Trash, Activism, and Urban Finance in Detroit, 1970-1990
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Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2020 "An Environmental Sleight of Hand:" Trash, Activism, and Urban Finance in Detroit, 1970-1990 Chelsea Denault Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Denault, Chelsea, ""An Environmental Sleight of Hand:" Trash, Activism, and Urban Finance in Detroit, 1970-1990" (2020). Dissertations. 3780. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/3780 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 2020 Chelsea Denault LOYOLA UNIVERSITY “AN ENVIRONMENTAL SLEIGHT OF HAND:” TRASH, ACTIVISM, AND URBAN FINANCE IN DETROIT, 1970-1990 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PROGRAM IN HISTORY BY CHELSEA DENAULT CHICAGO, IL AUGUST 2020 Copyright by Chelsea Denault, 2020. All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As with any dissertation, there were many people who were essential in helping to turn this project from a metaphorical trash fire to an engaging narrative about a very large trash fire. First, I must thank the incredible archivists, librarians, and individuals who lent their time, expertise, and patience to me as I forged away at this project. I am especially grateful to the staff at the Burton Historical Collection at the Detroit Public Library. Special thanks are due to Dawn Eurich, who was patient every time I came to the archives and forgot a pencil, how to fill out the call form, or needed a new registration card, and Jerome Brown, who brought hundreds of boxes of Coleman Young Papers up from the stacks and always greeted me with a smile, kind words, a good story about his Detroit or New York City days, and smart questions about my project. The staff at the Walter P. Reuther Library Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs at Wayne State University were also extraordinarily kind and helpful. This was the first place I went searching for information about the incinerator and the new-PhD-candidate me was both overly eager and relatively underinformed. Louis Jones and Mike Smith were particularly helpful in remedying this and pointed me in the direction of helpful resources early on. Finally, I owe a great deal to former Evergreen Alliance members Laurie Kopack, Tanya Sharon, and Thomas Stephens for taking time out of their lives to tell me about their Cass Corridor days. They brought key insight and vivid stories to this project that I never would have known otherwise. Many thanks are also due to those who provided the financial support to make this dissertation possible, especially the Loyola University History Department, the Graduate School, iii and the Office of Sustainability. My experience working in sustainability broadened my view of this story and made me realize the lessons to be gleaned from it in service of today’s climate crisis. I’m grateful to my supervisor, Aaron Durnbaugh, Dean Nancy Tuchman, and my colleagues Brian Ohsowski, Eniko Racz, Kevin Erikson, Shanna Yetman, and Tania Schusler. Thank you also to Dr. LaDale Winling, who not only hired me to work on some incredible research projects but was also an excellent mentor. His thoroughness and persistence as a researcher taught me many essential lessons early in my graduate career and, I think, saved me many headaches as I conducted my own research for this project. I could not have completed this work without the patience, support, and humor of my chair, Dr. Elliott Gorn. Although I often chuckled at his direction to just “tell a story,” it actually was an incredibly valuable lesson and forced me to rethink how I approached this project. Thank you for otherwise empty emails with the subject line: DELIVERABLES, as well as valuable lessons about country music, baseball, and good Mexican food. Thank yous are also due to my committee members, Dr. Timothy Gilfoyle, for superb and insightful comments delivered far too quickly for a human person, and Dr. Benjamin Johnson, without whom this project would never have occurred to me. Although he wasn’t on my committee, special thanks are due to Dr. Robert Bucholz, who admitted to me the hardest part of writing a dissertation is getting started and who motivated me to face my fears. I’m also grateful to Dr. Ted Karamanski and Dr. Pat Mooney- Melvin for their support during my years at Loyola. Thank you also to Dr. Deborah Kanter at Albion College, who told me as a senior in high school that it was her job to get me into any graduate program of my choosing after four years. With her mentorship at Albion, I did that, and her support over these past twelve years continues to be enormously valuable to me. iv To the incredible colleagues and friends I encountered at Loyola University Chicago, especially Amelia Serafine, who showed me this was possible, Hope Shannon, who wrote, listened, and sometimes complained alongside me, Kelly Schmidt, who gave the best, most reassuring head pats, and Adam Widera, who I could always count on to get me away from my computer in search of an incredible meal. To Devin Hunter, Rachel Boyle, Erin Feichtinger, Meagan McChesney, Marie Pellissier, Matt Sawicki, Josh Wachuta, Sam Smith, Amy Oberlin, Ruby Oram, Nicole Perez, Will Ippen, Katie Macica, Steve Catania – you have all at one time or another listened to me, helped me, read my work, shared a beer (or two, or three) with me, and your attention, care, and support ultimately made me a better historian and a better person. Finally, this dissertation could not have happened without my family – actual and adopted. To my adopted families I found in Chicago – the folks of Senn Dogs, Windy City Food Swap/Cooking the Books Club, and Peterson Garden Project – your friendship, humor, and uncanny ability to always ask very politely if I was a doctor yet were of inestimable value. When I moved here, I only thought about getting my degree and not about the community of neighbors that would grow around me. Thank you all. The same gratitude is due to my actual family. We are a loud, complicated bunch. Yet it’s exactly that which makes the unconditional love we feel for one another even more impressive. My appreciation for all of you grew tremendously over these past eight years. And finally, I owe unending gratitude to my parents, who always stood by my side and never questioned this path (even when I did). This dissertation is especially for my father, Frank Denault: this project started over breakfast at our dining room table from of an article in our favorite newspaper. You introduced me to Detroit and showed me how to love that wonderful and infuriating place. I am so grateful for that incredible gift, and for you. v For my Grandmother, Nancy, who once told me, if she had had the chance, she would have been a historian too. Take a walk to Cass and Ferry. Sit on the grass, lean against a tree. Know that the grass and tree give off oxygen. Now look east. You won’t have to look hard. It is the massive structure looming at the corner of Ferry and Russell, just a few blocks away. That’s the incinerator, the beast, the dragon. Look at the tree; effortlessly, it gives…..look at the incinerator; deliberately, it takes. – “The dragon,” North Cass Community Union Newsletter TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii LIST OF FIGURES ix INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE: “ONLY TWO THINGS ARE CERTAIN: DEATH AND GARBAGE:” 20 TRASH CRISIS AND URBAN CRISIS, 1960-1973 CHAPTER TWO: “RESOURCE RECOVERY A MUST:” MAKING WASTE 69 VALUABLE IN THE ENERGY CRISIS, 1973-1976 CHAPTER THREE: “DETROIT IS NOT DEAD; NOR CAN IT BE ALLOWED TO 130 DIE:” FISCAL CRISIS AND REDEVELOPMENT, 1976-1984 CHAPTER FOUR: “AN ENVIRONMENTAL FEAT OF GREAT SIGNIFICANCE:” 176 RESOURCE RECOVERY, REVITALIZATION, AND REGULATION, 1984-1986 CHAPTER FIVE: “WE ALL LIVE DOWNWIND:” ANTI-INCINERATOR ACTIVISM 212 FROM THE STREETS TO THE COURTS, 1986-1988 CONCLUSION 271 BIBLIOGRAPHY 290 VITA 302 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Mrs. Billie Pedigo holds a paper bag containing a dead rat for Commissioner 21 Clarence Russell Figure 2. "The News Monster" ad for U.S. News & World Report, New York Times, 1971 33 Figure 3. Mayor Coleman Young’s first portrait as mayor of Detroit 70 Figure 4. Mayor Coleman Young and James Watts, Department of Public Works 98 Newsletter Figure 5. Diagram of Resource Recovery Facility Process from the Environmental 166 Impact Statement Figure 6. Map illustrating schools, parks, and other landmarks within one mile of Detroit’s 172 planned resource recovery facility from the Environmental Impact Statement Figure 7. Bella Marshall in a Detroit Free Press feature story about women in Mayor 182 Coleman Young’s administration Figure 8. Greenpeace’s “die-in” under the gaze of Marshall Frederick’s Spirit of Detroit 256 ix INTRODUCTION This project began where most good ideas do, at the breakfast table. Over the weekend standard of scrambled eggs, potatoes, toast, coffee, and a Detroit Free Press, I came across an article about business owners and residents in Detroit's Midtown neighborhood who complained of a bad smell. It came, the paper said, from the city's incinerator just across the expressway from the rapidly-gentrifying neighborhood. The putrid scent it sent downwind into Midtown made shoppers' stomach turn as they browsed new boutiques in the neighborhood.