The New Nuclear Forensics: Analysis of Nuclear Material for Security
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Nuclear Technology
Nuclear Technology Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. GREENWOOD PRESS NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY Sourcebooks in Modern Technology Space Technology Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. Sourcebooks in Modern Technology Nuclear Technology Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Angelo, Joseph A. Nuclear technology / Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. p. cm.—(Sourcebooks in modern technology) Includes index. ISBN 1–57356–336–6 (alk. paper) 1. Nuclear engineering. I. Title. II. Series. TK9145.A55 2004 621.48—dc22 2004011238 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2004 by Joseph A. Angelo, Jr. All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2004011238 ISBN: 1–57356–336–6 First published in 2004 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 To my wife, Joan—a wonderful companion and soul mate Contents Preface ix Chapter 1. History of Nuclear Technology and Science 1 Chapter 2. Chronology of Nuclear Technology 65 Chapter 3. Profiles of Nuclear Technology Pioneers, Visionaries, and Advocates 95 Chapter 4. How Nuclear Technology Works 155 Chapter 5. Impact 315 Chapter 6. Issues 375 Chapter 7. The Future of Nuclear Technology 443 Chapter 8. Glossary of Terms Used in Nuclear Technology 485 Chapter 9. Associations 539 Chapter 10. -
Isotopic Analyses of Barium in Meteorites and in Terrestrial
•'OO•,NALO• GEO•'IIYSlCALRESXAaCX VOL. ?4, NO. IS, JULY IS, 1969 Isotopic Analysesof Barium in Meteorites and in Terrestrial Samples O. EUGSTER,F. TERA,AND G. J. WASSERBURG Charles Arms Laboratory o• the Division o• Geological Sciences Cali•Jrnia Institute o• Technology,Pasadena, California 91109 Isotopic compos•tien and concentration of barium in six stone meteorites and the silicate inclusionsof two iron meteorites and three terrestrial sampleswere measured by use of a 'double spike' isotopic dilution technique in order to correct for laboratory fractionation. Any differencesbetween the abundancesof the isotopesin meteoritic and terrestrial Ba were found to be less than 0.1% for all isotopes.The per cent abundancesof Ba found in our work for Ba '•s, Ba•, Ba•% Ba '•, Ba TM,Ba •', and Ba'•ø are 71.699, 11.232, 7.853, 6.592, 2.417, 0.1012, and 0.1058, respectively. Because of the higher precision, these abundancesshould replace the currently accepted values. These results show the variations in the Ba isotopesreported by S. Umemoto (1962) to be unsubstantiated. INTRODUCTION Umemoto [1962] reported that the isotopic A comparison.of the isotopiccomposition of compositionof Ba in the Bruderheimchondrite and in the Pasamonte and Nuevo Laredo various elements in terrestrial samples,me- achondrites were distinct from terrestrial Ba teorites, and other materials of the solar system is of fundamental importance in determin- and showeda pattern of uniform fractionation relative to terrestrial Ba. The enrichments ob- ing the early history of the solar system and the mechanismsof nucleosynthesis.In ad- servedby him correspondto a 2% enrichment dition to effectsthat are a product of either in the ratio Ba•ø/Ba• compared with ter- long-lived natural activity or cosmic-rayinter- restrial materials. -
Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry
J Radioanal Nucl Chem (2013) 298:993–1003 DOI 10.1007/s10967-013-2497-8 A multi-method approach for determination of radionuclide distribution in trinitite Christine Wallace • Jeremy J. Bellucci • Antonio Simonetti • Tim Hainley • Elizabeth C. Koeman • Peter C. Burns Received: 21 January 2013 / Published online: 13 April 2013 Ó Akade´miai Kiado´, Budapest, Hungary 2013 Abstract The spatial distribution of radiation within trin- The results from this study indicate that the device-related ititethinsectionshavebeenmappedusingalphatrack radionuclides were preferentially incorporated into the radiography and beta autoradiography in combination with glassy matrix in trinitite. optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Alpha and beta maps have identified areas of higher activity, Keywords Trinitite Á Nuclear forensics Á Radionuclides Á and these are concentrated predominantly within the surfi- Fission and activation products Á Laser ablation inductively cial glassy component of trinitite. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analyses conducted at high spatial resolution yield weighted average 235U/238Uand240Pu/239Pu ratios of 0.00718 ± 0.00018 (2r) Introduction and 0.0208 ± 0.0012 (2r), respectively, and also reveal the presence of some fission (137Cs) and activation products Nuclear proliferation and terrorism are arguably the gravest (152,154Eu). The LA-ICP-MS results indicate positive cor- of threats to the security of any nation. The ability to relations between Pu ion signal intensities and abundances decipher forensic signatures in post-detonation nuclear of Fe, Ca, U and 137Cs. These trends suggest that Pu in debris is essential, both to provide a deterrence and to trinitite is associated with remnants of certain chemical permit a response to an incident. -
6. Potential for Human Exposure
CESIUM 125 6. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE 6.1 OVERVIEW Cesium has been identified in at least 8 of the 1,636 hazardous waste sites that have been proposed for inclusion on the EPA National Priorities List (NPL) (HazDat 2003). It was reported that 134Cs has been found in at least 3 of the 1,636 current or former NPL sites and 137Cs has been detected in at least 23 of the 1,636 current or former NPL sites. However, the number of sites evaluated for cesium is not known. The frequency of these sites can be seen in Figures 6-1, 6-2, and 6-3. Of these sites, none are located in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Naturally-occurring cesium and cesium minerals consist of only one stable isotope, 133Cs. Cesium occurs in the earth's crust at low concentrations. Granites contain an average cesium concentration of about 1 ppm and sedimentary rocks contain about 4 ppm (Burt 1993). Higher concentrations are found in lepidolite, carnallite, muscovite, beryl, spodumene, potassium feldspars, leucite, petalite, and related minerals. The most important source of commercial cesium is the mineral pollucite, which usually contains about 5–32% Cs2O (Burt 1993). The largest deposits of pollucite are located in Manitoba, Canada and account for about two-thirds of the world’s known supply. Smaller deposits are located in Zimbabwe, Namibia, Brazil, Scandinavia, Czechoslovakia, and the United States. Continental dust and soil erosion are the main emission sources of naturally occurring cesium present in the environment. Cesium is also released to the environment as a result of human activities. -
Experiments on the Application of Autoradiographic Techniques to the Study of Problems in Plant Physiology
EXPERIMENTS ON THE APPLICATION OF AUTORADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES TO THE STUDY OF PROBLEMS IN PLANT PHYSIOLOGY By R. THAINE4 and MADELINE C. W ALTERst [Manuscript received March 28, 1955] Summary A method of autoradiography has been developed which allows the record of single ,a-particles emitted from sections of plant tissue 5-7 ~L thick. The method allows resolution of the order of 1 ~ and magnification up to x 1500. Dissolution of the water and alcohol soluble contents of the tissue has been overcome, and it is therefore possible to determine the distribution of com pounds concerned in the metabolism and biosynthesis of a cell. Cellular dis tortion and loss of contents during fixation and photographic processing is illus trated, and it is hoped that an improved method of freeze-drying· will reduce this limitation. In macroscopic autoradiography the soya bean has proved to be most valuable plant material, because the thin stems and leaves allow auto graphs which give a detailed record of the transported compounds containing 14C. The isotope is introduced to the plant in the photosynthesis of 14C02, and after a suitable period, the plant is dissected, dried, and placed against X-ray film. After 14 days exposure the film is developed, and the photographic image records positions and relative concentration of the isotope in the plant tissue. I. INTRODUCTION The earliest experiments with radioactive tracers in plants were confined to a study of the macroscopic distribution of certain substances, such as phos phorus, which could be readily labelled, and successful autoradiographs of leaves and fruits were obtained (Arnon, Stout, and Sipos 1940; Colwell 1942; Harrison, Thomas, and Hill 1944; Grosse and Snyder 1947). -
The Russian-A(Merican) Bomb: the Role of Espionage in the Soviet Atomic Bomb Project
J. Undergrad. Sci. 3: 103-108 (Summer 1996) History of Science The Russian-A(merican) Bomb: The Role of Espionage in the Soviet Atomic Bomb Project MICHAEL I. SCHWARTZ physicists and project coordinators ought to be analyzed so as to achieve an understanding of the project itself, and given the circumstances and problems of the project, just how Introduction successful those scientists could have been. Third and fi- nally, the role that espionage played will be analyzed, in- There was no “Russian” atomic bomb. There only vestigating the various pieces of information handed over was an American one, masterfully discovered by by Soviet spies and its overall usefulness and contribution Soviet spies.”1 to the bomb project. This claim echoes a new theme in Russia regarding Soviet Nuclear Physics—Pre-World War II the Soviet atomic bomb project that has arisen since the democratic revolution of the 1990s. The release of the KGB As aforementioned, Paul Josephson believes that by (Commissariat for State Security) documents regarding the the eve of the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, Soviet sci- role that espionage played in the Soviet atomic bomb project entists had the technical capability to embark upon an atom- has raised new questions about one of the most remark- ics weapons program. He cites the significant contributions able and rapid scientific developments in history. Despite made by Soviet physicists to the growing international study both the advanced state of Soviet nuclear physics in the of the nucleus, including the 1932 splitting of the lithium atom years leading up to World War II and reported scientific by proton bombardment,7 Igor Kurchatov’s 1935 discovery achievements of the actual Soviet atomic bomb project, of the isomerism of artificially radioactive atoms, and the strong evidence will be provided that suggests that the So- fact that L. -
Capabilities of Detecting Medical Isotope Facilities Through Radioxenon Sampling
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Matthew R. MacDougall for the degree of Master of Science in Nuclear Engineering presented on June 23, 2015. Title: Capabilities of Detecting Medical Isotope Facilities through Radioxenon Sampling Abstract approved: ______________________________________________________ Andrew C. Klein Medical Isotopes are a necessity in modern medicine for cancer treatments and medical imaging. In order to ensure that the needs and demands are met for the medical procedures, facilities are put in place to produce these isotopes. There are over 25 different isotopes of interest being produced by more than 35 research reactors across the United States. A key component in medical isotope production is the isotope separation process. During this process, several types of radioactive gases are released that would otherwise not leave the nuclear fuel component. One of these radioactive gases is radioxenon. The release of radioxenon into the environment is of concern to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) as one of the key critical sampling techniques utilized to detect a nuclear detonation is the presence of radioxenon. As more facilities release radioxenon, background levels increase, desensitizing the equipment, and making it more difficult to detect. For this purpose, the detection of a medical isotope facility through the use of radioxenon is an interest to the CTBTO as an attempt to reduce the background levels of radioxenon and ensure that the detonation capabilities remain unaffected. This thesis will investigate the capabilities of detecting these medical isotope facilities through the use of radioxenon detection. Additionally, probabilities of detection will be determined in order to accurately identify these facilities. -
March 21–25, 2016
FORTY-SEVENTH LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE CONFERENCE PROGRAM OF TECHNICAL SESSIONS MARCH 21–25, 2016 The Woodlands Waterway Marriott Hotel and Convention Center The Woodlands, Texas INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT Universities Space Research Association Lunar and Planetary Institute National Aeronautics and Space Administration CONFERENCE CO-CHAIRS Stephen Mackwell, Lunar and Planetary Institute Eileen Stansbery, NASA Johnson Space Center PROGRAM COMMITTEE CHAIRS David Draper, NASA Johnson Space Center Walter Kiefer, Lunar and Planetary Institute PROGRAM COMMITTEE P. Doug Archer, NASA Johnson Space Center Nicolas LeCorvec, Lunar and Planetary Institute Katherine Bermingham, University of Maryland Yo Matsubara, Smithsonian Institute Janice Bishop, SETI and NASA Ames Research Center Francis McCubbin, NASA Johnson Space Center Jeremy Boyce, University of California, Los Angeles Andrew Needham, Carnegie Institution of Washington Lisa Danielson, NASA Johnson Space Center Lan-Anh Nguyen, NASA Johnson Space Center Deepak Dhingra, University of Idaho Paul Niles, NASA Johnson Space Center Stephen Elardo, Carnegie Institution of Washington Dorothy Oehler, NASA Johnson Space Center Marc Fries, NASA Johnson Space Center D. Alex Patthoff, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Cyrena Goodrich, Lunar and Planetary Institute Elizabeth Rampe, Aerodyne Industries, Jacobs JETS at John Gruener, NASA Johnson Space Center NASA Johnson Space Center Justin Hagerty, U.S. Geological Survey Carol Raymond, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Lindsay Hays, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Paul Schenk, -
From Famine to Feast: the Give and Take of Food in a Global Subsistence Environment, 1-23
PACIFIC STUDIES Vol. 34, No.1 April 2011 FROM FAMINE TO FEAST: THE GIVE AND TAKE OF FOOD IN A GLOBAL SUBSISTENCE ENVIRONMENT Laurence M. Carucci Montana State University Food is the primary transac:tional sllbstance fClr EnewetakJUjdang peoplp I Hepllhlic of the Marshall Islands} and its prodllction, preparation, conslllnp tion and exchange arc central to how local people fashion and maintain social relationships ami how they construct identities. At the Salllf~ time. while the constitlltive properties of (ClOd have remained culturally vigorous, the foods thelllseives have changed radically under colonialism. In particular, rehabilita tion attelllpts in tl](' post-nllclear testing era on Enewdak introdllced extraor dinary rapid dietary changes in the cOlllnlllnity and resulted in the OllSpt of an epidemic of sedentary illnesses. The social practices that relate to (ClOd production and consllmption arc explored in this article providing a lens into the shifting ways in which viahle and vihrant id('ntities arc managed. A close collSideration of these (cl()(l-fl,lated practices also highlights the impact of an l'nlerging SC{'lIario of (lreign (lod dependency on the {'veryclay lives of lI){'mbers of this increasingly divPfse atoll sOl'idy. THE FOOD PRACTICES OF TIlE ENEWETAKIUJELANG COMMUNITY have shifted in dircct relation with changes in the social and environmental setting. Rather thall hringing stahility and a healthful life to the community as a whole and to its individual Jllembers, increasing colonial involvement has hrought greater instability. In particular, the community's unf()rtunatc involvement with U.S. nuclear testing ()llowing World War II not only increased people's anxieties about f(l()(is, it intensified the effects of global ization. -
Impact Melt Emplacement on Mercury
Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 7-24-2018 2:00 PM Impact Melt Emplacement on Mercury Jeffrey Daniels The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Neish, Catherine D. The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Geology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Master of Science © Jeffrey Daniels 2018 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Geology Commons, Physical Processes Commons, and the The Sun and the Solar System Commons Recommended Citation Daniels, Jeffrey, "Impact Melt Emplacement on Mercury" (2018). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 5657. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/5657 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract Impact cratering is an abrupt, spectacular process that occurs on any world with a solid surface. On Earth, these craters are easily eroded or destroyed through endogenic processes. The Moon and Mercury, however, lack a significant atmosphere, meaning craters on these worlds remain intact longer, geologically. In this thesis, remote-sensing techniques were used to investigate impact melt emplacement about Mercury’s fresh, complex craters. For complex lunar craters, impact melt is preferentially ejected from the lowest rim elevation, implying topographic control. On Venus, impact melt is preferentially ejected downrange from the impact site, implying impactor-direction control. Mercury, despite its heavily-cratered surface, trends more like Venus than like the Moon. -
Cosmogenic Production As a Background in Searching For
Cosmogenic Production as a Background in Searching for Rare Physics Processes D.-M. Mei a , Z.-B. Yin a,b,c,1, S. R. Elliott d aDepartment of Physics, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069 bInstitute of Particle Physics, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China cKey Laboratory of Quark & Lepton Physics (Huazhong Normal University), Ministry of Education, China dLos Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 Abstract We revisit calculations of the cosmogenic production rates for several long-lived iso- topes that are potential sources of background in searching for rare physics processes such as the detection of dark matter and neutrinoless double-beta decay. Using up- dated cosmic-ray neutron flux measurements, we use TALYS 1.0 to investigate the cosmogenic activation of stable isotopes of several detector targets and find that the cosmogenic isotopes produced inside the target materials and cryostat can result in large backgrounds for dark matter searches and neutrinoless double-beta decay. We use previously published low-background HPGe data to constrain the production of 3H on the surface and the upper limit is consistent with our calculation. We note that cosmogenic production of several isotopes in various targets can generate po- arXiv:0903.2273v1 [nucl-ex] 12 Mar 2009 tential backgrounds for dark matter detection and neutrinoless double-beta decay with a massive detector, thus great care should be taken to limit and/or deal with the cosmogenic activation of the targets. Key words: Cosmogenic activation, Dark matter detection, Double-beta decay PACS: 13.85.Tp, 23.40-s, 25.40.Sc, 28.41.Qb, 95.35.+d, 29.40.Wk Email address: [email protected] (D.-M. -
Geologic Map of the Victoria Quadrangle (H02), Mercury
H01 - Borealis Geologic Map of the Victoria Quadrangle (H02), Mercury 60° Geologic Units Borea 65° Smooth plains material 1 1 2 3 4 1,5 sp H05 - Hokusai H04 - Raditladi H03 - Shakespeare H02 - Victoria Smooth and sparsely cratered planar surfaces confined to pools found within crater materials. Galluzzi V. , Guzzetta L. , Ferranti L. , Di Achille G. , Rothery D. A. , Palumbo P. 30° Apollonia Liguria Caduceata Aurora Smooth plains material–northern spn Smooth and sparsely cratered planar surfaces confined to the high-northern latitudes. 1 INAF, Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy; 22.5° Intermediate plains material 2 H10 - Derain H09 - Eminescu H08 - Tolstoj H07 - Beethoven H06 - Kuiper imp DiSTAR, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy; 0° Pieria Solitudo Criophori Phoethontas Solitudo Lycaonis Tricrena Smooth undulating to planar surfaces, more densely cratered than the smooth plains. 3 INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Teramo, Teramo, Italy; -22.5° Intercrater plains material 4 72° 144° 216° 288° icp 2 Department of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK; ° Rough or gently rolling, densely cratered surfaces, encompassing also distal crater materials. 70 60 H14 - Debussy H13 - Neruda H12 - Michelangelo H11 - Discovery ° 5 3 270° 300° 330° 0° 30° spn Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy. Cyllene Solitudo Persephones Solitudo Promethei Solitudo Hermae -30° Trismegisti -65° 90° 270° Crater Materials icp H15 - Bach Australia Crater material–well preserved cfs -60° c3 180° Fresh craters with a sharp rim, textured ejecta blanket and pristine or sparsely cratered floor. 2 1:3,000,000 ° c2 80° 350 Crater material–degraded c2 spn M c3 Degraded craters with a subdued rim and a moderately cratered smooth to hummocky floor.