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Climate Change: Unpacking the Burden on Food Safety 8 FOOD SAFETY AND QUALITY SERIES ISSN 2415-1173 CLIMATE CHANGE: UNPACKING THE BURDEN ON FOOD SAFETY CLIMATE CHANGE: UNPACKING THE BURDEN ON FOOD SAFETY FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ROME, 2020 Required citation: FAO. 2020. Climate change: Unpacking the burden on food safety. Food safety and quality series No. 8. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8185en The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISSN: 2664-5246 (Online) ISSN 2415-1173 (Print) ISBN 978-92-5-132293-2 © FAO, 2020 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: “This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original [Language] edition shall be the authoritative edition.” Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation and arbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicable mediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/ rules and any arbitration will be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third- party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/ publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: [email protected]. Cover photos (from left to right): Flooded marketplace in Cambodia, © mrmichaelangelo/ Shutterstock.com; algal blooms (red tide) off the coast of Greece, © Gr-Siamidis/ Shutterstock.com; corn damaged by fungal infection, © Budimir Jevtic/ Shutterstock.com Design and layout: studio Bartoleschi CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................................................................ ix Acknowledgements .....................................................................................................................x Acronyms................................................................................................................................... xi Executive summary ................................................................................................................. xiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 1 Section I: Objectives and scope of the document ........................................................ 4 Section II: Climate change – current status and future risks ....................................... 6 Section III: Interlinkages between food security and food safety ............................ 10 CHAPTER 2.A FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND PARASITES ..............................................................13 Section I: Climate change and foodborne pathogens ................................................ 14 Section II: Implications of climate change for selected foodborne pathogens and parasites ................................................................................................................ 17 Section III: Indirect effects of climate change on food safety ................................... 22 Section IV: Antimicrobial resistance .......................................................................... 24 Section V: Conclusions................................................................................................ 29 CHAPTER 2.B ALGAL BLOOMS......................................................................................................31 Section I: Climate change impacts on algal blooms ................................................... 36 Section II: Dead zones – a consequence of algal blooms ........................................... 44 Section III: Conclusions ............................................................................................. 45 CHAPTER 2.C HEAVY METALS ......................................................................................................49 Section I: Climate change impacts on heavy metal contamination ........................... 50 Section II: Conclusions ............................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 2.D METHYLMERCURY ..................................................................................................55 Section I: Climate change impacts on methylmercury contamination ..................... 60 Section II: Conclusions ............................................................................................... 63 iii CHAPTER 2.E PESTICIDES ..........................................................................................................65 Section I: Climate change impacts on pesticide use and subsequent effects ............. 67 Section II: Conclusions ............................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 2.F MYCOTOXINS .........................................................................................................75 Section I: Climate change impacts on mycotoxin contamination ............................. 79 Section II: Conclusions ............................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 3 EMERGING ISSUES AND INTELLIGENCE GATHERING ................................................87 Microplastics ............................................................................................................... 88 Novel food production systems ................................................................................. 89 Novel food sources ..................................................................................................... 90 Geoengineering (or climate engineering) ................................................................... 92 Technological advances and digitalization ................................................................. 92 CHAPTER 4 THE WAY FORWARD ...............................................................................................95 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................99 iv FIGURES Figure 1. Some major milestones in climate change science – with emphasis on the discovery of the contribution of CO2 to global warming. Some key UN agreements are also shown ...................................................................... 4 Figure 2. When climate change-induced temperatures are much higher than the pathogen’s thermal optimum, there might be a shift in the number of infection cycles per season ............................................................................................. 15 Figure 3. Parasites scored according to criteria related to the quantity and severity of global diseases, the global distribution of the illnesses, disruption to trade and the likelihood of increased human burden .................................................................... 21 Figure 4. Estimated number of algal blooms in the United States of America since 2010, based on data compiled by the Environmental Working Group ................................. 37 Figure 5. Relationship between harmful algal blooms (mean numbers) and fertilizer usage (million tonnes per year) reported along the eastern coast of China. .......................... 41 Figure
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