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Nuclear Technology
Nuclear Technology Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. GREENWOOD PRESS NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY Sourcebooks in Modern Technology Space Technology Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. Sourcebooks in Modern Technology Nuclear Technology Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Angelo, Joseph A. Nuclear technology / Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. p. cm.—(Sourcebooks in modern technology) Includes index. ISBN 1–57356–336–6 (alk. paper) 1. Nuclear engineering. I. Title. II. Series. TK9145.A55 2004 621.48—dc22 2004011238 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2004 by Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2004011238 ISBN: 1–57356–336–6 First published in 2004 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 To my wife, Joan—a wonderful companion and soul mate Contents Preface ix Chapter 1. History of Nuclear Technology and Science 1 Chapter 2. Chronology of Nuclear Technology 65 Chapter 3. Profiles of Nuclear Technology Pioneers, Visionaries, and Advocates 95 Chapter 4. How Nuclear Technology Works 155 Chapter 5. Impact 315 Chapter 6. Issues 375 Chapter 7. The Future of Nuclear Technology 443 Chapter 8. Glossary of Terms Used in Nuclear Technology 485 Chapter 9. Associations 539 Chapter 10. -
The New Nuclear Forensics: Analysis of Nuclear Material for Security
THE NEW NUCLEAR FORENSICS Analysis of Nuclear Materials for Security Purposes edited by vitaly fedchenko The New Nuclear Forensics Analysis of Nuclear Materials for Security Purposes STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE SIPRI is an independent international institute dedicated to research into conflict, armaments, arms control and disarmament. Established in 1966, SIPRI provides data, analysis and recommendations, based on open sources, to policymakers, researchers, media and the interested public. The Governing Board is not responsible for the views expressed in the publications of the Institute. GOVERNING BOARD Sven-Olof Petersson, Chairman (Sweden) Dr Dewi Fortuna Anwar (Indonesia) Dr Vladimir Baranovsky (Russia) Ambassador Lakhdar Brahimi (Algeria) Jayantha Dhanapala (Sri Lanka) Ambassador Wolfgang Ischinger (Germany) Professor Mary Kaldor (United Kingdom) The Director DIRECTOR Dr Ian Anthony (United Kingdom) Signalistgatan 9 SE-169 70 Solna, Sweden Telephone: +46 8 655 97 00 Fax: +46 8 655 97 33 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.sipri.org The New Nuclear Forensics Analysis of Nuclear Materials for Security Purposes EDITED BY VITALY FEDCHENKO OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2015 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © SIPRI 2015 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of SIPRI, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organizations. -
Deja Vu All Over Again
ALL OVERALL OVER AGAIN AGAINALL OVER AGAIN ALL OVERALL OVER AGAIN AGAINALL OVERALL OVER AGAIN AGAIN DéjàALL vu OVER all over AGAIN again ALL OVER AGAINALL OVER AGAIN ALL HoustonOVERALL T. Hawkins OVERAGAIN AGAIN ALL OVER AGAINALL OVERALL OVER AGAIN AGAIN ALL OVER AGAIN he Manhattan Project grew out necessary to make such anALL assess- OVERA team of scientists was AGAIN assem- of a chilling intelligence as- ment was so compartmentalized that bled at Los Alamos and charged Tsessment by scientists—many even Vice President Truman did not with providing the required assess- of whom would later work at Los know of the existence of our pro- ments and tracking of the Third Alamos—that the Third Reich was gram until he became president fol- Reich program. Relying on techni- ALL OVER AGAINactively pursuing the development of lowing the death of President Roo- cal literature published by the Ger- an atomic explosive. Indications sevelt. Albert Gore, Sr., who as a mans even in the throes of World were that researchALL was being carried OVERcongressman was AGAINtold by Speaker of War II, on information collected by ALLout by a team OVER headed by Werner AGAINthe House Sam Rayburn to hide mil- the AlsosALL Mission,2 and onOVER contacts AGAIN Heisenberg in the Reich Research lions of dollars in the budgetALL for a thatOVER a few Los Alamos scientists, AGAIN Council, which reported to Field “special project,” did not know or such as Niels Bohr, had had with Marshall Hermann Goering. Devel- dare ask about the project for which Heisenberg, the team determined -
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: the PRINCIPAL UNCERTAINTY: U.S
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: THE PRINCIPAL UNCERTAINTY: U.S. ATOMIC INTELLIGENCE, 1942-1949 Vincent Jonathan Houghton, Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Dissertation directed by: Professor Jon T. Sumida Department of History The subject of this dissertation is the U. S. atomic intelligence effort against both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in the period 1942-1949. Both of these intelligence efforts operated within the framework of an entirely new field of intelligence: scientific intelligence. Because of the atomic bomb, for the first time in history a nation’s scientific resources – the abilities of its scientists, the state of its research institutions and laboratories, its scientific educational system – became a key consideration in assessing a potential national security threat. Considering how successfully the United States conducted the atomic intelligence effort against the Germans in the Second World War, why was the United States Government unable to create an effective atomic intelligence apparatus to monitor Soviet scientific and nuclear capabilities? Put another way, why did the effort against the Soviet Union fail so badly, so completely, in all potential metrics – collection, analysis, and dissemination? In addition, did the general assessment of German and Soviet science lead to particular assumptions about their abilities to produce nuclear weapons? How did this assessment affect American presuppositions regarding the German and Soviet strategic threats? Despite extensive historical work on atomic intelligence, the current historiography has not adequately addressed these questions. THE PRINCIPAL UNCERTAINTY: U.S. ATOMIC INTELLIGENCE, 1942-1949 By Vincent Jonathan Houghton Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2013 Advisory Committee: Professor Jon T. -
NPRC) VIP List, 2009
Description of document: National Archives National Personnel Records Center (NPRC) VIP list, 2009 Requested date: December 2007 Released date: March 2008 Posted date: 04-January-2010 Source of document: National Personnel Records Center Military Personnel Records 9700 Page Avenue St. Louis, MO 63132-5100 Note: NPRC staff has compiled a list of prominent persons whose military records files they hold. They call this their VIP Listing. You can ask for a copy of any of these files simply by submitting a Freedom of Information Act request to the address above. The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question. GovernmentAttic.org is not responsible for the contents of documents published on the website. -
The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb” Is a Short History of the Origins and Develop- Ment of the American Atomic Bomb Program During World War H
f.IOE/MA-0001 -08 ‘9g [ . J vb JMkirlJkhilgUimBA’mmml — .— Q RDlmm UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ,:.. .- ..-. .. -,.,,:. ,.<,.;<. ~-.~,.,.- -<.:,.:-,------—,.--,,p:---—;-.:-- ---:---—---- -..>------------.,._,.... ,/ ._ . ... ,. “ .. .;l, ..,:, ..... ..’, .’< . Copies of this publication are available while supply lasts from the OffIce of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. BOX 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Attention: Information Services Telephone: (423) 576-8401 Also Available: The United States Department of Energy: A Summary History, 1977-1994 @ Printed with soy ink on recycled paper DO13MA-0001 a +~?y I I Tho PROJEOT UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY F.G. Gosling History Division Executive Secretariat Management and Administration Department of Energy ]January 1999 edition . DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, make any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. I DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. 1 Foreword The Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977 brought together for the first time in one department most of the Federal Government’s energy programs. -
Nazi Nuclear Research: Why Didn’T Hitler Get the Bomb? Jim Thomson
Nazi nuclear research: Why didn’t Hitler get the Bomb? Jim Thomson www.safetyinengineering.com 1 Nazi nuclear research 1. The German project and a brief comparison with the Manhattan and V-weapons projects 2. German project technical achievements and failures 3. Political and organisational factors 4. Motives, ethics, competence and honesty 5. Postscript: The lunatic fringes 2 Jim Thomson www.safetyinengineering.com 1. The German project and a brief comparison with the Manhattan and V-weapons projects 3 Jim Thomson www.safetyinengineering.com Arnold Kramish 1985 The Griffin 1947: April 1943: “Los ALSOS – Samuel Mark Walker 1989 German National Socialism and the Quest Dec 1942: for Nuclear Power 1939–1949 Alamos Primer” Goudsmit Chicago pile UK Government 1992 Farm Hall transcripts declassified lecture notes give (republished 1996) critical complete overview of David Cassidy 1992 Uncertainty: The Life and Science of Werner Heisenberg bomb project Frisch-Peierls 1944/1945: ALSOS 1956: Thomas Powers 1993 Heisenberg’s War memorandum mission to capture Brighter Than a Mark Walker 1995 Nazi Science: Myth, Truth, and the German March 1940 German researchers , Thousand Suns – Atomic Bomb July/Aug 1945: Einstein letter equipment and data Robert Jungk Paul Lawrence 1998 Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb to Roosevelt Trinity, Little Boy and Rose Project: A Study in German Culture Fat Man. The Smyth 1968: Hans Bethe 2000 ‘The German Uranium Project’, Article in August 1939 Physics Today Report outlines the The Virus House - Jeremy Bernstein 2001 -
Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin, April-June 2010
FROM THE EDITOR This issue features two articles by Colonel Franz, Chief, Information Dominance Center (IDC), ISAF and Lieutenants Colonel Pendall and Steffen on how the International Security Assistance Command has implemented an information–sharing architecture to create a comprehensive common operating picture across the Afghan theater. The IDC is the most decisive information and knowledge management effort ever executed in Afghanistan with a focus on governance and development, key aspects that most impact the daily lives of Afghans. Colonel Cox presents the case for a new intelligence discipline, Document Exploitation or DOMEX. He presents the historical context and follows through to today’s operations with comments and recommen- dations. Major Harris and Captain Bronson describe lessons learned and observations from the deploy- ment of the first active duty Maneuver Enhancement Brigade to Afghanistan with the mission to manage terrain and C2 operations. Major Assadourian discusses a holistic approach to developing security met- rics. First Lieutenant Hancock explores the emerging field of Memetics and implications for memetic op- erations in the military environment. Claudia Baisini and James Nyce make a case for the inclusion of Experiential Learning techniques in traditional military training to meet the challenges of fighting in non- traditional operating environments. Chief Warrant Officer Two Negron discusses the capabilities of the Tactical Exploitation System-Forward for use in a Communications Intelligence function. Vee Herrington, USAICoE’s Chief of the U.S. Army’s MI Library at Fort Huachuca, describes an ongoing experiment to in- corporate eReaders into training. Readers will also find articles on the 2010 MI Hall of Fame inductees and the 2010 recipient of the LTG Weinstein Award within the issue. -
The Nazi Atomic Bomb: the Mistaken Assumption That
THE NAZI ATOMIC BOMB: THE MISTAKEN ASSUMPTION THAT STARTED THE COLD WAR Sam Preston April 5, 2016 “Now I am become death, the destroyer of worlds.” According to his interview for the 1965 documentary The Decision to Drop the Bomb, these are the words, translated from the Bhagavad Gita, that ran through the head of the Manhattan Project’s chief physicist Dr. Robert Oppenheimer upon witnessing the first successful detonation of an atomic warhead. Less than a month later, the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were devastated by similar weapons, and the Second World War officially ended with Japan’s surrender. During the course of its existence, the Manhattan project, the government program that created the atomic bomb, employed over 150,000 people and cost two billion dollars ($26.66 billion in 2016 currency.). It drew upon the knowledge of the most advanced scientists in the world, and was bankrolled by the world’s largest economy. Why was this expenditure of capital and manpower deemed appropriate? The answer is simple: to prevent Nazi Germany from doing it first. Why then, were atomic weapons used after Germany had been defeated and against Japan, a country with no atomic weapons program? It was known during the war that the Japanese were not capable of building atomic weapons; the quality of their physicists and their access to the necessary raw materials were deemed inadequate. The perceived threat came from Germany, whose physics program was the best in the world. After Germany fell, it became apparent that the Allies had not needed to fear a nuclear-armed Nazi state, as the German atomic program had been years away from being able to build and deliver a weapon, and it had at no point during the war been all that high a priority. -
National Security History Series
National Security History Series The Manhattan Project 5 Visit our Manhattan Project web site: http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/index.htm 5 DOE/MA-0002 Revised National Security History Series The Manhattan Project F. G. Gosling Office of History and Heritage Resources Executive Secretariat Office of Management Department of Energy January 2010 5 National Security History Series Volume I: The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb Volume II: Building the Nuclear Arsenal: Cold War Nuclear Weapons Development and Production, 1946-1989 (in progress) Volume III: Nonproliferation and Stockpile Stewardship: The Nuclear Weapons Complex in the Post-Cold War World (projected) The National Security History Series is a joint project of the Office of History and Heritage Resources and the National Nuclear Security Administration. 5 Foreword to the 2010 edition In a national survey at the turn of the millennium, journalists and historians ranked the dropping of the atomic bomb and the surrender of Japan to end the Second World War as the top story of the twentieth century. The advent of nuclear weapons, brought about by the Manhattan Project, not only helped bring an end to World War II but ushered in the atomic age and determined how the next war—the Cold War—would be fought. The Manhattan Project also became the organizational model behind the impressive achievements of American “big science” during the second half of the twentieth century, which demonstrated the relationship between basic scientific research and national security. This edition of the Office of History’s perennial “bestseller” is part of a joint project between the Office of History and Heritage Resources and the National Nuclear Security Administration to produce a three- volume National Security History Series documenting the Department of Energy’s role in developing, testing, producing, and managing the Nation’s nuclear arsenal. -
The Farm Hall Scientists: the United States, Britain, and Germany in the New Atomic Age, 1945-46
The Farm Hall Scientists: The United States, Britain, and Germany in the New Atomic Age, 1945-46 by Mary A. McPartland B.A. in History and Spanish, May 2003, Regis University A Dissertation submitted to The Faculty of The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 31, 2013 Dissertation directed by Hope M. Harrison Associate Professor of History and International Affairs The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University certifies that Mary Ann McPartland has passed the Final Examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy as of July 23, 2013. This is the final and approved form of the dissertation. The Farm Hall Scientists: The United States, Britain, and Germany in the New Atomic Age, 1945-46 Mary A. McPartland Dissertation Research Committee: Hope M. Harrison, Associate Professor of History and International Affairs, Dissertation Director James Hershberg, Professor of History and International Affairs, Committee Member Andrew Zimmerman, Professor of History and International Affairs, Committee Member ii ©Copyright 2013 by Mary A. McPartland All rights reserved iii Acknowledgments Thank you to the many people who have been generous with their knowledge, time, and friendship during the process of researching and writing this dissertation. First and foremost, I thank my adviser, Hope Harrison, for the time she has spent reading, commenting on, and discussing my work, always encouraging me onward. I am very grateful to have had you as my guide on this journey. Feedback from my dissertation committee has also shaped my dissertation for the better. -
Walther Gerlach (1889–1979): Precision Physicist, Educator and Research Organizer, Historian of Science
Chapter 8 Walther Gerlach (1889–1979): Precision Physicist, Educator and Research Organizer, Historian of Science Josef Georg Huber, Horst Schmidt-Böcking, and Bretislav Friedrich Abstract Walther Gerlach’s numerous contributions to physics include precision measurements related to the black-body radiation (1912–1916) as well as the first- ever quantitative measurement of the radiation pressure (1923), apart from his key role in the epochal Stern-Gerlach experiment (1921–1922). His wide-ranging research programs at the Universities of Tübingen, Frankfurt, and Munich entailed spectroscopy and spectral analysis, the study of the magnetic properties of matter, and radioactivity. An important player in the physics community already in his 20s and in the German academia in his later years, Gerlach was appointed, on Werner Heisenberg’s recommendation, Plenipotentiary for nuclear research for the last six- teen months of the existence of the Third Reich. He supported the effort of the German physicists to achieve a controlled chain reaction in a uranium reactor until the last moments before the effort was halted by the Allied Alsos Mission. The reader can find additional discussion of Gerlach’s role in the supplementary material provided with the online version of the chapter on SpringerLink. After returning from his detention at Farm Hall, he redirected his boundless elan and determination to the reconstruction of German academia. Among his high-ranking appointments in the Federal Republic were the presidency of the University of Munich (1948–1951) and of the Fraunhofer Society (1948–1951) as well as the vice-presidency of the German Science Foun- dation (1949–1961) and the German Physical Society (1956–1957).