Veronika Sabo and Stephanie Gow o Lysyl oxidase = forms muscle and bone proteins Topic 1: Gold in Anti‐Arthritis Medications Board 1 o Superoxide dismutase = remove superoxide ‐ ‐ Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory joint disease, radical (O2 ) and gold has been used to treat it for decades Creutzfeldt‐Jakob Disease ‐ The exact mechanism by which gold help treat arthritis  Disease is still unclear o Prion protein (PrP) undergoes misfolding to an abnormal form ‐ Side effects are the main barrier preventing the use of C gold medications in arthritis from being more effective . PrP = normal prion conformation ‐ The future may involve using gold drugs for other  Maintains redox stability in diseases, or using gold nanoparticles cell Sc . PrP = abnormal prion conformation  Causes neuron death Anastasiya Vinokurtseva, Nadja Van Brenk Board: 2 o Diagnosis Silver as a Burn Agent Topic Number: 2 . Autopsy (look at brain after death) is Summary the only confirmatory method . CJD can be transmitted during - Silver: transition metal, Group 11, Period 5 of Periodic medical procedures Table; atomic number 47. . No confirmed cure or treatment - 10 1 Electron configuration: [Kr] 4d 5s  Copper - Most common valency: 1+ C 2+ o PrP histidine binds Cu to stabilize its - Soft acceptor conformation - 2+ C History: . High [Cu ] = favours PrP 2+ Sc o Hippocrates wrote about silver . Low [Cu ] = favours PrP Alexander the Great drank from silver vessels 2+ Sc o o Excess Cu can still promote PrP formation, Silver foil as dressings o must reach delicate balance in the - + Antimicrobial action: Ag concentration of copper in body! o Protein denaturation 2+ o Cu and His are both intermediate species Affects cellular respiration = low ATP o o Binds to DNA = no replication/transcription/translation. Summary Board #: 4 Poster title: Iron – Diseases and Health - 4 degrees of burns - Burns: water loss, risk of sepsis Students: Chuhan Cao, Ying He Topic #: 6 - Ag+: Antimicrobial action, promotes epithelization ‐ Iron is the essential trace (micro) mineral element. (formation of new skin) ‐ For Adults, there is approximately 4~5 grams of total - 3 topical methods of delivery for burns: AgNO , Silver 3 body weight to maintain physical functions. Sulfadiazine, Nanoparticles ‐ Both heme and non‐heme irons can be intake from - Other uses: implants, wound dressings, catheters, daily diet by different food sources. The absorption of surgical instruments heme iron which at ferrous form in upper small - Other non‐medical uses: disinfectants, preservatives, intestine is more easily than that of non‐heme iron, hygienic purposes (ex: sports socks) and the absorption is regulated by hepcidin. - Adverse effects: ‐ Iron is the main component in hemoglobin which is o Argyria – skin turning blue/grey used to transfer oxygen in body. o Bacterial resistance, although unlikely for Ag+ ‐ Diseases caused by iron deficiency: iron‐deficient

anemia, anemia heart disease, negative effect on Summary Sheet – Copper and Creutzfeldt‐Jakob Disease thermoregulation and metabolism, effects on female, BOARD 3 lead poising, and etc. Copper ‐ Diseases caused by iron overload: hereditary  Two oxidation states, Cu+ and Cu2+ hemochromatosis, juvenile hemochromatosis, effects o Important role in many redox enzymes in the on liver, heart, other function organs, and etc. body ZINC Introduction BOARD 5  Nutrition  Zinc is found everywhere in cells o Found in shellfish, nuts, wheat, organ meats 2+  Ions: Zn o Excess  liver damage, kidney failure,  Essential trace element (2g/70kg human) Wilson’s disease  Zinc plays a large role in cell division and healthy o Deficiency  osteoporosis, skin bruising growth and development  Other biological applications  Sources of Zinc

Chemistry 2211a Summary Texts for the 2016 November POSTERS ‐ please review the posters before Dec 12. Page | 1 o Animal proteins (e.g. chicken, beef, pork, o Effects are most significant during periods of rapid growth and lamb, oysters) development (i.e. during pregnancy, puberty) o Nuts, whole grains, legumes, yeast, seeds  Zinc can be categorized in 3 different functional classes o Catalytic Lithium, the strangest metal for humans? Board #: 6 Regulatory o Topic #: 8 o Structural Names: Amy Wu and Darion D’Mello

 Lithium, in the alkali metal group and the 3rd element on the periodic table  Synthesized from the big bang in large amounts Functional Proteins amongst other elements  Carbonic Anhydrase (Catalytic  Presence in environment is lower than projected Function) (0.0017%), partially due to high reactivity (one valence o Role: catalyzes hydrolysis e‐)  Commonly found in form of lithium salts and equilibrium reaction for CO2 carbonates (Li2CO3)  o Removes CO2 from the In physiology, has many implications on hormonal and bloodstream through neuronal pathways in treatment of anxiety, mood hydrolysis to produce bicarbonate and disorders, depression and memory loss a proton  Treatment of Huntingtons Disease, through regulation ‐ o Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) acts as a buffer in of NMDA and glutamate receptors; treatment of mood blood to resist any pH changes disorders, specifically low‐frequency manic episodes o Structure: Zinc binds to 3 HIS (His 96,  Industrial applications vary from strengthening of His 119, His 94) and 1 H2O metal alloys to being a major component in future and o Zinc is a distorted tetrahedral shape present rechargeable batteries when bound  Side effects include dehydration, disturbance of  Metallothionein (Catalytic and thyroid, congenital abnormalities in fetus, and delirium Regulatory Function) in elderly o Cysteine‐rich metal binding protein  Low therapeutic index in treatment of disorders makes o Found everywhere in eukaryotes it a target of current research, to limit effects of o Role: heavy metal detoxification; toxicity, and towards development as a safe and transport protein for metals effective treatment alternative o Structure: tetrahedral shape with cysteine molecules BOARD 7 Group #9 Mercury – Summary o Metallothionein carries zinc ions from one part of a call to another (zinc signaling is important 1. Mercury is the 80th atomic element and commonly known between and within nerve cells) because it is one of the only metals that is a liquid at room temperature. Mercury is commonly found in three different  Zinc Fingers (Regulatory and forms: elemental mercury (Hg0), mercurous ion (Hg1+), and Structural Function) mercuric ion (Hg2+). o 3% of human DNA codes for different zinc finger proteins 2. Throughout history, mercury has been an important metal in o Structure: zinc coordinates with sulfurs of 2 deprotenated many things, but is also known to cause harm to humans. cysteine molecules and the nitrogen from 2 histidine molecules  In the 17th century, mercuric nitrate was used to cure o Zinc fingers have α‐helix secondary structure with cysteine and an antiparallel β‐pleated sheet structure with histidine pelts for fur top hats. This gave rise to the term ‘mad hatter’ because people who these fur top hats inhaled o Regulation: regulates transcription rates by selective activation of certain genes through transcription factors the mercury that vaporized off the hat and became insane from the constant exposure. o Structure: zinc fingers have structural motifs which have one or more zinc ions used in coordination to help stabilize folding  In Northern Canada, previous extensive use of mercury has led to many current health risk with eating fish Effects of Zinc Deficiency on the Human Body from these parts. Mercury cathodes were used when paper pulping to make the chlorine that was used to  Groups at risk bleach the paper. The waste water dumping is now o Infants/children, adolescents, pregnant and lactating women, threatening the people of Northern Canada with elderly Minamata disease.  Inhibited growth and development 3. Minamata disease got its name from Minamata Bay, Japan. Over many years chemical companies dumped their waste into Chemistry 2211a Summary Texts for the 2016 November POSTERS ‐ please review the posters before Dec 12. Page | 2 Minamata Bay, including mercy. The mercury waste Arsenic (V) is most readily taken up by the red and white blood accumulated mostly in large fish (via bioaccumulation). At the cells and reduced to arsenic (III) time, fish were a staple in the Japanese diet and many people Biomethylated in the liver into methyl or dimethyl arsenate consumed these mercury filled fish and began showing signs of Arsenic and Selenium can antagonize each other or have impair speech, judgement, and hearing. As the disease additive toxic effects in the body progressed, victims began to go insane, become paralyzed, and Physiological Effects enter a coma and die.  Effects of arsenicosis is dependant on age and acute or chronic 4. In the human body: exposure  mercury is primarily eliminated via enterohepatic Common effects: blood in the urine and pigment changes recirculation: Mercury is transported to the liver and Often causes a variety of cancers then dumped into bile, between these two, Pathogenic Change methylmercury is converted to mercuric ion where it is Arsenic disrupts a variety of enzymes in critical pathways then excreted in the faeces and urine.  0 Replaces phosphorous in many biochemical reactions  Most of the elemental mercury (Hg ) is converted to Arsine gas binds red blood cells causing hemolysis mercuric mercury and is also removed in faeces and Diagnosis of poisoning urine. The mercury that remains is eliminated in Specific tests can be done on the blood, urine, hair or fingernails breathing, sweat, and saliva.  Urine is the most reliable for recent exposure and hair or 5. The human body is not efficient at removing mercury on its fingernails can be for long term exposure. own so doctors prescribed DMPS as a mercury chelate. Mercury Treatments binds to thiols with high affinity and bind very well to DMPS as  Chelation therapy is most commonly used to process arsenic well as glutathione which is produced by the human body and out of the body (use of DMSA) helps to deal with mercury.  The body itself also naturally excretes arsenic from the urine 6. In the present day mercury is still used in many things from Susceptible Populations thermometers to batteries, but these things are slowly being  Arsenic contamination is naturally occurring in deep phased out by more efficient and safer alternatives. groundwater. Populations that rely on groundwater as a source  One item that mercury is used in that is not being will be susceptible phased out is compact fluorescent lightbulbs (CFL).  Biggest problem in Bangladesh 7. We are constantly exposed to tiny amounts of mercury in our Arsenic in the News foods and our day to day actions, but we must take it upon  More than 50 million at risk due to contaminated water ourselves to lower our risk of exposure as low as we can. This  means Caused by the naturally occurring arsenic from the deep wells that most of Bangladesh use  watching our fish intake

 recycling CFL lights BOARD 9  ߚ ‐ Amyloid Plaques and Neurofibrillary Tangles Arsenic BOARD 8 By Brian Leung and Katie Bozek  ߚ Discovery and history of Arsenic Outside the cell γ‐secretase and ‐secretase chop the Amyloid ߚ • Discovery credited to Albertus Magnus in 1250 Precursor Protein to form ‐ Amyloid and inside the cell Kinase • Name comes from the Greek name “arsenikon” for yellow transports phosphate to Tau proteins orpiment  Sporadic vs Familial Alzheimer’s Disease Chemical and Physical Properties of Arsenic  Age over 85 and inheritance of the E4 allele apolipoprotein  Inorganic is more toxic than organic (APOE E4) compared to PSEN1/PSEN2 containing presenilin 1  Trivalent is more toxic than pentavalent and presenilin 2 Where is it found?  Irregular Metal Homeostasis  Released into the environment through industrial and natural  Iron Oxidative stress processes.  Copper Oxidative stress  Can be found in drinking water and soil  Zinc ߚ ‐ amyloid plaque formation Routes of Exposure and Elimination  Treatments  Inhalation from arsine gas or dust containing arsenic  Chelation Therapy using Desferrioxamine B and Clioquinol,  Ingested from seafood and water Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Memantine  Absorbed through skin when chemical contact is made  Main pathway of excretion is through urine Summary Sheet: Lead Topic 13 BOARD 10 Uses of Arsenic  Used as a poison in: rat poison, insecticides and pesticides Name: Kiana Ragagnin and Kathy Liu  Industrial processes: production of semiconductors and microelectronics  Long history of lead use  Medicinally: treatment of leukemia and poultry feed  The Greeks discovered a way to mine and convert the metal Metabolism and Interaction with Selenium into white lead to be used for pigmentation Chemistry 2211a Summary Texts for the 2016 November POSTERS ‐ please review the posters before Dec 12. Page | 3 o Lead based paint have been used for over 2000 years until the ‐ Mercury Cycle middle of last century • Mercury enters the atmosphere as Hg(0) and can remain for  Tetraethyl lead was a popular option for gasoline, but the high over a year heat produced by car engines converted it into elemental lead, • Eventually mercury oxidizes to Hg(2+) and is deposited into the which can then be emitted and inhaled. Due to this health environment hazard, it was eventually banned in 1990. • Hg(2+) can either go back into the atmosphere, absorbed by  Presently, lead is most commonly used in car batteries various organisms, or converted into methyl mercury and then  All forms of lead are toxic absorbed by various organisms o Organic being the most toxic form: can be readily absorbed by ‐ Bioaccumulation: the skin • Environmental mercury is absorbed and concentrated in the  Lead causes harm to the brain, the digestive system and most tissues of various organisms. The concentration of mercury importantly the central nervous system increases with an organisms position in the food chain.  Mechanisms • Mercury is most commonly absorbed in the form of methyl o Can enter the cell through calcium channels mercury o Blocks N‐Methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors: interrupts long term ‐ Toxicity: potentiation • Mercury is highly toxic o Inhibits biosynthesis of Heme: causing anemia • The form/oxidation state of mercury affects how easily it is  Treatment absorbed and therefore its toxicity o Chelation Therapy ‐ Elemental mercury is not water soluble and therefore more . Binds the metal at 2 or more sites difficult to be absorbed into the body . The metal is eventually excreted ‐ Methyl mercury is the most toxic due to its lipid solubility and . Widely used chelating agents: CaNa4 EDTA and DMSA ability to cross the blood brain barrier • Can cause damage to the brain, kidneys and lungs. Symptoms of mercury poisoning depends on the severity of exposure and can J. Daniel Brinac & Stephen N. Ritter BOARD 11 take many months to manifest Mercury; A scourge of Industrialization Topic 14 ‐ Major Outbreaks ‐ Properties: • Minamata Disease: Outbreak of severe mercury poisoning in • Basic Properties; minimal japan as a result of villagers eat fish contaminated by ‐ Appearance: Silvery white metal mercury containing wastewater from local factories ‐ Symbol: Hg • Ontario Minamata Disease: Severe mercury poisoning in the ‐ Oxidation States: 0, 1+, 2+ first nations people of Southern Ontario as a result of eating fish ‐ Group 12 contaminated by illegal dumping of chemical waste • Useful Properties; ‐ Treatment ‐ Mercury can form amalgams with other metals • Chelation therapy is the most common treatment for acute An amalgam differs from an alloy in that one of its constituents mercury poisoning. It involves the administration of a chelating is always mercury agent specific to the type of heavy metal poisoning. ‐ Occurrence; ‐ Chelating agents involved in mercury poisoning include • Mercury is found in trace amounts everywhere dimercaprol (BAL), dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), and • Extracted mainly from cinnabar (HgS) by heat based reduction dimercaptopropane sulfonate (DMPS) ‐ Uses Normally you're body has a hard time excreting mercury • Mercury has been exploited in various areas of industry for its buildup. Chelating agents bind to free metal ions in the body, unique properties. Some of the main uses of mercury include: forming a compound that is more readily excreted from the ‐ Gold mining; uses mercury to collect fine particles of gold. body Exploits mercuries ability to form amalgams ‐ Thimerosal; a preservative it modern medicine. It is highly criticized for its use of mercury Arsenic, in Toxicity and Disease – Topic 15 – Board 12 ‐ Dental Amalgams; Useful compared to polymer resins due to its Nathan Katz – bacteriostatic properties and tolerance of moist conditions  Arsenic is a naturally occurring metalloid of the nitrogen family ‐ Environment: that exists in both organic (non‐toxic) and inorganic (toxic) • Both natural and human causes contribute to atmospheric forms mercury  • Humans contribute via a variety of industrial processes. Coal Exposure to toxic levels of arsenic in drinking water is estimated burning contributes the majority of human based atmospheric to affect more than 100 million people worldwide mercury  The most common source of human arsenic poisoning is • Natural contributors of atmospheric mercury include volcanic groundwater contamination from natural geological sources and geothermal emissions as well as re‐ emission from mercury  Arsenic is most commonly bioavailable in two aqueous forms: deposits. Natural causes typically account for around half of trivalent arsenic (As III) known as Arsenite, and pentavalent annual atmospheric mercury arsenic (As V) known as Arsenate

Chemistry 2211a Summary Texts for the 2016 November POSTERS ‐ please review the posters before Dec 12. Page | 4  Arsenic exerts its toxic effects in vivo by substituting phosphate  Cadmium causes deficiency of calcium, collagen, and vitamin D, in ATP and generating reactive oxygen species, which disrupt which cause osteoporosis and osteomalacia. pathways of cellular metabolism and DNA repair  Treatments include dialysis, consumption of vitamin D and  Acute arsenic poisoning rapidly results in death from circulatory calcium supplements, and chelation therapy. collapse  The only cure as of now is the kidney transplant  Chronic arsenic exposure is implicated in cardiovascular disease; Further research should be done on how to cure/treat cadmium toxic conditions of the brain, liver, and kidneys; and cancer intoxication

Summary of Metals in Alzheimer’s Disease Topic 16 Board: 13 Melissa Korman and Jenna Kochnowich Human Toxicity and Cure – Lead: Board #22 Topic #18 • Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that By: Jordan Ammascato and Doo‐Sun Baek causes patients to lose their memory, cognitive abilities, and ‐ Lead = Atomic #82 and is a blue/white when pure  Grey when experience changes in personality exposed to air ‐ Soft, malleable, corrosion resistant, toxic heavy metal • AD markers: ‐ Have been recorded to be used as far as 6500 BC in Catal Huyuk Aggregated β‐amyloid plaques (formed by altered proteolytic • ‐ Not central to a location, but widespread globally and used in a processing of the β‐amyloid precursor protein) variety of applications • Neurofibrillary tangles (formed from hyperphosphorylated tau ‐ It is cheap to extract (economic value) and secondary product protein) rate (recycling previously used lead) is high in many countries  • Brain atrophy Lead is easy to extract and to recycle.

• Inflammation of ventricles ‐ Where it is used: (Lead is versatile  used EVERYWHERE) • Metals play a role in CNS development and function o Ornaments/art • Proven correlation between AD with Fe, Cu and Zn o Cosmetics • Increased Zn in the amygdala and hippocampus found in post‐ o Plumbing (This is why lead  Pb) mortem analysis of brains with AD o Taste Enhancers  Defructum and Sapa o Lead paint • Free Fe[III] in toxic amounts promotes tau aggregation (results Gas additive (to prevent knocking) in tangles) o o Many industrial applications as well. • Cu promotes increased β‐amyloid production and aggregation ‐ Toxicity occurs most commonly through 2 pathways: (results in plaques) 1. Inhalation • More research required to verify correlations with other metals 2. Ingestion (including Pb, Cu, Mg and Al) ‐ Cumulates in bones and teeth • No AD cure ‐ Can pass through the Blood Brain Barrier ‐ Displaces Calcium, Zinc, and Iron • Medications approved to control symptoms are: o Renders the enzymes unable to function • 4 Cholinesterase Inhibitors ‐ Main target is the Central, peripheral, and renal systems • Memantine o Can cause many related symptoms and dysfunctions • Future treatments may include anti‐amyloid therapies (using (reproduction/heme synthesis/etc) secretase enzymes), and tau targeted therapies ‐ Treated either Orally or Intravenously ‐ Orally  DMSA and D‐penicillamine ‐ Intravenously  EDTA Calcium Disodium (CaNa2EDTA) and Names: Ryan Geng and Deok‐Hwan Kim Board : 14 dimercaprol (BAL) Poster Title: Cadmium Toxicity History and Cure ‐ EDTA and BAL used in combination to prevent recirculation of Topic Number: 17 lead post treatment.  Toxic metal ‐ Both treatments  side effects due to lack of selectivity of the  It’s oxidative state is either +2 chelating molecules. Natural chemistry confuses cadmium for zinc ‐ Low vitamin D and C corresponds to higher concentration of  Common sources include cigarettes and phosphorous fertilizers lead in bone and blood respectively  In the past, humans used cadmium in toys and paint ‐ Primary Prevention  remove usage in domestic products and  The main disease related to cadmium is Itai‐itai disease in japan improve equipment and training prior to lead exposure. 1912 (Itai means “ouch” in Japanese) ‐ Secondary Prevention  Evaluation and treatment after  Main source of Itai‐itai disease is water contamination from exposure to lead (Early detection) local mine, to crops, and eventually poisoned humans after consumption  Pain in Itai‐Itai mostly comes from spine and leg bones

Chemistry 2211a Summary Texts for the 2016 November POSTERS ‐ please review the posters before Dec 12. Page | 5