the undisturbed project environment.

Example of impact indicator value derivation: If baseline noise level is 40dBA and project activity is predicted to result in incremental impact of 10dBA then resultant noise level = 50dBA Since resultant environmental noise level of 50dBA<55dBA, the environmental quality is rated as high with indicator value of 0-1.9. if the incremental impact raises the environmental noise level to between 55dBA and 60 dBA then impact indicator value will be 2-6. If the incremental impact raises the environmental noise level to > 60dBA then impact indicator value will be 7-10.

Total Impact Score = sum of {(x) x (y)} for each environmental component and for each project activity. Thus the far right column in Table = total impact on environmental component. While the lowest row = total impact caused by each project activity.

Procedure A panel of experts from SEEMS LTD (see list of Consultants) independently ranked the impacts of each project activity on selected environmental indicator, on a 1 - 10 scale. Independent scores were then statistically analyzed and the results of the scores judged as follows: if variance, s2 < 5% of the mean, subjectivity was minimal and the score was good; if s2 > 5% but < 10% of the mean, the score was fair, then scorers were given the opportunity to review their scores. This process was repeated and the parameters with high levels of scores (5 and above) were then considered for detailed impact assessment and mitigation.

TABLE 4.1: IMPACT INDICATORS FOR VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS

Environmental Impact Indicators Components Climate Humidity, temperature, rainfall, wind speed and direction Air Quality Particulates, NO , SO , CO , CO, Oil and grease x x 2 Water Quality Solids (DS, SS), turbidity, toxicity, eutrophication, contamination, microbiology, E. coli Hydrology Drainage, discharge, hydrologic balance, sedimentation, erosion. Hydrogeology Ground water level, quality & availability Soil/Landuse Erosion, fertility, subsidence, farming, hunting, recreation. Ecology Diversity, distribution & abundance of Aquatic & Terrestrial Flora & Fauna. Fisheries Productivity, diversity & abundance. Archaeology Cultural relics, shrines & taboos. Noise & Vibration Day-time disturbance, hearing loss, communication impairment, annoyance Socio-economic Population, income, settlement pattern, health, safety and security. Wildlife & Forestry Abundance, diversity of species, numbers of unique, rare or endangered species.

(ii) Peterson Matrix Peterson Matrix is a modification of Leopold Matrix which relies directly on the multiplication properties of matrices. Also, the individual impacts are subjectively evaluated on an ordinal scale by a team of assessors, and separate matrix layers are produced for physical and human impacts. The matrices are also multiplied to find the effect of the casual elements on human environment while the resulting product is weighed according to the significance of the human impact. The ‘weighted’ impacts are finally aggregated to produce a single overall impact score.

(iii) The Rau'Ad Hoc method The Rau method provides guidance for total impact assessment while suggesting the broad nature of these possible impacts. Using this, it is possible to quickly judge the order of magnitude of effects or impacts as follows: No effect, Positive effect, Negative effect, Beneficial, Adverse, Problematic, Short-term, Long-term, Reversible, Irreversible. The total potential impact of the proposed project is assessed in Table 4.2 according to the Rau'Ad Hoc method.

(iv) Prime Potential Impacts The results of total impact evaluation as presented in Table 4.2 indicate that both the construction and the operation phases of the development projects will contribute to the adverse impacts on the project environment unless proper mitigation measures are put in place. The nature of the impacts is however different in each of the phases and projects. The impacts resulting from operations would generally be long term, as indicated by the higher figures for impact magnitude. The prime contributors to the total impact are the air emissions and socioeconomic impact. 75

Table 4.2: THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS (FROM RAU'S (1990) METHOD) Impacts No Positive Negative Beneficial Adverse Problematic Short- Long-Term Reversible Irreversible Effect Effects Effects Effects effects Term Highway Construction/Rehabilitation Loss of agricultural land for road & * * * * * excavation of filling materials Air quality impairment from particulate * (dust) & construction vehicle emission * * * Increased noise level from clearing equipment & construction machinery * * * Soil deterioration due to motor vehicle lead emission, erosion from desurfacing * * * * Impaired water quality from siltation, erosional discharge & construction camp * * * * domestic effluent Reduced Floral & faunal diversity from bush clearing and land-use * * * * Habitat change/reduced population of * wildlife from noise * * Waste management of the materials used * * * * for construction and domestics Creation of burrow pit and earth * movement may lead to traffic congestion * * * Displacement of people and property * * * * * Increased transport infrastructure, * * * employment opportunity & revenue Diffusion of diseases like HIV and others Highway Operation Transportattion of hazardous materials * * * * * results in explosions, fires, or spills Impaired air quality from motor vehicle * * * * emissions of & particulate (dust) emission Impaired hearing from noise from vehicle * * * * traffic Soil deterioration due to motor vehicle * * * * lead emission Increased health risk from vehicle * * * emissions inhalation & traffic hazards Economic development employment opportunity & improved rural economy * * * Land and community severance by road * * * * *

TABLE 4.3: IMPACT EVALUATION MATRIX FOR THE AKURE-ILESHA ROAD DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

PHASE DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES Operation & Site Excavation Construction Maintenance Preparation

tor

Environmental Components

Bush clearing & destumping Access road construction Road Traffic Emissions Waste Disposal Levelling/Compaction DisposalSpoil Oil spill/leakage Emissions Accidents Hazardous Wastes Weighting Fac Total weighted Factor 1. CLIMATE 1 Wind direction & speed -1/0 -2/-1 -1 Temperature -3/-2 -4/-2 -4/-2 -6 2. AIR QUALITY 2 TSP -1/-2 -3/-2 -1/-2 -3/-2 -3/-2 -10 NOx, SOx, CO -3/-1 -3/0 -3/-4 -3/0 -4/-4 -4/-3 -12 HC -2/-2 -3/-2 -3/-2 -3/-2 -8 3. WATER QUALITY 2 Solids -1/-2 -2/-2 -2/-1 -2/-1 -2/-2 -2/-1 -3/-2 -11 Turbidity -1/-2 -2/-2 -2/-1 -2/-2 -2/-1 -2/-2 -10 Toxicity -3/-1 -3/-2 -3 BOD/COD -3/-1 -3/-2 -3 4. HYDROLOGY 2 Drainage -3/-2 -4/-2 -4/-2 -2/-2 -8 Hydrologic balance -2/-2 -2/0 -2/0 -2 5. HYDROGEOLOGY 2 Groundwater quality -2/-1 -2/-2 -3/-2 -5 Groundwater level -2/-2 -3/-2 -2/-2 -3/-2 -8 6. SOIL & LANDUSE 3 Soil erosion -4/-2 -4/-3 -4/-3 -8 Farming -4/-2 -2/-2 -4 7. ECOLOGY 2 Flora & Fauna diversity -4/-2 -4/-3 -3/-3 -3/-2 -4/-3 -4/-3 -16 Flora & Fauna abundance -4/-2 -4/-2 -3/-3 -3/-2 -4/-3 -3/-2 -14 8. FISHERIES 1 Productivity -2/-2 -2 Fish kill -2/-1 -1 9. NOISE 2 Impared hearing -3/0 -3/-2 -3/-2 -4/-3 -7 Communication interference -3/-3 -3/-2 -3/-2 -4/-3 -10 10.WILDLIFE/FORESTRY 1 Diversity & abundance -3/-1 -3/-1 -3/-1 -3 Habitat -3/-2 -3/-1 -3/-1 -4 11.SOCIO-ECONOMIC 2 Population 3/10 4/10 20 Income 4/10 4/10 20

Health & -3/-8 -3/-2 -4/-3 -13

Aesthetics 4/10 10

Total Impact -1 -8 -13 -12 -11 -19 -6 -8 -19 -20 -12 -129 Notes: 0=No impact; 1-2=minimum; 3-4=Small; 5-6=Moderate; 7-8=Significant; 9-10 =Severe; x/y = Impact Magnitude/Indicator Value

4.2 IMPACT APPRAISAL 4.2.1 Environmental Issues Direct impacts of road development result from construction, maintenance and operation of the facility. The most significant project-related impacts are those related to site preparation activities, construction and commissioning and operation and maintenance. Some of the major project actions that will have potential impacts on the environment are discussed in the next section. The poject activities which may impact the environment include:

Site Preparation Activities These consist essentially of bush clearing and de-stumping of approximately 120ha of mainly agricultural land for the new carriageway of the proposed dualized Akure-Ilesha road, levelling, grading and compacting.

Construction/Civil Work and Commissioning The project construction activities will involve civil engineering construction works, vegetation (bush) clearing, earth (soil) movement, topographic levelling, alignment and re-alignment of road segments, creation of road pavement, coal tarring and bridge and culvert works. The pavement will be mostly of lateritic materials (200mm) stabilized with cement as sub-base course and crushed stones (200mm) as base course and the surfacing of hot-rolled asphaltic concrete (40mm) and 20mm surface dressing.

Operation and Maintenance Activities Periodic inspection of roads to maintain good drainage, bridges and culverts in functional conditions, road rehabilitation by mending potholes, rutting, reworking or strengthening of base and sub-bases of deteriorated pavement to improve their structural integrity and asphalt surfacing as necessary, clearing of road shoulders of bush and maintaining adequate road furniture.

4.2.2 Environmental Consequences of the Project The potential impacts resulting from project actions are summarized in Table 4.4. The potential impacts are discussed as follow:

Site Clearing and Construction/Civil Work The impact of these activities on the environment will depend of the types of clearing and construction equipment used.

(i) Air quality The primary air emissions during project construction will be from pug mills and airborne dust from construction truck movements and bush clearing and construction equipment. Air monitoring for similar highway projects have indicated that at 100 m leeward to the source, concentrations of pug mill emissions were up to 1.2 to 1.7 mg/m3 and dust (as TSP) from truck

traffic 20 mg/m3; contaminated areas could reach 150 m leeward. TSP of 60-206 (g.m-3) measured in the area during the study for both wet and dry season was lower in concentration than the acceptable limit of 250g.m-3 in any given day stipulated by FMENV. The clearing and construction activities will also be of short duration thus making the impact of low significance.

Table 4.4: Summary of Project Actions and Potential Impacts

Project Activity Potential Impact

1 Land Clearing  Air quality impairment from clearing equipment gaseous (S02 C02) & particulate (dust) emission  Noise from bush clearing equipment  Soil deterioration due to desurfacing & compaction  Loss of land, property and population displacement;  Loss of vegetation, wildlife & wildlife habitat  Degradation of surface water quality by discharge from runoff & erosion  Loss of biodiversity vegetation & wildlife  Interference with farming activities; 2 Construction  Air quality impairment from construction-related equipment gaseous (S02 C02) & fugitive (dust) emission  Contamination of surface & groundwater from construction camp chemical effluents, solid waste and domestic sewage discharge & discarded lubricants, fuel and oils  Noise from construction equipment  Soil deterioration due to desurfacing & compaction  Diffusion of disease like HIV/AIDS  Creation of burrow pit and earth movement equipment  Traffic congestion

3 Operation &  Air quality impairment from emission of gases (CO, S02, N02) maintenance  Noise from vehicle traffic  Risk to health and safety from dust and gaseous emissions inhalation & traffic  Provision of improved transport infrastructure to neighbourhood  Improved employment opportunities & rural economy

(ii) Noise The main noise sources during construction are construction machinery, which are known to generate noise at levels from 76 dB(A) to 98 dB(A) measured 5 m from running machines. At about 100 m, the noise levels are expected to reduce to levels within the daytime national noise standards of 85 dB(A). The noise will have an impact mostly on construction workers and residents living within 100 meters from the construction sites. Impacts during construction will arise from equipment noise, blasting and vibration and, during operation, those closest to the highway will hear vehicle movement. The existing ambient noise level (LA90) along the study

corridor is within acceptable limits (47.9-70.5 dBA). The noise sources during site preparation and construction activities are the internal combustion diesel engines powering bush clearing and civil works.

(iii) Ecology Site clearing will destroy the plant community and wildlife habitat, leading to the death of plants and relatively immobile animals as well as the migration of the animals that are capable of escaping. This will lead to the reduction of biodiversity in the area and possible soil erosion by rain water due to soil exposure. The majority of lands crossed by the Akure-Ilesha road are forests.

Although there are no known rare or endangered plants or animal species within the corridor for the proposed alignment, there are known occurrences within the broader study area. Therefore, there exists some potential for impacts by the proposed alignment. Fauna species along the Akure-Ilesha route are sparse due to habitat fragmentation and agricultural usage. Construction noise may disrupt nearby wildlife during their nesting period.

(v) Water Quality During the bush clearing and construction stage, silt from disturbed soil and in-river construction activities may result in increased suspended solids (SS) in rivers immediately downstream from the expressway, and duck/fish ponds and water wells near the roads. Such impacts will be temporary and limited to small areas downstream, but can affect a large portion of an adjacent fish pond. Construction camps will generate domestic effluent of 60 L per person per day on average, and total wastewater in the largest camp may be up to 60,000 L per day. If discharged directly into natural water bodies, the domestic effluent from construction camps would raise COD concentrations by about 1.2 mg/L in large rivers and up to 34.7 mg/L in smaller streams. During the operational stage, small quantities of sediment and dripping oil and grease from the road surface may be washed out and discharged to nearby surface water bodies as runoff during the rainy season. As this would also be the season when the rivers have their highest flow rates, the impact to water quality will be small. The two surface stations will generate effluent containing COD and SS. The effluent will eventually be discharged to the Rivers, year-round.

(vii) Wildlife and Forestry The proposed project is expected to have direct impact on wildlife and forestry in the following ways:  Site preparation and construction will result in the reduction of wildlife habitats for arboreal and infaunal species.  Noise from the use of clearing and construction equipment and machinery will cause the migration of much of the remaining wildlife from project areas.  Bush clearing will lead to the loss of important vegetation and economic tree species (oil palm, kola, and cocoa trees) which constitute over 65% of the area.

(viii) Socio-Economics & Health The proposed Akure-Ilesha alignment will directly impact several homes and is in close proximity to residential development at several locations. Indirect negative impacts may include

increased noise and pollution levels, and reduced access to properties. The Akure-Ilesha rehabilitation will separate certain farmland from farmers and some villages from one another on both sides of the alignment. It will limit the access of certain farmers to their fields and certain rural residents to schools, markets, services, and relatives and friends. About 8 villages and throughout the Project area will be affected. Also, some farmland originally cultivated as one parcel will be split into two.

Increased motor vehicle traffic from project development would constitute nuisance and higher safety risk to local road users (cyclists and pedestrians). A number of crossings will be constructed under the expressway. The majority of the crossings are designed to be at existing roads and meet the need for agricultural and social activities. The crossings will eliminate the impact of land and community severance, except that pedestrians who otherwise could walk to their destinations through the field will have to walk no more than 300 m on average to one of the crossings. Social & health problems (new communicable diseases, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HIV/AIDS) from influx of job seekers & post-construction demobilisation of large contigent of workers

Migration of workers and alteration of existing population characteristics are envisaged as the employment opportunities bring an influx of new people to the project area.

The Project will improve infrastructure in the region and make the area more attractive to outside investments. Economic benefits will also include higher efficiency in transport of local raw materials (minerals, agricultural produce such as fruits, etc.) and finished goods to local and outside markets. More tangible and immediate benefits will be increased employment opportunities directly related to project construction and operation. Of an estimated 11 million labor-days required for the expressway construction, 50 percent is expected to come from the local labor force. Of the labor requirements for roads construction, 80-90 percent will come directly from seasonal labor of the rural villages. Indirect employment related to services, vendors, etc. will generate additional income-earning opportunities, especially for women and children during the construction period.

Recreation The proposed alignment is expected to have very little impact on recreation in the area.

Utilities The proposed alignment crosses a high voltage power transmission line, several lower voltage power transmission lines, telephone and cable lines, and municipal water and sewer lines. There are currently no gas pipelines in the study area. Temporary disruption of power, telecommunication services, and municipal services may occur as they will be crossed by the proposed Highway during construction. Utilities are typically encountered at roadway crossing locations.

Heritage Resources and Archaeology There are no heritage properties, National Historic Sites, or known archaeological/fossil sites within the corridor for the proposed alignment.

Project Operation The impact of the activities associated with Highway operation phase of this project is discussed succinctly below:

(i) Air Quality and Noise A model using the Gaussian Equation was applied to forecast air contamination for Class D Atmospheric Stability during project operation. The modeling results indicate that CO concentrations will be below the national standards beyond 10 m from the expressway in the year 2019. The model forecasts that NOx concentration (daily average) will slightly exceed the standards for one receptor in the year 2010 and for five in 2019. None of the forecast parameters exceed the standards for the roads. Long-term air quality monitoring is needed to confirm the air modelling forecasts for the Project area. Because of the low traffic and the absence of sensitive receptors nearby, the Akure-Ilesha roads will have negligible air quality impact. The noise impact will be long term and increase over time as traffic volume on the project roads increases. Positively, the site preparation and construction phases of the project would provide short-term (as long as the activities last) employment to a number of people from within the communities. The site workers and some communities would therefore experience discomforting construction and operational noise from construction equipment if mitigating measures are not put in place.

(ii) Ecology Contamination of surface and groundwater will arise from chemical effluents, solid waste and domestic sewage discharge and discarded lubricants, fuel and oils. Discharge of effluents has potentials for water pollution with attendant effect on water quality and aquatic life.

(iii) Wildlife and Forestry Operational noise from process vehicles will cause the migration of wildlife from project areas.

(iv) Socio-Economics and Community Health The project development activities have both positive and negative impacts on the socioeconomic and health conditions of the area in which additional indirect employment opportunities in the downstream industries will be created in the region. This will be accompanied by improved social services and rural economy. Other potential socio-economic impacts associated with Highway operation include: higher risk to health and safety from increased traffic, discomforting operational noise to communities, permanent loss of agricultural land and productivity. Increased motor vehicle traffic from project operation would constitute nuisance and higher safety risk to local road users (cyclists and pedestrians). Public/environmental health and nuisance issues associated with dust and exhaust fumes can arise and may have a significant effect on neighbouring locations.

The project would result in increased accessibility to the area due to the creation of new access roads; this coupled with the influx of people to the project area may lead to the loss of cultural values of the inhabitants.

Energy Impacts The energy impact of a proposed project deals with the amounts of energy consumed, produced or conserved by the project in the context of supply and demand for those types of energy. Since essentially all projects consume, produce or conserve measurable amounts of energy in one form or another, an energy impact assessment is appropriate for all projects.

Energy impact assessment includes determination of :  the sources of energy available to the project  other demands for these energy supplies  the net effects on supply/demand  alternatives and their energy impacts  the amount of energy consumed, produced or conserved by the project.  conservation measures.

Petroleum products which include motor gasoline, dual purpose kerosene, automotive gas oil, liquefied petroleum gas, low- and high-pour fuel oil and base oil represent major energy sources in Nigeria.

The energy flow for the proposed project is as follows:  Construction (Energy Consumption)  Site preparation - Bush clearing/destumping, excavation, sand filling, paving etc - Diesel fuel  Pavement -Aspalt.

 Operation Motor gasoline - Petrol

4.3 SIGNIFICANT POSITIVE IMPACTS The significant positive impacts associated with the project include:

 Improved transportation infrastructure and the associated financial benefits to the stakeholders;  Development of downstream industries dependent on electric energy  Provision of employment opportunities including the opening up of an otherwise rural area.

4.4 SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE IMPACTS There are no expected significant negative impacts that cannot be mitigated.

4.5 RAW-MATERIALS IMPACTS Petroleum products are the major raw materials that will be consumed in the construction and operational phases. Since these are not renewable, the project will be accompanied by some measure of resource depletion.

4.6 PROCESS IMPACT There are no significant process impacts because virtually all the potential adverse environmental impacts particularly the discharge of gas and particulates will be mitigated in the environmental management plan.

4.7 PROJECT SPECIFIC INCREMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES No project specific incremental environmental changes were identified.

4.8 PROJECT SPECIFIC CUMULATIVE EFFECTS No project specific cumulative effects were detected.

4.9 PROJECT SPECIFIC LONG/SHORT TERM EFFECTS The long and short-term project specific impacts include gas emission and noise. Mitigation measures have been provided.

The impacts resulting from operations would generally be insignificant, as indicated by the low figures for impact magnitude (see impact evaluation matrix Tables 5.3).

4.10 PROJECT SPECIFIC REVERSIBLE/IRREVERSIBLE EFFECTS The environmental effects are mostly reversible. Raw materials consumption is, however, irreversible.

4.11 PROJECT SPECIFIC DIRECT/INDIRECT EFFECTS The direct and indirect effects of the proposed project include :  provision of improved transportation infrastructure to neighbourhood  Increased employment opportunity, and revenue for inhabitants of the area from direct employment and indirectly by the downstream industries that depend on the establishment of the improved transportation infrastructure.

4.12 PROJECT SPECIFIC ADVERSE/BENEFICIAL EFFECTS Major adverse effects include:

 Impaired air quality from S02, C02 & particulate (dust) emission  Impaired hearing due to noise from construction activities and traffic operation  Increased health risk from dust and gas emission inhalation and vehicle traffic

The beneficial effects are the following:  provision of improved transportation infrastructure to neighbourhood

 Increased employment opportunity, and revenue for inhabitants of the area from direct employment and indirectly by the downstream industries that depend on the establishment of the improved transportation infrastructure.

4.13 PROJECT SPECIFIC RISK AND HAZARD ASSESSMENT The hazards associated with various events in the project are summarized under the following scenarios:

4.13.1 Risk Scenarios In nearly all aspects of the project, there is a potential risk of an accidental event leading to an unwanted impact. Some specific operations carry a greater risk of accidents. The risk scenarios identified that can create environmental hazard include:  Transportattion of hazardous materials resulting in explosions, fires, or spills  Motor vehicle accidents during transportation  Abandonment of roads

CHAPTER FIVE

MITIGATION OF POTENTIAL AND ASSOCIATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

5.1 BEST AVAILABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY In order to ensure that the impacts emanating from the project activities are mitigated, time- tested standard designs, employing new technology with bias for environmental safety and economics will be adopted in all the phases of the project - construction, operation and maintenance. The measures that will mitigate the impacts identified with the respective project activities are reviewed as follow:

In general, the road design shall be carried out to the Federal Ministry of Works Federal Highways standards (Highway Manual Part I – Design), unless when this is not justifiable due to site constraints or economic considerations. The design speed required is 100Km/hr, where re- alignment is considered, after examining various alternatives, long stretches joined by large curves of minimum radius 300m will be aimed at. Permanent features like bridges and culverts shall be provided in accordance with the Federal Highways standards. Horizontal and vertical alignments of the route will conform with the design standards required of federal highways by the Federal Ministry of Works without much impediment and re-alignment.

5.1.1 Site Clearing and Civil Work/Construction Air Quality and Noise The clearing and construction-related impacts such as equipment emission and noise impacts are short-term in duration. Their impact is not predicted to be worse than the present level in the area. The residual impact of equipment emissions will be negligible except to construction workers. During dry season and in sensitive areas, hauling roads will be watered to suppress dust. The residual impact of airborne dust will be limited to small areas close to truck roads and terminated shortly after the end of truck traffic.

Equipment and vehicles that show excessive emissions of particulates due to poor engine adjustment or other inefficient operating conditions shall not be operated unless corrective measures are taken. In addition to the emission control, the workers will be provided with adequate personal protective equipment particularly nose masks for the effective protection against the inhalation of particulate matter and ear muffs where necessary to operators exposed to noise for long duration. Soil During construction operations it will be ensured that surface water flows are controlled and if necessary channelled to temporary discharge points. Such points shall be located, designed and constructed in a manner that will minimize the potential threat of erosion in the receiving waters.

Surface runoff within the worksite shall be drained into a suitable silt trap before its discharge into an outlet drain, ditch, stream or river. The silt trap shall be of adequate size and shall be regularly de-silted.

Water Quality During the construction stage, silt from disturbed soil and in-river construction activities may result in increased suspended solids (SS) in rivers immediately downstream from the expressway, and fish ponds and water wells near the roads. Such impacts will be temporary and limited to small areas downstream, but can affect a large portion of an adjacent fish pond. Surface runoff to fish ponds and drinking water wells by the roads will be intercepted to prevent impact on these water bodies. The residual impact on water quality during construction will basically be short-term increases in SS concentrations in the rivers immediately downstream from the expressway. Increased SS may drive the fish population, away from the impacted area; but the impact will dissipate soon after the construction terminates. The receiving water bodies may be impacted in terms of increased COD and SS by the final discharges from the service area septic tanks during dry season when river flows are minimum.

Waste Management Construction camps will generate domestic effluent of 60 L per person per day on average, and total wastewater in the largest camp may be up to 60,000 L per day. If discharged directly into natural water bodies, the domestic effluent from construction camps would raise COD concentrations by about 1.2 mg/L in large rivers and up to 34.7 mg/L in smaller streams. All contractors will be required to build septic tanks at their construction camps as part of the construction contracts. This will remove approximately 40-50 percent of the COD and 50-70 percent of the SS. During construction, contractors will also be required to have sound environmental management programs for the storage of hazardous materials, solid waste collection and disposal, and environmental contingency plans.

Highway Integrity To ensure a stable highway, the road pavement will be founded directly on competent clayey sand/sand/lateritic layer. Where cuts are inevitable, it must rarely go beyond 0.5 m. If the cut exposes the incompetent clay substratum, it must be excavated and backfilled with competent lateritic soil. Where cuts are made into the incompetent clayey substratum, serious consideration must be given to drainage and slope protection to prevent slope breakdown and leaching of feldspathic and siliceous materials resulting in cavities and troughs on the slope surface with toe slumps and sometimes slip failure. Because of the heavy rainfall in the project area and the subsequent high runoff, drainage channels will be properly designed and constructed on the roads to ensure that moisture equilibrium is maintained throughout the year. Normal Highway maintenance practices will be in place.

5.1.2 Highway Operations and Maintenace Atmospheric Emissions & Noise Impact Due to construction activities the noise level is expected to increase in the project area. In order to mitigate the impact of noise in the project area, work will be limited to day time in built-up areas. In addition, workers will be obliged to consistently use Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) especially ear mufflers. Lead Emission to Soil A motor vehicle lead emission model projected that by the year 2019, lead concentrations in the soil within 1 km of the proposed project alignments will be up 33 mg/kg through accumulated increase of motor vehicle emissions. Although this is an almost 60 percent increase from the existing baseline lead concentrations in the soil, it will still be far below the 300 mg/kg limit set by applicable national standards. The impact of motor vehicle emissions to the soil will be

insignificant, and no specific mitigation measure is necessary. In fact, the impact to the soil is expected to be of little relevance if the use of leaded gasoline is discouraged.

Soil ErosionMost of the required fill material will be excavated on site, creating ditches on both sides of the roadways. Surface erosion and silt runoff may occur on the bare embankment, and unprotected slopes during heavy rainfall. Total silt erosion due to the Project is estimated to be about 1,500 tons/yr during construction and nil during operation when the landscaping is finished. Because of the flat terrain, the lost silt is expected to settle in side ditches, which are designed for surface water runoff from the Project. The roadway embankment slopes will be grassed and treed soon after the expressway is completed. Land disturbance will be limited to the construction period. Erosion and silt runoff during road operation will be negligible. Construction and proper termination of drains in natural water courses such as rivers and streams

Water Quality During the operational stage, small quantities of sediment and dripping oil and grease from the road surface may be washed out and discharged to nearby surface water bodies as runoff during the rainy season. As this would also be the season when the rivers have their highest flow rates, the impact to water quality will be small. The construction camp stations will generate effluent containing COD and SS. The effluent will eventually be discharged to the Rivers, year-round. Surface runoff to fish ponds and drinking water wells by the roads will be intercepted to prevent impact on these water bodies. Long-term impacts on water quality in other rivers in the Project area during expressway operation will be low. During construction and operation, water quality in the major rivers will be monitored for SS and COD to confirm the result of the impact

Transportation of Hazardous Materials Planned measures to mitigate impacts from accidents involving transport of hazardous materials which could threaten the safety of people, and pollute waterways and soils in accident areas are the following. (i) Individuals (drivers, etc.) transporting hazardous materials will be examined when entering the expressway to ensure possession of appropriate operation permits. Vehicles will be inspected to ensure appropriate marks and equipment. (ii) Vehicle operators will be forbidden to smoke cigarettes while with the vehicles, and will be warned through appropriate signs for traffic safety while passing rivers, villages, and other sensitive areas. (iii) When accidents occur, vehicle operators will be required to report immediately to public security (the police) and the environmental authority and take appropriate emergency measures according to relevant guides to minimize potential spread of the spilled materials. (iv) An emergency response team will be established to deal with accidents involving hazardous materials. The team will involve fire departments, police, and environmental specialists. They will be trained to properly handle these accidents and to be familiar with necessary emergency measures such as prompt evacuation of residents nearby as needed. (v) An emergency phone system will be installed along the expressway for prompt reporting of environmental emergencies, as well as other accidents. The telephone number for the environmental emergency teams will be posted in each of the phone booths.

Socio-Economic & Health To mitigate the impact of loss of vegetation, trees and bushes will be planted on both sides of the expressway, and land will be seeded to grass the embankment in an expressway landscape plan. As the lost cultivated land economic crops, and property within the proposed ROW to be

demolished cannot be recovered elsewhere, affected farmers will be compensated to offset the lost production and revenue or resettled. Impacts on agricultural output and revenue, are expected to be insignificant after compensation. The potential land acquisition, compensation and resettlement requirements in the road right-of-way of the proposed road alignments will be determined in accordance with the World Bank’s Safeguard Operational Directive on Involuntary Resettlement. A resettlement plan will be prepared based on the number of persons to be affected and government or private owned properties to be expropriated because of the road construction. Costs to mitigate this problem, or dislocate the affected persons, if any will be estimated. The lists of those persons to be (fully and partially) affected by the project with the type, number and size of houses to be demolished both in urban and rural areas, farmlands to be taken (permanently and temporarily), fruit and other trees to be removed and other related issues consultant will also be assessed. Youths from the host communities will be given priority in unskilled labour employment; FMW will provide on-the-job training for the unskilled and semi- skilled workers (especially from the host communities) during the construction period.

FMW shall provide construction camp, sanitary facilities and alternative source of potable water during construction. The medical facilities shall be provided on site, with critical cases transferred to retainer hospitals. Also, awareness campaign to enlighten the communities/field workers on the implications of drug and alcohol abuse, unprotected sex, prostitution and the need to sustain healthy lifestyle and behaviour.

The key environmental protection measure for new industrial developments as a result of the road development is sound environmental planning and management. No developments will be allowed without an appropriate environmental impact assessment and mitigation plan.

5.2 DECOMMISSIONING PLAN The project Highway is generally expected to be maintained and to remain in operation indefinitely and the operation and maintenance procedure provide for monitoring the performance and the integrity of the system components. However, when the performance of the system scales to diminishing returns, or a new replacement road is in place standard procedures for decommissioning shall be invoked. A decommissioning team is set up to plan and implement laid down guidelines on decommissioning. The following activities are involved in decommissioning /abandonment:

 Cut off passage or accessibilty  Disposal of Wastes;  Rehabilitation of Site by regetation etc.

At the end of decommissioning, various solid wastes are segregated according to their types and then disposed of according to FMENV waste disposal guidelines.

CHAPTER SIX

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

6.0 INTRODUCTION Environmental and Social management is a planned, integrated programme aimed at ensuring that unforeseen and unidentified impacts of a proposed project are contained and brought to an acceptable minimum. In conducting its business activities, FMW places a strong emphasis on maintaining safe and healthy working conditions for its personnel and minimising the effect of its activities on the natural environment. These objectives are achieved through the implementation of the policy and guidance that integrate environmental management approaches into its developmental and operational schemes and which typically addresses a number of environmental issues including the following:

 Identification of environmental sensitivities;  Identification of potential significant impacts;  Adoption of design measures or operational procedures that reduce impacts to acceptable levels;  Establishing emergency and contingency plans;  Monitoring the effectiveness of environmental protection; and  Auditing the success of the overall strategy.

The ESIA of road development (construction and rehabilitation) has addressed the impacts of the project. The results show that the impacts of the project are not severe and are thus acceptable. As part of the continuing process of management of Health, Safety and Environment issues relating to the project, the latter issues of monitoring and audit can now be addressed.

In order to ensure that the environmental consideration and mitigation recommendations of the ESIA are implemented and to guarantee the achievement of FMW’s Corporate Policy on environment and that the provisions of the Health and Safety plan are accommodated in subsequent stages of the projects, an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has been developed. The ESMP consists of plans, procedures and programmes, covering areas such as: the handling of hazardous materials and wastes, emission and discharge monitoring, site inspection and auditing and emergency response. It is formulated to ensure that the environmental mitigation requirements outlined in the ESIA are central to the management of the implementation and operation of the proposed projects. 6.1 Introduction: Environmental and Social management Plan (ESMP) In this section the plan for mitigating the identified significant adverse environmental and social impacts is presented. For easy understanding and implementation, this section include a summary of the impacts and corresponding mitigation measures, including responsibility and cost; institutional arrangement; monitoring; and capacity building for the implementation of the ESMP.

Table 6.1a: Summary of Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures

S/ Impacts Mitigation Responsibility Monitoring Supervision Mitigation N Costs (N) 1 Soil Erosion Place drain outlets so as to Contractor FRDP/Third party FRDP/FMENV/WB N40 avoid cascade effect; proper entity/consultant million termination of drains; planting vegetation 2 Water Pollution Bridges drainage systems, Contractor FRDP/Third party FRDP/FMENV/WB N20 embankment drainage canals entity/consultant million 3 Air Pollution Periodic water sprinklings, Contractor FRDP/Third party FRDP/FMENV/WB N4 m Vegetation screens entity/consultant 4 Flora and Fauna Avoid animal road Contractor FRDP/Third party FRDP/FMENV/WB N2m trespassing, forbid workers entity/consultant from poaching 5 Noise Pollution In built-up areas, work will Contractor FRDP/Third party FRDP/FMENV/WB N 2m be limited to day time, entity/consultant workers will be obliged to used PPE (ear mufflers) 6 Damage to None. But chance finding Contractor FRDP/Third party FRDP/FMENV/WB N8m Cultural Heritage procedures would be entity/consultant followed as needed 7 Mines/Quarries//B Use of government approved Contractor FRDP/Third party FRDP/FMENV/WB N16m orrow pits sites and proper entity/consultant decommissioning at the end of project 8 Diffusion of HIV/AIDS/STI awareness Contractor FRDP/Third party FRDP/FMENV/WB N4m Diseases campaigns/orientation for entity/consultant workers and host communities 9 Traffic and Diversion, Sign-posts, Speed Contractor FRDP/Third party FRDP/FMENV/WB N8m Workers accidents limits, Police patrolling, use entity/consultant of PPE 10 Construction Careful location, construction Contractor FRDP/Third party FRDP/FMENV/WB N6m Camps and management of camps; entity/consultant restore site to satisfactory standard at the end of project 11 Waste Segregation, storage, Contractor FRDP/Third party FRDP/FMENV/WB N8m management evacuation and disposal at entity/consultant government approved sites; provide adequately located and maintained latrines Conclusion: The consideration presented above indicate that the proposed rehabilitation of Akure-Ilesha Road will have a number of significant adverse environmental and social impacts during construction and operation periods. These impacts are however, site specific, and the required mitigatory measures can be designed more readily - typical of category B projects. With appropriate mitigation, particularly during the construction phase of the project, none of the impacts referred to in this report will be significant. It should be pointed out that the road will bring numerous social and economic benefits to the communities within the area a fast, safe and all weather road will allow efficient and rapid movements of goods between the different regions of the country and beyond. The positive results would be sustained if the road works and subsequent maintenance are carried out in line with this ESMP.

The ESMP has been comprehensively developed by following international standards for (environmental) management planning. It covers all the phases of the projects from project design to project decommissioning. The various responsibilities and tasks involved in implementing the ESMP for the development project vary with the project stage and are summarized in Table 6.1 and appendix 4. The key issues are briefly discussed below.

Table 6.1: SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES FOR VARIOUS STAGES OF PROJECT S/N Project Phase Action 1 Project design Review design compliance with ESMP and regulations 2 Project planning and Setting up of an environmental focal point and scheduling institutional arrangement 3 Contingency planning Training, plan development and implementation 4 Project mobilization Supervision of the process 5 Construction phase supervision Supervision including inspection, monitoring, and auditing activities 6 Construction, demobilization Supervision of the process 7 Operations and maintenance Supervision including inspection, monitoring and phase supervision auditing of activities 8 Project Decommissioning Post project monitoring and auditing

(i) Waste Management Guidelines During the construction and subsequent operation an maintenance phases, it is inevitable that discharges of materials to the environment will occur. If these are not controlled, they may act as a source of environmental disturbance or nuisance. The level of discharge expected has been quantified in Chapter seven. All the wastes that cannot be re-used will be safely managed and disposed off in a manner that meets regulatory requirements. Below are the waste management guidelines and waste disposal systems that will be considered in this project.

(ii) Waste Inventory The primary wastes include exhaust emission gas – sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, construction materials, fuel storage containers, scrap metal and domestic and sewage wastes. These wastes shall first be segregated, minimized and/or disposed of in accordance with waste management standards as outlined in this Section of the report.

(iii) Inspections, Audits and Monitoring During the course of construction and operation of facility, and eventual decommissioning of the project, agents of regulatory authorities and FMW shall conduct regular inspections to determine the level of compliance with the guidelines of the ESMP and applicable regulations and statutes. Specifically, the FMENV waste discharge requirements (FEPA, 1994), and FMW waste management guidelines must be complied with. Site inspections by FMW and regulatory authorities shall be regular not necessarily according to any structured pattern. The inspection of facilities, in accordance with the industry practice, will be at least once in six months.

(iv) Monitoring Objectives In order to measure and quantify the impacts of the project development on the receiving environment, the following monitoring objectives are established:

(i) Monitor alterations in existing physical, chemical, biological and social characteristics of the environment.

(ii) Determine whether any detected changes in environmental components are caused by the project or natural occurrences. (iii) Determine the impacts of non compliance with ESIA and ESMP requirements by the contractor, in particular to monitor emissions and discharges and ensure compliance with local, national and international standards. (iv) Determine the effectiveness of the ameliorating measures (v) highlight areas of concern unforeseen in the ESIA and ESMP and provide a basis for recommending further amelioration measures. (v) Impact Indicators In identifying impact indicators, priority is given to environmentally sensitive areas, and in this regard, it is noteworthy that the entire project area falls under this category. Based on the results of baseline studies and consideration of FMENV limits, the following impact indicators (Table 6.2) are identified with the corresponding environmental components. Table 6.2: Monitoring Impact Indicators Environmental Components Impact Indicators

Atmospheric Particulates, Volume discharged, SOx, NOx, CO, heavy and trace metals, and HC. Soil Texture, pH, Total Organic Carbon, Nutrients, Heavy metals Water Quality: DO, COD, BOD, pH, Nutrients, Turbidity, TDS, TSS, Heavy metals, Hardness Aquatic ecology Diversity, Abundance, Benthic Fauna Socio-Economic Health status

(vi) Monitoring Programme A monitoring programme is being designed which will meet the data needs of FMW for self enforcement of corporate policy and compliance with national and international regulatory standards. The programme is based on the status of the existing environment and the assessed incremental impact of the additional facilities on areas designated as environmentally sensitive. The proposed monitoring programme is shown in Table 6.3.

Table 6.3a: Environmental Monitoring Programme for the Road Development Project Impact Time of Impact FME Sampling Sampling Sampling Monitoring Monitoring Parameter Impact/Project Indicator Limits Location Frequency Method Duration Personnel Phase

Ambient Air Site preparation, TSP 600g/m3 Daily, during site Quality & Construction & NO Receiving air - preparation, Air Sampler Short-term 2 100 g/m3 FMW particulate Operation of SO2 upwind & construction & for 1 (Highway 300 g/m3 and gaseous facility CO downwind of site month after; Div) 20 ppm emission HC Once every three Contractor

months during Long-term (ENV) operation of facility

Noise Site Preparation, Noise Level 80 dBA (8-hr) Work Site and Daily (During site Decibel Noise Construction & 200 m away preparation, Meter Short-term FMW Operation of construction; Monthly Contractor facility during production (ENV) Long-term

pH as specified in (i) Receiving Daily during Water Sampler, Water Site Preparation, Temperature FMENV water - 500m Land preparation & Turbidi-meter Short-term FMW Quality Construction Oil & Grease Guidelines upstream & construction & for 1 and pH-meter Contractor (Surface & Salinity downstream of month after (ENV) Underground COD discharge point; ) BOD (ii) Monitoring Turbidity wells onsite & TDS downgradient; TSS Heavy Metals

Soil Site Preparation, Particle Size, For at least 1 year Visual Inspection Compliance, Operation of Total Org C, 50m each side of after project and Soil Sampler Data Bank Long-term FMW facility & Oil & Grease Highway commissioning Contractor Decommissioning Heavy Metals, corridor. (ENV) Nutrients,

Note: short-term = Duration of clearing/Construction Long-term = Duration of Operational activities 94

Presented in Table 6.3b is the monitoring programme of the Project Affected Peoples; the table highlights the different phases, various activities, and the responsibilities

Table 6.3b: Monitoring Programme of the Project Affected Peoples

Time of Activities Responsibility Impact/Project Phase PLANNING  Initial site visit an consultation Consultant: Scoping and Screening  Identification of Resettlement Supervision by and Social Issues FMW/FMHUD-PIU  Application of safeguard policies  Categorization  Action plan  Screening Report  WB No-Objection DESIGN AND Consultant: CONSTRUCTION  Compensation Supervision by  Construction FMW/FMHUD-PIU  WB No-Objection EXECUTION  Implementation of ESMP Contractors Implementation and monitoring  Monitoring and reporting on Supervision by environmental and social FMW/FMHUD-PIU mitigation measures and the community  Monitoring and reporting of Resettlement and livelihood issues OPERATIONS (POST-  Maintenance Contractors IMPLEMENTATION)  Monitoring and reporting of Supervision by Operation and maintenance Resettlement and social FMW/FMHUD livelihood issues - PIU and the community

i) Scope of Monitoring: The monitoring programme will be developed to verify the emissions and discharges based on existing national and international regulations on environmental pollution and on the findings in each monitoring campaign. The Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Industry in Nigeria (FMENV, 1991) defines a required monitoring programme and the World Bank policies. The initial emissions and discharge monitoring programme is outlined in Table 6.2. The environment in the project area can be verified by focusing on measuring specific indicators of environmental and socia parameters that is representative for the overall environmental quality and at the same time relatively easy to measure.

(viii) Parameters to be Monitored The indicators of environmental quality of the surface water which will be monitored include:

Dissolved oxygen  Total N  pH  Biological or chemical oxygen demand (BOD or COD)  Turbidity  Oil and grease  Heavy metals

Discharges - fluid discharges project operation; - recipient water monitoring ; and

Emissions During construction, operations and maintenance of the proposed project, all emissions of air, water and noise shall comply with regulatory limits. In addition to the above programmes, monitoring will be undertaken for the following atmospheric emissions:

- Particulates - Volume discharged

- SOx

- NOx - CO - Heavy metals, and - HC

(ix) Monitoring Methodology The procedures for assessing the impacts of projects on the environment. include:  identifying the source and characteristics of all wastes generated;  quantifying emissions and discharges to the environment; and  quantifying and qualifying land-take and its direct effect on terrestrial ecology.

 This environmental and social assessment will continue to evolve along with the project, and is in fact the iterative process of impact mitigation. Monitoring and audit will continue throughout the

life of these projects. Monitoring may involve measuring specific indicators of environmental quality parameters and comparing with baseline levels. The frequency of this depends on the results of the monitoring and inspections. If the results of the monitoring measurements give rise to concern about the environmental quality and social issue. For example, more detailed surveys will be performed which may include the sampling and analysis of organisms living within the habitats and PAPs livelihood of the project area.

6.2 WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES The strategies of waste management which will be adopted are summarised as follows:  To reduce the volumes of wastes generated.  To recycle and re-use waste where feasible.  To treat hazardous waste and make them inert before disposal.  To ensure safe and responsible collection, storage and disposal of all wastes.  To provide auditable records of all waste streams.  To monitor waste disposal activities in order to prevent future liabilities.  To reduce the negative impact of the project operations on the environment.

6.3 WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME Construction activities will result in the generation of a variety of wastes which can be divided into distinct categories based on their constituents, as follows: surplus excavated material (public fill) that require disposal; construction and demolition(C&D) waste; chemical waste; and municipal waste.

The guideline for waste management would be used to further develop and articulate a tailored waste management plan that takes account of waste identification methods, waste storage, waste tracking, monitoring and audit of waste disposal sites.

Table 6.4: Environmental Monitoring Programme for the Road Development Project

Discharge Type Impact FMENV Limits Sampling Monitoring Indicator Frequency Personnel

Sewage and Chloride Weekly FMW Contractor Domestic waste Quantity Daily

Segregated & treated Segregated FMW Contractor Solid Wastes Quantity according to current & Quantity FMW Guidelines recorded weekly Diesel oil Volume Monthly FMW Contractor Lube oil

97 Excavated material is defined as inert virgin material removed from the ground and sub-surface. Excavated material may be generated during the reprovisioning of slip roads / local access roads, drainage and utility undertakings and slope works. The proposed widening will involve extending and modifying the existing embankments to facilitate the construction of new carriageways at-grade with the existing Highway. This will include the clearance of high quality topsoil used for planting as well as cutting and filling of existing fill from the embankment construction to accommodate both widened embankments as well as retaining walls in areas of limited space. It has been identified that even with the reuse of excavated materials, there will be a net deficit of construction fill. A number of sources of fill have been investigated for the project. Whilst there are a variety of sources of fill, the suitability of any such fill may need to be determined for particular uses. In particular, stringent acceptability criteria are likely to be applied to any materials used in reinforced slopes and associated structures where stability is a consideration.

The environmental management measures would focus on reducing the production of dust, atmospheric emission, risks to life and accidents and energy efficiency and should include:  Developing procedures to minimise the generation of particulates around the site;  Implementing noise abatement programmes (depending upon the sensitivity of neighbouring facilities);

 Maintenance and efficiency of any on-site abatement equipment and treatment plant.

Excavated Materials Some excavated material will be generated during the reprovisioning of slip roads / local access roads, drainage and utility undertakings and slope works. However, there is likely to be a net deficit of fill. It is anticipated that cut material arising through the works will be reused on site thereby minimising the volume necessary for disposal. Where material is to be reused on site or where material is brought in to the site from the identified source, fill (and topsoil) may need to be stockpiled. Stockpiles have the potential to cause nuisance through fugitive emissions to air or increased suspended sediments of local water courses where materials are allowed to be eroded. Areas for stockpiling have not been determined at this stage, however given that any stockpiling results in “double-handling” of material (which is time consuming) , it can be reasonably assumed that this would be minimised as far as possible by the contractor. If the appropriate measures are taken for the management of stockpiles, impacts are not considered to be significant.

Table 6.5: Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Road Development Project Aspect Environmental & Impact Degree of Mitigation Measures Social hazard Impact Site clearing and Physical disturbance Land-take, disturbance and loss Acceptable adequate supervisionn during site preparation of flora & fauna; Loss of clearing, preparation property; Human displacement Compensation & Resettlement Increased erosion potential Construction Dust & emission from Public health and nuisance; Acceptable Create safety zone earth moving equipment loss of wildlife Water hauling road/site Increased traffic & Road safety Locate equipment 300m away noise Water quality and ecology from sensitive receptor Wastes discharge Highway Operation & Air emission Human health Acceptable Motor speed related emission Maintenance Noise control Provision of ear defenders Risk to life from traffic Accidents

Wastes discharge Water quality and ecology Acceptable Compliance with FMENV regulations Provide waste Incinerator Employment Improved quality of life Acceptable Provide training to unskilled local opportunities labour Decommissioning Wastes Human health Acceptable Standard waste disposal guidelines Human health, hydrology Acceptable Land rehabilitation: Erosion potential re-vegetation

6.4 WASTE MANAGEMENT The Waste Management Plan (WMP) shall be developed and implemented according to a best- practice philosophy of waste management. There are various waste management options, which can be categorised in terms of preference from an environmental viewpoint. The options considered to be more preferable have the least impacts and are more sustainable in a long-term context. Hence, the hierarchy is as follows:  avoidance and minimisation, i.e. avoiding or not generating waste through changing or  improving practices and design;  reuse of materials, thus avoiding disposal (generally with only limited reprocessing);  recovery and recycling, thus avoiding disposal (although reprocessing may be required); and  treatment and disposal, according to relevant laws, guidelines and good practice.

There is anticipated shortfall in fill requirements as such:  fill should be re-used on site;  Inert material deemed unsuitable for reuse on site, reclamation or land formation; and noninert construction waste material should be disposed of at a landfill;

The suitability (or otherwise) of material for reuse on site shall be detailed in the WMP. If, for any reason, the recommendations cannot be implemented, full justification should be given in the

99 WMP for approval by EPD.

As identified above, there is anticipated shortfall in fill requirements and excavated materials are expected to be reused on-site. Excavated material should be segregated, such that topsoil is stored separately from fill and treated accordingly to avoid degradation. Any stockpiles should be sited away from existing watercourses and suitably covered to prevent wind erosion and impacts air quality and water.

6.5 MONITORING SCHEDULE The monitoring actions required and frequency will vary depending on the parameter to be determined and discharge type as summarized in Tables 6.2, 6..3a.and 6.3b

6.6 ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT The effectiveness of the ESIA process relies on the availability and quality of information and data. In order to ensure that the ESIA process remains valid and robust, the monitoring data must be reliable. Audit schemes aim at verifying the effectiveness of environmental control and highlights areas of weakness in environmental management. The audits are focused on areas of project perceived to be environmentally sensitive and having the highest environmental risk. The environmental audit process provides an assessment of the project, environmental management strategies and the effectiveness of the system in fulfilling the Company's environmental policy. Regular audit would be carried out for every major facility during construction and operations and maintenance, including on-site processing and storage facilities, waste disposal facility, maintenance facilities and emergency response facilities

6.6.1 Contingency Planning Despite all care and diligence exercised in project execution, accidents do occur. Accidents could occur from equipment failure or third party sabotage, all to the detriment of the environment. Consequently, Contingency Plans are usually made to handle such situations. Although serious incident is unlikely, FMW has in place a Contingency Plan which will be activated; regularly updated with periodic exercises conducted.

6.6.2 Project Organization and Responsibilities FMW has to establish a policy and schedule for responsibilities and training on matters relating to the environment. There is a line responsibility for which all level of staff is accountable. Line management will take full responsibility for environmental issues.

A focal point, the Management Safety, Health and Environmental (SHE) Committee, which will consist of Director of Highways, Deputy Director of Planning (Highways), RSDT, FMW HSE Manager, FMW Director, HSE representatives of the different zones will be set up to coordinate HSE performance and will be responsible for compliance with safety and environmental standards and regulations. The Committee has been charged with the following specific tasks:

100  The implementation of the Environmental Management Plan related tasks;  Conducting or organising periodic audits;  Initiating or organising corrective actions when necessary;  Preparing and managing documentation related to environmental performance;  Regular and incidental reporting to the FMW management;  Liaising and reporting to the appropriate environmental regulatory authorities.

The Works Controller is responsible for maintenance of the safety and pollution control equipment. The Quality Control Manager will operate independently from the Plant Manager. The Quality Control Unit will be staffed with at least two licensed chemists and one safety engineer.

FMW’s management thus, affirms total commitment to safety and plans to ensure that all environmental considerations are integrated into related activities. Induction and training courses for staff are part and an effective parcel of environmental management system, which is of paramount importance to FMW.

6.7 FOLLOW-UP ACTION PLAN: The FMENV is expected to conduct surprise inspection from time to time to confirm the compliance with its standards.

 Signs of poor housekeeping should be noted in the inspection of facility such road failures in form of pitting, rutting and slipping;  Procurement of the monitoring equipment to analyze traffic count, weighing bridge, emission, ambient air quality, noise and water quality;  Provision of adequate personal protective equipment, particularly effective protection against inhalation of particulate matter and ear protectors;  The age of process equipment and the presence of emission abatement technology;  The means of transport to and from the site and the associated impacts;  The boundary of the site should be walked to determine the adjacent properties/facilities and their sensitivity;  Views of stakeholders on the operation at the road facility;  The disposal routes of any collected waste;  Contact should be made with the local regulatory agencies to determine compliance record and whether complaints have been made by the public;  Annual compilation of all the monitoring results and highlight of the activities related to facility social, safety and the environment of the quality control unit;

6.8 INTER-AGENCY AND PUBLIC/NGO The ESIA work shall be carried out in close cooperation with ERA. The Consultant shall assist in coordinating the Environmental Assessment with other governmental agencies, notably the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA), Wildlife Conservation Organization (WCO) and ERA’s Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch (EMSB), and in communicating with and obtaining the views of local affected groups and persons and NGOs, particularly in cases of new road alignments. Relevant institutions or individuals should be consulted and the outcome of

101 consultation should be forwarded. The New Driving Force Programme will be implemented through a set of projects for the promotion of purchasing fuel efficient vehicles and of driver training and communication of fuel efficient driving behaviour. This programme will involve many NGO’s and transport business organizations that address individual companies and drivers. Extra funding of up to N25 million till 2005 must expand this programme and support a new pilot research project involving mass public driver training methods that can be developed for training of about 1 million licensed drivers.

102

CHAPTER SEVEN

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This ESIA has been carried out by the project proponent in order to comply with the statutory requirements and to identify, evaluate and mitigate the significant potential impacts of the development project on the environment. An Environment and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has also been developed as a guide to ensure environmental sustainability during and after the execution of the various project activities.

The Akure-Ilesha highway route is underlain by clays, sandy clays, clayey sands, sands and laterites occurring at varying depths and locations along the route.To ensure a stable highway, the road pavement must be founded directly on competent clayey sand/sand/lateritic layer. The road development will lower transportation cost, reduce travel time and will provide a significant aid to the poor through greatly improved transport infrastructure and access to marketplaces. The construction/rehabilitation and operation of the Project will bring a large number of direct and induced employment opportunities to the local economy.

The adverse impacts generated by the expressway will be avoided or reduced to insignificant levels through appropriate mitigation and compensation measures. Such measures include a reforestation and landscape program along the project alignments to compensate for green field lost to the project, construction of separated crossings under the expressway to mitigate agricultural field and rural community severance, construction of wastewater treatment facilities in service areas, increases in the height of residential property perimeter walls to attenuate noise levels; building of temporary roads to minimize the effect on the traffic during upgrading of the project road; development of sound environmental programs during construction to mitigate such impacts as noise, dust and silt runoff; and establishment of environmental emergency teams to minimize impacts of motor vehicle accidents involving hazardous materials.

The overall impacts on the bio-physical environment associated with the project development are either not significant or can be managed within reasonable and acceptable limits by applying all identified mitigation measures contained in this report. The ESIA also shows that there is no major environmental issue to impede the development and operation of the project if the recommended mitigation measures are implemented and pollution control facilities are properly put in place, operated, and maintained, and FMW maintains a continued social responsibility for the displaced people. To ensure the protection of the environment from anticipated adverse impacts and to decide whether to take further actions for impact mitigation where needed, noise, air quality, and water quality will be monitored during construction and operation.

103 REFERENCES

ADENIYI, I.F. (1987): The Chemical Composition of Niger Delta Waters. In Final Report on The Environmental Pollution Monitoring of the Niger Delta Basin of Nigeria. Vol. 5.

ALLOWAY, B. J. 1990. Heavy metals in soils. Blakie & John Wiley & Sons Inc. Glasgow & London. pp 29-39

ALPHA (1981). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, American Public Health Assoc., N.Y.

APHA, AWWA, APCF(1980): Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. New York

Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) Report of Proposed Rehabilitation of Akure- Ilesha Road by FMW,2011

BLACK, C.A. (ed) 1994). Methods of Soil Analysis. American Soc. of Agron, Madison, WI (USA), Parts 1 & 2.

BLOCKER, P. C., 1973. ‘Major aspects air pollution monitoring in urban and industrial Area’ Concawe. The Hague.

BRAY, R.H., and KURTZ, L.T. (1945). Determination of Total Organic and available form of Phosphorus in soils. Soil Sci.:59:45-49.

BS 5228: 1975. British Standards Specifications on Construction Noise

BUCHANAN, R.E. and GIBBONS, N.E. (1974). Bergey's Manual of Determinative bacteriology. 8th ed. The Williams and Wilkins Company Baltimore USA.

BURKE, K., 1969. Neogene and Quartenary Tectonics of Nigeria. In Geology of Nigeria. (edited by Kogbe, C.A.). Elizabethan Publishing Co. Lagos. Nigeria. pp 363.

CONCAWE, 1994. Environmental Quality Standards, Concawe Review Vol. 3 No.2, p.18-19

FEPA (1991) Federal Environmental Protection Agency, Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria. 238 pp FEPA. 1991 Guideline and standards for Industrial effluents, Gaseous Emissions and Hazardous Management in Nigeria. Federal Environmental Protection Agency, Lagos

Geological Survey Division, (1974). Geological Map of Nigeria. Publication, Federal Ministry of Mines and Power, Nigeria.

104 GOLTERMAN, H.L. CHYMO, R.S., and OHRISTEAD, M.A.N. (1978): Methods for Physical and Chemical Analysis of Freshwater. IBP Handbook No. 8. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford.

International Finance Corporation (IFC) Operational Policies 4.01.

International Finance Corporation (IFC) General Health and Safety Guidelines.

International Finance Corporation (IFC) -Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Waste Management Facilities

KOGBE, C. A. 1976. Geology of Nigeria. Elizabethan Publishers, Ibadan.

LEOPOLD, L.B. CLARKE, F.E; HANSHAW; B.B. and BALSLEY, J.R (1971). A procedure for evaluating environmental impact. Geological Survey Circular 645, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 13 pp

HAYWARD, D and OGUNTOYIBO, J 1987. Climatology of West Africa. Barens and Nobles, New Jersey, USA 271p.

OJO, (1972). The Climates of West Africa, Heinemann Books Limited, Ibadan.

REYMENT, R. A. 1965. Aspects of the Geology of Nigeria, 133 pp., Ibadan Univ. Press. JONES, H. A. & R. D. HOCKEY, 1964. The geology of part of South-western Nigeria. Geological Survey of Nigeria Bull. No. 31, 1-87, 8 pb.

U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. 1994. Soil taxonomy. A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys.

USEPA (1979): Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes. Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268. EPA - 600/4-79-020 (March, 1979). Viets, F.C. and W.L Lindsay (1973). Testing Soils for Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe. In: Soil Testing and Plant Analysis. (Eds. L.M. Walsh and J.D. Bexton). Soil Sci Soc. Am. Inc. Madison Wl. Walkley J.T. and Black C.A. (1934). An examination of the method for determining Soil Organic Matter and a proposal modification of the Chromic acid and titration method. Soil Sci. 37; 29-38.

Westphal, A. ( 1976): Protozoa. Blackie. Glasgow and London.

WHO, 1976. Selected Methods of Measuring Air Pollutants, WHO offset Publication No. 24, E, Geneva.

W.H.O (1984). World Health Organization Guidelines on Drinking Water Quality. Vol. I, II, III. Geneva.

105

APPENDICES

106 APPENDIX 1

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

Inorganic constituents for drinking water quality (Source: WHO, 1993)

Characteristic Health-based guideline Antimony (mg/l) 0.005 Arsenic mg/l 0.01 Barium mg/l 0.7 Boron mg/l 0.3 Cadmium mg/l 0.003 Chromium mg/l 0.05 Copper mg/l 2 Cyanide mg/l 0.07 Fluoride mg/l 1.5 Lead mg/l 0.01 Manganese mg/l 0.5 Mercury mg/l 0.001 Molybdenum mg/l 0.07 Nickel mg/l 0.02 Nitrate mg/l 50 Nitrite mg/l 3 Selenium mg/l 0.01 Uranium g/l 140 Consumer acceptability level Aluminium mg/l 0.2 Chloride mg/l 250 Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 500 Hydrogen sulphide mg/l 0.05 Iron mg/l 0.3 Manganese mg/l 0.1 PH 6.5-9.5 Sodium mg/l 200 Sulphate mg/l 250 Total dissolved solids mg/l 1200 Zinc mg/l 4

107 Emission Standards, Environmental (Motor Vehicle noise) Regulations 1987 (Environmental Quality Act 1974).

Item Category of Vehicle Maximum Sound Level Permitted (dBA) 3 Used for the carriage of goods. Permitted maximum 81 weight does not exceed 3.5 tons. Engine is less than 200 hp DIN 6 Used for the carriage of goods. Permitted maximum 86 weight exceeds 3.5 tons. Engine is less than 200 hp DIN 7 Used for the carriage of goods. Permitted maximum 88 weight foes not exceed 3.5 tons. Engine is 200 hp DIN or more. Source: Environmental Quality Act 1974 and Regulations

Nigeria Ambient Air Quality Standard (FEPA, 1991)

Pollutants Time of Average Limit Particuclates 3 Daily Average of hourly values (1 hour) 250ug/m Sulphur Oxides Daily Average of hourly values ( 1 hour) 3 Sulphur Dioxide Daily Average of hourly values ( 1 hour) 600ug/m Non-Methane Hydrocarbon Daily Average of hourly values (3 hourly 0.01ppm Carbon Monoxide 3 averages) 160ug/m Nitrogen Oxides Daily Average of hourly values (8 hourly (Nitrogen Dioxide) 10ppm average) (20ppm) Photochemical Oxidants Daily Average of hourly values (range) 0.04-0.06ppm Hourly Values 0.06

Noise Exposure Limits for Nigeria (FEPA, 1991)

Duration/Day-Hours Permissible Exposure Limit dB(A) 8 90 6 92 4 95 3 97 2 100 1½ 102 1 105 ½ 110 ¼ 115 Impulsive or Impact Noise < 140 dB, Peak

108

Effluent Limitation/Guidelines in Nigeria for all Categories of Industries (FEPA, 1991)

Parameters Units in Milligram per litre (mg/l) Unless Otherwise Stated Limit for Discharge into Surface Limit for Land Water Application Temperature Less than 40oC within 15 minutes Less than 40oC of out fall Colour (Lovibond Units) 7 - pH 6 – 9 6 – 9 o BOD5 at 20 C 50 500 Total Suspended Solids 30 - Total Dissolve Solids 2,000 2,000 Chloride (as CI) 600 600 2- Sulphate (as SO4 ) 500 1,000 Sulphide (as S2-) 0.2 - Cyanide (as CN-) 0.1 - Detergents (linear alkylated suphonate as methylene blue active substance) 15 15 Oil and Grease 10 30 Nitrate (as NO3) 20 - 3- Phosphate (as PO4 ) 5 10 Arsenic (as As) 0.1 - Barium (as Ba) 5 5 Manganese (as Mn) 5 - Phenolic Compounds (as phenol) 0.2 - Chlorine (free) 1.0 - Cadmium, Cd Less than 1 - Chromium (trivalent and hexavalent) Less than 1 - Copper Less than 1 - Lead Less than 1 - Tin (as Sn) 10 10 Iron (as Fe) 20 - Mercury 0.05 - Nickel Less than 1 - Selenium Less than 1 - Silver 0.1 - Zinc Less than 1 - Total Metals 3 - Calcium (as Ca2+) 200 - Magnesium (as Mg2+) 200 - Boron (as B) 5 5 Alkyl Mercury Compounds Not detectable Not detectable Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) 0.003 0.003 Pesticides (Total) Less than 0.01 Less than 0.01 Alpha Emitter, uc/ml 10-7 - Beta Emitters, uc/ml 10-6 - Coliforms (daily average) 400MP/100ml 500MP/100ml Suspended Fibre - -

109 International Finance Corporation (IFC) /World Bank Policies and Guidelines

Ambient Air Concentrations of contaminants, measured outside the project boundary, should not exceed the following limits:

Particulate Matter (<10m) Annual Arithmetic Mean 100 g/m3 Maximum 24 hour Average 500 g/m3

Nitrogen Oxides, as NO2 Annual Arithmetic Mean 100 g/m3 Maximum 24 hour Average 200 g/m3

Sulfur Dioxide Annual Arithmetic Mean 100 g/m3 Maximum 24 hour Average 500 g/m3

Workplace Air Quality Threshold limit values (TLVs):

Arsenic 0.5 mg/m3 Carbon Monoxide 29 mg/m3 Copper 1 mg/m3 Free Silica 5.0 mg/m3 Hydrogen Cyanide 11 mg/m3 Hydrogen Sulfide 14 mg/m3 Lead, Dusts & Fumes, as Pb 0.15 mg/m3 Nitrogen Dioxide 6 mg/m3 Particulate (Inert or Nuisance Dusts) 10 mg/m3 Sulfur Dioxide 5 mg/m3

Workplace Noise Ambient Noise levels should not exceed 85dBA

Liquid Effluents pH 6 to 9 BOD5 50 mg/l Oil and Grease 20 mg/l Total Suspended Solids 50 mg/l Temperature – at the edge of Max 5oC above ambient temperature A designated mixing zone receiving waters – max 3oC if receiving waters>28oC

110

Residual Heavy Metals Arsenic 1.0 mg/l Cadmium 0.1 mg/l Chromium, Hexavalent 0.05 mg/l Chromium, Total 1.0 mg/l Copper 0.3 mg/l Iron, Total 2.0 mg/l Lead 0.6 mg/l Mercury 0.002 mg/l Nickel 0.5 mg/l Zinc 1.0 mg/l

1Source: The World Bank policies and guidelines, supplemented with information from OECD sources and the proposed revisions to the World Bank guidelines.

Cyanide In no case should the concentration in the receiving water outside of a designated mixing zone exceed 0.022mg/l Free Cyanide 0.1 mg/l Total Cyanide 1.0 mg/l Week Acid Dissociable 0.5 mg/l

Measures to prevent access by wildlife and livestock are required for all open waters (examples tailings impoundments and pregnant leach ponds) where WAD cyanide is in excess of 50 mg/l.

Ambient Noise

Maximum Allowable Leq (hourly), in dB(A) Receptor Day time Night time 07:00 – 22:00 22:00 – 07:00 Residential; 55 45 Institutional; Educational Industrial; 70 70 Commercial

111 APPENDIX 2

FIELD SAMPLE HANDLING CHARACTERISTICS

Parameters Volume Container Maximum Preservation required, ml Holding Time pH 25 P, G 6 hrs In situ determination Conductivity 100 P, G 24 hrs In situ determination Colour 50 P G 24hrs In situ determination Odour 200 G 24hrs In situ determination Turbidity 100 P, G 7 days In situ determination TDS 50 P, G 6 months Filter on site TSS 50 - 6months Filter on site Salinity (Cl) 50 P, G 7days Not required COD 50 P, G 7 days 2ml H2SO4 per litre BOD 1000 P, G 6days Refrigeration at 40C DO 300 G No holding In situ determination 0 Ammonia 400 P, G 24hrs Cool at 4 C H2SO4 to pH<2 0 Oil & Grease 1000 G 24hrs Cool at 4 C H2SO4 to pH<2 0 NO3 100 P, G 24hrs Cool at 4 C H2SO4 to pH<2 Chromium 100 P, G - HNO3 to pH<2 Cadmium 100 P, G 6 months HNO3 to pH<2 Copper 100 P, G 6 months HNO3 to pH<2 Iron 100 P, G 6 months HNO3 to pH<2 Mercury 100 P, G 38days, glass Filter, HNO3 to pH<2 Lead 100 P, G 6 months HNO3 to pH<2 Nickel 100 P, G 6 months HNO3 to pH<2 Zinc 100 P, G 6 months HNO3 to pH<2 Vanadium 100 P, G 6 months HNO3 to pH<2 Calcium 100 P, G 7days None required Magnesium 100 P, G 6 months HNO3 to pH<2 P = Plastic sample container G = Glass sample container

112

ANALYTICAL METHODS

I SOIL

Soil pH Prior to laboratory analysis, soil samples were air-dried, gently crushed with pestle in agate mortar and passed through 2-mm sieve. The less than 2-mm fractions were retained for the following analysis. This was determined in 1:2 soil-water ratio after allowing for 30-minute equilibration.

Particle Size Distribution Particle size analysis was carried out using the hydrometer method with Sodium hexametaphosphate as dispersing agent as described by Day (1953).

Organic Matter This was determined by the acidified dichromate digestion and ferrous ammonium sulphate titration method of Walkley and Black (1934).

Available Phosphorus Avail-P was extracted by the Bray-No 1 procedure (0.03N NH4F + 0.025 N HCl). The P- concentration was then determined colorimetrically by the molybdo-phosphoric and -blue technique.

Exchangeable Cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) These were extracted with 1N neutral (pH 7.0) ammonium acetate solution. The K and Na were determined using Collins Flame Analyzer while Ca and Mg concentrations were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.

Exchangeable Acidity This comprises Al3+ and H+ which were extracted by 1N KCl solution and titrated against 0.05 N standard solution of NaOH.

Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) This was computed as the sum of the exchangeable bases (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) and exchangeable acidity (Al3++H+).

Base Saturation This was computed as the sum of cations expressed as a percent of the effective cation exchange capacity.

Exchangeable Fe+++ For this analysis, 2.5g of the finely ground soil sample was shaken in a conical flask with 25ml of 1N ammonium acetate for 1 hour and then filtered into plastic containers. Iron (Fe+++) was determined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The concentrations of this cation

113 was calculated with reference to the dilution on factor and expressed in milligram equivalent per 100g of soil (meg/100/gsoil).

Total-Nitrogen This was determined by the semi-micro kjeldahl digestion method. The ammonia was absorbed into the boric acid mixed indicator solution and then titrated with standard 0.01N sulphuric acid solution.

Chloride A 1:2½ soil-water suspension was shaken for one hour on orbit shaken. The suspension was filtered using suction pump. The chloride content was determined by titration with 0.1N AgNO3 solution and potassium chromate as internal standard.

Sulphate Sulphur: Potassium phosphate monobasic (KH2PO4) was used for the extraction and SO4-S of the extract was gravimetrically determined by barium chloride method as in Black(1965).

Oil & Grease The oil content (grease) of the soils was determined by shaking 10g of a representative soil sample with 10ml of toluene and the oil extracted measured at 420mm using a spectronic 20 spectrophotometer. Absorbance was read directly. With reference to standard curve and multiplication by the appropriate dilution, factor, the hydrocarbon concentration was calculated.

Heavy Metals The dried sub-samples were used in this analysis. The samples were finely ground to facilitate accurate measurements. Four grams (4gm) of this sample was weighed and put into a 250ml beaker to which was added 100ml of distilled water and 1ml of analytical grade concentrated HNO3 (specific gravity 1.42). A foaming reaction on addition of the acid indicated the presence of carbonates, in which case the acid was slowly added. Then 10ml of analytical grade concentrated HCI (specific gravity 1.19) was added. The beaker was covered with ribbed watch glasses and heated on hot plate at 950C, care was taken not to allow the solution to boil our bump by addition of anti bumping substances to prevent splattering and hence affecting the accuracy of the measurements. Heating was continued until 10-15ml of the solution was left in the beaker. This was then brought down, allowed to cool before being filtered into a 100ml volumetric flask and made up to volume with distilled water. The digested filtrate was used for the determination of the various trace metals by the Atomic Absorption/Flame Emission Spectrophotometer (SHIMADZU MODEL AA-670).

Soil Microbiology: The soil samples were first subjected to conditioning by storing first in a refrigerator and then at room temperature for two days in order to restore normal microbial activities and avoid fluctuations in the numbers due to sporulation.

The conditioned samples were then ground in stomacher homogenizer in the collection bag to break up lumps. One gramme of the soil sample was weighed and added to 99ml sterile

114 enrichment mineral solution in 250ml comical flasks. The samples were shaken for 6hr at room temperature in a Gallenkamp incubator shaker at 80-100 rev/min.

Dilution/media for cultivation: Serial dilutions in sterile water put to 10-6 were prepared. The highest dilution was used for the enumeration of hydrocarbon decomposing bacteria and for the determination of total bacterial counts on mineral salt plus 1% hydrocarbon containing media with the addition of an antifungal agent and on plate count agar, respectively.

Inoculation/incubation One ml aliquot from the highest dilution was pipetted into sterile pets dishes placed on a rotating plate holder and the media was poured over. The plates were rotated until the media was partially set, covered and incubated at 35oC for 48h for total bacterial count and for hydrocarbon decompresers at 30oC for 14 days. Counts were expressed as cfu/ml/g substrate after counting on a colony counter.

II WATER The parameters measured in the laboratory include: pH, conductivity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, chloride, total alkalinity, hardness, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, oil and grease, surfactant, iron and heavy metals. Details and principles of the methods are as shown below:

Electrical Conductivity The electrical conductivity of the samples were measured using Lovibond conductivity meter (Type CM-21).

Total Suspended Solids This parameter was measured by the gravimetric method (APHA, 1995). Water samples, 200ml were filtered through pr-weighed 0.5 u membrane filters. The filters were then dried to constant eight in an oven at 103 – 105oC.

Chloride The Chloride content was determined by Mohr’s method potassium chromate indicator solution was added to the water sample and titrated with silver nitrate (which reacts with chlorides/bromides in water to form precipitates of the corresponding salts) to the formation of brick-red silver chromate precipitate as he end point. (APHA, 1975) limit of detection is 1.0mg/l.

Total Alkalinity Total Alkalinity was determined by titrating 100ml of the water samples with 0.02N H2SO4 solution using methyl orange as the indicator (APHA, 1975) limit of detection is 1.0mg/l as CaCO3.

115 Sulphate Sulphate was determined by the turbidimeter method (APHA, 1975) colloidal Barium sulphate was formed by the reaction of sulphate with barium ion in a barium chloride-hydrochloric acid solution in the presence of glycerol ad ethyl alcohol. The colour intensity was measured using spectrophotometer (Spectronic 20) at 420mm wavelength. Limit of detection is 1.0mg/l. Sulphide was measured by a titrimetric (iodine) method (APHA, 1975).

Phosphate Phosphate was determined by the Stannous Chlorine method (APHA), 1975, (Galley et al. 1975). Phosphate in water reacts with ammonium molybdate in acidic medium to form molybdo-phosphoric acid, which is reduced to molybdenum blue complex by stannous chloride. The intensity of colour was measured using Spectronic 20 (Spectrophotometer) at 690mm. The limit of detection is 0.05mg/l.

Nitrate The nitrates content of the samples was determined by the Brucine-Sulphate method (APHA, 1975). To 2ml of the water sample, was added 2ml of H3SO4 and 0.2ml of Brucine sulphate heated in a water bath. The intensity of the resultant yellow coloration was measured using a spectrophotometer (Spectronic 20) at 410nm. Limit of detection is 0.5mg/l.

Chemical Oxygen Demand The chemical oxygen demand (COD) was determined using the Permanganate method as modified by Welcher (1975). It is a titrimetric method and the COD is recorded as the permanganate value in mg/l.

Oil and Grease Oil and grease was measured after pre-extracting 100ml sample with 10.0ml carbon tetrachloride, using a Horiba Oil Content Analyzer (OCMA-200, range 0 – 100 ppm).

Heavy Metals Heavy metals were determining by direct aspiration using a varian Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) model AA-10 with manual sample changer equipped with a C.T.A graphic table atomizer.

III AIR QUALITY

Suspended Particulate Matter Pre-weighed filter paper are placed in a high volume air sampler, air is then sucked into the unit containing the filter paper within the sampler for 4 hours. The filter paper is then re-weighed, with the old weight subtracted from the new and the difference is the weight of the particulate in air. This is then subjected to some conversion and represented in parts per million (ppm).

Hydrocarbon Gases (VOC) The equipment is switched on and using the various buttons for measurement of the various gases, the values are read out automatically. Readings are only taken when the values have stabilised, that is, when the values are no longer rising or falling. Usually the equipment is

116 allowed enough time to suck in air and analyse to obtain representative sample readings. Time interval between measurements of the various hydrocarbon gases is about 5 minutes. Each analyte was estimated more than once for good representation.

Ammonia (NH3), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulphur Oxides (SOx), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), and Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) Lamotte Air Pollution Test Equipment with Lamotte® Model BD Air Sampling Pump was used with appropriate absorbing solutions and reagents recommended for each parameter.

117

APPENDIX 3

SOCIO-ECONOMIC QUESTIONNAIRE

118 2.8 What is your annual income? ESIA QUESTIONNAIRE 2.8.1 1,000 - 10,000 Akure-Ilesha Road Rehabilitation 2.8.2 11,000 - 20,000 2.8.3 21,000 - 30,000 1. SETTLEMENT CODE 2.8.4 31,000 - 40,000 1.1 Date of Interview ______2.8.5 41,000 - 50,000 2.8.6 51,000 - 60,000 1.2 Name of village/Quarter______2.8.7 61,000 - 70,000 1.3 Population……………………… 2.8.8 71,000 - 80,000 2.8.9 Above 80,000 1.4 L. G. A ______2.9 Family size 1.5 State ______2.9.1 1- 3 2.9.2 4 – 6 1.6 Ethnic Groups ______2.9.3 7 – 10 2.9.4 11 – 15 2. RESPONDENT SOCIAL DATA 2.9.5 16 – 20 2.9.6 Above 20 2.1 Sex 2.10 Age Distribution of household 2.1.1 Male (Including Parents) 2.1.2 Female MALE Age range FEMALE 2.2 Age 2.10.1 0 - 14 2.2.0 <10 years 2.10.2 15 – 24 2.2.1 11 - 20 years 2.10.3 25 – 34 2.2.2 21 – 30 years 2.10.4 35 - 44 2.2.3 31 – 40 years 2.10.5 45 - 54 2.2.4 41 – 50 years 2.10.6 Above 55 2.2.5 51 – 60 years 2.11 Distribution of household occupation 2.2.6 Over 61 years MALE Status FEMALE 2.3 Marital Status 2.11.1 Student / Apprentice 2.3.1 Single 2.11.2 Business / Contractor 2.3.2 Married 2.11.3 Technician 2.3.3 Divorced 2.11.4 Farming/Fishing/Hunting 2.3.4 Widow 2.11.5 Teaching 2.3.5 Widower 2.11.6 Civil servant 2.4 Level of Education 2.11.7 Married / House Wife 2.4.1 Primary School 2.11.8 Unemployed 2.4.2 Secondary School 2.11.9 Others (Specify) 2.4.3 Vocational / Technical 2.12 How many births in the last 12 months? School 2.12.1 :...... 2.4.4 Tertiary School 2.13 How many deaths in the last 12 2.4.5 No Formal Education months 2.5 Employment/Occupation 2.13.1 :...... 2.5.1 Farming/Hunting 2.14 List the common sickness in the 2.5.2 Fishing settlement ? 2.5.3 Technician 2.14.1 :...... 2.5.4 Trading 2.14.2 :...... 2.5.5 Business / Contractor 2.15 List the Environmental problems in the 2.5.6 Teaching settlement 2.5.7 Civil Servant 2.15.1 Soil infertility 2.5.8 Retired 2.15.2 Pest attack / invasion 2.5.9 Student / Apprentice 2.15.3 Soil salinity 2.5.10 Unemployed 2.15.4 Erosion 2.5.11 Others (Specify) 2.15.5 Rain storm / flooding 2.6 Skills 2.15.6 Others (specify) 2.6.1 Mason 2.15.7 No idea 2.6.2 Welder 2.16 Status of Respondent 2.6.3 Technician 2.16.1 Traditional Ruler/Head of 2.6.4 Fisherman Settlement 2.6.5 Politician 2.16.2 Church Leader 2.6.6 Transporter 2.16.3 Traditional Chief/Councillor 2.6.7 Unskilled 2.16.4 Family head 2.7 Length of Service 2.16.5 Union Leader 2.7.1 0 – 5 years 2.16.6 Doctor/Nurse/Herbalist 2.7.2 6 – 10 years 2.16.7 Immigrant/Settler 2.7.3 11 – 20 years 2.16.8 Visitor 2.7.4 21 – 30 years 2.16.9 Others (Specify) 2.7.5 Above 30 years

119 2.17 Who should speak for your community on 3.5 What other properties do you own ? project matters?. 3.5.1 Rubber plantation 2.17.1 Chief 3.5.2 Palm plantation 2.17.2 Community chairman 3.5.3 Cocoa plantation 2.17.3 Community secretary 3.5.4 Forestry / Raffia palm 2.17.4 Youth leader 3.5.5 Farm land 2.17.5 Church leader 3.5.6 Poultry (specify) 3.5.7 None 2.18 How long have you lived in the settlement 3.5.8 Others (specify) 2.18.1 0 – 5 years 3.6 Rank order pattern of land ownership 2.18.2 6 – 10 years 3.6.1 Inheritance 2.18.3 11 – 15 years 3.6.2 Tenant / lease 2.18.4 16 – 20 years 3.6.3 Family 2.18.5 Above 20 years 3.6.4 Outright purchase 2.18.6 Since birth 3.6.5 Communal 2.19 What is your religion 3.6.6 Others (Specify) 2.19.1 Traditional 3.7 What is the total size of your land in 2.19.2 Islam hectares? 2.19.3 Christianity 3.7.1 0 - 5 (1 = football field) 2.19.4 Worship God 3.7.2 2 - 3 2.19.5 Atheist 3.7.3 4 - 5 2.20 Of what use are the water bodies in your 3.7.4 6 - 7 area? 3.7.5 Above 7 2.20.1 Fisheries 3.7.6 None 2.20.2 Irrigation 3.8 Which are the farming methods in your 2.20.3 Domestic area? 2.20.4 Transportation 3.8.1 Garden 2.20.5 Recreation 3.8.2 Fallow 2.20.6 None 3.8.3 Shifting cultivation 2.20.7 Others (specify) 3.8.4 Rotational bush fallow 3.8.5 No idea 3. RESPONDENS’ ECONOMIC DATA 3.9 What cropping system is common here ? 3.9.1 Mono - Cropping 3.1 Annual Income (Naira) 3.9.2 Mixed - Cropping 2.8.1 1,000 - 10,000 3.9.3 Inter - Cropping 2.8.2 11,000 - 20,000 3.9.4 Others (specify) 2.8.3 21,000 - 30,000 3.9.5 No idea 2.8.4 31,000 - 40,000 3.10 What has been the nature of Agricultural 2.8.5 41,000 - 50,000 yield? 2.8.6 51,000 - 60,000 3.10.1 Increasing 2.8.7 61,000 - 70,000 3.10.2 Decreasing 2.8.8 71,000 - 80,000 3.10.3 The same 2.8.9 Above 80,000 3.11 Form of Fish farming 3.2 What type of house do you (own /live in) 3.11.1 Net (canoe) 3.2.1 Thatched 3.11.2 Net (Motorized Boat) 3.2.2 Thatched/wooden 3.11.3 Hook 3.2.3 Thatched/mud 3.11.4 Trap/Basket 3.2.4 Zinc roof/wooden 3.11.5 Any other (specify) 3.2.5 Zinc roof/mud 3.13.7 ………………………………. 3.2.6 Zinc roof/block 3.12 What has been the nature of fish yield in the 3.3 How many sleep in one room past five years 3.3.1 1 3.12.1 Increasing 3.3.2 2 3.12.2 Decreasing 3.3.3 4 3.12.3 Constant 3.3.4 6 3.3.5 8 3.13 What is your usual means of 3.3.6 >8 Transportation?. 3.4 Do you own 3.13.1 Canoe 3.4.1 Canoe 3.13.2 Engine Boat 3.4.2 Bicycle 3.13.3 Motorcycle 3.4.3 Motor – Cycle 3.13.4 Car 3.4.4 Car / Lorry 3.13.5 Bicycle 3.4.5 Engine boat 3.4.6 Fish pond 3.4.7 House 3.4.8 Other (specify) 3.14 Name Sacred sites in your community

120 3.14.1 ………………………………. 4.6.13 ………………………. 3.14.2 ………………………………. 4.6.14 ………………………. 3.14.3 ………………………………. 4.6.15 ………………………. 3.14.4 ………………………………. 4.7 Give general comment on activities of FMW or any 3.14.5 ………………………………. other company in this community ? 3.14.6 ………………………………. 4.7.1 ...... 4.7.2 ...... 4 RESPONDENTS ATTITUDE TO COMPANY 4.7.3 ...... /ENVIRONMENT 4.7.4 ……………………………………… 4.7.5 ……………………………………… 4.1 Name the companies in this area and state the benefits 4.8 What Power Transmission Line induced problem you have derived from have you experienced, when and where ? them....………………………………..? 4.8.1 ...... 4.1.1 Employment 4.8.2 ...... 4.1.2 Scholarship 4.8.3 ...... 4.1.3 Community Project (specify) 4.8.4 ………………………………………. 4.1.4 Skills Acquisition 4.8.5 ………………………………………. 4.1.5 None 4.9 Type of waste discharge system 4.1.6 Negative 4.9.1 Water System 4.1.7 Name negative effects 4.9.2 Pit system 4.9.3 Bucket system 4.9.4 River 4.2 Are you aware of any intended project in the 4.9.5 Bush/swamp Community? (Yes / No) If yes, What is it? 4.9.6 Others (specify)...... 4.2.1 Cement factory 4.2.2 Power Transmission Line 4.10 Source of water supply 4.2.3 Development project (specify) 4.10.1 ...... 4.2.4 No idea 4.10.3 ...... 4.3 What benefit do you expect from this Road project? 4.10.3 ...... 4.3.1 Employment opportunity 4.11 Do you have the following in the river/creek ? 4.3.2 Economic boom 4.11.1 Shrimps/prawns 4.3.3 Infrastructural development 4.11.2 Oysters 4.3.4 Scholarship 4.11.3 Thias 4.3.5 Housing 4.11.4 Periwinkles 4.3.6 Hospital 4.11.5 Scallops 4.3.7 Others (specify) 4.11.6 Crabs 4.4 What is your attitude to this project? 4.11.7 Others (specify)...... 4.4.1 Support the project 4.12 Types of wild life in the area 4.4.2 Resist the project 4.12.1 ...... 4.4.3 No idea 4.12.2 ...... 4.4.4 Demand compensation 4.12.3 ...... 4.5 What pipeline related social-problems do you have in 4.13 List in order of importance what you expect from your area ? FMW 4.5.1 Youth / Juvenile delinquency 4.13.1 …………………………………… 4.5.2 Land dispute 4.13.2 …………………………………… 4.5.3 Chieftaincy tussle 4.13.3 …………………………………… 4.5.4 Inter-family problem 4.13.4 …………………………………… 4.5.5 Inter-village / Tribal conflict 4.13.5 …………………………………… 4.5.6 Acute unemployment 4.13.6 …………………………………… 4.5.7 Child abuse/ Infant pregnancy 4.14 Which group(s) in your community suffers most 4.5.8 Alcoholism, Prostitution from industrial activities 4.5.8 Other (specify) 4.14.1 ………………………………….. 4.6 What are your fears on the proposed Road Rehab 4.14.2 ………………………………….. project in order 4.14.3 ………………………………….. of importance 4.14.4 ………………………………….. 4.6.1 Loss of land (acquisition/deforestation) 4.14.5 ………………………………….. 4.6.2 Damage to farmland 4.6.3 Pollution of air/waterways 4.6.4 Health problems 4.6.5 Socio-cultural interference 4.6.6 High cost of living 4.6.7 Increased population 4.6.8 Soil infertility 4.6.9 Social disorder 4.6.10 Frequent death 4.6.11 Others (specify) 4.6.12 Explain your fears in details

121 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR COMMUNITY D) IMMUNISATION STATUS (CHILDREN) HEALTH SURVEY (HIA) Have you received any of the following vaccines? A) SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES (i) DPT (Yes / No) (ii) BCG (Yes / No) 1. Name of (iii) Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) (Yes / No) Town/village______(iv) Typhoid 2. House Hold No. (District/settlement/house (v) Yellow Fever no.)______(vi) Tetanus Toxoid 3. Age (Last (vii) Small Pox birthday)______(viii) Hepatitis Vaccine 4. Sex: (a) Male (b) Female (ix) Others (Specify) 5. Marital Status: (a) Married (b) Single (c) Divorced (d) Separated E) KAP REGARDING SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED 6. What is the highest level of education you attained? INFECTIONS 7 Occupation ______1. Have you ever heard of diseases that can be transmitted 8. Income per Month (for Adults only): through sexual intercourse? ______2. Can you describe any symptoms of sexually transmitted 9. Ethnic Group: ______diseases in women? 1. Abdominal pains B) LIFE STYLE / HABITS

1. Common food/preparations taken in the community ______-

3. Can you describe any symptoms of sexually transmitted 2. During the last 4 weeks how often have you had drinks disease in men? containing alcohol? Would you say:

res

3. Smoking (Yes / No) If yes, how many sticks per day?…………. 4 Have you heard of HIV/AIDS 4. Use of Tobacco (Yes / No) 5 Do you have a close friend or close relative who is 5. Exercise (Yes / No) infected with HIV or who has died of AIDS? Type …………………. (b) How often ……………….

C) COMMON HEALTH HAZARDS IN THE COMMUNITY 6 In your opinion, can people protect themselves from 1. During the last 12 months have you been admitted into a contracting sexually transmitted diseases or HIV/AIDS? hospital on account of ill health? (Yes / No) Yes No 2. If yes for which condition? Yes No 3. List all illness episodes in the last 12 months: If yes by what means ______7 Do you think this project will increase or decrease the chances of people contracting sexually transmitted 4. Which disease conditions in your opinion poses the diseases and HIV/AIDS? greatest health threat to the community: (in order of o Yes will increase chances priority) o Yes will decrease chances o No difference

o Don’t know 5. How many people on the average died in your 8 If yes, how community within the last 12 months: Adults ------______Under 5 ------Less than one year ------9 What do you think can be done to prevent people from 6. What in your opinion is the most important cause of contracting sexually transmitted diseases and death in the community? HIV/AIDS during this project? ______(a) Amongst children under one year

______

(b) Amongst children under 5 years

______

122 F COMMUNITY HEALTH NEEDS 1 What in your opinion are the most important health needs of your Community. (Score in order of priority 1 – 5) Cancer and malignant blood disease

lth services / clinics -health Thanks a lot for your patience and co-operation.

2 In order of preference, what do think should be done to improve the Health Services in your community? (i) ______(ii) ______(iii) ______3 What Health problems do you think may arise because of this project in your Community? (i) ______(ii) ______(iii) ______(iv) ______4. In order of preference what do you think should be done to minimize these anticipated health problems? (i) ______(ii) ______(iii) ______(iv) ______

G) ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1. What is the source of your drinking water?

ther (Specify) 2. How do you dispose your faeces? (a) Bucket System (b) Pit latrine (c) Water System (d) Bush (e) Into River/Stream (f) others (specify) 3. How do you dispose your house refuse? (a) Dustbin (b) Open dumping on land / creeks (c) Composting (d) Incineration YES No (e) Others (specify).

(H) OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES (a) Have you been exposed to any of the following (Explain possible sources)

(b) Have you had any of the following occupational illnesses: (Explain symptoms)

123 HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION/REHABILITATION: IMPACTS .How would you describe the road networks around this area? And what will you like to see done? How would you see an attempt to construct a highway near this community? What will you personally gain, if a highway is constructed via this community? What will you personally lose, if a highway is constructed via this community? Who is most likely to become richer if a highway is constructed via this community? (Tick as appropriate) Who is likely to become poorer if a highway is constructed via this community? What types of goods are men in this community likely to transport using road facilities? What types of goods are women in this community likely to transport using road facilities? How often do men travel out of this community for business/trading? How often do women travel out of this community for business/trading activities? If a highway is to be constructed near this community, what are those things you would want the government to do to ensure that your community fully supports this venture? What other suggestions you would like to give the government to ensure that the project succeeds: What other impacts of the highway construction do you envisage in the following area:  the Health of the people during and after the construction of the road  Economic life for men, women, and youths;  Social life of the community, especially as the construction workers interact with the local community;  Risk factors i.e increase in the volume of vehicles travelling along the high way  Risk factors relating to the construction period  Land use implication of the highway construction as some land may have to be taken over by the highway How would the people consider the issue of compensation if the highway takes over some of the land owned by the local community? How forms should the compensation take for men; women; and youths? Under what conditions would you like the highway to be constructed, such that the local community will have a say in this process? Who are in the best position to negotiate with government/construction company on behalf of the community? What specific roles should men play in this process? What specific roles should women play in this process? What specific roles should youths play in this process.

124 APPENDIX 4

Institutional Responsibility for the Potential Impact and Mitigation Measures (Construction Phase)

Issue Potential Impacts Mitigation/Enhancement Measures Monitoring Indicators Institutional Responsibility LAND TAKE Impacts to ecology from land  Avoid sensitive areas (eg. Wetlands  Change in number of  FMW-RSDT take – loss of natural habitats forests) through route selection species in habitat adjacent  State Ministry and biodiversity including  Where unavoidable, develop mitigation to road construction of Environment mature roadside trees, loss of suitable for type of habitat and species  Change in area of critical  Environmental ecosystem service (eg. air affected (mangroves, forests, river banks, habitat NGOs quality) etc)  Number of trees planted  Ensure thorough surveys are carried out /growing alongside road prior to construction to ensure mitigation fully informed  Maintain ecologist on site during construction  Avoid cutting of mature urban trees  Replace urban trees where cutting is unavoidable NOISE AND Impact in Noise from  Maximise daytime working, minimize  Number of community FMW-RSDT VIBRATION construction night time working complaints constractors  Use temporary noise barriers to mitigate  Db(A) sound pressure noise from worksites levels measured against  Control hours of working acceptable noise level  Set maximum daytime and night time standards noise limits- any variation should be agreed with Local Government Authority  Refine construction methods to select least noisy methods

125 Impact in Noise from  Construction methods refinement for the  Number of community FMW-RSDT construction method least likely to cause vibration complaints construction  Protect residents from level of vibration  Integrity of structures contractors which causes nuisance  Occurrence of damage  Protect buildings from level of vibration caused by vibrations which causes damage Issue Potential Impacts Mitigation/Enhancement Measures Monitoring Indicators Institutional Responsibility AIR  Enclosure and damping down of  Number of community FMW-RSDT QUALITY Impacts to air quality from stockpiles complaints about dust construction dust  Water spraying especially of unpaved  Levels of airborne constractors roads particulate matter  Sheeting of vehicles carrying waste and  Undertake visual dusty materials inspections  Wheel cleaning facilities  Limit vehicle speeds on unpaved surfaces

 Implement procedure for monitoring wind speed and direction

 Undertake visual inspections

 Design and implement strategy for demolition of structures that will minimize dust creation and exposure to receptors

126 Impacts to air quality from  Use processes that do not generate  Levels in air of: FMW-RSDT construction related hazardous fumed and / or hazardous dust  Carbon monoxide (CO) construction emissions  Ensure that airborne hazards do not 8 hours constractors escape from the site to affect members of  Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) the public and surrounding environment 1 hour  Do not burn materials on site  Photochemical oxidants  Ensure machinery is well on site measured as ozone (03) 1  Ensure machinery is switched off when hour not in use  Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1 hour  Lead (Pb) 1 year  Particles as PM10 1 day  Particles as TSP 1 day  CO2 / Green House Gasses

SOIL AND Impacts to soil and water  Design: Integrity of road structures FMW-RSDT WATER from increased soil erosion:  Use surface drainage controls & mulch Degree of erosion construction Construction activities such on vulnerable surfaces and slopes Quality of surface constractors as grading, excavations, and  Line receiving surfaces with stones or water(turbidity) borrowing/ quarrying concrete Inadequate design of culverts  Locate & design borrow/ quarry sites and drainage controls for erosion control during road construction & future maintenance operations  Construction:

 Limit earth movement &soil exposure to the dry season

 Balance cut & fill for minimum

deposition of earth

 Provide sedimentation basins

 Resurface & re-vegetate exposed

surfaces

127  Install drainage ditches to divert water away from road

Impacts to water from  Ensure procedures are in place to deal  Presence of  FMW-RSDT accidental spillages with accidental spillages contaminates in surface construction  Install drainages systems w/ appropriate water (including oil & gas, contractors treatment suspended solids)  State Waste Management Authority to monitor CONTAMINA Impacts to public and staff  Safe disposal strategy for solid waste:  Local complaints of  FMW-RSDT TED LAND health and safety from collect all solid waste from all site areas excessive waste & odours construction AND WATSE contaminated land and waste and dispose of either in local landfill or  BOD, COD, SS, and oil contractors well-screened waste pits levels in soil (measured  State Waste  Develop and implement remediation for once a month during Management contaminated land construction / Authority to rehabilitation phase) monitor TRAFFIC Disruption to roadside  Minimise construction duration;  Number of complaints  FMW-RSDT AND residents, passing pedestrians  Plan and implement temporary road and received from roadside construction TRANSPORT and passing traffic pedestrian traffic management measures; residents and road users contractors  Minimize construction generated traffic  Federal  Transport construction workers to site Ministry of on dedicated transport Transportation  State Mnistry of Transportation  Federal Road Safety

128 SOCIO-  Identify areas where buildings of  Numbers of chance finds  FMW-RSDT ECONOMICS Impacts to archaeology and historical or cultural significance occurrences construction cultural heritage: Loss of or predominates  Records of measures contractors damage to structures of  Avoid buildings of cultural, historical implemented to ensure  Legacy historic, religious, cultural or or religious significance through careful protection of structures of (Building archaeological significance route selection cultural significance conservation  Apply chance find procedures in NGO) construction clauses

Impacts to public health  Develop and implement plan to deal  Changes in occurrence  FMW-RSDT from stagnant pools of water with drainage impacts including: of illness or disease( construction created in construction  Drive roads after moderate rains to particularly malaria) in contractors borrow pits and quarries, and identify areas that collect or gully water roadside communities  (Ministry of on road sides, that breed  Ensure proper drainage of construction  Reported incidence of Health to disease carriers areas and road sides flooding/ reduced drainage monitor)  Coordinate construction phases with capacity during dry season construction  Ensure current system can handle improved drainage (prevent runoff erosion/ reservoir overflow) Involuntary resettlement due  Develop Resettlement Action Plan  Number of project  Local to loss of roadside space for (RAP) according to guidelines set by affected people adequately Government vendors, traders, mechanics World Bank Safeguard Policy: compensated and resettled Authority and other informal activity  Identification and notification of all  Number of complaints  Community Project Affected Peoples(PAPs) received through Development  Assessment and valuation of all grievance mechanism NGOs property loss  Records of consultation  Community  Identification of suitable alternative meetings before and after based land for resettlement(considering relocation Organizations accessibility, electricity, water, etc)  Evaluation of (CBOs)  Payment of compensation where livelihoods of PAPs post  Land appropriate resettlement to alternative Regularization

129  Assistance to PAPs with relocation and location Directorate livelihoods rehabilitation post relocation  Land Valuation  Establishment of a grievance Bureau mechanism  Ministry of Women’s Affairs and Poverty Alleviation

Impacts to employment and  Ensure that contractors work with  Number of local people  FMW-RSDT social networks from influx CBOs to ensure that local people are employed by contractors construction of construction workers, used as far as possible for non-skilled  Reported incidence of contractors including social disruption jobs conflict between local  Community and tension over  Ensure that contractor has and residents & project Development employment opportunities implements a code of conduct for all workers NGOs construction workers (see Camp code of  Reports from involved conduct below) CBOs HEALTH Impacts to health and safety Plan/ Implement occupational health Number of accidents/  FMW-RSDT AND SAFETY of construction workers measures/ training programmes (certifiable/ incidents recorded construction verifiable) for workers & subcontractors Contractors have satisfactory contractors Use proper protective equipment/ Health and safety plan in preventative practices place Security controls at worksites (incl. traffic controls) Effective monitoring/ incident reporting @ site Ensuring minimum working conditions including regular breaks

Impacts to health and safety Management of project waste removal/ Number of accidents/  FMW-RSDT of pedestrians treatment, incl. measures to prevent water/ incidents reported construction air contamination Complaints from public Contractors Effective traffic control and exclusion of

130 public from construction sites where  State Ministry possible of Transportation  State Waste Management Authority to monitor

131

132