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Review Article Magma Loading in the Southern Coast Plutonic Complex, British Columbia and Washington
GeoScienceWorld Lithosphere Volume 2020, Article ID 8856566, 17 pages https://doi.org/10.2113/2020/8856566 Review Article Magma Loading in the Southern Coast Plutonic Complex, British Columbia and Washington E. H. Brown Department of Geology, Western Washington University, USA Correspondence should be addressed to E. H. Brown; [email protected] Received 2 May 2020; Accepted 22 September 2020; Published 10 November 2020 Academic Editor: Tamer S. Abu-Alam Copyright © 2020 E. H. Brown. Exclusive Licensee GeoScienceWorld. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0). The southen end of the 1800 km long Coast Plutonic Complex (CPC), exposed in the Harrison Lake area of British Columbia and in the North Cascades of Washington, bears a record of great crustal thickening -20 to 40 km in localized zones during Late Cretaceous times. During this period, the CPC was positioned at the continental margin during collision/subduction of the Farallon plate. Arc magmatism and regional orogenic contraction were both active as potential crustal thickening processes. Magmatism is favored in this report as the dominant factor based on the delineation of four spatially and temporally separate loading events, the close association of the loaded areas with emplacement of large plutons, and a paucity of evidence of deep regional tectonic contraction. The timing and spatial location of crustal loading events are documented by the following: zircon ages in plutons; an early event of low pressure in pluton aureoles evidenced by andalusite, now pseudomorphed by high- pressure minerals; high pressures in country rock in pluton aureoles measured by mineral compositions in the assemblages garnet-biotite-muscovite-plagioclase and garnet-aluminum silicate-plagioclase; high pressures recorded in plutons by Al-in- hornblende barometry; and uplift ages of plutons derived from K-Ar and Ar-Ar ages of micas and hornblende in plutons. -
Federal Register / Vol
Wednesday, August 13, 2008 Part III Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Designation of Critical Habitat for the Northern Spotted Owl; Final Rule VerDate Aug<31>2005 17:05 Aug 12, 2008 Jkt 214001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\13AUR2.SGM 13AUR2 rwilkins on PROD1PC63 with RULES_2 47326 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 157 / Wednesday, August 13, 2008 / Rules and Regulations DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Background habitat designation in the westside It is our intent to discuss only those provinces. The landscape management Fish and Wildlife Service topics directly relevant to the revised approach for the eastside provinces, designation of critical habitat in this identified in the 2008 final recovery 50 CFR Part 17 rule. For more information on the plan (USFWS 2008) and by the northern spotted owl and critical Sustainable Ecosystems Institute (SEI) [FWS-R1-ES-2008–0051; 92210-1117-0000- Scientific Panel (SEI 2008) as the most FY08-B4] habitat, please refer to the proposed rule published in the Federal Register on effective approach for managing RIN 1018-AU37 June 12, 2007 (72 FR 32450). northern spotted owl habitat in dry Prior and subsequent to the listing of forests, was not incorporated into this Endangered and Threatened Wildlife the northern spotted owl in 1990 (55 FR rule because it cannot be translated into and Plants; Revised Designation of 26114), many committees, task forces, critical habitat at this time, until the Critical Habitat for the Northern and work groups were formed to new approach called for by the recovery Spotted Owl develop conservation strategies for the plan is further defined. -
Winter Summits
EVERETT MOUNTAINEERS Recommended Winter Summits Snow and weather conditions greatly influence the difficulty of winter scrambles. Because conditions change very quickly, things like road access, avalanche hazard, strenuousness, and summit success can vary a tremendous amount. So these ratings are only a rough comparison of the peaks. Winter scrambling can be a dangerous activity. Be a smart scrambler -- be willing to turn back if conditions are unsafe. Even a slight deviation from the surveyed routes may affect exposure and avalanche hazard considerably. The fact that a peak is listed here does not represent that it will be safe. Exposure Rating Avalanche Rating A: Falling will only get snow on your face. B: Falling may require self arrest, but usually good A: Usually safe in high, considerable, moderate, and low run-out. avalanche conditions. C: Falling requires self arrest, unchecked falls could B: Often safe in moderate and low conditions. be serious. C: Only recommended in low conditions. Note that B-rated slopes could become C-rated when icy. Table of contents by region (peaks within each region listed from West to East): Highway 542 (Mt Baker Highway): Church, Excelsior, Barometer, Herman, Table Highway 20 (North Cascades Highway): Goat, Welker, Sauk, Lookout, Hidden Lake, Oakes, Damnation, Trappers, Sourdough, Ruby Highway 530 (Darrington area): Higgins, Round, Prairie Mountain Loop Highway: Pilchuck, Gordon (Anaconda), Long, Marble, Dickerman Highway 2 (west & east of Stevens Pass): Stickney, Persis, Philadelphia, Frog, Mineral Butte, Iron, Conglomerate Point, Baring, Palmer, Cleveland, Eagle Rock, Evergreen, Captain Point, Windy, Tunnel Vision, Big Chief, Cowboy, McCausland, Union, Jove, Lichtenberg, Jim Hill, Rock, Arrowhead, Natapoc, Tumwater I-90 (west & east of Snoqualmie Pass): Teneriffe, Green, Mailbox, Washington, Web, Kent, Bandera, Defiance, Pratt, Granite, Humpback, Silver, Snoqualmie, Kendall, Guye, Catherine, Margaret, Baldy, Thomas, Amabalis, Hex, Jolly, Yellow Hill, Teanaway Butte Mt. -
Preliminary Geologic Map of the Mount Baker 30- by 60-Minute Quadrangle, Washington
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Preliminary Geologic Map of the Mount Baker 30- by 60-Minute Quadrangle, Washington by R.W. Tabor1 , R.A. Haugerud2, D.B. Booth3, and E.H. Brown4 Prepared in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Olympia, Washington, 98504 OPEN FILE REPORT 94-403 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S.Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. iu.S.G.S., Menlo Park, California 94025 2U.S.G.S., University of Washington, AJ-20, Seattle, Washington 98195 3SWMD, King County Department of Public Works, Seattle, Washington, 98104 ^Department of Geology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225 INTRODUCTION The Mount Baker 30- by 60-minute quadrangle encompasses rocks and structures that represent the essence of North Cascade geology. The quadrangle is mostly rugged and remote and includes much of the North Cascade National Park and several dedicated Wilderness areas managed by the U.S. Forest Service. Geologic exploration has been slow and difficult. In 1858 George Gibbs (1874) ascended the Skagit River part way to begin the geographic and geologic exploration of the North Cascades. In 1901, Reginald Daly (1912) surveyed the 49th parallel along the Canadian side of the border, and George Smith and Frank Calkins (1904) surveyed the United States' side. Daly's exhaustive report was the first attempt to synthesize what has become an extremely complicated geologic story. -
Geologic Map of the North Cascade Range, Washington by Ralph A
Prepared in cooperation with Washington State Division of Geology and Earth Resources, U.S. National Park Service, and U.S. Forest Service Geologic Map of the North Cascade Range, Washington By Ralph A. Haugerud and Rowland W. Tabor Nontechnical pamphlet to accompany Scientific Investigations Map 2940 Looking south from the North Klawatti Glacier [Mbse]. In the right foreground, the glacier breaks into a heavily crevassed icefall where it descends steeply. Rock in the foreground knob is Eldorado Orthogneiss (unit TKgo), a 90 million-year-old stitching pluton, which here includes numerous dikes of light- colored pegmatite. Mount Buckner on the left skyline and Mount Forbidden hidden in clouds are also eroded from the Eldorado Orthogneiss (photographed in 1987). 2009 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey CONTENTS Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1 Using this report ....................................................................................................................................1 Map preparation ...................................................................................................................................1 Major sources of new data .................................................................................................................1 Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................2 -
Best of the Crest
22 » On Trail July + August 2011 » Washington Trails With its sparkling lakes and big vistas, the Goat Rocks earned high marks from PCT hikers. Photo by Doug Diekemma. Best of the Crest HIKE IT» Hikers weigh in on their favorite day hikes and backpacks Shoe Lake on Washington’s Pacific Crest Trail Round Trip Miles: 14 Elevation Gain: 2,600’ Few trails epitomize the phrase “the journey “Don’t think you have to be a thru- is the destination” as well as the Pacific Crest hiker to experience the beauty and Snowgrass Flat Trail. The trail winds 2,650 miles from Mexico solitude of the PCT.” Round Trip Miles: 41 to Canada—from California’s high deserts —Sonya “Sawin’ Ya” Rodgers Elevation Gain: 8,940’ and grand Sierra Nevada, across the volcanic badlands of Oregon, and through the glacier- capped Cascades of Washington. Yet, as many When asked what the most scenic stretch of PCT hikers have proclaimed, “It’s not just about trail is, the majority of our Pacific Crest Trail getting to Canada.” One doesn’t need to take hikers named the Goat Rocks as one of the on the entire trail to experience the wonder most striking areas within the Washington and solitude of hiking this iconic route. There section. The Goat Rocks region is noted for its are plenty of shorter trip options available to rugged volcanic landscape—the remnants of give you a taste of what the PCT is all about. an ancient volcano, now eroded into a series of jagged peaks and knife-edge ridges. -
1968 Mountaineer Outings
The Mountaineer The Mountaineer 1969 Cover Photo: Mount Shuksan, near north boundary North Cascades National Park-Lee Mann Entered as second-class matter, April 8, 1922, at Post Office, Seattle, Wash., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Published monthly and semi-monthly during June by The Mountaineers, P.O. Box 122, Seattle, Washington 98111. Clubroom is at 7191h Pike Street, Seattle. Subscription price monthly Bulletin and Annual, $5.00 per year. EDITORIAL STAFF: Alice Thorn, editor; Loretta Slat er, Betty Manning. Material and photographs should be submitted to The Mountaineers, at above address, before Novem ber 1, 1969, for consideration. Photographs should be black and white glossy prints, 5x7, with caption and photographer's name on back. Manuscripts should be typed double-spaced and include writer's name, address and phone number. foreword Since the North Cascades National Park was indubi tably the event of this past year, this issue of The Mountaineer attempts to record aspects of that event. Many other magazines and groups have celebrated by now, of course, but hopefully we have managed to avoid total redundancy. Probably there will be few outward signs of the new management in the park this summer. A great deal of thinking and planning is in progress as the Park Serv ice shapes its policies and plans developments. The North Cross-State highway, while accessible by four wheel vehicle, is by no means fully open to the public yet. So, visitors and hikers are unlikely to "see" the changeover to park status right away. But the first articles in this annual reveal both the thinking and work which led to the park, and the think ing which must now be done about how the park is to be used. -
The Journal of the North Cascades Conservation Council Spring 2011
The Wild CasCades The Journal of The norTh CasCades ConservaTion CounCil Spring 2011 visit www.northcascades.org • americanalps.blogspot.com/ The Wild CasCades • Spring 2011 1 The North CasCades CoNseRvaTioN Council was The Wild CASCades spring 2011 formed in 1957 “To protect and preserve the North Cascades’ scenic, in This issue scientific, recreational, educational, and wilderness values.” Continuing this mission, NCCC keeps government 3 President’s Report — marc Bardsley officials, environmental organizations, 4 It's in the air — John S. edwards and the general public informed about 5 Celebrating crumbling roads in the backcountry — robert Kendall issues affecting the Greater North 7 Swamp Mountain: Perspectives on the Skagit river, source of North- Cascades ecosystem. action is pursued west life, livelihood and quality of life — Tom hammond through legislative, legal, and public participation channels to protect the 9 Massive overbuilding threatens North Fork sky road — rick mcguire lands, waters, plants and wildlife. 10 American alps Challenge, september 24 over the past half century the NCCC 12 A brief history of the Wild Cascades: A call to action — Tom has led or participated in campaigns hammond to create the North Cascades National Park Complex, Glacier Peak Wilder- 14 In memoriam: Conway leovy ness, and other units of the National 15 NCCC joins intervention against Black Canyon hydro proposal — Wilderness System from the W.o. rick mcGuire douglas Wilderness north to the 16 The suiattle lawsuit: why it happened, what is at stake, and what alpine lakes Wilderness, the henry m. comes next — Kevin Geraghty Jackson Wilderness, the Chelan-Saw- 17 Grizzly bear sighting confirmed in the North Cascades last fall — tooth Wilderness, the Wild Sky Wil- mark Yuasa, The Seattle Times derness and others. -
Sebastian Carisio Th
EVALUATING AREAL ERRORS IN NORTHERN CASCADE GLACIER INVENTORIES by Sebastian P. Carisio A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geography Fall 2012 © 2012 Sebastian P. Carisio All Rights Reserved EVALUATING AREAL ERRORS IN NORTHERN CASCADE GLACIER INVENTORIES by Sebastian P. Carisio Approved: __________________________________________________________ Michael A. O’Neal, Ph.D. Professor in charge of thesis on behalf of the Advisory Committee Approved: __________________________________________________________ Tracy L. DeLiberty, Ph.D. Chair of the Department of Geography Approved: __________________________________________________________ Nancy M. Targett, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment Approved: __________________________________________________________ Charles G. Riordan, Ph.D. Vice Provost for Graduate and Professional Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my extreme gratitude for the education, support, and experience provided by the faculty of the University of Delaware Department of Geography for both my undergraduate and graduate degrees as well as my graduate certificate. I am forever grateful for the array of opportunities, exposure to the application of numerous geospatial technologies in new environments, and the solid foundation of my technical skillset generously bestowed to me by my advisor, Dr. Michael O’Neal. Without his supervision and knowledge, my academic and professional success would be limited. I would also like to thank my other committee members: my co-advisor Dr. Brian Hanson for his judgment and available experience, as well as Dr. Tracy DeLiberty for her academic guidance since 2005. For this thesis in particular, I need to recognize the immense GIS work and previous analyses of Ashley Satinsky, and the operators from the Fall 2010 GEOG 604 class and Phillip Hendrickson for their participation in the manual digitization error assessment and snowpack variability respectively. -
2016 Tacoma Mountaineers Intermediate Climbing Manual
TACOMA MOUNTAINEERS Intermediate Climbing Manual 2016 Table of Contents Welcome to the Tacoma Mountaineers _______________________________________________________________________ 3 Course Information _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 5 Course Description _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5 2016 Intermediate Course Roster _______________________________________________________________________________ 7 Course Policies and Requirements _____________________________________________________________________________ 11 General Notes __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11 Late for Lecture / Absenteeism Policy _______________________________________________________________________________________ 11 Conservation Requirement ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11 Winter Overnight Requirement ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 11 Basic Climbing Field Trip Teaching Requirement __________________________________________________________________________ 12 Mentor Program ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 13 Rope Leader, Climb Leader, & Graduation Policies __________________________________________________________ 15 Rope Lead Process ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ -
The Mountaineers Annual Safety Report for 2013
The Mountaineers Annual Safety Report for 2013 May 11, 2014 Prepared by the Mountaineers Safety Committee: Mindy Roberts – Chair Helen Arntson – Seattle Janine Burkhardt – Seattle Safety Officer Peter Clitherow – Seattle Brent Colvin – Everett Suzy Diesen – Kitsap Safety Officer Steve Glenn – Bellingham Safety Officer N. Michael Hansen – Seattle Steve Kleine – Tacoma Dick Lambe – Foothills Safety Officer Geoff Lawrence – Properties Safety Officer Rich Leggett – Seattle Amy Mann – Tacoma Miriam Marcus-Smith – Seattle Jim Nelson – Seattle John Ohlson – Seattle Chad Painter – Tacoma Safety Officer Tom Pearson – Olympia Safety Officer Jeff Panza – Seattle James Pierson – Bellingham Mark Scheffer – Seattle Damien Scott – Everett Dave Shema – Seattle Mike Sweeney – Seattle Tony Tsuboi – Everett Safety Officer Mike Waiss – Tacoma Jud Webb – Tacoma 1 Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 4 Summary Statistics ........................................................................................................................................ 5 Major Incidents (Emergency Medical Attention; Search and Rescue or 911 call and search performed) ... 8 January 19, 2013 – Stevens Lodge (Properties) ........................................................................................ 8 April 7, 2013 - Green River Headworks (Whitewater kayak outing) ......................................................... 8 April 20, 2013 -
Wilderness Trip Planner
National Park Service North Cascades National Park Service Complex U.S. Department of the Interior Stephen Mather Wilderness An Enduring Legacy of Wilderness “[I]t is hereby declared to be the policy of the Congress to secure for the American people of present and future generations the benefits of an enduring resource of wilderness.” — Wilderness Act, 1964 The North Cascades National Park Complex includes 684,000 acres in three units: North Cascades National Park, Lake Chelan National Recre- ation Area, and Ross Lake National Recreation Area. Congress has designated 94% of the Complex as the Stephen Mather Wilderness. Today, as in the past, wilderness is an important part of every American’s story. People seek out wilderness for a variety of reasons: physical or mental challenge; solitude, renewal, or a respite from modern life; or as a place to find inspiration and to explore our heritage. What draws you to visit wilderness? The Stephen Mather Wilderness is at the heart of over two million acres of some of the wildest lands remaining, a place “where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man….” Untrammeled (meaning“free of restraint,” “unconfined”) captures the essence of wilderness: a place where the natural processes of the land prevail, and the developments of modern technological society are substantially unnoticeable. Here, we are visitors, but we also come home—to our natural heritage. It is a place to experience our past, and a place to find future respite. This is the enduring legacy of wilderness. To Hope, B.C.