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Chemistry 2211A Summary Texts for the 2016 November POSTERS ‐ Please Review the Posters Before Dec 12

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Chemistry 2211A Summary Texts for the 2016 November POSTERS ‐ Please Review the Posters Before Dec 12 Veronika Sabo and Stephanie Gow o Lysyl oxidase = forms muscle and bone proteins Topic 1: Gold in Anti‐Arthritis Medications Board 1 o Superoxide dismutase = remove superoxide ‐ ‐ Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory joint disease, radical (O2 ) and gold has been used to treat it for decades Creutzfeldt‐Jakob Disease ‐ The exact mechanism by which gold help treat arthritis Disease is still unclear o Prion protein (PrP) undergoes misfolding to an abnormal form ‐ Side effects are the main barrier preventing the use of C gold medications in arthritis from being more effective . PrP = normal prion conformation ‐ The future may involve using gold drugs for other Maintains redox stability in diseases, or using gold nanoparticles cell Sc . PrP = abnormal prion conformation Causes neuron death Anastasiya Vinokurtseva, Nadja Van Brenk Board: 2 o Diagnosis Silver as a Burn Agent Topic Number: 2 . Autopsy (look at brain after death) is Summary the only confirmatory method . CJD can be transmitted during - Silver: transition metal, Group 11, Period 5 of Periodic medical procedures Table; atomic number 47. No confirmed cure or treatment - 10 1 Electron configuration: [Kr] 4d 5s Copper - Most common valency: 1+ C 2+ o PrP histidine binds Cu to stabilize its - Soft acceptor conformation - 2+ C History: . High [Cu ] = favours PrP 2+ Sc o Hippocrates wrote about silver . Low [Cu ] = favours PrP Alexander the Great drank from silver vessels 2+ Sc o o Excess Cu can still promote PrP formation, Silver foil as dressings o must reach delicate balance in the - + Antimicrobial action: Ag concentration of copper in body! o Protein denaturation 2+ o Cu and His are both intermediate species Affects cellular respiration = low ATP o o Binds to DNA = no replication/transcription/translation. Summary Board #: 4 Poster title: Iron – Diseases and Health - 4 degrees of burns - Burns: water loss, risk of sepsis Students: Chuhan Cao, Ying He Topic #: 6 - Ag+: Antimicrobial action, promotes epithelization ‐ Iron is the essential trace (micro) mineral element. (formation of new skin) ‐ For Adults, there is approximately 4~5 grams of total - 3 topical methods of delivery for burns: AgNO , Silver 3 body weight to maintain physical functions. Sulfadiazine, Nanoparticles ‐ Both heme and non‐heme irons can be intake from - Other uses: implants, wound dressings, catheters, daily diet by different food sources. The absorption of surgical instruments heme iron which at ferrous form in upper small - Other non‐medical uses: disinfectants, preservatives, intestine is more easily than that of non‐heme iron, hygienic purposes (ex: sports socks) and the absorption is regulated by hepcidin. - Adverse effects: ‐ Iron is the main component in hemoglobin which is o Argyria – skin turning blue/grey used to transfer oxygen in body. o Bacterial resistance, although unlikely for Ag+ ‐ Diseases caused by iron deficiency: iron‐deficient anemia, anemia heart disease, negative effect on Summary Sheet – Copper and Creutzfeldt‐Jakob Disease thermoregulation and metabolism, effects on female, BOARD 3 lead poising, and etc. Copper ‐ Diseases caused by iron overload: hereditary Two oxidation states, Cu+ and Cu2+ hemochromatosis, juvenile hemochromatosis, effects o Important role in many redox enzymes in the on liver, heart, other function organs, and etc. body ZINC Introduction BOARD 5 Nutrition Zinc is found everywhere in cells o Found in shellfish, nuts, wheat, organ meats 2+ Ions: Zn o Excess liver damage, kidney failure, Essential trace element (2g/70kg human) Wilson’s disease Zinc plays a large role in cell division and healthy o Deficiency osteoporosis, skin bruising growth and development Other biological applications Sources of Zinc Chemistry 2211a Summary Texts for the 2016 November POSTERS ‐ please review the posters before Dec 12. Page | 1 o Animal proteins (e.g. chicken, beef, pork, o Effects are most significant during periods of rapid growth and lamb, oysters) development (i.e. during pregnancy, puberty) o Nuts, whole grains, legumes, yeast, seeds Zinc can be categorized in 3 different functional classes o Catalytic Lithium, the strangest metal for humans? Board #: 6 Regulatory o Topic #: 8 o Structural Names: Amy Wu and Darion D’Mello Lithium, in the alkali metal group and the 3rd element on the periodic table Synthesized from the big bang in large amounts Functional Proteins amongst other elements Carbonic Anhydrase (Catalytic Presence in environment is lower than projected Function) (0.0017%), partially due to high reactivity (one valence o Role: catalyzes hydrolysis e‐) Commonly found in form of lithium salts and equilibrium reaction for CO2 carbonates (Li2CO3) o Removes CO2 from the In physiology, has many implications on hormonal and bloodstream through neuronal pathways in treatment of anxiety, mood hydrolysis to produce bicarbonate and disorders, depression and memory loss a proton Treatment of Huntingtons Disease, through regulation ‐ o Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) acts as a buffer in of NMDA and glutamate receptors; treatment of mood blood to resist any pH changes disorders, specifically low‐frequency manic episodes o Structure: Zinc binds to 3 HIS (His 96, Industrial applications vary from strengthening of His 119, His 94) and 1 H2O metal alloys to being a major component in future and o Zinc is a distorted tetrahedral shape present rechargeable batteries when bound Side effects include dehydration, disturbance of Metallothionein (Catalytic and thyroid, congenital abnormalities in fetus, and delirium Regulatory Function) in elderly o Cysteine‐rich metal binding protein Low therapeutic index in treatment of disorders makes o Found everywhere in eukaryotes it a target of current research, to limit effects of o Role: heavy metal detoxification; toxicity, and towards development as a safe and transport protein for metals effective treatment alternative o Structure: tetrahedral shape with cysteine molecules BOARD 7 Group #9 Mercury – Summary o Metallothionein carries zinc ions from one part of a call to another (zinc signaling is important 1. Mercury is the 80th atomic element and commonly known between and within nerve cells) because it is one of the only metals that is a liquid at room temperature. Mercury is commonly found in three different Zinc Fingers (Regulatory and forms: elemental mercury (Hg0), mercurous ion (Hg1+), and Structural Function) mercuric ion (Hg2+). o 3% of human DNA codes for different zinc finger proteins 2. Throughout history, mercury has been an important metal in o Structure: zinc coordinates with sulfurs of 2 deprotenated many things, but is also known to cause harm to humans. cysteine molecules and the nitrogen from 2 histidine molecules In the 17th century, mercuric nitrate was used to cure o Zinc fingers have α‐helix secondary structure with cysteine and an antiparallel β‐pleated sheet structure with histidine pelts for fur top hats. This gave rise to the term ‘mad hatter’ because people who these fur top hats inhaled o Regulation: regulates transcription rates by selective activation of certain genes through transcription factors the mercury that vaporized off the hat and became insane from the constant exposure. o Structure: zinc fingers have structural motifs which have one or more zinc ions used in coordination to help stabilize folding In Northern Canada, previous extensive use of mercury has led to many current health risk with eating fish Effects of Zinc Deficiency on the Human Body from these parts. Mercury cathodes were used when paper pulping to make the chlorine that was used to Groups at risk bleach the paper. The waste water dumping is now o Infants/children, adolescents, pregnant and lactating women, threatening the people of Northern Canada with elderly Minamata disease. Inhibited growth and development 3. Minamata disease got its name from Minamata Bay, Japan. Over many years chemical companies dumped their waste into Chemistry 2211a Summary Texts for the 2016 November POSTERS ‐ please review the posters before Dec 12. Page | 2 Minamata Bay, including mercy. The mercury waste Arsenic (V) is most readily taken up by the red and white blood accumulated mostly in large fish (via bioaccumulation). At the cells and reduced to arsenic (III) time, fish were a staple in the Japanese diet and many people Biomethylated in the liver into methyl or dimethyl arsenate consumed these mercury filled fish and began showing signs of Arsenic and Selenium can antagonize each other or have impair speech, judgement, and hearing. As the disease additive toxic effects in the body progressed, victims began to go insane, become paralyzed, and Physiological Effects enter a coma and die. Effects of arsenicosis is dependant on age and acute or chronic 4. In the human body: exposure mercury is primarily eliminated via enterohepatic Common effects: blood in the urine and pigment changes recirculation: Mercury is transported to the liver and Often causes a variety of cancers then dumped into bile, between these two, Pathogenic Change methylmercury is converted to mercuric ion where it is Arsenic disrupts a variety of enzymes in critical pathways then excreted in the faeces and urine. 0 Replaces phosphorous in many biochemical reactions Most of the elemental mercury (Hg ) is converted to Arsine gas binds red blood cells causing hemolysis mercuric mercury and is also removed in faeces and Diagnosis of poisoning urine. The mercury that remains is eliminated in Specific tests can be done on the blood, urine, hair or fingernails
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