22 NEWS: REPORT BORDER SPECIAL

THE ARCHITECT’S NEWSPAPER JULY & AUGUST 2018

The following essays offer perspectives on property, landscape, The fluidity of borderspace—as we have seen in past Bordermaterial, and infrastructure that shape the U.S.-Mexico border Originsweeks—can abruptly change course: Its infrastructures imaginary. The authors illuminate critical spatial practices which can mineralize political whims into seemingly permanent destabilize assumptions about the border and the seeming institutions and protocols. The border is a place where the simplicity of its binary divisions and exclusionary logics. These abnormal and unimaginable routinely slip into normalcy. perspectives argue instead for constructive transgressions But it can also be, as we hope the following demonstrates, of this destructive border myth, as it is being implemented to a cauldron where positive, alternative futures are forged. advance political agendas. These articles are offered as origin stories of a land, a people, and a space whose origins are routinely questioned and defied, entrenched and overcome. Special News Section, guest edited by AGENCY

The Future/Past on a Monorail These days the conversation about the United prototypes—built with $3.3 million in fed- States–Mexico border is dominated by the eral funds—from demolition by invoking the implications of building a wall between the U.S. Antiquities Act of 1906. According to Büchel, and Mexico. But back in the mid-1960s, there the set of textured slabs, which can be seen were concerted binational efforts to build a from across the border, was “a major land art monorail to further connect the commercial exhibition of significant cultural value.” Not districts of two cities conceived as part of surprisingly, the petition created an uproar in one binational community. A 1965 document the art world. outlining the proposal for a Juárez-El Paso Although some proposals were made in Monorail System invoked the common ori- jest and did not reach the prototype stage, gins of both cities. The river was referred to as there have been numerous bids that attempt an obstacle to be overcome: “No other met- to subvert Trump’s purpose to isolate and ropolitan community of equal size has been supposedly protect the United States from so restricted and contained by so relatively a the perils of contact with its southern neigh- small item as a channelized river.” Recently, bors. The New York Times reviewed a dys- the idea for a monorail has surfaced again, but topian parody consisting of a 2,000-mile this time riding on top of a 2,000-mile border pink wall housing seemingly disparate facil- wall promoted by an American president to ities like a detention center and a mall. This further separate the U.S. and Mexico. was a collaborative effort by Estudio 3.14, a The 1960s were a period when ideas for design group in Guadalajara, Mexico, and urban planning boomed in the Juárez/El the Mamertine Group, a design lab at the

Paso border area. This was the context of COURTESY WILLIVALDDO DELGADILLO University of Connecticut. The designers the 1965 proposal for a transportation proj- used minimalist concepts and colors rem- ect designed to move passengers back and iniscent of the style of influential Mexican Juárez/El Paso Monorail System terminal design. forth across the border. Although the idea architect Luis Barragán: “It is a prison where did not come to fruition, it gives a glimpse 11 million undocumented people will be pro- of how certain sectors viewed the future not just to satisfy a growing demand for a a binational entrepreneurial group trying to cessed, classified, indoctrinated, and/or of Juárez/El Paso as an integrated border rapid transit system that would minimize get a piece of the border transportation busi- deported.” The project also contemplates metroplex. A prototype of the monorail can crossing time, but also as a potential tourist ness? At first glance, the mid-1960s were a the wall housing a mall with a Macy’s in the be seen in the 1967 film adaptation of Ray attraction. It anticipated that visitors from promising time for a project that gave the Tijuana section. Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451 by Francois all over the world would visit “to witness the impression that Juárez/El Paso were twin The San Diego Union-Tribune accounted Truffaut. It was built on the outskirts of Paris most advanced form of mass transit func- cities living in harmony. But in fact, these for an apparently serious plan presented by as a demonstration facility by SAFEGE, the tioning commercially in a modern commu- notions were contrary to national border a Southern California firm named National company chosen to install the El Paso/Juárez nity.” It would have been an invitation to take control policies that produced the infamous Consulting Service that envisioned a wall monorail. Guy Montag, the main character, a glimpse into a science fiction future, one Operation Wetback, which resulted in numer- topped by a monorail serving both countries. enjoys a smooth ride between the city and where limitations imposed by geopolitical ous human rights violations and the deporta- The train would run along the border and the suburban neighborhood where he lives. borders were meant to be overcome. tion of over a million people. would feature “voice analysis technology to The suspended train featured in the movie The design considered how to implement More recently, Donald Trump has been detect different emotional states of riders to is the same as that in the photomontages inspection of passengers by Mexican and reviewing prototypes for a different kind possibly assist law enforcement.” According published in the booklet that circulated in the American immigration and customs officials, of border project: the construction of an to the firm, the system was designed to keep Juárez/El Paso area two years earlier. It was and proposed that this process would take “unscalable” and “unpenetrable” wall. His Americans safe, but also to improve and revi- estimated that the nonstop ride between sta- place upon arrival at either station rather idea has prompted architects and build- talize sister cities along the border. tions would transport commuters between than at traditional border checkpoints. The ers from both countries to make proposals. The future is still in the past. the San Jacinto Plaza and the Juárez bullring document stressed that authorities con- Earlier this year The New York Times ran an in less than three minutes. Both cultural and sidered this viable. But did this pitch really article posing the question, “Is Donald Trump, Willivaldo Delgadillo is a novelist and a UC aesthetic considerations were made, along correspond with the sociopolitical context wall-builder-in-chief, a conceptual artist?” It Mexus postdoctoral fellow based in Juárez. with technical, commercial, and other eco- of the epoch? Or was this early globaliza- was a report about Christoph Büchel, him- nomic aspects of the interaction between tion, pro-trade discourse merely boosting self a conceptual artist who circulated a the two cities. The project was proposed rhetoric aimed at gaining sympathizers for provocative petition seeking to save the

AN_06_18_fob_v02.indd 22 7/17/18 10:25 PM AN_06_18_fob_v02.indd 23 Taylor documented migrants using dollars toTaylor dollars using migrants documented These eclectic arrangements clash withclash arrangements eclectic These Yet they are hybrid forms, where the image image the where forms, hybrid are Yetthey Jalisco have historically high rates of both of rates high historically have Jalisco Guanajuato, Mexico. The Central Bajío state state Bajío Central The Mexico. Guanajuato, U.S.-Mexico borderlands atlarge. Mexico ranks as the world’s fourth-largest Homeswith recessed yards, metal fences, tion of the geographic and social networks social and geographic the of tion towns. A architect local in Jalisco described tance construction that includes homes as homes includes that construction tance remit of epicenter an is Jalisco 1930s. the the Philippines, receiving approximately $20 $20 approximately receiving the Philippines, the built fabric of small towns composed of composed towns small of fabric built the term for this capital flow is flow capital this forterm U.S. the channeledarethroughout that tions the migrant building style as “ as style building migrant the “ to as world, the in corridor migration largest the U.S.-Mexico meaning the of the border region, financed by remittance dollars is evident evident is dollars remittance by financed fested in migrant hometowns. The “remittance In discussions of the U.S.-Mexico the boundary of discussions In well as communally funded public projects projects public funded communally as well way to do this is to follow the money—in thismoney—in followthe to is this do to way worked in Berkeley, California, while investing investing while California, Berkeley, in worked as critical nodes in our understanding of the of understanding our in nodes critical as and cities American of hinterlands distant as a portion of their earnings into new homes in into homes new earnings of their a portion as well as for those peering in afar. from peering for as well as This those states. 32 Mexico’s across adobe or fired brick buildings with teja tiled tiled teja with buildings brick fired or adobe produced by the lives that span it. Takingit. span in that lives the by produced explorafull - a is lost gets often what region, maelstrom throughoutof small commentary to “built homes have to desire migrants’ by repetitious window pediment-shaped frames co-work my of stories the through house U.S., the in reveals pueblosMexican below”) built houses house,”describe to use I term a requires an ends the understandingof both of build or remodel homes in Jalisco as early as as early as Jalisco in homes remodel or build has to do with the houses' heavily articu heavily houses' the with do to has towns Mexican in live who people for both curiosity of source a become has house billion dollars annually, and new construction remittance economy after China, India, and ners ofmigrantners experiencesjourneys. and homogeneity. and marked by once uniformity roofs—towns represent gable roofs or brick battlements. battlements. brick or roofs gable represent poverty in receiving regions. I follow this cap follow this regions.I receiving in poverty amonginvestigate, that NGOs and phers, Mexico.in householdsto back The economic or semiskilled wage labor (or migrants“from (or labor wage semiskilled or of Guanajuato and its neighboring state of state neighboring its and Guanajuato of of representationalofstrategies. col Fluted other things, how and if remittances alleviateremittances if and how things, other journey as well as what lies in between. One between. in lies what as well as journey of wooden stick-frame construction is trans ers, Mexican male migrants who lived and lived who migrants male Mexican ers, emigrationand remitting. Economist Paul S. carports, and picture windows are referredare windows picture and carports, cor various from pulled are ideas design excessively adorned, pointing out a lack of lack a out pointing adorned, excessively gracefacades topped with false fronts that cally used by political scientists, demogra- scientists, political by used cally - loca various in earned migrantdollarscase, style carries great symbolic weight, asweight, symbolic great carries style umns, zigzaggingumns,concrete andcornices, lated into local masonry traditions, supported last.” New migrant homes have created a created have homes migrant New last.” unskilledperforming workers by Mexico in lated facades that present a dizzying array array dizzying a present that facades lated Today, centers. cultural and arenas rodeo like ital flow to its material conclusions as mani- as conclusions material its to flow ital NEWS: Formally and materially,and Formally remittancethe I first became interested in the remittance remittance the in interested became first I In the remittance house, architectural house, remittance the In SPECIAL estilo Californiano BORDER REPORT 23 ,” or “California style.” style.” ,” “California or , typi- remittances, garigoleado ,” or or ,” ------Above: Pinkremittance house, Jalisco, Mexico. Top: remittance Abandoned house, Jalisco, Mexico. tinctly modern. Whatever their stylistic attri Iraheta, are are Iraheta, neighbors described migrant homes as dis of use the in pattern and proportion, rhythm, mation mation of thelinked directly built environment Walterio artist by defined as homes, the bute, of their makers. They are a material transfor generic classical ornamentation, while some The Remittance House Remittance The autorretratos —or self-portraits— —or - - - to the interior world of the self. the of world interior to the Structural inequality, an absence of access access of absence an inequality, Structural of the specific political and social conditions conditions social and political of specific the expressions; it is the material manifestation under which contemporary social mobil social contemporary which under ity and immobility for migrants takes place. place. takes migrants for immobility and ity personalmigrants’for opportunity an ily But the remittance house is not primar not is house remittance the But SARAH LOPEZ SARAH - - “remittance house” would obsolete. become They are evidence of complex social pat social complex of evidence are They With the capacity to choose where to live to where choose to capacity the With Undocumented migrants are especially vul Familiessplit by gender or generation incur U.S. were collectively supported, the term the supported, collectively were U.S. Understanding the remittance house in its to the complexities of living life as a migrant terns and costs for families fragmented by fragmented families for costs and terns to legal documentation in the U.S., and U.S., the in documentation legal to from one’s immediate family is normalized. normalized. is family immediate one’s from one in home dream a building below, from from the U.S. Meanwhile, elderly parents live parents elderly Meanwhile, U.S. the from money send and in work sons and fathers a future for one’s family—is also susceptible abandoned or empty due to what neighbors building binational of consequences and are generally unable to return home without across the Rio Grande. Grande. Rio the across mil the join would Mexico in homes built who complicated and extended of the awareness gov U.S. and Mexican the of evidence also and exploited labor force that the U.S. econ U.S. the that force labor exploited and and work, and with the ability to travel, those those travel, to ability the with and work, and parents in Mexico, or become ill themselves. ill themselves. inorparents become Mexico, in invest and to secure attempting house—of replaced by dollars, and living at a distance abroad. population” floating “the as to refer example,phies. For mothers and daughters In another. in working and living while place costs the about to ask is imperfect as homes imperfect, albeit viable, a becomes house produced the spaces in which the remittance non-migrants important lessons. They are They lessons. important non-migrants hension, incarceration, and deportation, and of appre terror the under live they as nerable new relationships in the U.S. while attempt build mented migrants their might jobs, lose now, the remittance house captivates, and and captivates, house remittance the now, havesecondhomes or vacation For homes. messy complexity can cultivate the public’s are they up, Scaling life. of way a become protectionsandopportunities for aflexible order to remit, nuclear families are oftenfamiliesarenuclear remit,to order option. Sarah Lopez, an architectural historian and anarchitectural historian Sarah Lopez, years. 100 over for on depended has omy global capital, and forhasremittingandglobalcapital,whom goals. personal achieve to required cipline dis the strengths, migrants’ of evidence altogether. doned co-constituting. If Mexican migrants in the in migrants Mexican If co-constituting. ernments’ unwillingness to enact binational diminishing opportunities for economic and social and psychological costs as bodies are are bodies as costs psychological and social geogra across fragmented or separated spaces that “migrants” are enmeshed in and and in enmeshed are “migrants” that spaces aban or incomplete be may homes sons, social mobility in the U.S. and Mexico have Mexico and U.S. the in mobility social University of TexasUniversity of atAustin. in Mexico, become responsible for their ill their for responsible become Mexico, in relationships or marriages maintain to ing undocu and documented Both U.S. the in mostly street a on dollars with built home a in while Mexico, in house remittance a in live incurring great risk. For any number of rea of number any For risk. great incurring its meaning reverberates within Mexico and lions of elite Americans and Mexicans who migration scholar, profes- isanassistant sor in the School of Architecture atthe Architecture of intheSchool sor The project of building a remittance remittance a building of project The Tounderstand these newlyconstructed Ultimately, the remittance house teaches 7/17/18 10:25PM ------24 NEWS: REPORT BORDER SPECIAL

THE ARCHITECT’S NEWSPAPER JULY & AUGUST 2018

Concrete Politics In the border metropolis of El Paso-Ciudad The division of the river water produces politi- Juárez, the power relations of international cally charged urban spaces. The U.S. Franklin negotiation are not only performed through Canal materializes as a physical barrier within the apparatus of control over the movement the U.S. border zone, flowing deeply and rap- of bodies, but are also embodied in a con- idly in a concrete channel alongside the Rio crete architecture that exposes the calculus Grande. In Juárez, the diverted water flows of separation and asymmetrical infrastructural along the Acequia Madre, which takes a diag- development between the two countries. In onal course, traversing some of the city’s the borderland, the control of water—as terri- main public spaces. This once green irrigation tory, commodity, and reproductive agent—pro- channel and common space is now largely duces its physical spaces. While the shared neglected and has deteriorated into a toxic waters of the river and the underground aqui- line of sewage and trash. fers contribute to the reproductive capacity of land within the desert climate, the infrastruc- Biopolitics tures of water supply and sanitation are mate- Water is not only scarce in the desert city rial evidence of the socio-spatial injustices of Juárez—it is also dangerous. The paper and imbalances that structure and reproduce worlds of politics materialize as realities on social relations within the border cities. the ground and in the tissues of bodies. Due to the explosive population growth of Juárez, Negotiation large portions of the city have been rapidly The geopolitical history of the river as a and often informally constructed, typically border and of the partitioning of its waters without proper municipal sewage or drinking KATHY VELIKOV is inscribed within the built environment as water services. The residents of these infor- a thick constructed zone. The international mal settlements, known as colonias, rely pri- border between the United States and Mexico marily on truck-supplied water, which has a was defined by the 1848 and 1884 Treaties, much higher likelihood of being contaminated which delineated that the border follow the Rio and results in high rates of water-borne dis - Grande (Rio Bravo del Norte) from El Paso to eases. Only about a third of the city’s sewage the Gulf of Mexico. This rendered the border is actually treated. Some colonias have addi- an unstable condition, as its line needed to tionally encroached on the city’s drainage gul- be redefined by the International Boundary lies and arroyos, putting residents at further Commission each time floods caused the river risk during flash flood events. to relocate. A treaty in 1933 attempted to “fix” In July 2010, the United Nations General the river by engineering it into a constructed Assembly “explicitly recognized the right to channel. However, this location left several clean drinking water and sanitation as essen- hundred acres of disputed Mexican territory tial to the realization of all human rights.” If to the north of the river—the result of a violent this mandate is taken seriously by the bina - change in course in 1864. The 1963 Chamizal tional region of El Paso-Ciudad Juárez, new Agreement relocated the river and the inter- treaties and agreements will need to be national boundary once again, moving the Rio negotiated that address not only the scar - Grande back to its 1852 survey location. In city and distribution of its shared waters, but this highly publicized moment of international also the shared responsibility of water rights diplomacy, the disputed land was “returned” to to citizens on both sides of the border. What Mexico, and a new channel was constructed to remains to be seen is not only what shape reroute the Rio Grande north so that both river these take in terms of political agreements, and international border aligned. The division but also how they will reshape the physical

between the two countries was now empha- KATHY VELIKOV urban spaces of the paired cities. sized, further asserted by the open lands of the former riverbed on the Juárez side and a Kathy Velikov is Associate Professor at the new elevated border highway on the U.S. side University of Michigan’s Taubman College of the channel. and a founding partner in RVTR.

Management Geoffrey Thün is Associate Dean for The colonization of the U.S. would not have Research and Creative Practice at the been possible without the massive campaign University of Michigan’s Taubman College of dam projects in the early 20th century that and a founding partner in RVTR. commodified the waters of the West and irri- gated the farms and settlements of home - steaders. Four dams manage and distribute the Rio Grande waters in the El Paso-Juárez region: Elephant Butte, Caballo, American Diversion, and the International Diversion Dam. Water is distributed according to the 1944 Water Treaty, drawn up when the pop - ulation of Juárez was less than one-tenth its current size. In 1965, the binational Border Industrialization Program enabled maquilado- ras, foreign-owned manufacturing plants, to be located within Mexico’s border zones, and to move materials and products with reduced tariffs and trade barriers. This propelled an influx of new residents who arrived to work in

the Juárez border zone maquilas. The treaty, KATHY VELIKOV which retains the majority of the river water in the U.S., has not been revised since, and Thick infrastructural zone of negotiation and control at the El Paso-Ciudad Juárez border. contains no provisions for sharing the rapidly Top: Children in Juárez play in the space of the former channel of the Rio Grande. depleting Mesilla and Hueco Bolson aquifer Middle: Playgrounds now occupy the former channel of the Rio Grande in Ciudad Juárez. waters, which traverse the binational region Bottom: underground.

AN_06_18_fob_v02.indd 24 7/17/18 10:25 PM AN_06_18_fob_v02.indd 25 “Maher measured his length on the floor.”“Maher measured onthe hislength The 1896 Heavyweight Championship in Championship Heavyweight 1896 The V of the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Hidalgo Guadalupe of Treaty 1848 the of V Grande, of citizenship—existing across the across citizenship—existing of Grande, very definition of the boundary is subject to Mexico, three leagues from land, opposite opposite land, from leagues three Mexico, of Gulf the in commence shall Republics River. Robert James Fitzsimmons knockedRiver.Fitzsimmons James Robert the contemporary media environment where themouth of the Rio Grande…from thence, the Rio Bravo Article Grande). (Rio del Norte theyear, oxbowswhereare meanders and the river—with alluvial accretions or relictions the river boundary.river ille wasthe see, you Boxing, the Southern Boundary ofthe New Mexico.” SouthernBoundary Yet, the fundamentally dynamic and unsettledand dynamic fundamentally the thisattest,surveysand commissions, ties, forget that well over half of the length of this fight was held, that was both the legal loop legal the both was that held, was fight from easy enforcement by Mexican police.Mexican by enforcement easy from In a fight attended by 182 people enclosed people 182 by attended fight a In In these cases, the changes brought about about brought changes the cases, these In with his left, and a minute-and-a-half later, minute-and-a-half a and left, his with as well as the ongoing challenge to bright- to challenge ongoing the as well as wrangling, the fight promoters decided to decided promoters fight the wrangling, wholesale shifts in the river channel are quite quite are channel river the in shifts wholesale water. In both of these cases, the morphology morphology the cases, these of both water. In a series of territorial shifts and classic Texasclassic and shifts territorial of series a adjacent property adjacentand ownership property structures, administrative enforcementof and conditions as this and the dozens of subsequent trea subsequent of dozens the and this as border wallsborder buildup and occupy military our place to take spectacle this allowed that hole and the lands formed by this process. Its process. this by formed lands the and deposition imperceptible and as thegradual discontinu and abrupt other the slow, and border is defined by the fluvial boundary of boundary fluvial the by defined is border reads, “The Boundary line between the two between the map and the territory.theWriting and mapthe between river lines and words through legal surveyed boundary. river in of the case the Rio nating ownership—and resulting in the potential for pockets of alter onto map easily not do shifts large such by belonging to the owners of the coterminous boxing was staged in an improbable location: improbablelocation: an in boxingwas staged once and future bed of the river where the where river the of bed future and once of a channel of a boundary stream. Such stream. boundary a of channel a of of ownership maps onto the morphology of morphology the onto maps ownership of El of Paso in a remote river the of away section onds and took advantage of the ambiguous the of advantage took and onds sec 95 lasted that fight a in PeterMaher out GrandeRio the of middle the in sandbar a on by the changing forces of water: one gradual of gradual water: forces one by changing the River. Grande Rio the of nature of material the along bank of of a body water as known first, The ous. guage and landscape—an irretrievableguage and misfitlandscape—an freshets. spring the during regularly off cut experiencewidefluctuations in flow across that Grande Rio the as such rivers in common strikes it where point the channel…to deepest Texasgal in both and Mexico time. at the After of by land of caused the of a recession body egories of boundary change brought about about brought change boundary of egories stage the fight some 16 hours journey south journey hours 16 some fight the stage up the middle of that river, following the following river, that of middle the up imagination of the boundary, it is easy to easy is it boundary, the of imagination line models of internationalofterritoriality. Inmodels line inside a canvas tarp fence, Fitzsimmons ledfence, Fitzsimmons canvastarp a inside in his 1857 1857 his in lan of irreconcilability fundamental a is is defined as the sudden and rapid change change rapid and sudden the as defined is land. inverse, inverse, NEWS: The second category, known as as known category, second The And it is indeed this figurative floor, this this floor, figurative this indeed is it And At the heart of these attempts to tame the the to tame attempts these of heart the At In general, water law recognizes two cat SPECIAL

reliction BORDER

Report on the United States and REPORT 25 , is the gradual uncovering uncovering gradual the is , accretion , is defined avulsion ------, incorporated into the territory of the Mexican Tamaulipas.incorporated territory of into the State the of Rio Grande River survey, avulsion1895. of the of At time the formerly LaBurrita, U.S. territory, was fully from U.S. the SurveyAbove: LaBurritaBanco—cut Commission of Boundary 1910International inthe RioGrande the of Riverbed where fightwas the staged. Top: Photograph prizefightinboxing, 1896heavyweight taken the of above from escarpment the the Boundary Maintenance Boundary COURTESY JESSE VOGLER JESSE COURTESY COURTESY JESSE VOGLER JESSE COURTESY Jesse Vogler Jesse based andarchitect isanartist Commission set out in the early 20th century century 20th early the in out set Commission Survey Boundary Mexican Banco Conventions, named after the rivertheafterConventions,named Banco Washington Louis. University inSt. Rio Grande could no more make the river the make more no could Grande Rio to “rectify”—or straighten—the naturalto mean “rectify”—or that mark this border region. Language and future. the in belong would tory tal correspondences that the geomor fluvial tal correspondences nentoa Wtr n Boundary and Water International where those who opted to remain on their their on remain to opted who those where always run in the same bed; whenever it whenever bed; same the in run always apparent and enduring monument of the of monument enduring and apparent as it fixes nothing, determines nothing, is of additional political dimension of citizenship: make the world out there approximate the approximate there out world the make act like the surveyor's line on the plat than it and problematize. and boundary than any that can be made by art.” by made be can that any than boundary more a itself of forms It importance. minor else can keep nor anything no it survey from bright-lines of boundary law. These so-called so-called These law. boundary of bright-lines banks cut away by river the carried avulsion, nationality of the country to which the terri the which to country the of nationality which to county the of citizenship of rights phology of the Rio Grande River both narrate narrate both River Grande Rio of the phology fundamen the of few a only are rights—these belonging and being of qualities relational and title preserve either could land original ders of the Rio Grande in a futile attempt to attempt futile a in Grande Rio the of ders changes, the boundary must change, andchange, must boundary the changes, not does [river] “The explains: he when gap this highlights Emory H. William Major eral changing. A survey of that river, therefore, therefore, river, that of survey A changing. could erase the fundamentally dynamic and said banco formerly belonged or acquire the professor of landscape architecture at architecture landscape of professor law, andboundaries territory, citizenship and in Tbilisi Louis, andisanassistant andSt. Yettheengineer’s channelization ofthe Against Major Emory’s advice, the advice, Emory’s Major Against , surveyor gen surveyor , 7/17/18 10:25PM ------26 NEWS: BORDER REPORT SPECIAL

THE ARCHITECT’S NEWSPAPER JULY & AUGUST 2018

Prada Marfa: Immigrant Architecture?

Political Context and inundate the interior, which required the Prada Marfa is a building born out of the polit- shelving to be rebuilt and repainted and the ical tensions arising in post-9/11 America, in carpet to be replaced. Most dramatically, an which Afghanistan, Iraq, and Mexico become artist by the name of Joe Magnano was found scapegoats. In 2003, a United States–led guilty of two counts of misdemeanor crim - coalition invaded Iraq, beginning an eight- inal mischief and required to pay Ballroom year war, and in 2005, Duncan Hunter, who at Marfa, the caretaker of Prada Marfa, $10,700 the time was chairman of the House Armed and a $1,000 fine for attempting to paint the Services Committee, called for the construc- building blue and pasting TOMS, the logo tion of a wall along the entire border between of a shoe brand founded by Texan Blake the U.S. and Mexico. This led to his amend- Mycoskie, on it, perhaps in an inadvertent ment to the Border Protection, Antiterrorism, attempt to make a structure perceived to be and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005, “not from around these parts” more Texan. which called for 698 miles of wall along the The vandals who destroyed the building after U.S.-Mexico border. This paved the way for the it first opened, however, have never come Secure Fence Act of 2006, which President forward, although it has been suggested that George W. Bush signed to “help protect the the borderland surveillance systems used to American people” from several purported monitor immigrants traveling in the desert threats, but primarily terrorism, which was the may be able to reveal these criminals. the major focus of the era’s political rhetoric. Hajj Borderlands Architecture Prada Marfa has become a pilgrimage site Prada Marfa is constructed out of traditional where those making the journey to visit the adobe bricks which have long been used in building have left mementos as part of what the region but are frequently perceived as an has become a kind of hajj to this art Mecca. inferior material despite their ecological and The various offerings at the Prada Marfa site climatological responsiveness. Adobe bricks have included visitors leaving one used shoe, provide the foundation for the oldest extant placed around the building or atop the fenc - buildings in the region, as well as many of the ing surrounding the building. Perhaps this area’s most important cultural and heritage references the single shoe found in the faux sites, including artist Donald Judd’s own Block shoe shelves of the store, or maybe the worn- compound in Marfa. Directly referencing Judd out shoes of immigrants who journey by foot and the military building traditions he emu- to the U.S. from Mexico until the soles of their lated, the adobe bricks are intentionally set shoes wear away, before being picked up in JAMES EVANS in a cement-based mortar. Judd recognized the landscape surrounding Prada Marfa. that this was the technique employed in the Not unlike the Jewish mitzvah where vis - construction of barracks, hangars, and forts itors to a grave leave small pebbles on a in the region, and Prada Marfa is constructed gravestone, visitors have also left small rocks, to reflect this mistrust of local traditions that holding down a piece of paper with a name, the militaristic architecture that secures the message, or a business card, on the narrow border displays. Adobe brick was validated as ledge that surrounds Prada Marfa. This act a construction material, but not adobe mortar, reminds us of the harsh reality of a landscape which is more likely to be used on the humble where countless die in the desert, just as the houses of Mexicans and Mexican Americans wall has pushed people to greater extremes on both sides of the contemporary border. on their journey north. The shoes and the pebbles left by art pil- Material Lineage grims were systematically removed as they While the adobe walls of Prada Marfa are were also perceived as a form of vandalism—a indigenous, they are not perceived to be crime, rather than a new tradition—and a fence native to the United States, as the tradition is was constructed around the building made of a spoil of the Mexican-American war. The form welded wire mesh, reminiscent of the trans - of the building recalls a West Texas vernacu- formation of the U.S.–Mexico border from lar, which is influenced by the melding of many a barbed wire fence to stretches of welded cultures at the border. The artists Elmgreen steel. The construction of the fence surround- and Dragset are from Denmark and Norway, ing Prada Marfa, however, has prompted

respectively. The details of the interior come RONALD RAEL another tradition of offering at the site. While from Italy. The specifications for the shelves, called Prada Marfa, the building is technically the typography (a variation of a type popular just outside the small town of Valentine, Texas. The Fall 2005 line of Prada shoes and bags are on display. with American engravers and typefounders Top: Despite a population of 217, the town is inun- The adobes used to build Prada Marfa are set in cement mortar like the walls of Judd’s com- in the last third of the 19th century), the color Above: dated with over 1,000 people on Valentine’s pound in Marfa. of paint for the interior walls, the lighting, and Day, as well as hundreds of Valentine’s Day the carpet were directly sampled from Prada’s cards that are sent through the local post own architectural details for retail outlets in Prada Marfa opened, xenophobes attacked glass windows were shoddily replaced by office, which has been known as a “love sta- Milan. The inspiration for the facade is sam- the work, stealing the shoes and purses, scratch-resistant and shatterproof acrylic tion.” Today, “love locks,” padlocks used pled from German photographer Andreas destroying the building’s facade, and spray to withstand bullets and the continual “peel - by sweethearts to symbolize their love, are Gursky’s photograph Prada II. The building is painting “dum” [sic] and “dumb” on the inside ing out” of cars in front of the building, which attached to the new fence surrounding Prada sprayed with an elastomeric white latex coat- and outside of the building. Prada Marfa rep - kicks up rocks and debris onto the facade. Marfa, and the keys are thrown away. Perhaps ing to reflect the powerful rays of the sun and resented a very new kind of artistic expression The fabric awnings had to be replaced due this, too, symbolizes the time we live in, mired withstand the extreme expansion and con- that was unfamiliar in the region and chal- to smokers continually burning holes in the in a national struggle between the fences traction of the building’s structure in the fluc- lenged conservative artistic sensibilities, call- cloth with their cigarettes, and the font size that divide and the love that could bring us tuating desert temperatures. ing into question the juxtapositions between of PRADA was increased to almost match the together in the borderlands. wealth and poverty, the U.S. and Mexico, anglo size of the letters on the black metal signs Xenophobia and Cultural Assimilation and Mejicano, of the region that the building above, suggesting that the delicate typog- Ronald Rael holds the Eva Li Memorial Chair Prada Marfa was a very new kind of work. highlighted. raphy on the original awnings may not have in Architecture at the University of California, Unlike the reserved and apolitical work of Since Prada Marfa’s construction, it has been good enough in a state where “every - Berkeley, and his architectural practice, Judd—who in Marfa had already laid claim to had to evolve to survive in the political and thing is bigger.” Rael San Fratello, was the designer of art and what it should be—Prada Marfa blurs environmental climate of both art and the bor- Many other forms of vandalism have Prada Marfa. He is the author of Borderwall the boundaries between architecture, art, pol- derlands. Since the first attack on the build- taken place. Men’s underwear was shoved as Architecture: A Manifesto for the U.S.- itics, and culture. The very same night that ing, it has been vandalized several times—the into the drain pipes, causing the roof to flood Mexico Boundary.

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The Architect’s Newspaper PRSRT STD

21 Murray St., 5th Floor US POSTAGE

wide trends in detention. Taken collectively, collectively, Taken detention. in trends wide far from the public eye yet enmeshed in the the in enmeshed yet eye public the from far

Marcelino Serna, the most decorated U.S. U.S. decorated most the Serna, Marcelino New York, NY 10007 PAID

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ee page 30 page ee 6 84357 99800 7 at El Paso College of Architecture. Architecture. of College Paso El at PERMIT - nation index which state, border the in sites ues to be an ideal site for such installations, installations, such for site ideal an be to ues

captured in its christening. It was named for for named was It christening. its in captured No. 336 and on the faculty at Texas Tech University University Tech Texas at faculty the on and The site joins a growing host of detention detention of host growing a joins site The - contin Tornillo law. case by facilities such on collaborative binational security efforts was was efforts security binational collaborative

a Antonio San MIDLAND, MI

Stephen Mueller is a principal of AGENCY AGENCY of principal a is Mueller Stephen resistance. resistance. practices navigate the constraints imposed imposed constraints the navigate practices to rapidly realize a future characterized by by characterized future a realize rapidly to

ing the isolated node as a center of active active of center a as node isolated the ing terrain in far-flung locales as easily as their their as easily as locales far-flung in terrain spirit of place.” The optimism for the port port the for optimism The place.” of spirit

oso and Houston at El Paso College of Architecture. of College Paso El at - appropriat checkpoint, border the upon specialist companies who navigate remote remote navigate who companies specialist lations, noting that the design “inspires the the “inspires design the that noting lations,

Assistant Professor at Texas Tech University University Tech Texas at Professor Assistant ing Sunday, floods of protesters descended descended protesters of floods Sunday, ing are rapidly installed and disassembled by by disassembled and installed rapidly are - popu of monitoring efficient the promoting

Ersela Kripa is a principal of AGENCY and an an and AGENCY of principal a is Kripa Ersela - follow the and 2018 Day Father’s On facility. ceration infrastructure. These pop-up sites sites pop-up These infrastructure. ceration desert context, with integrated technologies technologies integrated with context, desert

Reconsidering anonymity, and placelessness of the remote remote the of placelessness and anonymity, - incar ephemeral common increasingly an formance as specially suited to the site’s site’s the to suited specially as formance

contrasting occupation resisted the isolation, isolation, the resisted occupation contrasting temporary overflow center in 2016, typical of of typical 2016, in center overflow temporary - per and materials the describe facility Gold deconstructs citizenship. citizenship. deconstructs

and the displaced. For a few days, however, a a however, days, few a For displaced. the and economy of detention. Tornillo opened a a opened Tornillo detention. of economy edge of empire. The architects of the LEED LEED the of architects The empire. of edge instrument which actively constructs and and constructs actively which instrument

built site quickly found new use in a growing growing a in use new found quickly site built block, and process bodies, an outpost at the the at outpost an bodies, process and block, a center of life for the unwanted, the detained, detained, the unwanted, the for life of center a a site capable of processing identities to an an to identities processing of capable site a

across the country, the Tornillo site grows as as grows site Tornillo the country, the across - over the complex, new the support to engine plifies an architecture designed to manage, manage, to designed architecture an plifies gitimate entry. The port thus transforms from from transforms thus port The entry. gitimate

ENDFURMANSKY LEONID continued on page 10 page on continued otne npg 13 page on continued tolerance" policy has separated families families separated has policy tolerance" commercial traffic. Without the economic economic the Without traffic. commercial - exem checkpoint U.S. adjoining The ture. - ille increased of myth a and crossings illegal the eastern half of the the of half eastern the spending and tens tens and spending

2040, in addition to the $36 billion in direct in billion $36 the to addition in 2040, the chain now has 33 locations throughout locations 33 has now chain the bridge. As the Trump administration’s "zero "zero administration’s Trump the As bridge. the only lane dedicated for northbound northbound for dedicated lane only the - infrastruc cross-border in achievement an policy artificially amplifies the numbers of of numbers the amplifies artificially policy

billion in state and local tax revenue through revenue tax local and state in billion Houston, by Arch “Beaver” Aplin III in 1982, in III Aplin “Beaver” Arch by Houston, over 300 minors in tents just south of the the of south just tents in minors 300 over and Border Protection (CBP) had shut down down shut had (CBP) Protection Border and Bridge opened in 2016, and was hailed as as hailed was and 2016, in opened Bridge tion. By denying a space for lawful entry, the the entry, lawful for space a denying By tion.

that the Texas Bullet Train will bring in $3 in bring will Train Bullet Texas the that of outside Jackson, Lake in Started more. The Tornillo checkpoint currently holds holds currently checkpoint Tornillo The than a year after its opening, U.S. Customs Customs U.S. opening, its after year a than The Tornillo-Guadalupe International International Tornillo-Guadalupe The - deporta and charges criminal face claims,

edakfrterpooa.TPargues TCP proposal. their for feedback much so and chain station gas Texas tent city. tent The anticipated traffic never came. Less Less came. never traffic anticipated The were rekindled. rekindled. were ports, some with otherwise credible asylum asylum credible otherwise with some ports,

they attempt to drum up support and garner garner and support up drum to attempt they For the uninitiated, Buc-ee’s is a is Buc-ee’s uninitiated, the For Tornillo would be home to its most notorious notorious most its to home be would Tornillo pened to be an undocumented migrant. undocumented an be to pened ally stabilized, and plans for the new crossing crossing new the for plans and stabilized, ally tions. Those caught crossing outside the the outside crossing caught Those tions.

page 11 page have been on a public outreach spree as spree outreach public a on been have beaver. infrastructure of detention. In June 2018, 2018, June In detention. of infrastructure - hap who WWI, in serve to Texas from soldier - eventu valley the in Violence capacity. over - loca unsanctioned in cross seekers asylum

continued on continued 240-mile-long high-speed rail line, and line, rail high-speed 240-mile-long cartoon a mascot, store's the of portrait the Texas, built to accommodate the flow, were were flow, the accommodate to built Texas, legal framework enabled by the ports, many many ports, the by enabled framework legal

hg point high a ilb rvtl iacn h 1 billion, $15 the financing privately be will with emblazoned want possibly could one

modular detention facilities in nearby Fabens, Fabens, nearby in facilities detention modular cial policy borderwide. Without access to the the to access Without borderwide. policy cial

Above: Above:

eeoesTxsCnrlPrnr (TCP) Partners Central Texas Developers site, the from BBQ smokers, and just about anything else anything about just and smokers, BBQ

The U.S.–Mexico international boundary line at the Paso Del Norte International Bridge. International Norte Del Paso the at line boundary international U.S.–Mexico The

expedite construction of, the bridge. In 2010, 2010, In bridge. the of, construction expedite - offi become has rejection advance and ing

to the checkpoint at the U.S. border. border. U.S. the at checkpoint the to

mass transit expansion. transit mass rendered form in ity sports memorabilia, gummy worms, brisket, worms, gummy memorabilia, sports

idents in the area in preparation for, and to to and for, preparation in area the in idents - prescreen this that groups advocacy rights

border crossing where U.S. immigration officials are reportedly turning away migrants before they get get they before migrants away turning reportedly are officials immigration U.S. where crossing border

network, and Texas is looking at a major a at looking is Texas and network, simplic- a notes Kuma bags, tote camo soap, artisan feeders, game

- res evacuate to government Mexican the by 27, CBP confirmed to El Paso immigration immigration Paso El to confirmed CBP 27,

Top: Top: This image was taken from a car on the Mexico side of the Paso Del Norte International Bridge Bridge International Norte Del Paso the of side Mexico the on car a from taken was image This

Klyde Warren Park. Park. Warren Klyde noteri opn’ salse interstate established company’s rail the into Hunter American corn, deer kolaches, meaty

rampant violence was a scheme sponsored sponsored scheme a was violence rampant hundred feet from their destination. On June June On destination. their from feet hundred

nership that will cover last-mile trips and tie and trips last-mile cover will that nership nearby and District Arts art, cowboy belts, rhinestone faux ments,

to seek asylum. Some speculate that the the that speculate Some asylum. seek to Central Americans seeking asylum, a few few a asylum, seeking Americans Central

Add in the recently announced Amtrak part- Amtrak announced recently the in Add Dallas the of development accoutre- wood rusticated faux cases,

COURTESY AGENCY COURTESY violence would increasingly flee to Tornillo Tornillo to flee increasingly would violence ments on the bridge to identify and turn away away turn and identify to bridge the on ments

to Dallas could begin as early as next year. next as early as begin could Dallas to the with further accelerated gun pants, yoga fudge, jelly, pepper peño

tation as the “Valley of Death.” Victims of the the of Victims Death.” of “Valley the as tation - docu for ask agents border Uniformed port.

200-mile-per-hour bullet train from Houston from train bullet 200-mile-per-hour was transformation whose borhood jala- jerky, beef of varieties of dozens ee’s:

PHOTOS.

- repu the it gaining world, the in rates murder across—the bridge to deny access to the the to access deny to bridge across—the

tsn yelo,btcntuto fa of construction but hyperloop, no It’s neigh- a redeveloping in first the was site Buc- at sale for things some are Here

THE FIRST FIRST THE

south of Tornillo, saw one of the highest highest the of one saw Tornillo, of south agents have ventured onto—and reportedly reportedly onto—and ventured have agents

The existing Rolex Tower neighboring the neighboring Tower Rolex existing The

WE HAVE HAVE WE

lection of agricultural communities in Mexico Mexico in communities agricultural of lection claims is guaranteed within the port of entry, entry, of port the within guaranteed is claims

frtikn h ponae 0yasprior. years 30 area Uptown the rethinking of

TOTALLY TEXAS CHAIN BUC-EE'S. CHAIN TEXAS TOTALLY ALMOST DONE. DONE. ALMOST TO ROLL OUT NEXT YEAR. NEXT OUT ROLL TO

- col remote a Valley, Juarez the 2008, In the bridge. Although due process of asylum asylum of process due Although bridge. the

oehro ausfragopa h forefront the at group a for values of together

THE ONLY WAY TO DESCRIBE THE THE DESCRIBE TO WAY ONLY THE ROLEX HQ IS IS HQ ROLEX BETWEEN DALLAS AND HOUSTON HOUSTON AND DALLAS BETWEEN

poses changed. changed. poses of U.S. jurisdiction beyond the spatial limits of of limits spatial the beyond jurisdiction U.S. of

armor and artifacts, the project is a coming a is project the artifacts, and armor

GAS STATIONS ON STEROIDS IS IS STEROIDS ON STATIONS GAS KENGO KUMA'S KUMA'S KENGO $15 BILLION BULLET TRAIN TRAIN BULLET BILLION $15

downtown El Paso, CBP is pushing the edge edge the pushing is CBP Paso, El downtown - pur its and stalled, be would construction its

the largest private collectors of Japanese of collectors private largest the

connecting downtown Ciudad Juárez with with Juárez Ciudad downtown connecting permit was issued for the bridge in 2005, but but 2005, in bridge the for issued was permit

sWatching Is Matata fBullet of founder of the Harwood District and one of one and District Harwood the of founder

congested bridges in El Paso. A presidential presidential A Paso. El in bridges congested At the Paso Del Norte International Bridge, Bridge, International Norte Del Paso the At

United States. For Gabriel Barbier Mueller, Barbier Gabriel For States. United

health, reducing pollution from idling traffic at at traffic idling from pollution reducing health, actors. actors.

completed by Kengo Kuma in the southern the in Kuma Kengo by completed

tion trickling down to private properties and and properties private to down trickling tion to the remote area and improve regional regional improve and area remote the to The Beaver The aKuma Ha nte Kind Another awo ititwl aktefrtproject first the mark will District Harwood

- deten in investment speculative toward shift tially meant to bring economic development development economic bring to meant tially e oefrRlxwti Dallas’s within Rolex for home new A

mous former Walmart in Brownsville, signal a a signal Brownsville, in Walmart former mous - ini were facilities" "border of acres 300 and

- infa now the as such state, the in sites Other A new bridge, a 2,000-acre industrial park, park, industrial 2,000-acre a bridge, new A

among the select sites to continue the trend. trend. the continue to sites select the among with Guadalupe, Chihuahua, began in 2001. 2001. in began Chihuahua, Guadalupe, with

and Goodfellow Air Force Base—would be be Base—would Force Air Goodfellow and border crossing, connecting Tornillo, Texas, Texas, Tornillo, connecting crossing, border

reportedly turning away migrants before they get to the checkpoint at the U.S. border. border. U.S. the at checkpoint the to get they before migrants away turning reportedly

two Texas military installations—Fort Bliss Bliss installations—Fort military Texas two Assessments for constructing a new new a constructing for Assessments

This image was taken from a car on the Mexico side of the Paso Del Norte International Bridge border crossing where U.S. immigration officials are are officials immigration U.S. where crossing border Bridge International Norte Del Paso the of side Mexico the on car a from taken was image This

MARKETPLACE 70 in 2016. A June announcement revealed that that revealed announcement June A 2016. in tion of national identity. identity. national of tion

CALENDAR 64 unaccompanied Central American children children American Central unaccompanied - projec the and incarceration, commerce, tive

IWAN BAAN IWAN

for recruits. El Paso’s Fort Bliss housed 500 500 housed Bliss Fort Paso’s El recruits. for - specula of spaces collapsing routinely power, EAVESDROP 09

2014, repurposing a dormitory once used used once dormitory a repurposing 2014, points are legible crucibles of biopolitical biopolitical of crucibles legible are points

in San Antonio housed migrant children in in children migrant housed Antonio San in of entry than any other state. These entry entry These state. other any than entry of SCHAUM/SHEIH

charge here as well. Lackland Air Force Base Base Force Air Lackland well. as here charge borderland. The state is home to more ports ports more to home is state The borderland.

STUDIO VISIT> STUDIO

“temporary” environments, Texas leads the the leads Texas environments, “temporary” narratives that define national dialogue in the the in dialogue national define that narratives

28

bases to create even more “austere” and and “austere” more even create to bases formative in the construction of spaces and and spaces of construction the in formative

advocate for detention centers on military military on centers detention for advocate land border with Mexico, has been uniquely uniquely been has Mexico, with border land

SAN ANTONIO SAN

IWAN BAAN IWAN

in the South Texas area. As military advisers advisers military As area. Texas South the in Texas, the state with the longest continuous continuous longest the with state the Texas,

DAVID ADJAYE IN ADJAYE DAVID

Houston last year—which will be the eighth eighth the be will year—which last Houston

IN CONSTRUCTION> IN

lar to a 1,000-bed facility built outside of of outside built facility 1,000-bed a to lar for U.S. Senate in Texas in Senate U.S. for

20

- nearby—simi center 1,000-bed a seeks district, and the 2018 Democratic candidate candidate Democratic 2018 the and district,

dubbed "detention alley." A new contract contract new A alley." "detention dubbed Representative for Texas's 16th congressional congressional 16th Texas's for Representative

BARS

highway between Laredo and San Antonio Antonio San and Laredo between highway —Beto O’Rourke, El Paso native, U.S. U.S. native, Paso El O’Rourke, —Beto

HOUSTON VOLLEYBALL HOUSTON

superscaled sites on a stretch of interstate interstate of stretch a on sites superscaled

CRIT>

The site is part of a constellation of for-profit, for-profit, of constellation a of part is site The

to do that.” that.” do to

14

can house up to 2,400 women and children. children. and women 2,400 to up house can

companies so that there wasn’t a profit motive motive profit a wasn’t there that so companies

Family Residential Center in Dilley, Texas, Texas, Dilley, in Center Residential Family

Wish that there were no more private prison prison private more no were there that Wish

detention site in the U.S., the South Texas Texas South the U.S., the in site detention

that we weren’t locking so many people up. up. people many so locking weren’t we that

GLASS facility used to detain families. The largest largest The families. detain to used facility

that matched our values and our interests so so interests our and values our matched that

PCA SECTION> SPECIAL time it was built, was the only privately run run privately only the was built, was it time

wish that we had immigration and asylum laws laws asylum and immigration had we that wish

Don Hutto Residential Facility, which, at the the at which, Facility, Residential Hutto Don

26 connect), tearing down the walls that we have; have; we that walls the down tearing connect),

has been home to the much-maligned T. T. much-maligned the to home been has

building more bridges (flat, easier to cross and and cross to easier (flat, bridges more building

dren is commonplace. Since 2006, Texas Texas 2006, Since commonplace. is dren

people who just want to be. I wish that we were were we that wish I be. to want just who people

prolonged detention of families and chil and families of detention prolonged -

families who want to be together, so many many so together, be to want who families

GOLF COURSE GOLF

to realize—a near future in which the remote, remote, the which in future near realize—a to

mountains to enjoy and celebrate. So many many So celebrate. and enjoy to mountains

AUSTIN CIVIL RIGHTS CIVIL AUSTIN Origins Border

which are adapting—and therefore helping helping therefore adapting—and are which

ural beauty there—the river, the desert, the the desert, the river, there—the beauty ural

09 CONTENTS

the construction of detention facilities, all of of all facilities, detention of construction the

wall off, fence up. When there is so much nat much so is there When up. fence off, wall -

vate speculation and profit models impacting impacting models profit and speculation vate

contain, restrain, detain, constrain, restrict, restrict, constrain, detain, restrain, contain, U.S. AND MEXICO. PAGE 22. PAGE MEXICO. AND U.S.

GROCERY STORE GROCERY

the sites represent a growing impact of pri of impact growing a represent sites the -

“So much of what is built on the border is to to is border the on built is what of much “So LIGHT ON THE SEPARATION OF OF SEPARATION THE ON LIGHT

LAKE|FLATO'S H-E-B LAKE|FLATO'S

SPECIAL SECTION SHEDS NEW NEW SHEDS SECTION SPECIAL

Detention Prototypes in a Border State State Border a in Prototypes Detention OPEN>

08

Texas Instruments: Instruments: Texas

THE ARCHITECT’S NEWSPAPER ARCHITECT’S THE JULY  AUGUST  ­ AUGUST  JULY $. The Texas Issue Texas The SPECIAL REPORT BORDER NEWS: 27