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Multilingual Strategies of Resistance and Assimilation in Taiwan Under Japanese Colonial Rule Huang-Wen Lai University of Massachusetts Amherst

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Multilingual Strategies of Resistance and Assimilation in Taiwan Under Japanese Colonial Rule Huang-Wen Lai University of Massachusetts Amherst University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 January 2007 The urT tle Woman’s Voices: Multilingual Strategies Of Resistance And Assimilation In Taiwan Under Japanese Colonial Rule Huang-wen Lai University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses Lai, Huang-wen, "The urT tle Woman’s Voices: Multilingual Strategies Of Resistance And Assimilation In Taiwan Under Japanese Colonial Rule" (2007). Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014. 60. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/60 This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE TURTLE WOMAN’S VOICES: MULTILINGUAL STRATEGIES OF RESISTANCE AND ASSIMILATION IN TAIWAN UNDER JAPANESE COLONIAL RULE A Thesis Presented by HUANG-WEN LAI Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS September 2007 Asian Languages and Literatures © Copyright by Huang-Wen Lai 2007 All Rights Reserved ii THE TURTLE WOMAN’S VOICES: MULTILINGUAL STRATEGIES OF RESISTANCE AND ASSIMILATION IN TAIWAN UNDER JAPANESE COLONIAL RULE A Thesis Presented by HUANG-WEN LAI Approved as to style and content by: ____________________________________ Doris G. Bargen, Chair ____________________________________ Stephen D. Miller, Member ____________________________________ Sharon H. Domier, Member __________________________________________ Zhongwei Shen, Director Asian Languages and Literatures Department of Languages, Literatures and Cultures __________________________________________ Julie Hayes, Chair Department of Languages, Literatures and Cultures iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this thesis. I am deeply indebted to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Doris G. Bargen, whose help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped me in all the time of research for and writing of this thesis. Without her help and encouragement, I would not have chance to complete this thesis. I have furthermore to thank my committee members, Prof. Dr. Stephen D. Miller and Ms. Sharon H. Domier, who gave me valuable suggestions and comments, and encouraged me to go ahead with my thesis. I want to thank them for all their help, support, interest and valuable hints. Also, I am obliged to Prof. Dr. Kimberly Kono from Smith College who initiated me into the colonial research and taught me lots of valuable knowledge. I gratefully acknowledge the support of all the faculty and staff in Japanese Program at The University of Massachusetts Amherst. Especially I am obliged to Prof. Dr. Amanda C. Seaman, Prof. Reiko Sono. Mostly, I would like to give my special thanks to my parents and my wife Chialin whose patient love enabled me to complete this work. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................iv LIST OF TABLES.........................................................................................................viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Destructive and Creative of Japanese Colonialism........................................ 1 2. KOREA AND OKINAWA UNDER JAPANESE RULE......................................... 4 2.1. Korean............................................................................................................ 4 2.1.1. Introduction ...…………………………………………………......4 2.1.2. Frustration, Trauma, and Violence ................................................. 6 2.1.3. The Society That Drives You to Drink …….……………………...7 2.2. Okinawa ....................................................................................................... 14 2.2.1. Introduction................................................................................... 14 2.2.2. The Battle of Okinawa.................................................................. 15 2.2.2.1. Typhoon of Steel............................................................ 16 2.2.2.2. Turtleback Tomb............................................................ 16 2.2.2.3. Destruction and the Victims of the Battle of Okinawa ................................................................................ 18 2.2.3. Okinawan Literature under Japanese Domination........................ 20 2.2.3.1 Post-colonial Responses, War Responsibility, and Memory................................................................................. 20 2.2.3.2. Bones (1973) .................................................................. 21 2.2.3.3. Droplets (1997).............................................................. 25 2.2.4. War Responsibility and Memory.................................................. 30 3. TAIWAN UNDER JAPANESE RULE................................................................... 33 3.1. Formosa from 1895-1995 ............................................................................ 33 v 3.1.1. China Ceded Taiwan to Japan....................................................... 33 3.1.2. The Structure of Taiwan’s Population .......................................... 34 3.1.3. Japanese Colonial Education in Taiwan ....................................... 34 3.1.3.1. Primary Education ......................................................... 34 3.1.3.2. Higher Education ........................................................... 36 3.1.4. Economic Development in Japanese Colonial Taiwan................. 37 3.1.5. Japan’s Social Control Policy in Taiwan...................................... 38 3.1.6. The Administration of Governor-General .................................... 39 3.2. Taiwanese Resistance .................................................................................. 46 3.2.1. Political Changes and the Rebellions............................................ 46 3.2.2. The Musha Incident ...................................................................... 47 3.3. The Japanese Acceptance of the Taiwanese ................................................ 49 3.3.1. From the Policy of Oppression to the Policy of Assimilation ...... 49 3.3.2. Taiwanese Kōminka Activity ....................................................... 50 3.3.3. The Final Years of Japanese domination...................................... 52 4. TAIWANESE WRITERS AND THEIR WORKS UNDER JAPANESE RULE... 54 4.1. Taiwanese Literature under Japanese Imperialism...................................... 54 4.1.1. The New Taiwanese Literature..................................................... 55 4.1.2. The Japanese Colonial Censorship in Taiwan .............................. 56 4.1.3. Language Issues toward Taiwanese Literature............................. 59 4.2. Lai Ho .......................................................................................................... 63 4.2.1. Lai Ho’s Creative Life .................................................................. 63 4.2.2. The Colonial Culture in Lai Ho’s Literary Works........................ 64 4.2.3. Fiction ........................................................................................... 64 4.2.3.1. The Steelyard ................................................................. 65 4.2.3.2. A Dissatisfying New Year............................................... 68 4.2.3.3. Making Trouble.............................................................. 69 4.2.4. Essays............................................................................................ 71 4.2.4.1. A Diary in Jail and May Our Buglers Play a March to Inspire the People ............................................................. 71 vi 4.2.5. Lai Ho’s Contribution to Taiwanese Literature in Japanese Colonial Taiwan................................................................................ 73 4.2.6. The Cultural Perspective of Identity and Identification in Japanese Colonial Taiwan................................................................. 74 4.3. Wu Cho-Liu ................................................................................................. 76 4.3.1. Wu Cho-Liu’s Life under Japanese Colonialism.......................... 76 4.3.2 Orphan of Asia............................................................................... 78 4.4. Yang Kui...................................................................................................... 85 4.4.1. Yang Kui’s Left-wing Writing under Japanese Colonialism........ 85 4.4.2. Paperboy....................................................................................... 88 5. CONCLUSION........................................................................................................ 94 5.1. The Impact of Japanese Colonial Culture on Taiwanese Literature............ 94 5.2. Literary Perspectives on Identity and Sef-Identification in Japanese Colonial Taiwan............................................................................................ 96 5.3. A Comparison of Japanese Colonial Literature on Okinawa, Taiwan, and Korea...................................................................................................... 99 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................
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