Spa 152 Intro/Cap 1 Geografía
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Collision of Civilizations
Collision of Civilizations Spaniards, Aztecs and Incas 1492- The clash begins Only two empires in the New World Cahokia Ecuador Aztec Empire The Aztec State in 1519 • Mexico 1325 Aztecs start to build their capital city, Tenochtitlan. • 1502 Montezuma II becomes ruler, wars against the independent city-states in the Valley of Mexico. The Aztec empire was in a fragile state, stricken with military failures, economic trouble, and social unrest. Montezuma II had attempted to centralize power and maintain the over-extended empire expanded over the Valley of Mexico, and into Central America. It was an extortionist regime, relied on force to extract prisoners, tribute, and food levies from neighboring peoples. As the Aztec state weakened, its rulers and priests continued to demand human sacrifice to feed its gods. In 1519, the Aztec Empire was not only weak within, but despised and feared from without. When hostilities with the Spanish began, the Aztecs had few allies. Cortes • 1485 –Cortes was born in in Medellin, Extremadura, Spain. His parents were of small Spanish nobility. • 1499, when Cortes was 14 he attended the University of Salamanca, at this university he studied law. • 1504 (19) he set sail for what is now the Dominican Republic to try his luck in the New World. • 1511, (26) he joined an army under the command of Spanish soldier named Diego Velázquez and played a part the conquest of Cuba. Velázquez became the governor of Cuba, and Cortes was elected Mayor-Judge of Santiago. • 1519 (34) Cortes expedition enters Mexico. • Aug. 13, 1521 15,000 Aztecs die in Cortes' final all-out attack on the city. -
Spanish Conquest of the Aztecs
Spanish Conquest of the Aztecs The conquest of the Aztecs began with a decision made by the governor of Cuba, Diego Velásquez, to send an expedition to investigate rumors of a wealthy civilization in Mexico. Velásquez chose Hernán Cortés, a career soldier, to put together an expedition to validate such claims. Cortés was supposed to be there for reconnaissance and only was supposed to use military force if he came across Christian prisoners. Believing that Cortés would betray him, Velásquez ordered Cortés to remain in Cuba. Cortés had the messenger delivering Velásquez's order killed before it ever reached him. On the 18th of February 1519, Velásquez went to the docks himself to prevent Cortés' departure, however Cortés responded by saying that “time presses” and blatantly disregarded his orders by sailing for what he referred to as New Spain. The First Expeditions Governor Diego Velásquez commissioned a fleet in 1517 of three ships under the command of Hernández de Córdoba to sail west and explore the Yucatan peninsula. Córdoba first landed at Cape Catoche where he read the Requirement of 1513 declaring Spanish supremacy and took two prisoners as interpreters. His expedition ended in a disaster after being ambushed by Mayans in the night. Córdoba himself was mortally wounded and only a fraction of the force that left Cuba returned safely. Conquest of the Mayans would not end until 1697, 180 years later. Velásquez next sent his nephew, Juan de Grijalva, with four ships and 240 men to explore rather than settle the Yucatan peninsula. The expedition accomplished little. Grijalva refused to use military force and so found himself constantly retreating. -
In the Shadow of Cortés: from Veracruz to Mexico City
In the Shadow of Cortés: From Veracruz to Mexico City Kathleen Myers and Steve Raymer The research for this exhibit is based on 61 interviews of people living along the Ruta de Cortés (May 2006 to May 2008). Selections from the interviews will be published in a forthcoming book. The photographs were taken in May 2008. Several of the original 16th century manuscripts and books about the conquest are currently on display at the Lilly Library. 1. The route that Cortés and his army took, called the Ruta de Cortés, began in the port of Veracruz and then proceeded up the coast to the capital of the Totonaco Indians, Zempoala, before heading inland through Xalapa, the confederation of Tlaxcala, the city of Cholula and on to center of the Aztec empire, Mexico-Tenochtitlan. The map shown here also includes other routes that Cortés used during the conquest. [Courtesy of Arqueología Mexicana (v. 9, n. 49, 2001) and Bernardo García Martínez (information); Monika Beckmann (illustration); Fernando Montes de Oca (digital design).] 2. A map of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, probably derived from the 1524 map by Hernán Cortés, shows evidence of having been reworked for print; it represents Tenochtitlan as an ideal medieval island-city. (Libro di Benedetto Bordone, 1534, courtesy of the Newberry Library, Chicago.) 3. A 16th century manuscript (codex) with native Mesoamerican iconography depicts the violent clash between the Mexica (Aztecs) and Spaniards. The nopal (cactus) growing on a stone is the glyph for Tenochtitlan: tetl (stone) + nochtli (prickly pear) + tlan (place of). (Diego Durán, Historia de las Indias de Nueva España e Islas de la Tierra Firme, c. -
49 Nuevas Luces Sobre Un Antiguo Testimonio Acerca
NUEVAS LUCES SOBRE UN ANTIGUO TESTIMONIO ACERCA DE LOS MAYAS: EL INFORME DE LA EXPEDICIÓN COMANDADA POR JUAN DE GRIJALVA MARÍA DEL CARMEN LEÓN CÁZARES Centro de Estudios Mayas, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México RESUMEN: El objetivo general de este estudio es destacar la necesidad de someter a la crítica ecdótica y al análisis historiográfico los textos que, a lo largo de su traba- jo, el investigador aprovecha como fuentes de conocimiento histórico; su objetivo particular es presentar los avances logrados en este sentido respecto al primer testimonio impreso sobre la cultura maya antes de la Conquista. En busca de com- prender la visión geográfica del autor de este informe, se analizan las ideas vigentes en el contexto de su redacción. Para explicar los problemas de su transmisión, se estudian las ediciones impresas en el siglo XVI. En cuanto a la cuestión de su autoría, se propone una distinta a la aceptada a partir de la edición mexicana del siglo XIX. PALABRAS CLAVE: historiografía, geografía, cartografía, exploración, imprenta. ABSTRACT: In this research we pretend to highlight the importance of submitting historical texts, used as trustable sources of knowledge, under ecdotics review and historiographical analysis; its particular aim is to present the current ad- vances achieved in the study of the first printed testimony of the Maya culture before the Conquest. In search of understanding the author’s geographical point of view used in the report, the current ideas of the context of writing are analy- zed. To explain the problems of transmission, sixteenth century printed editions were studied. -
Hernán Cortés, E N T R E D O S M U N D O S ( 1 4 8 5 - 1 5 4 7 )
Encuentro Cortes Moctezuma. Juan Correa, s. XVII. Colección Banamex México. Arca HERNÁN CORTÉS, E N T R E D O S M U N D O S ( 1 4 8 5 - 1 5 4 7 ) www.freepik.es MARÍA DEL CARMEN MARTÍNEZ MARTÍNEZ os cinco siglos que nos separan de Hernán Cortés no le han restado actualidad al per- Lsonaje. Ensalzado por unos, criticado por otros, lo cierto es que sus acciones siguen desatan- HERNÁN do apasionados debates. Pese a todo la biografía de Cortés sigue tenien- CORTÉS, do lagunas. Sus primeros años los pasó en Medellín, donde nació (la fecha más aceptada es 1485) en el E N T R E D O S M U N D O S hogar formado por Martín Cortés de Monroy y Cata- lina Pizarro Altamirano, hidalgos de ciertos recursos ( 1 4 8 5 - 1 5 4 7 ) por mucho que fray Bartolomé de las Casas los califi- case de “pobres”. Hay pruebas de que su nivel estaba por encima de la media de los vecinos de la localidad en propiedades y formación. Don Martín sabía es- cribir y su mujer, que sepamos, al menos firmar. El matrimonio envió a su hijo a Salamanca, ciudad en la que estuvo “al estudio” más de dos años en casa de su tía Inés de Paz, casada con Francisco Núñez de Valera, escribano de número de la ciudad. La casa de sus parientes estaba en la calle del Otero, luego conocida como de Jesús, y en ella se familiarizó con el mundo de las escribanías, aunque no satisfizo las aspiraciones paternas de proseguir su formación. -
EL INFORME DE LA EXPEDICIÓN COMANDADA POR JUAN DE GRIJALVA Estudios De Cultura Maya, Vol
Estudios de Cultura Maya ISSN: 0185-2574 [email protected] Centro de Estudios Mayas México León Cázares, María Del Carmen NUEVAS LUCES SOBRE UN ANTIGUO TESTIMONIO ACERCA DE LOS MAYAS: EL INFORME DE LA EXPEDICIÓN COMANDADA POR JUAN DE GRIJALVA Estudios de Cultura Maya, vol. XLV, 2015, pp. 49-89 Centro de Estudios Mayas Distrito Federal, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=281336894002 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto NUEVAS LUCES SOBRE UN ANTIGUO TESTIMONIO ACERCA DE LOS MAYAS: EL INFORME DE LA EXPEDICIÓN COMANDADA POR JUAN DE GRIJALVA MARÍA DEL CARMEN LEÓN CÁZARES Centro de Estudios Mayas, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México RESUMEN: El objetivo general de este estudio es destacar la necesidad de someter a la crítica ecdótica y al análisis historiográfico los textos que, a lo largo de su traba- jo, el investigador aprovecha como fuentes de conocimiento histórico; su objetivo particular es presentar los avances logrados en este sentido respecto al primer testimonio impreso sobre la cultura maya antes de la Conquista. En busca de com- prender la visión geográfica del autor de este informe, se analizan las ideas vigentes en el contexto de su redacción. Para explicar los problemas de su transmisión, se estudian las ediciones impresas en el siglo XVI. En cuanto a la cuestión de su autoría, se propone una distinta a la aceptada a partir de la edición mexicana del siglo XIX. -
La Disparatada Idea De La “Conquista De México” Propuesta Deconstructiva Sobre 1519
KORPUS 21 · REVISTA DE HISTORIA Y CIENCIAS SOCIALES, VOL. I, NÚM. 1, 2021, 81-104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22136/korpus2120216 LA DISPARATADA IDEA DE LA “CONQUISTA DE MÉXICO” PROPUESTA DECONSTRUCTIVA SOBRE 1519 THE UNREALISTIC IDEA OF THE “CONQUEST OF MEXICO” DECONSTRUCTIVE PROPOSAL ABOUT 1519 Andrés Enrique Centeno Vargas Facultad de Filosofía y Letras (UNAM) [email protected] Abstract The Conquest of Mexico is a central theme in the conformation of the Mexican historical identity and it is an important part of the national cultural life. However, the idea of conquest has been configured within a complex state project. What this article proposes is the deconstruction of the idea of the conquest based on the analysis of the early months of Hernan Cortes in Mesoamerica under an approach highlighting the heterogeneity of the process of Castilian domination. This way of analysis arises from a postulate of Walter Benjamin: knowledge of the past through flashes. Keywords: history, conquest, revisionism, Cortes, deconstruction. Resumen La Conquista de México es un tema nodal en la conformación de la identidad histórica mexicana y es parte importante de la vida cultural nacional. No obstante, la idea de la conquista se ha configurado en el marco de un complejo proyecto de Estado. Lo que este artículo propone es la deconstrucción de la idea de la conquista a partir del análisis de los primeros meses de Hernán Cortés en Mesoamérica bajo un enfoque que resalta la heterogeneidad del proceso de dominación castellana. Esta vía de análisis parte de un postulado de Walter Benjamin: el conocimiento del pasado mediante destellos. -
60246690005.Pdf
Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica ISSN: 0185-0121 [email protected] El Colegio de México, A.C. México Jiménez del Campo, Paloma SOBRE EL ITINERARIO DE LA ARMADA Y EL DESCUBRIMIENTO DE MÉXICO. LOS IMPRESOS DE LA RELACIÓN DE LA EXPEDICIÓN DE GRIJALVA Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica, vol. LXIII, núm. 1, 2015, pp. 103-122 El Colegio de México, A.C. Distrito Federal, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=60246690005 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto NOTAS SOBRE EL ITINERARIO DE LA ARMADA Y EL DESCUBRIMIENTO DE MÉXICO. LOS IMPRESOS DE LA RELACIÓN DE LA EXPEDICIÓN DE GRIJALVA Cabe reconocer que no se le ha otorgado suficiente relevancia al hecho de que el descubrimiento de México fuera difundido por las prensas europeas por medio del relato de la expedición de Juan de Grijalva, escrito por el capellán de la armada: Juan Díaz. Por eso, he considerado necesario realizar un trabajo que ahondara en el momento de la génesis de la escritura de este texto y en las circunstancias de su difusión bajo la premisa de que un libro es mucho más que un texto, es decir, teniendo en cuenta que el libro es una práctica cultural y social cuya construcción de sentido está en estrecha vinculación con los lectores, los editores y las condiciones de su tiempo. -
Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo: the Geography of Exploration and Conquest
lesson ThRee Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo: The Geography of Exploration and Conquest obJeCTives: To place Cabrillo’s life in the context of the “Age of Exploration” To understand geographical understanding of Cabrillo’s time using maps and travel narratives Use primary source evidence to locate places where Cabrillo participated in conquests and settlements cabrIllo 79 lesson ThRee lesson aCTiviTies Teacher Background Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo lived towards the end of what historians call “The Age of Explo- ration.” This lesson will help you give students some background about the exploration that took place and geographical understanding during Cabrillo’s time. Activity One: Exploration Part One: Reviewing Exploration? A. Have students review their defnitions of “explore” from Lesson Two. B. Write “discover” next to “explore” on the board. Defne “discover?” Oth- er than fnding a new place, what are some other types of discoveries? Possible answers: You can discover: • something about the past (through artifacts, documents, photos, old journals, etc.) • something in the microscopic world • something about or in space • a scientifc fact, such as a cure for a disease C. Ask: “If you were exploring a new land, what might you be looking for?” D. Writing: Something unexplored is sometimes referred to as a new frontier. What do you want to explore? What do you hope to discover? E. Exploration motives. Continue your review of explorers/conquistadors by asking students to review the reasons that explorers crossed the oceans to fnd and conquer new lands. Reasons the students may offer from prior knowledge: Explorers sought to seek land (for themselves or the king), riches, spices, adventure, trade opportunities, native people to convert to Catholicism. -
Primary Source Packet 1. Letter, Hernán Cortés This Excerpt from Cortés' Second Letter, Written to Charles V in 1519 and Fi
Primary Source Packet 1. Letter, Hernán Cortés This excerpt from Cortés’ Second Letter, written to Charles V in 1519 and first published in 1522, is one of only two instances in Cortés’ letters to the King that explicitly mentions his indigenous translator. The letters represent eye-witness accounts of the conquistadors’ deeds and experiences. In spite of the close relationship between Cortés and doña Marina, his comments are terse and emphasize her usefulness. In the most frequently cited passage about doña Marina from these letters, Cortés describes her not by name, but simply as “la lengua…que es una India desta tierra” (the tongue, the translator…who is an Indian woman of this land). Source: Cortés, Hernán. Hernán Cortés to Emperor Carlos V., 1522. In Hernán Cortés: Letters from Mexico. Translated and edited by Anthony Pagden, 72-74. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1986. The following morning, they came out of the city to greet me with many trumpets and drums, including many persons whom they regard as priests in their temples, dressed in traditional vestments and singing after their fashion, as they do in the temples. With such ceremony they led us into the city and gave us very good quarters, where all those in my company were most comfortable. There they brought us food, though not sufficient. On the road we had come across many of the signs which the natives of that province had warned us about, for we found the highroad closed and another made and some holes, though not many; and some of the streets of the city were barricaded, and there were piles of stones on all the roofs. -
Castilla Y León En América
EUFEMIO LORENZO Castilla y León en América (DESCUBRIDORES, CONQUISTADORES, COLONIZADORES) AMBITO EUFEMIO LORENZO CASTILLA Y LEON EN AMERICA Descubridores, conquistadores y colonizadores SEGUNDA EDICION AMBITO EDICIONES. S.A. AMBITO Ediciones. S. A. Eufemio Lorenzo I.S.B.N,: «4-86047-43-9 Depósito Legal: VA. 546.—1985 Edita: AMBITO Ediciones, S. A. Héroes del Alcázar, 10. 47001 Valladolid. Teléfono (983) 354161 Fotocomposición: Anduc/u Imprime: Gráficas Andrés Martín. S. A. Paraíso. 8. 47003. Valladolid SUMARIO PRIMERA PARTE: CONQUISTA Y COLONIZA• CION DEL AREA ANTILLANA A) COLONIZACION DE PUERTO RICO I. Ponce de León, colonizador de Puerto Rico y descubridor de Florida 19 1. Interrogantes sobre los orígenes de Pon- ce de León y sus primeros pasos en In• dias 21 2. Colonizador de la isla de San Juan .... 22 3. La prudencia y la eficacia caracterizan el gobierno del vallisoletano en Puerto Rico 24 4. Poblamiento de la isla de Bimíni y des• cubrimiento de Florida 26 5. Viajes a España (1514-1515) y postrer expedición pobladora a Florida y Bimini 29 6. Ponce de León y los indios 30 B) CONQUISTA Y COLONIZACION DE CUBA Y JAMAICA I. Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, fundador de Cuba 34 1. Diego Velázquez, colonizador en la isla Española 37 2. Velázquez de Cuéllar prepara la expedi• ción conquistadora de Cuba 37 3. La conquista del territorio cubano 39 4. Velázquez fundador 40 5. Velázquez colonizador y empresario ... 40 II. Pánfilo de Narváez, conquistador en Jamaica y Cuba 43 SEGUNDA PARTE: LAS GRANDES CONQUISTAS A) PLORARIAS DAVILA Y CASTILLA DEL ORO I. Pedrarias Dávila, el desprestigiado gobernador de Castilla del Oro y Nicaragua (1514-1531) 48 1. -
Chronology of the Conquest of Tenochtitlan (1485-1584)
Chronology of the Conquest of Tenochtitlan (1485-1584) 1485 Birth of Hernando (Hernan) Cortes. 1496 Birth of Bernal Diaz del Castillo. 1502 Moctezuma II, called the Younger ()(ocoyotl), becomes tlatoani or ruler ofTenochtitlan. 1511-14 ConquestofCuba. 1517 February to April Hernandez de Cordoba sails from Cuba to Yuca tan and encounters the Maya peoples. 1518 May to November Governor of Cuba, Diego Velazquez, sends sec ond expedition to Yucatan under Juan de Grijalva. 1519 Governor Velazquez sends new expedition under Hernan Cortes. February 10 Cortes sails for Yucatan. Founding of Vera Cruz. June 3 Spaniards reach Cempoala. September 2-20 Spaniards battle Tiaxcalans. c. October 15 Massacre at Cholula. November 8 Spaniards enter Tenochtitlan. November 14 Moctezuma is seized. 1520 early May Cortes marches against Panfilo de Narvaez. c. May 16 Toxcatl festival; Pedro de Alvarado massacres celebrants. june 24 Cortes reenters Tenochtitlan. June 29 Moctezuma is killed. Cuitlahuac is chosen tlatoani. June 30-July 31 Noche triste- Spaniards and allies escape Tenochtitlan with great losses. july 12 Fleeing Spaniards reach Tiaxcala and are well received. July-December Recovery of Spanish forces; isolation ofTenochtitlan, Span ish expeditions to win allies and supporters. 245 246 CHRONOLOGY October Plague devastates Tenochtitlan. December 4 Cuitlahuac dies from smallpox. 1521 February Cuahtemoc becomes tlatoani. February-April Cortes campaigns around the lake. May 10-13 Siege ofTenochtitlan begins. May 26 Water to the city is cut off. May 31 Fightfor Iztapalapa. june 1 Spaniards begin to enter Tenochtitlan. june 16 Palaces ofMoctezuma burned. june 30 Spaniards set back between Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco. july 18 Mexica propose peace if Spaniards leave.