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Wedlock Or Deadlock? : Feminists' Attemps to Engage Irrigation

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Wedlock Or Deadlock? : Feminists' Attemps to Engage Irrigation Wedlock or deadlock? Feminists’ attempts to engage irrigation engineers Promotor: Prof. Linden F. Vincent, hoogleraar in Irrigatie en waterbouwkunde Wageningen Universiteit Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Prof. Dr. Patricia Howards, Wageningen Universiteit Prof. Dr. Pieter van der Zaag, IHE-UNESCO, Delft Prof. Dr. Cecile Jackson, University of East-Anglia, Norwich, UK Dr. Loes Schenk-Sandbergen, Universiteit van Amsterdam Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd binnen de onderzoeksschool CERES Wedlock or deadlock? Feminists’ attempts to engage irrigation engineers Margreet Z. Zwarteveen Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, Prof. Dr. M. J. Kropff, in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 6 juni 2006 des namiddags te vier uur in de Aula WEDLOCK OR DEADLOCK? FEMINISTS’ ATTEMPTS TO ENGAGE IRRIGATION ENGINEERS. Wageningen UR. Promotor: Vincent, L.F. Wageningen: Margreet Z. Zwarteveen, 2006. – p. 304. ISBN: 90-8504-398-0 Copyright © 2006, by Margreet Z. Zwarteveen, The Netherlands Contents Tables and figures ............................................................................................................9 Acronyms..........................................................................................................................10 Glossary............................................................................................................................11 Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................13 Dangerous liaisons? Introduction ...............................................................................19 It’s a man’s world…....................................................................................................................................20 Irrigation questions are feminist questions .............................................................................................27 Thinking gender (in irrigation) .................................................................................................................32 Method and outline of the thesis...............................................................................................................41 Missionaries and mandarins. Feminists making sense of irrigation ...................47 Irrigation, modernization and development...........................................................................................53 Feminist visions on (irrigation) development .........................................................................................66 Thinking gender in irrigation ....................................................................................................................76 Linking women to the main canal. Mainstreaming gender in irrigation? ..........87 Mainstream irrigation thinking.................................................................................................................90 Seeing women in irrigation......................................................................................................................107 Conclusions................................................................................................................................................120 A plot of one’s own? Gender and irrigation in Burkina Faso..............................125 Irrigation in West Africa...........................................................................................................................127 The Dakiri irrigation system....................................................................................................................135 Irrigation and gender relations................................................................................................................146 Conclusions................................................................................................................................................161 Free-riders or victims? Gender and irrigation in Nepal. ......................................169 FMIS: Alternative (irrigation) development? ........................................................................................172 The Chhattis Mauja irrigation system ....................................................................................................178 The intra-household organization of farming.......................................................................................182 Gender aspects of irrigation management.............................................................................................189 Conclusions................................................................................................................................................200 Struggles over resources and meanings. Gender in Andean irrigation.............207 Gender discourses in the Andes..............................................................................................................210 Gender dimensions of water control ......................................................................................................215 Discourses, truth and politics ..................................................................................................................235 Wedlock or deadlock? Conclusion and discussion................................................241 Straddling boundaries, changing metaphors ........................................................................................243 The politics of feminist irrigation knowledge .......................................................................................250 Seeing, representing, managing, controlling….....................................................................................254 References ......................................................................................................................259 Annex. Methodology of Burkina Faso and Nepal case studies ...........................289 Summary ........................................................................................................................291 Samenvatting.................................................................................................................297 Curriculum Vitae ..........................................................................................................303 Tables and figures Figure 3.1 Inputs and outputs: irrigation in the context of nested 104 systems Table 4.1 Main features of the Dakiri irrigation system 135 Figure 4.1 Location of the Dakiri irrigation system 136 Table 4.2 Different fields and their characteristics 140 Table 4.3 Number of ‘woman’s days’ as compared to the number of 141 days contributed to the collective field Table 4.4 Plot ownership in Dakiri 149 Table 4.5 Labor allocation to male plots 153 Table 4.6 Labor allocation to female plots 154 Table 4.7 Agricultural productivity of irrigated plots in T/ha 158 Table 4.8 Agricultural productivity of male plots per category of 158 plotholder in T/ha Table 4.9 Use of irrigated crop production, male and female plots in 159 kg Table 4.10 Use of the income of irrigated plots 160 Table 5.1 Possible cropping patterns in the Chhattis Mauja command 179 area Table 5.2 Cropping patterns per type of household, Purbi Shankar 184 Nagar Acronyms BBC British Broadcasting Corporation CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CONAIE Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador CROPWAT A decision support system to calculate crop water and irrigation requirements DANIDA Danish International Development Agency DGIS Directoraat Generaal Ontwikkelingssamenwerking DISC Department of Irrigation and Soil and Water Conservation FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FMIS Farmer Managed Irrigation System GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GWA Gender and Water Alliance GWP Global Water Partnership ICID International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute IIAV International Information Centre and Archives of the Women’s Movement IIMI International Irrigation Management Institute IWE Irrigation and Water Engineering Group, Wageningen University IWMI International Water Management Institute PMI Projet Management de l’Irrigation RAF Reorganisation Agraire et Foncière (Burkina Faso, 1984) SCOT Social Construction of Technology SNV Netherlands Development Organization USAID United States Agency for International Development WALIR Water Rights and Indigenous Rights WID Women in Development WUA Water Users’ Association Glossary Burros (Spanish) Donkeys, used for transportation Canteros (Andes) Spiral-shaped irrigation furrows on steep slopes Champs bas fonds (Burkina Faso – French) Low-lying humid soils Champs de brousse (Burkina Faso – French) Collective male-controlled family fields where millet and sorghum are grown Champs de case (Burkina Faso – French) homegardens Champs dunaires (Burkina Faso - French) Collective male-controlled family fields where millet and sorghum are grown Chef de terre (Burkina Faso – French) Earth priest or land chief who has the authority to decide about the allocation of lands to community members Dedano (Burkina Faso) Male head of the (extended) family Ejidatarios Members of Mexican land collectivities Faenas (Andes) Collective working parties, for instance for constructing or maintaining irrigation canals. Femmes liberées (Burkina Faso – French) Literally: liberated or freed
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