DOCSLIB.ORG

2016 Tacoma Mountaineers Intermediate Climbing Manual

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
2016 Tacoma Mountaineers Intermediate Climbing Manual TACOMA MOUNTAINEERS Intermediate Climbing Manual 2016 Table of Contents Welcome to the Tacoma Mountaineers _______________________________________________________________________ 3 Course Information _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 5 Course Description _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5 2016 Intermediate Course Roster _______________________________________________________________________________ 7 Course Policies and Requirements _____________________________________________________________________________ 11 General Notes __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11 Late for Lecture / Absenteeism Policy _______________________________________________________________________________________ 11 Conservation Requirement ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11 Winter Overnight Requirement ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 11 Basic Climbing Field Trip Teaching Requirement __________________________________________________________________________ 12 Mentor Program ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 13 Rope Leader, Climb Leader, & Graduation Policies __________________________________________________________ 15 Rope Lead Process ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 15 Climb Leader Criteria _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 16 Typical Path to Attain Climb Leader Status _________________________________________________________________________________ 17 Graduation Requirements ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 18 Climb Leader & Graduation Applications ____________________________________________________________________________________ 19 Intermediate Climbs ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 21 Equipment List for the Intermediate Course _________________________________________________________________ 25 Learning to be Weight-Smart _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 27 Sample Pack - Summer Overnight Rock Trip ________________________________________________________________________________ 29 Course Preparation Module ___________________________________________________________________________________ 31 Intermediate Qualifier Refresher ______________________________________________________________________________ 33 Intermediate Qualifier Practical Exam ________________________________________________________________________ 35 Intermediate Qualifier Score Sheet __________________________________________________________________________________________ 36 Intermediate Qualifier Conditioner ____________________________________________________________________________ 37 Climb Preparation Module ____________________________________________________________________________________ 39 Intermediate Lecture – Winter Mountaineering; Climbing Health ________________________________________ 41 Intermediate Lecture – Winter Overnight, Snow Travel, Student Instruction ___________________________ 45 Intermediate Field Trip – Winter Overnight __________________________________________________________________ 47 Intermediate Lecture – Expedition Planning and Climbing Logistics _____________________________________ 57 Intermediate Lecture—Climbing Leadership and Response to Emergency _____________________________ 63 Rock & Ice Lead Climbing Module ____________________________________________________________________________ 65 Intermediate Lecture – Leading on Rock ______________________________________________________________________ 67 Intermediate Field Trip - Rock Climbing 1 ____________________________________________________________________ 75 Intermediate Lecture - Advanced Leading on Rock __________________________________________________________ 77 Multi-Pitch Belaying Techniques _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 78 Belaying from the Anchor / Direct Belay ____________________________________________________________________________________ 79 Intermediate Lecture – Emergency Self Help _________________________________________________________________ 81 Intermediate Field Trip - Rock Climbing II ____________________________________________________________________ 85 Intermediate Field Trip – Emergency Self-Help ______________________________________________________________ 87 Intermediate Lecture - Hard Snow / Introduction to Ice Climbing 1 ______________________________________ 89 The Kiwi Coil __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 90 Two Person Crevasse Rescue Method _______________________________________________________________________________________ 93 Intermediate Field Trip – Hard Snow / Ice Climbing 1 ______________________________________________________ 95 Intermediate Lecture – Ice Climbing 2 _________________________________________________________________________ 97 Intermediate Field Trip - Ice Climbing 2 _______________________________________________________________________ 99 Bibliography _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 101 Feedback _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 103 2 Welcome to the Tacoma Mountaineers The Tacoma Mountaineers Branch is the second oldest branch of The Mountaineers, and is a vibrant and active community. Intermediate Climbing is just one of the many courses and activities offered year round in Tacoma. Tacoma has an elected council made up of club members, which oversees the business of the branch. Outside of the council, the branch is organized into four divisions: Climbing, Admin, Outdoor, and Social, each of which has a chair. Each division is further divided into one or more activities, which have a chair and committee reporting up through the division chair. This information is provided for two reasons. First, to make you aware of all the excitement offered through Tacoma. You may just wish to explore one of the many activities offered outside of climbing! Secondly, the org chart is provided so that you’re aware of the structure of our community and the communication path to take should you have the need or desire. Your 2016 Intermediate Climbing course has a seven person committee, led by the chair. The chair reports to the Climbing Division chair, who in turn reports to the Branch Council chair. Branch Org Chart 3 4 Course Information Course Description The 2016 Intermediate Climbing course teaches skills for climbing at the intermediate level. This generally consists of climbing up to 5.6 rock, 55-degree snow and ice, and easier mixed climbs. Students will practice snow anchors, belays, emergency shelters; leading on rock, including how to place protection, build and equalize anchors, swing leads and perform self-rescues. The course teaches various snow and ice skills, including placing ice screws, other ice anchors, German and French techniques, and introduces steep (55 degrees) ice climbing. Lectures include expedition planning and high-altitude climbing (up to 20,000 ft.), such as for the Mexican volcanoes and Denali. The emphasis is on alpine climbing and all- around rock, ice, and snow technique rather than on developing a high level of technical skill. Additional course requirements include successful completion of Level 1 AIARE avalanche training and the Outdoor Leadership Seminar, both offered in Tacoma. Intermediate skills can be used on thousands of routes in the Cascades, Sierras, Tetons, Canadian Rockies and other ranges around the world. Skills taught in the course are required to lead technical basic climbs. The course also provides a good foundation for advanced skill development, such as 5.9+ rock, Class 4 ice, difficult mixed climbing and aid climbing. 5 6 2016 Intermediate Course Roster Intermediate Climbing Committee Name Email Position Troy Mason [email protected] Chair Joe Petersen [email protected] Co-Chair Logan Sailer [email protected] Critical Skills Nellie Suthers [email protected] Lectures Jim Gates [email protected] Field Trips Jeff Wirtz [email protected] Records Rick Yasger [email protected] Manuals Jim Paxinos [email protected] Branch Council Chair Jim Gawel [email protected] Climbing Division Chair Intermediate Climbing Students Name City Email Phone *The final roster will be updated and this page redistributed after completion of the conditioner test. 7 8 2016 Intermediate Course Schedule Type Date Event Location Info Night 1/4/2016 Course Introduction, Expectations, Tacoma Program Mentoring Center Lecture 1/14/2016 Intermediate Qualifier Refresher Tacoma Program Center Field Trip 1/23/2016 Qualifier - Skills Test Tacoma Program Center Field Trip 1/24/2016 Qualifier - Conditioner Mt. Si Lecture 1/28/2016 Winter Mountaineering, Conditioning, Tacoma Program and Injury Avoidance Center Lecture 2/11/2016 Winter Overnight, Snow
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Intermediate Snowcraft Course Nzac Instruction
    NZAC INSTRUCTION PROGRAMME INTERMEDIATE SNOWCRAFT COURSE AUCKLAND SECTION 31st July to 1st August and 14th to 15th August NZAC – Intermediate Snowcraft Course LOCATION: Whakapapa, Mt Ruapehu ACCOMODATION: NZAC Ruapehu Hut COURSE FEES: $595 Who is this course for? The NZAC Intermediate Snowcraft course is designed for NZAC Novice Mountaineers (or those with an equivalent skill set) who are looking to gain additional skills to travel safely in alpine terrain where straightforward steep snow and ice is encountered, and where abseiling on descent could be required. This is an alpine course suitable for NZAC Novice Mountaineers who have consolidated their skills through trips on grade 1+ alpine terrain. Please ensure you meet the minimum requirements. CLICK HERE TO REGISTER ONLINE NZAC – Intermediate Snowcraft Course At a minimum, those wishing to register for the Intermediate Snowcraft Course must: ● Have some experience in backcountry tramping ● Have undertaken personal trips on Mount Cook Grade 1+ terrain. ● Be competent in the course outcomes detailed in the NZAC Basic Snowcraft Course Outline ● Have the fitness to enjoy multiple full days in the mountain environment. Course Syllabus: Preparing for the alpine environment ● Clothing / equipment ● Trip planning resources (avalanche forecast / weather forecasts / guidebooks) ● Weather ● Navigation ● Physical Training Being and moving in the alpine environment ● Use of two ice axes, for daggering and piolet traction on moderately steep snow ● The use of crampons on steeper terrain ● Building
    [Show full text]
  • Ice Ic” Werner F
    Extent and relevance of stacking disorder in “ice Ic” Werner F. Kuhsa,1, Christian Sippela,b, Andrzej Falentya, and Thomas C. Hansenb aGeoZentrumGöttingen Abteilung Kristallographie (GZG Abt. Kristallographie), Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; and bInstitut Laue-Langevin, 38000 Grenoble, France Edited by Russell J. Hemley, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, and approved November 15, 2012 (received for review June 16, 2012) “ ” “ ” A solid water phase commonly known as cubic ice or ice Ic is perfectly cubic ice Ic, as manifested in the diffraction pattern, in frequently encountered in various transitions between the solid, terms of stacking faults. Other authors took up the idea and liquid, and gaseous phases of the water substance. It may form, attempted to quantify the stacking disorder (7, 8). The most e.g., by water freezing or vapor deposition in the Earth’s atmo- general approach to stacking disorder so far has been proposed by sphere or in extraterrestrial environments, and plays a central role Hansen et al. (9, 10), who defined hexagonal (H) and cubic in various cryopreservation techniques; its formation is observed stacking (K) and considered interactions beyond next-nearest over a wide temperature range from about 120 K up to the melt- H-orK sequences. We shall discuss which interaction range ing point of ice. There was multiple and compelling evidence in the needs to be considered for a proper description of the various past that this phase is not truly cubic but composed of disordered forms of “ice Ic” encountered. cubic and hexagonal stacking sequences. The complexity of the König identified what he called cubic ice 70 y ago (11) by stacking disorder, however, appears to have been largely over- condensing water vapor to a cold support in the electron mi- looked in most of the literature.
    [Show full text]
  • A Primer on Ice
    A Primer on Ice L. Ridgway Scott University of Chicago Release 0.3 DO NOT DISTRIBUTE February 22, 2012 Contents 1 Introduction to ice 1 1.1 Lattices in R3 ....................................... 2 1.2 Crystals in R3 ....................................... 3 1.3 Comparingcrystals ............................... ..... 4 1.3.1 Quotientgraph ................................. 4 1.3.2 Radialdistributionfunction . ....... 5 1.3.3 Localgraphstructure. .... 6 2 Ice I structures 9 2.1 IceIh........................................... 9 2.2 IceIc........................................... 12 2.3 SecondviewoftheIccrystalstructure . .......... 14 2.4 AlternatingIh/Iclayeredstructures . ........... 16 3 Ice II structure 17 Draft: February 22, 2012, do not distribute i CONTENTS CONTENTS Draft: February 22, 2012, do not distribute ii Chapter 1 Introduction to ice Water forms many different crystal structures in its solid form. These provide insight into the potential structures of ice even in its liquid phase, and they can be used to calibrate pair potentials used for simulation of water [9, 14, 15]. In crowded biological environments, water may behave more like ice that bulk water. The different ice structures have different dielectric properties [16]. There are many crystal structures of ice that are topologically tetrahedral [1], that is, each water molecule makes four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules, even though the basic structure of water is trigonal [3]. Two of these crystal structures (Ih and Ic) are based on the same exact local tetrahedral structure, as shown in Figure 1.1. Thus a subtle understanding of structure is required to differentiate them. We refer to the tetrahedral structure depicted in Figure 1.1 as an exact tetrahedral structure. In this case, one water molecule is in the center of a square cube (of side length two), and it is hydrogen bonded to four water molecules at four corners of the cube.
    [Show full text]
  • CBC Document – Mar 2020 INFORMATION for ABSEIL
    CBC Document – Mar 2020 The following information is intended as a handout for trainees and participants before commencing the activity. INFORMATION FOR ABSEIL TRAINEES AND CANYONING PARTICIPANTS Context Canyoning involves descending rock clefts such as waterfalls and gaps in rocks created by water. It often requires abseiling, swimming, liloing as well as rock hopping and scrambling abilities. Walking into and out of the canyon can also involve scrambling over rocks and rock climbing. Canyon participant requirements Attributes of participants for canyoning • Suitable balance evident by experience with rock hopping in creeks. • For vertical canyons, suitable abseil experience and skills. • For any canyon with deep water (more than 1.7m), the ability to tread water and swim for at least 50 metres wearing clothing and shoes. • Adequate fitness and agility to complete the trip. There is normally no going back after the first abseil requiring the group to commit to completing the trip. • Leaders and co-leaders to be advised (in confidence) of any medical condition that may affect abseiling, rock hopping or swimming. • Overnight bivies are rare in canyons, but they can happen. Recommend you have adequate mental and physical ability, as well as lightweight equipment to deal with such an event. Required equipment for Abseil training • A day pack with some snacks and water. • A helmet. A bike helmet is adequate for training. • Gloves. Any close-fitting protective gloves will do. Sailing gloves with just the tips of the forefinger and thumb exposed are ideal as they are designed for wet conditions, but leather riggers or close-fitting gardening gloves are OK.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of the Accident on Air Guitar
    Analysis of the accident on Air Guitar The Safety Committee of the Swedish Climbing Association Draft 2004-05-30 Preface The Swedish Climbing Association (SKF) Safety Committee’s overall purpose is to reduce the number of incidents and accidents in connection to climbing and associated activities, as well as to increase and spread the knowledge of related risks. The fatal accident on the route Air Guitar involved four failed pieces of protection and two experienced climbers. Such unusual circumstances ring a warning bell, calling for an especially careful investigation. The Safety Committee asked the American Alpine Club to perform a preliminary investigation, which was financed by a company formerly owned by one of the climbers. Using the report from the preliminary investigation together with additional material, the Safety Committee has analyzed the accident. The details and results of the analysis are published in this report. There is a large amount of relevant material, and it is impossible to include all of it in this report. The Safety Committee has been forced to select what has been judged to be the most relevant material. Additionally, the remoteness of the accident site, and the difficulty of analyzing the equipment have complicated the analysis. The causes of the accident can never be “proven” with certainty. This report is not the final word on the accident, and the conclusions may need to be changed if new information appears. However, we do believe we have been able to gather sufficient evidence in order to attempt an
    [Show full text]
  • Gear Brands List & Lexicon
    Gear Brands List & Lexicon Mountain climbing is an equipment intensive activity. Having good equipment in the mountains increases safety and your comfort level and therefore your chance of having a successful climb. Alpine Ascents does not sell equipment nor do we receive any outside incentive to recommend a particular brand name over another. Our recommendations are based on quality, experience and performance with your best interest in mind. This lexicon represents years of in-field knowledge and experience by a multitude of guides, teachers and climbers. We have found that by being well-equipped on climbs and expeditions our climbers are able to succeed in conditions that force other teams back. No matter which trip you are considering you can trust the gear selection has been carefully thought out to every last detail. People new to the sport often find gear purchasing a daunting chore. We recommend you examine our suggested brands closely to assist in your purchasing decisions and consider renting gear whenever possible. Begin preparing for your trip as far in advance as possible so that you may find sale items. As always we highly recommend consulting our staff of experts prior to making major equipment purchases. A Word on Layering One of the most frequently asked questions regarding outdoor equipment relates to clothing, specifically (and most importantly for safety and comfort), proper layering. There are Four basic layers you will need on most of our trips, including our Mount Rainier programs. They are illustrated below: Underwear
    [Show full text]
  • Climb Antarctica Required Clothing and Equipment List
    CLIMB ANTARCTICA REQUIRED CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT LIST Conditions in Antarctica change drastically throughout our season and vary depending on your location. At Union Glacier, the climate is very dry and generally sunny but wind chill can impact temperatures greatly with early November being as cold as -22°F (-30°C). Average mid-season temperatures range from -12°F to 30°F (-24°C to -1°C). To be prepared for all conditions, it is important to have a selection of items you can mix and match. The layering system described below will keep you safe and comfortable in all conditions—it is also the same system utilized by our Antarctic field staff. You do not need to wear ALL of these layers ALL of the time. Dress for the weather conditions and the activity level you expect to encounter and bring extra layers with you in your backpack in case conditions change. Base Layer Materials Polyester, Merino Wool, or Silk but NO COTTON Examples Patagonia Capilene or Smartwool Description Your first layer consists of a lightweight or midweight long- sleeved thermal top and bottom. We recommend materials that wick moisture away from your body like polyester or merino wool. If you cannot wear artificial fibers or wool, silk is an alternate option. Cotton traps moisture and can cause you to chill more rapidly. Zip T-necks are a great option as they allow ventilation. Bring undergarments, sports bras, and/or camisoles in a similar wicking material. Mid Layer Materials Polyester, Merino Wool, Stretch Fleece, Grid Fleece Examples Patagonia R1 Fleece or Rab Power Stretch Description Your second layer consists of a long-sleeved heavyweight (expedition weight) base layer top and bottom or lightweight stretch fleece top and bottom.
    [Show full text]
  • Ice Gear 2009 Gear Guide AUSTRIALPIN HU.GO
    Ice Gear 2009 Gear Guide better swing control; the longer axes are good for glacier travel. Technical and mixed, curve- shafted tools fall in the 45-to-55cm range; size there to preference. Ice Gear Shaft. The classic mountain tool has a straight shaft, for anchor/boot-axe belays or WIth Ice clImbIng, as aid, upward progress allow you to switch out mono and dual front- walking-stick use. For steep ice, curved shafts relies almost directly on gear. Accordingly, ice points, too. offer better swing ‘n’ stick, knuckle protection, gear is highly specialized and typically falls bindings. The basic styles are strap-on, and clearance over bulges. into one of three categories: mountain use/ hybrid, and step-in. For mountain travel, strap- grip. A straight tool sans rubber grip is prefer- AUSTRIALPIN HU.GO glacier travel, waterfall- and pure-ice climbing, ons typically suffice and work with all boots; able for mountain use, where you’ll be posthol- With all the super-specialized ice or mixed climbing/dry tooling. hybrids require a sturdier boot with a heel ing through snow. For technical ice and mixed tools these days, it’s unusual to find welt; and step-ins fit stiffer boots with both use, a molded-rubber grip delivers purchase one so multipurpose — the Austri- Crampons heel and toe welts. and insulation against the shaft. Technical ice There are crampons for all types of climb- tools typically have pinky catches, for even Alpin (austrialpin.net) HU.go ing, from getting purchase on slick slopes to Ice Tools better grip. For hardcore ice and mixed, the Gear breaks the mold with a vari- inverted heel hooking.
    [Show full text]
  • The Oxen at Naches Pass
    78 News Department The Washington Historical Quarterly extends welcome to the new association and cherishes the hope that the "British Columbia Historical Quarterly" may soon make its appearance. The Oxen at Naches Pass In "Van Ogle's Memory of Pioneer Days," which appeared in the Washington Historical Quarterly for October, 1922, the old pioneer was shown (pages 269-270) to differ with George H. Himes, the eminent historical authority of Oregon, about the fam­ ous story of killing oxen at Naches Pass in order to make raw­ hide ropes, with which to let the immigrant wagons down what was called "the jumping-off place." Mr. Himes promptly took ex­ ception to such criticism of his historical work and painstaking efforts at accuracy as follows: "I just saw your October Quarterly and read Van Ogle's account. A lot of what he gave Miss Judson is an after thought. There was not a single wagon driven down from the summit with a team attached, even one yoke. I began the preparation of my article, as printed in the Transactions of the Oregon Pioneer As­ sociation, 1907, fully twenty-five years before that, at the request of James Biles, one day when I was his guest at Tumwater. "'Why, Mr. Biles,' I said, 'I am not the person to write an account of that trip through the Naches Pass. Some one or more of the adults otIght to do it. I was nothing but a 1.oy and am not positive about the facts. I remember many of the details of the trip-that is, I think I remember them.' Finally, upon Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Super Smash Bros. Melee: an Interdisciplinary Esports Ethnography
    "Melee is Broken": Super Smash Bros. Melee: An Interdisciplinary Esports Ethnography Abbie ·spoopy' Rappaport A Thesis In the Department of Humanities Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements F or the Degree of Master of Arts (Individualized Program) at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada May 2020 © Abbie 'spoopy' Rappaport, 2020 CONCORDIA UNN ERSITY School of Graduate Studies This is to ce1tify that the thesis prepared By: Abbie ''spoooopy' Rappaport Entitled: Mellee iis Brrokkeenn”":: Supperr Smassh Bros.. Melleee:: An Interrdiisscciipplliinnary Esporrttss Etthnography and submitted in prutial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Indiivviiddualized Mastterss (IINDI MA)) complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standru·ds with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: Rachel Berger Chair Darrrren Werrsshllerr Examiner Barrtt Siimon Examiner Pipppin Barr Thesis Supervisor(s) Darren Wershlerr,, Bart Simon,, Piippppin Baarrrr Approved by Rachel Berger Chair of Department or Graduate Program Director Effrosyni Diamantoudi, Dean, Date iii Abstract "Melee is Broken": Super Smash Bros. Melee: An Interdisciplinary Esports Ethnography Abbie 'spoopy' Rappaport This work presents a qualitative analysis of the esports community that plays and watches Super Smash Bros. Melee (SSBM) , a platform-based fighting game released for the Nintendo GameCube in 2001. SSBM is unusual as an esport for the way that it is built on a grass-roots foundation shaped by players (rather than the game's developers) and is contingent on the continued use of residual media objects, specifically the CRT television, Nintendo GameCube and Wii console coupled with the restraints of analog signal processing. SSBM players show particular dedication to dominant community practices like strict tournament rules and settings, shared use of dialect/nomenclatures, mode of play and so on, which are derived from, embedded in, and reinforced by specific hardware and software objects.
    [Show full text]
  • Victorian Climbing Management Guidelines
    Victorian Climbing Management Guidelines Compiled for the Victorian Climbing Community Revision: V04 Published: 15 Sept 2020 1 Contributing Authors: Matthew Brooks - content manager and writer Ashlee Hendy Leigh Hopkinson Kevin Lindorff Aaron Lowndes Phil Neville Matthew Tait Glenn Tempest Mike Tomkins Steven Wilson Endorsed by: Crag Stewards Victoria VICTORIAN CLIMBING MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES V04 15 SEPTEMBER 2020 2 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreword - Consultation Process for The Victorian Climbing Management Guidelines ​ The need for a process for the Victorian climbing community to discuss widely about best rock-climbing practices and how these can maximise safety and minimise impacts of crag environments has long been recognised. Discussions on these themes have been on-going in the local Victorian and wider Australian climbing communities for many decades. These discussions highlighted a need to broaden the ways for climbers to build collaborative relationships with Traditional Owners and land managers. Over the years, a number of endeavours to build and strengthen such relationships have been undertaken; Victorian climbers have been involved, for example, in a variety of collaborative environmental stewardship projects with Land Managers and Traditional Owners over the last two decades in particular, albeit in an ad hoc manner, as need for such projects have become apparent. The recent widespread climbing bans in the Grampians / Gariwerd have re-energised such discussions and provided a catalyst for reflection on the impacts of climbing, whether inadvertent or intentional, negative or positive. This has focussed considerations of how negative impacts on the environment or cultural heritage can be avoided or minimised and on those climbing practices that are most appropriate, respectful and environmentally sustainable.
    [Show full text]
  • Wadi Daykah Climbing Guide Ross Weiter, 4Th Edition, May 2007
    Wadi Daykah Climbing Guide Ross Weiter, 4th Edition, May 2007 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Wadi Daykah Guide, May 2007 Page 1 of 11 Cover: Kim Vaughn and Bill Huguelet do the business on “Al Kirobi” (6a), photo: Ross Weiter A WARNING ABOUT ROCK CLIMBING Climbing is a sport where you may be seriously injured or killed. Read this before you use this guide. This guide is a compilation of often-unverified information gathered from many different climbers. The author(s) cannot assure the accuracy of any of the information in this guide, including the route descriptions and the difficulty ratings. These may be incorrect or misleading as it is impossible for any one author to climb all the routes and confirm all the information. Some routes listed in the guide have had only one ascent and the information has not been verified. Also, ratings are subjective and depend on the physical characteristics such as height, experience, technical ability, confidence and physical fitness of the climber who supplied the ratings. Therefore, be warned that you must exercise your own judgement with regard to the route location, description, difficulty and your ability to safely protect yourself from the risks of rock climbing. Examples of these risks are: falling due to technical difficulty or holds breaking off, falling rock, climbing equipment dropped by other climbers, equipment failure and failure of protection including fixed protection such as bolts. You should not depend on any information gleaned from this guide for your personal safety. Your safety depends on your own experience, equipment and climbing skill. If you have any doubt as to your ability to safely attempt any route described in this guide, do not attempt it.
    [Show full text]