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The Effects of Sexualized and Violent Presentations of Women in Combat Sport
Journal of Sport Management, 2017, 31, 533-545 https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2016-0333 © 2017 Human Kinetics, Inc. ARTICLE The Effects of Sexualized and Violent Presentations of Women in Combat Sport T. Christopher Greenwell University of Louisville Jason M. Simmons University of Cincinnati Meg Hancock and Megan Shreffler University of Louisville Dustin Thorn Xavier University This study utilizes an experimental design to investigate how different presentations (sexualized, neutral, and combat) of female athletes competing in a combat sport such as mixed martial arts, a sport defying traditional gender norms, affect consumers’ attitudes toward the advertising, event, and athlete brand. When the female athlete in the advertisement was in a sexualized presentation, male subjects reported higher attitudes toward the advertisement and the event than the female subjects. Female respondents preferred neutral presentations significantly more than the male respondents. On the one hand, both male and female respondents felt the fighter in the sexualized ad was more attractive and charming than the fighter in the neutral or combat ads and more personable than the fighter in the combat ads. On the other hand, respondents felt the fighter in the sexualized ad was less talented, less successful, and less tough than the fighter in the neutral or combat ads and less wholesome than the fighter in the neutral ad. Keywords: brand, consumer attitude, sports advertising, women’s sports February 23, 2013, was a historic date for women’s The UFC is not the only MMA organization featur- mixed martial arts (MMA). For the first time in history, ing female fighters. Invicta Fighting Championships (an two female fighters not only competed in an Ultimate all-female MMA organization) and Bellator MMA reg- Fighting Championship (UFC) event, Ronda Rousey and ularly include female bouts on their fight cards. -
The Integration of Women in the US Military”, Études De L’IRSEM N°43
THE INTEGRATION OF WOMEN IN THE U.S. MILITARY Lieutenant Colonel Arnaud Planiol Researcher, Defence and Society April 2016 To quote this paper Lieutenant Colonel Planiol A., April 2016, "The integration of women in the US military”, Études de l’IRSEM n°43. Legal deposit ISSN : 2268-3194 ISBN : 978-2-11-15-1006-7 THE INTEGRATION OF WOMEN IN THE U.S. MILITARY RECENTLY PUBLISHED 42- L’homme augmenté, réflexions sociologiques pour le militaire Agnès COLIN (dir.) 41- Defending Europe? A stocktaking of French and German visions for European defense Barbara KUNZ 40- Stratégies de mise en place des soft powers européen et russe en Moldavie après la Guerre froide Michael E. LAMBERT 39- Parlements et légitimité démocratique de la Politique de sécurité et de défense commune Général de division (2S) Maurice de LANGLOIS, Sara CANTO 38- Quelles stratégies face aux mutations de l’économie de défense mondiale ? Aude-Emmanuelle FLEURANT (dir.) 37- Les sanctions contre la Russie ont-elles un effet dissuasif ? Céline MARANGÉ 36- La stratégie américaine en Afrique Maya KANDEL (dir.) 35- Approche globale et Union européenne : le cas de la corne de l’Afrique Général de division (2S) Maurice de LANGLOIS (dir.) 34- Opinion publique et armées à l’épreuve de la guerre en Afghanistan Barbara JANKOWSKI 33- La puissance russe au Moyen-Orient : Retour ou déclin inéluctable ? Clément THERME 32- Les stratégies du smart power américain : Redéfinir le leadership dans un monde post-américain Maya KANDEL et Maud QUESSARD-SALVAING (dir.) 31- L’action extérieure de l’Europe à l’épreuve de l’Égypte et de la Corne de l’Afrique Chantal LAVALLEE 30- Accès aux espaces communs et grandes stratégies : vers un nouveau jeu mondial Frédéric RAMEL 3 THE INTEGRATION OF WOMEN IN THE U.S. -
Women in Combat: Issues for Congress
Women in Combat: Issues for Congress Kristy N. Kamarck Analyst in Military Manpower September 1, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R42075 Women in Combat: Issues for Congress Summary Over the past two decades of conflict, women have served with valor and continue to serve on combat aircraft, naval vessels, and in support of ground combat operations. The expansion of roles for women in the armed forces has evolved since the early days of the military when women were restricted by law and policy from serving in certain occupations and units. Women are not precluded by law from serving in any military unit or occupational specialty. However, a 1994 Department of Defense (DOD) policy prevented women from being assigned to units below brigade level where the unit’s primary mission was to engage directly in ground combat. This policy barred women from serving in infantry, artillery, armor, combat engineers, and special operations units of battalion size or smaller. On January 24, 2013, then-Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta rescinded the rule that restricted women from serving in combat units and directed the military departments to review their occupational standards and assignment policies for implementation no later than January 1, 2016. This recent policy change followed extensive reviews by various commissions and others on issues regarding women in the military and policies for their assignment and career progression. For example, the Duncan Hunter National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2009 (P.L. 110-417) established the Military Leadership Diversity Commission whose mandate was to conduct a study and report on the “establishment and maintenance of fair promotion and command opportunities for ethnic- and gender-specific members of the Armed Forces.” Among its recommendations, the commission stated that DOD should take deliberate steps to open additional career fields and units involved in direct ground combat to women. -
The “Invisible Battalion”: Women in ATO Military Operations in Ukraine
The “Invisible Battalion”: Women in ATO Military Operations in Ukraine Author(s): Tamara Martsenyuk, Ganna Grytsenko, Anna Kvit Source: Kyiv-Mohyla Law and Politics Journal 2 (2016): 171–187 Published by: National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy http://kmlpj.ukma.edu.ua/ The “Invisible Battalion”: Women in ATO Military Operations in Ukraine 1 Tamara Martsenyuk National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Department of Sociology Ganna Grytsenko Independent researcher in sociology Anna Kvit Kyiv School of Economics Abstract The study bears a metaphorical title — “The Invisible Battalion” — to reflect the finding that women in the Armed Forces of Ukraine and in volunteer battalions in the ongoing conflict in the Donbas are not given equal treatment to their male colleagues; their contributions are rarely recognized. The theoretical background of this article brings us to the sociology of the military, gender in organizations, and feminist perspectives of women’s participation in the armed forces. Fieldwork to study women’s participation in the ATO (summer-autumn 2015) was conducted using 42 in-depth semi-structured interviews with women (aged 20–47) who are, or were in the ATO. Key Words: Ukraine, Anti-Terrorist Operation (ATO), the Donbas, women, armed forces, female soldiers. 1 The sociological study “Invisible Battalion”: Women’s Participation in Military Operations in the ATO (Martsenyuk, Tamara, Ganna Grytsenko, and Anna Kvit. “Invisible Battalion”: Women’s Participation in ATO Military Operations (Sociological Research). Kyiv: UWF, 2016), inspired and organized by Maria Berlinska, volunteer and Head of the Center for Air Reconnaissance. The research was made possible due to the informational and financial support provided by the ICF “Ukrainian Women’s Fund” and the UN Women’s office in Kyiv. -
Swbocesgreenburghspot BUDGET 06
A newsletter for residents of the Greenburgh Central 7 School District Summer 2011 Dear Parents and Community Members: Through the hopes and dreams of our students, we look to the future. Commitment to Excellence The immedi - ate future starts with A Word from the Board of Education the 2011- 2012 Dear District Residents: school year and the It is amazing that the 2010-2011 school year has come and gone. I am pleased to say that continuation of each child’s education coupled it was a very productive and engaging year for our students. The Board of Education would with our collaborative next steps as guides like to thank the administrators, teachers, staff, parents and community members who made and supporters for the benefit of all GC7 this school year a success. students. Our most recent achievements will serve as the foundation for the work that still As you are aware, our budget did not pass, and as such the 2011-2012 school year will needs to be done. be operating under a contingency budget. This means that there will be state-mandated The initiatives, the professional development changes to our operation. and the work of our teachers and our adminis - As part of a contingency budget, the District is required to charge all organizations for the trators affords our children opportunity to use of buildpoings. An hourly fee will be tset by thle Distriict. We gmust also revihew all privatet and develop a profound love of learning, improve Sparochial school transportation service to determine the non-contingency budget items there. -
Women Warriors: Popular Narrative and Women in Combat
WOMEN WARRIORS: POPULAR NARRATIVE AND WOMEN IN COMBAT by Amberly Russell, B.A. A thesis submitted to the Graduate Council of Texas State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts with a Major in Literature August 2017 Committee Members: Rebecca Bell-Metereau, Chair Kathleen McClancy Mark Busby COPYRIGHT by Amberly Russell 2017 FAIR USE AND AUTHOR’S PERMISSION STATEMENT Fair Use This work is protected by the Copyright Laws of the United States (Public Law 94-553, section 107). Consistent with fair use as defined in the Copyright Laws, brief quotations from this material are allowed with proper acknowledgment. Use of this material for financial gain without the author’s express written permission is not allowed. Duplication Permission As the copyright holder of this work I, Amberly Russell, authorize duplication of this work, in whole or in part, for educational or scholarly purposes only. DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to female veterans and women warriors who are brave and bold in their unwavering dedication to protecting our freedom in the United States of America. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to thank my thesis committee: Dr. Rebecca Bell-Metereau, who showed me unwavering support, kindness, and patience throughout my time at Texas State University, Dr. Kathleen McClancy, who turned me on to Susan Jeffords and for that I will be forever grateful, and Dr. Mark Busby, who taught me the complete works of Tim O’Brien and displayed a passion for military veteran writers that sparked a desire in me to become one myself. -
A Generational Memoir (1941– 1960) by Howard R
asjournal.org DOI 10.18422/54-05 Growing up in New York City: A Generational Memoir (1941– 1960) by Howard R. Wolf If historians tend to proceed from external data to hidden motivation of key players, the personal essayist typically moves from the intimate level to the plane of sociology, politics, and history. He becomes, therefore, a generational memoirist. In this autobiographical essay, Howard R. Wolf seeks to become a generational memoirist of New York City. Preface Michel de Montaigne asked himself famously in his Essays of 1580, “What do I know?” This apparently simple question opened the door to the history of personal and private writing: letters, memoirs, autobiographies, the personal essay, and literary journalism, to name a few of its manifestations. Montaigne’s question, like his near contemporary Shakespeare’s soliloquies, initiated a Humanist-Renaissance exploration of the interior life that led in time to the English Romantic Movement in the first part of the 19th century and, beyond it, to depth psychology and stream of consciousness (James Joyce and Virginia Woolf) at the turn of the 20th century. Montaigne is a good example of how world-changing and revolutionary language—even one sentence—can be when it inaugurates or summarizes an epoch of human consciousness. Descartes, Rousseau, Goethe (Poetry and Truth, 1811–1833), Freud, and Marx also come to mind. I have resolved in an enterprise which has no precedent, and which, once complete, will have no imitator. My purpose is to display to my kind a portrait in every way true to nature, and the man I shall portray will be myself. -
The Gender Power Structure of the U.S. Military: a Feminist Institutionalism Analysis
The Gender Power Structure of the U.S. Military: A Feminist Institutionalism Analysis Nicole Brunner PhD University of York Politics October 2013 Abstract This thesis provides a feminist institutionalism analysis of the gendered power structure of the U.S. military. It argues that femininity is placed in a disadvantaged position to masculinity in the U.S. Armed Forces, even as formal policies evolve and move the U.S. military toward formal gender equality. This thesis utilises aspects of new institutionalism theory to analyse how institutional change has occurred in respect to the gender power structure. It explicates processes of change that have occurred in the U.S. military and highlights the role of both agency and structure in the evolution of the institution. It also explores what factors of the institution continue to discriminate against women in order to explain why more change has not yet occurred, as of 2013. In order to evaluate the above issues, this thesis draws on data from interview and survey respondents to explicate their experiences in order to provide a clear picture of the masculine-oriented informal norms of the U.S. military institution. It also provides a case study of sexual assault in the military to evaluate the tension between stagnant informal norms and advancing formal policies. This thesis argues that the disadvantaged status of women in the U.S. military can be explained by evaluating the past formal policies and informal norms and values of the U.S. Armed Forces. 2 Table of Contents Abstract...................................................................................................................................................... -
Women Veterans: the Journey Ahead
WOMEN VETERANS: THE JOURNEY AHEAD HONORING THE SERVICE OF WOMEN VETERANS Foreword The U.S. military, as studies have shown, is a fairly accurate cross-section of America. It is a diverse blend of race, region, education, creed and—increasingly—gender. Women, now eligible to compete for assignment in all military occupational specialties and positions, are the fastest-growing subpopulation of the military and veteran communities. They comprise almost 20 percent of the active-duty armed forces, Reserve and National Guard and 10 percent of the total veteran population. But the population of women in these communities is growing more rapidly than the systems we have in place to support them. This has created an environment in which—whether intentional or not—women’s service to the nation is often less recognized, less respected and less valued than their male counterparts. It has led to a culture that, in many ways, continues to tell women they don’t quite belong. In the last decade alone, we’ve borne witness to some of the most significant milestones for women in military service, and it is understandable that with such rapid evolution there will be growing pains as the nation’s infrastructure adapts to accommodate gender-specific needs. But the cultural lag has hindered the progress necessary to effectively serve this population, and that must change. DAV’s Women Veterans: The Journey Ahead follows our 2014 report Women Veterans: The Long Journey Home, giving credit for the work done and successes achieved while also spotlighting remaining needs and making recommendations for a road map forward. -
Women's Role in Combat: Is Ground Combat the Next Front?
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; could become ofÞcers. The highest ofÞcer position WomenÕs Role in a woman could hold was that of the director of the womenÕs division of her particular service. This Combat: position would be temporary, lasting only four years. After her term was up, she would be either demoted, Is Ground Combat the or forced to retire. Women were banned from serving on combat ships and planes. Though it was not Next Front? speciÞcally stated within the law, legislators intended to ban women from being placed near ground combat zones as well. Separate divisions (WAC, WAVES, and Sylvia Wan WAF) were also created to manage the female recruits. The restrictions created by this law might have Women in the United States have not been integrated women into the military, but women were traditionally thought of as combat soldiers. However, also placed within a separate class, without the same they have recently been allowed to serve in more opportunities as their male counterparts. combat positions than in any other time in our Most of these restrictions might sound absurd nationÕs history. The only restriction that prevents now, but they were the reality for women up until women from being equal in the military is the ban on the mid-seventies. In 1978, the separate womenÕs women serving in ground combat positions. Is putting divisions of the services were abolished. The end of women in ground combat units merely the next these divisions signiÞed a higher level of equality step? When asked about women in ground combat, for women in the services. By this time, the only President Bush summed up his policy in four words restriction left from Public Law 80-625 was the 1 ÒNo women in combat.Ó President BushÕs stand is restriction barring women from serving on combat adamant against women serving in any combat role, ships and planes, as well as the unstated ban from especially ground combat positions. -
Combat Role for Women in the Indian Armed Forces by Wg Cdr Jasbir Singh Minhas (Retd.) & Dr
Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: H Interdisciplinary Volume 15 Issue 9 Version 1.0 Year 2015 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-460x & Print ISSN: 0975-587X Combat Role for Women in the Indian Armed Forces By Wg Cdr Jasbir Singh Minhas (Retd.) & Dr. Nilesh Arora Chandigarh University, India Abstract- Introduction: The woman is participating in the every field with the men in the modern age. In the armed forces also women is performing different duties. The current study will evaluate the role of the Indian women in the armed forces especially in the combat role. The study also investigates the perception of the officials and physiologists of the armed forces about the same. Research Methodology: The study is primary in the nature. A sample size of 108 has been selected for the study. Systematic random sampling has used for the selection of the sample. For the analysis of the data descriptive statistics, correlation, regression, factor analysis and T test has been used. Findings: Most of the respondents agreed that women can effectively participate in the armed forces as the combat role. The findings also reveal that women is physically and mentally fit to perform in the combat role in the armed forces. Originality: This paper is original in nature ans the study is highly called for. Keywords: armed forces, India, women, combat fighting. GJHSS-H Classification: FOR Code: 610102 CombatRoleforWomenintheIndianArmedForces Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of: © 2015. Wg Cdr Jasbir Singh Minhas (Retd.) & Dr. Nilesh Arora. -
Recruiting Policies and Practices for Women in the Military Views from the Field
C O R P O R A T I O N Recruiting Policies and Practices for Women in the Military Views from the Field Douglas Yeung, Christina E. Steiner, Chaitra M. Hardison, Lawrence M. Hanser, Kristy N. Kamarck For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1538 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-0-8330-9807-8 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2017 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface On January 24, 2013, then–Defense Secretary Leon E. Panetta announced an end to the ban on women in combat.