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Tr-Sas-120-All NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION AC/323(SAS-120)TP/1005 www.sto.nato.int STO TECHNICAL REPORT TR-SAS-120 Integration of Women into Ground Combat Unit (Intégration des femmes dans les unités de combat terrestre) This report documents the activities and findings of SAS-120, Research Task Group 058. Published April 2021 Distribution and Availability on Back Cover NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION AC/323(SAS-120)TP/1005 www.sto.nato.int STO TECHNICAL REPORT TR-SAS-120 Integration of Women into Ground Combat Unit (Intégration des femmes dans les unités de combat terrestre) This report documents the activities and findings of SAS-120, Research Task Group 058. The NATO Science and Technology Organization Science & Technology (S&T) in the NATO context is defined as the selective and rigorous generation and application of state-of-the-art, validated knowledge for defence and security purposes. S&T activities embrace scientific research, technology development, transition, application and field-testing, experimentation and a range of related scientific activities that include systems engineering, operational research and analysis, synthesis, integration and validation of knowledge derived through the scientific method. In NATO, S&T is addressed using different business models, namely a collaborative business model where NATO provides a forum where NATO Nations and partner Nations elect to use their national resources to define, conduct and promote cooperative research and information exchange, and secondly an in-house delivery business model where S&T activities are conducted in a NATO dedicated executive body, having its own personnel, capabilities and infrastructure. The mission of the NATO Science & Technology Organization (STO) is to help position the Nations’ and NATO’s S&T investments as a strategic enabler of the knowledge and technology advantage for the defence and security posture of NATO Nations and partner Nations, by conducting and promoting S&T activities that augment and leverage the capabilities and programmes of the Alliance, of the NATO Nations and the partner Nations, in support of NATO’s objectives, and contributing to NATO’s ability to enable and influence security and defence related capability development and threat mitigation in NATO Nations and partner Nations, in accordance with NATO policies. The total spectrum of this collaborative effort is addressed by six Technical Panels who manage a wide range of scientific research activities, a Group specialising in modelling and simulation, plus a Committee dedicated to supporting the information management needs of the organization. • AVT Applied Vehicle Technology Panel • HFM Human Factors and Medicine Panel • IST Information Systems Technology Panel • NMSG NATO Modelling and Simulation Group • SAS System Analysis and Studies Panel • SCI Systems Concepts and Integration Panel • SET Sensors and Electronics Technology Panel These Panels and Group are the power-house of the collaborative model and are made up of national representatives as well as recognised world-class scientists, engineers and information specialists. In addition to providing critical technical oversight, they also provide a communication link to military users and other NATO bodies. The scientific and technological work is carried out by Technical Teams, created under one or more of these eight bodies, for specific research activities which have a defined duration. These research activities can take a variety of forms, including Task Groups, Workshops, Symposia, Specialists’ Meetings, Lecture Series and Technical Courses. The content of this publication has been reproduced directly from material supplied by STO or the authors. Published April 2021 Copyright © STO/NATO 2021 All Rights Reserved ISBN 978-92-837-2325-7 Single copies of this publication or of a part of it may be made for individual use only by those organisations or individuals in N ATO Nations defined by the limitation notice printed on the front cover. The approval of the STO Information Management Systems Branch is required for more than one copy to be made or an extract included in another publication. Requests to do so should be sent to the address on the back cover. ii STO-TR-SAS-120 Table of Contents Page List of Figures ix List of Tables x List of Acronyms xi Acknowledgements xiii SAS-120 Membership List xiv Executive Summary and Synthèse ES-1 Chapter 1 – Introduction 1-1 1.1 SAS-120 Goals and Objectives 1-1 1.2 Annotated Bibliography 1-1 1.3 Categorized Research Bibliography 1-2 1.4 SAS-137 Research Symposium 1-3 1.5 Related NATO Research Activity 1-3 1.6 Chapter Summary 1-4 1.7 References 1-5 Chapter 2 – Expanding the Participation of Women in the 2-1 Military to Combat Roles 2.1 Participation of Women in the Military 2-2 2.2 Women in Combat Roles 2-2 2.3 Social Change and Operational Effectiveness 2-3 2.3.1 Supporting Arguments 2-3 2.3.2 Opposing Arguments 2-4 2.4 Key Concepts and Influences 2-5 2.4.1 Physical Performance 2-5 2.4.2 Cohesion 2-6 2.4.3 Sexual Harassment 2-7 2.4.4 Critical Mass 2-8 2.4.5 Leadership 2-8 2.5 Summary 2-8 2.6 References 2-9 Chapter 3 – Challenges and Opportunities for Culture Change: 3-1 Diversity and Gender Inclusion 3.1 What is Diversity? 3-1 3.2 The Significance of Culture, Tradition and Rituals 3-2 3.3 The Importance of Culture and Leadership When Implementing 3-3 Change STO-TR-SAS-120 iii 3.4 Tailored Communication for Better Commitment and Gender 3-3 Inclusion 3.5 The Challenge of Deviating Visibility in the Existing Culture 3-5 3.6 Increased Risk of Fraternisation? 3-6 3.7 Will Exposure to Gender Differences Change Your Attitude 3-7 Towards Gender? 3.8 The Importance of Task Cohesiveness in the Military 3-7 3.9 The Challenges Created by a Hypermasculine Culture 3-9 3.10 Summary 3-10 3.11 References 3-10 Chapter 4 – The Inclusion of Women into Ground Close Combat 4-1 Roles: An Organisational Change Perspective 4.1 Change Management: UK Case Study 4-1 4.1.1 Attitudes Towards Women in Ground Close Combat Roles 4-3 4.1.2 Findings 4-3 4.1.3 Discussion 4-6 4.2 Mitigating Risk: US Army Gender Integration Study 4-9 4.2.1 Identification of Cultural and Institutional Factors 4-9 4.2.2 Phase 2: Risk Assessment and Mitigation Strategy 4-11 4.2.3 Leadership Evaluation 4-12 4.2.4 Final Analysis and Recommendations 4-12 4.2.5 Discussion 4-14 4.3 Summary 4-14 4.4 References 4-15 Chapter 5 – Strategies for Integration: Lessons Learned 5-1 5.1 Social Grouping and Critical Mass Theory 5-1 5.2 Linking Theory to Military Context 5-2 5.3 Frameworks Used by Different Countries 5-4 5.3.1 Frameworks 5-4 5.3.2 Communications 5-7 5.3.3 Monitoring 5-8 5.4 Conclusions 5-10 5.5 References 5-10 Chapter 6 – Bullying, Harassment, and Sexual Misconduct 6-1 6.1 Bullying, Harassment, and Sexual Misconduct: A Spectrum of Conduct 6-2 6.2 Culture and Workplace Climate 6-5 6.2.1 Unit Climate Surveys 6-6 6.2.2 Psychological Safety 6-7 6.2.3 Individual, Organisational and Social Factors 6-7 6.3 Gender Balance and Masculinity 6-10 6.4 Leadership Best Practices 6-11 iv STO-TR-SAS-120 6.5 Summary 6-13 6.6 References 6-14 Chapter 7 – Motivation to Increase the Share of Women and the 7-1 Propensity of Women to Serve 7.1 The Recruitment and Differentiated Effort for Increasing the Share 7-1 of Women 7.2 The Impacts of Retention Factors on Recruitment 7-3 7.3 Recruitment of Women 7-6 7.3.1 Norway: The Jegertroppen 7-6 7.3.2 UK Army: Increasing the Engagement and Retention 7-10 of Women 7.3.3 Canadian Armed Forces: Seeking 25 Percent Representation 7-11 by 2026 7.4 Summary 7-14 7.5 References 7-15 Chapter 8 – Measurement and Monitoring: Culture Change 8-1 and Integration 8.1 Measurement and Monitoring Strategies 8-1 8.1.1 Canadian Armed Forces: Internal and External Monitoring 8-2 8.1.2 Australian Army: Rapid Feedback Loops 8-3 8.1.3 Developing Monitoring Frameworks: The US Marine Corps 8-4 8.1.4 US Army 8-7 8.2 Barriers to Integration 8-7 8.2.1 Clash of Values 8-8 8.2.2 Externally Driven Change 8-8 8.2.3 Following Through to Sustain the Conditions for Success 8-8 8.2.4 Using Performance Metrics and Incentives that Still Reflect 8-9 the Old Culture 8.2.5 Sustained Measurement and Monitoring 8-9 8.3 Summary 8-10 8.4 References 8-10 Annex A - The “Grey” Literature, 2011-2019: Annotated A-1 Bibliography Annex B – Categorized Research Bibliography, 2011 – 2019 B-1 B.1 Methodology B-1 B.1.1 The Norway Compendium B-1 B.1.2 Keywords B-3 B.1.3 Data Bases B-3 B.1.4 Document Categories B-5 B.1.5 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria B-5 STO-TR-SAS-120 v B.2 Analytical Framework B-5 B.2.1 Coding Themes B-5 B.3 Content Summary B-7 B.3.1 Limitations B-9 B.4 Bibliography B-9 B.4.1 Attitudes Towards Women in the Military (AWM) B-10 B.4.2 Gender and Family Issues (GF) B-10 B.4.3 Gender and History (GH) B-13 B.4.4 Gender and Leadership (GL) B-14 B.4.5 Gender and Military Education (GME) B-19 B.4.6 Gender and Peace Building (GPB) B-20 B.4.7 Gender and Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War (GSVW) B-21 B.4.8 Gender and Veterans (GVT) B-21 B.4.9 Gender Equality (GE) B-23 B.4.10 Gender Identity and Gender Roles (GIGR) B-23 B.4.11 Gender Integration (GI) B-25 B.4.12 Gender Stereotypes (GS) B-28 B.4.13 Gender, Alcohol and Substance Use (GASU) B-29 B.4.14 Gender, Career and Development (GCD) B-30 B.4.15 Gender, Mental and Physical Health (GMPH) B-30 B.4.16 Gender, Operational and Organizational Effectiveness (GOOE) B-38 B.4.17 Gender, Physical and Psychological Ability (GPPA) B-39 B.4.18 Gender, Race and Ethnicity (GRE) B-40 B.4.19 Gender, Sexual Harassment and Abuse in Military Context (GSHA) B-41 B.4.20 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Issues (LGBT) B-46 B.4.21 Masculinities and Femininities (MF) B-50 B.4.22 Women in Combat (WIC) B-50 Annex C – SAS-137 Symposium Technical Evaluation Report C-1 Technical Evaluation Report SAS-137 Research Symposium on Integration C-1 of Women into Ground Combat Units Abstract C-1 Executive Summary C-1 C.1 Introduction C-2 C.1.1 The System Analysis and Studies Panel C-2 C.2 Keynotes C-3 C.2.1 Lieutenant General Lori E.
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