DOCSLIB.ORG

Bioelectromagnetism : Principles and Application of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Field

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bioelectromagnetism : Principles and Application of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Field Introduction Textbook • Bioelectromagnetism : Principles and Application of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Field – Jaakko Malmivuo/Robert Plonsey Jaakko Malmivuo, PhD Professor, Aalto University – Oxford University Press/1995 Department of Electronics AALTO, FINLAND • Bioelectromagnetism Portal – http://www.bem.fi/ – Textbook & Related information Robert Plonsey, Ph. D. Professor Emeritus, Duke University Biomedical Engineering Bioelectromagnetism • Discipline examining electric, electromagnetic, & magnetic phenomena in biological tissues – Behavior of excitable tissue(the sources) – Electric currents and potentials in the volume conductor – Magnetic field at and beyond the body – Response of excitable cells to electric and magnetic field stimulation – Intrinsic electric and magnetic properties of the tissue • cf: medical electronics: actual devices for this Related Disciplines • Physics & Engineering Biology & Medicine • Biophysics: biological problems with physics. • Bioelectromagnetism: biology + electromagnetic physics. • Biotechnology: microbiological process technology for agriculture, food and drug production. • Biomedical engineering: application of science and technology to biology and medicine. • Bioengineering: biomedical Eng. + biotechnology Related Disciplines • Physics & Engineering Biology & Medicine • Medical physics: science based on physical problems in clinical medicine. • Medical electronics: electronic devices and methods in medicine. • Medical engineering: engineering + medicine • Clinical engineering: applying and implementing medical technology to optimize healthcare delivery BEM & Disciplines Subdivision • Maxwell’s equation: electromagnetic connection – Bioelectric field Biomagnetic field Source Medium External Electric Electric Bioelectricity Electric Magnetic Bioelectromagnetism (Biomagnetism) Magnetic Magnetic Biomagnetism Magnetic Electric - Subdivision • Principle of Reciprocity – Measurement, Stimulation, Impedance Measurement Source Medium External Source Medium External Stimulation Measurement of Source External Medium Intrinsic Property Measurement From neural cells From neural cells From other tissues - EEG, ENG, ERG - MEG, MNG, MRG - Magnetopneumogram From muscle cells From muscle cells - Magnetohepatogram - ECG, EMG - MCG, MMG From other tissues From other tissues - EOG, ENG - MOG, MNG electronystagmography Stimulation • Electric and magnetic stimulation Transthreshold Stimulation Stimulation - CNS, - CNS, - Motor nerve/muscle - Motor nerve/muscle - Cardiac pacing - Cardiac pacing - Defibrillation - Defibrillation Therapy - Magnetotherapy Subthreshold Therapy Therapy - Electrotherapy - Electromagnetotherapy - Surgical diathermy Intrinsic Property • Electric and magnetic property measurement - with subthreshold stimulation Impedance Magnetic Magnetic susceptibility - Cardiography, measurement of - Plethysmogrpahy - Peumography electric impedance Magnetic remanence - Tomography Impedance MRI Electrodermal tomography response Chapter Organization - Measurement of Field - (A) Bioelectricity (B) Bioelectromagnetism (C) Biomagnetism Electric field from bioelectric Magnetic field from Magnetic field from source bioelectric source magnetic material 04 Active behavior of the membrane 12 Theory of biomagnetic Not discussed 05 Physiology of the synapse and brain measurements 06 Bioelectric behavior of the heart 14 Magnetoencephalography 07 Volume source and volume 20 Magnetocardiography conductor 08 Source-field models 09 Bidomain model 11 Theoretical methods 13 Electroencephalography 15 12-lead ECG 16 Vectorcardiography 17 Other ECG systems 18 Distortion in ECG 19 ECG diagnosis 28 Electric signals of the eye Chapter Organization - Stimulation and magnetization- (A) Bioelectricity (B) Bioelectromagnetism (C) Biomagnetism Electric stimulation Electric stimulation Magnetization of with electric field with magnetic field material 03 Subthreshold membrane 22 Magnetic stimulation Not discussed phenomena 21 Functional electric stimulation 23 Cardiac pacing 24 Cardiac defibrillation - Measurement of Intrinsic Properties- (A) Bioelectricity (B) Bioelectromagnetism (C) Biomagnetism Electric measurement of Magnetic measurement of Magnetic measurement electric impedance electric impedance of magnetic susceptibility 25 Impedance plethysmography 26 Magnetic measurement of Not discussed 26 Impedance tomography electric impedance 27 Electrodermal response tomography Why bioelectromagnetism? • Vital function of living organism. – Membrane potential • Life begins with a change in membrane potential – Fertilization of egg with sperm • Change in membrane potential prevent further accesses. • Easily & simply measured – Directly with electrode/magnetometer – Real-time by noninvasive methods Why bioelectromagnetism? • Signal transmission for information & control – Sensory, motor, and for regulation • Basis for electronic implementation – Diagnostic devices, implantable devices – Rapidly developing in medical diagnosis & therapy • Behavior in living tissue – Cellular, organic & subcellular level • Current through single channel: Patch clamp – Application to molecular biology • Development of pharmaceuticals History: Electric fish • 1st document & experiment 메기 – Electric sheatfish(catfish) 상형문자 • Egyptian hieroglyph: 4000BC 무덤벽화 • Sepulcher fresco: 1868 • Electric shock: 450V – 1st medical application • With torpedo fish: AD46 • Headache and gout arthritis • Unique way to get electricity until 17th century History: Amber • Amber: attract light substance – Arostotle(384-22BC), – Thales(625-547BC) – Smith(1931) • Electroscope: Gilbert(1600) – Turn toward the substance of attracting power (Electriks) the Greek name for amber – Published in “De magnete” Muscle contraction • By “animal spirit”, “nervous inflow”? water • Experiments for volume change droplet – Swammerdam(1664) • No movement of water droplet silver • No inflow of nervous fluid ! wire st copper • 1 motor nerve stimulation loop – By emf from bimetallic junction • Current flow within muscle after 1st stimulation: biological origin – Electrical or mechanical stimulation? 1st Electric Machine • Generate static electricity – Otto von Guericke(1672) : By rotation – Sphere of sulfur + Iron axle in wooden framework • Rotating glass wheel: Francis Hauksbee(1709) – Evacuating glass Brilliant light Cathode ray, x-ray, electron • Electricity has usefulness only for medicine – Johan G. Kruger(1743) Electromagnetic Stimulation • 4 different historical period – Static electricity: Benjamin Franklin(1706-1790) – Direct current: Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) – Induction coil shocks: Michael Faraday(1791-1867) – RF current: Jacques d'Arsonval (1851-1940) Metal foil on inner & outer • Leyden jar: capacitor surfaces – Kleist: 1745 – Musschenbroek: 1746 • Leyden U. Netherlands – Ramsden: 1768, 1st practical generator Benjamin Franklin • Founding Fathers of the United States, 박식가 • “The 1st American“ & Polymath: – Author, printer, political theorist, politician, scientist, postmaster, inventor, civic activist, statesman, diplomat. • Concept of +/- electricity • Atmospheric electricity – Kite experiment: 1752 • Lightning: electricity • Collecting into Leyden jar • Invention of lightning rod Portraits in US Dollars George Andrew Washington Jackson 1st President 7th President Ulysses S. Thomas Grant Jefferson 18th President 3rd President Abraham Benjamin Lincoln Franklin st 16th 1 US President Ambassador to France 1st American Alexander Hamilton 1st US Secretary of the Treasury Muscle Stimulation • Jean Jallabert: 1747 – Prof. in mathematics in Genova – Electrical stimulation to hand paralyzed patient • For 3 months & successful • Beginning of therapeutic stimulation of muscle by electricity • Lugi Galvani: Jan. 26. 1781 – Prof. in anatomy, U. of Bologna • Electrical stimulation of femoral nerve of frog • Violent muscular contraction – 1st neuromuscular electric stimulation Lugi Galvani • Study with atmospheric electricity zinc – Frog leg contraction on lightning • Study on calm weather – Iron railing in garden cooper – Brass hook inserted in spinal cord – Contraction on contacting • Stimulation by bimetallic arch – Did not understand mechanism of bimetallic voltage • Just discharging the animal bioelectricity Alessandro Volta • Physicist, Univ. of Pavia • Current not from animal – “Metallic current” • metals muscle – Electricity can be a powerful stimulus for nerves and muscles • Volta bimetallic pile – 1st battery: 1800 – “Artificial electrical organ” • In contrast to torpedo fish – Q=CV, capacitor Animal or Metal Current • Galvani vs. Volta • Giovanni Aldini – Assistant & Nephew of Galvani – Physicist, Univ. of Bologna – Strong supporter of Galvani • Series of experiment without using two metals: 1804 – Stimulation with voltatic piles – Water filled vessel as electrodes Giovanni Aldini • Muscle contraction on cadavers – By electrical stimulation – Facial contraction by brain stimulation – Not successful with heart muscle Giovanni Aldini • Mental disorder treatment: Depression – 1st brain stimulation • Reanimation(?) on drowned person – Inspired electrical stimulation in heart failure – Cardiac pacemaker & defibrillator Cardiorespiratory Resuscitation • T. Green: 1872 • Resuscitate surgical patient – Anesthetized with chloroform • depressing respiration and cardiac pulse – With battery of 300volts • Btw neck and lower rib on the left – Successful on 5~7 patients • On subject with sudden respiratory arrest, without pulse Induction Coil • High voltage of alternating current in 2nd
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 N1 Ueber Das Zustandekommen Der
    書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 Ueber das Zustandekommen der Diphtherie-immunitat und der Tetanus-Immunitat bei thieren / Emil Adolf N1 1890 Georg thieme 1901 von Behring N2 Diphtherie und tetanus immunitaet / Emil Adolf von Behring und Kitasato 19-- [Akitomo Matsuki] 1901 Malarial fever its cause, prevention and treatment containing full details for the use of travellers, University press of N3 1902 1902 sportsmen, soldiers, and residents in malarious places / by Ronald Ross liverpool Ueber die Anwendung von concentrirten chemischen Lichtstrahlen in der Medicin / von Prof. Dr. Niels N4 1899 F.C.W.Vogel 1903 Ryberg Finsen Mit 4 Abbildungen und 2 Tafeln Twenty-five years of objective study of the higher nervous activity (behaviour) of animals / Ivan N5 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by W. Horsley Gantt ; with the collaboration of G. Volborth ; and c1928 International Publishing 1904 an introduction by Walter B. Cannon Conditioned reflexes : an investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex / by Ivan Oxford University N6 1927 1904 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by G.V. Anrep Press N7 Die Ätiologie und die Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose / Robert Koch ; eingeleitet von M. Kirchner 1912 J.A.Barth 1905 N8 Neue Darstellung vom histologischen Bau des Centralnervensystems / von Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1893 Veit 1906 Traité des fiévres palustres : avec la description des microbes du paludisme / par Charles Louis Alphonse N9 1884 Octave Doin 1907 Laveran N10 Embryologie des Scorpions / von Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov 1870 Wilhelm Engelmann 1908 Immunität bei Infektionskrankheiten / Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov ; einzig autorisierte übersetzung von Julius N11 1902 Gustav Fischer 1908 Meyer Die experimentelle Chemotherapie der Spirillosen : Syphilis, Rückfallfieber, Hühnerspirillose, Frambösie / N12 1910 J.Springer 1908 von Paul Ehrlich und S.
    [Show full text]
  • Balcomk41251.Pdf (558.9Kb)
    Copyright by Karen Suzanne Balcom 2005 The Dissertation Committee for Karen Suzanne Balcom Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Discovery and Information Use Patterns of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine Committee: E. Glynn Harmon, Supervisor Julie Hallmark Billie Grace Herring James D. Legler Brooke E. Sheldon Discovery and Information Use Patterns of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine by Karen Suzanne Balcom, B.A., M.L.S. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August, 2005 Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to my first teachers: my father, George Sheldon Balcom, who passed away before this task was begun, and to my mother, Marian Dyer Balcom, who passed away before it was completed. I also dedicate it to my dissertation committee members: Drs. Billie Grace Herring, Brooke Sheldon, Julie Hallmark and to my supervisor, Dr. Glynn Harmon. They were all teachers, mentors, and friends who lifted me up when I was down. Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my committee: Julie Hallmark, Billie Grace Herring, Jim Legler, M.D., Brooke E. Sheldon, and Glynn Harmon for their encouragement, patience and support during the nine years that this investigation was a work in progress. I could not have had a better committee. They are my enduring friends and I hope I prove worthy of the faith they have always showed in me. I am grateful to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnetocardiography on an Isolated Animal Heart with a Room
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Magnetocardiography on an isolated animal heart with a room- temperature optically pumped Received: 4 July 2018 Accepted: 12 October 2018 magnetometer Published: xx xx xxxx Kasper Jensen 1,4, Mark Alexander Skarsfeldt 2, Hans Stærkind 1, Jens Arnbak1, Mikhail V. Balabas 1,3, Søren-Peter Olesen 2, Bo Hjorth Bentzen 2 & Eugene S. Polzik 1 Optically pumped magnetometers are becoming a promising alternative to cryogenically-cooled superconducting magnetometers for detecting and imaging biomagnetic felds. Magnetic feld detection is a completely non-invasive method, which allows one to study the function of excitable human organs with a sensor placed outside the human body. For instance, magnetometers can be used to detect brain activity or to study the activity of the heart. We have developed a highly sensitive miniature optically pumped magnetometer based on cesium atomic vapor kept in a parafn-coated glass container. The magnetometer is optimized for detection of biological signals and has high temporal and spatial resolution. It is operated at room- or human body temperature and can be placed in contact with or at a mm-distance from a biological object. With this magnetometer, we detected the heartbeat of an isolated guinea-pig heart, which is an animal widely used in biomedical studies. In our recordings of the magnetocardiogram, we can detect the P-wave, QRS-complex and T-wave associated with the cardiac cycle in real time. We also demonstrate that our device is capable of measuring the cardiac electrographic intervals, such as the RR- and QT-interval, and detecting drug-induced prolongation of the QT-interval, which is important for medical diagnostics.
    [Show full text]
  • The Winner Takes It All: Willem Einthoven, Thomas Lewis, and the Nobel Prize 1924 for the Discovery of the Electrocardiogram
    Journal of Electrocardiology 57 (2019) 122–127 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Electrocardiology journal homepage: www.jecgonline.com Review The winner takes it all: Willem Einthoven, Thomas Lewis, and the Nobel prize 1924 for the discovery of the electrocardiogram Olle Pahlm a,b,⁎, Bengt Uvelius a,c a Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Sweden b Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund-Malmö, Sweden c Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund-Malmö, Sweden article info The Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924 was awarded to Willem Einthoven, “the father of electrocardiography”. Einthoven had been nominated for that year's prize along with Sir Thomas Lewis, the Keywords: “father of clinical electrocardiography”, but in the final evaluation the W Einthoven prize was awarded to Einthoven alone. T Lewis The names of nominees and the protocols in the Nobel Prize Ar- GR Mines J-E Johansson chives were initially confidential, but today documents older than fifty Electrocardiography years are available for research on topics of science history. The Nobel prize nobelprize.org website publishes the names of nominees, as well as the names of those who nominated them, but in 2019 only those from 1969 or earlier. But documents such as the nominating letters and the Abstract evaluations are difficult to study. One has to visit the archives in Stockholm, order the specific documents one wants to read, and read Professor Willem Einthoven of Leiden, the Netherlands, was the first them there. And most of the documents are written in Swedish, which to record the human ECG with high technical quality.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Magnetocardiography and Electrocardiography
    20 Original Investigation Comparison of magnetocardiography and electrocardiography Fiona E. Smith, Philip Langley, Peter van Leeuwen*, Birgit Hailer**, Lutz Trahms***, Uwe Steinhoff***, John P. Bourke****, Alan Murray Medical Physics Department, Freeman Hospital Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK *Research and Development Centre for Microtherapy (EFMT), Bochum, Germany **Department of Medicine, Philippusstift, Essen, Germany ***Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany ****Academic Cardiology Department, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK ABSTRACT Objective: Automated techniques were developed for the measurement of cardiac repolarisation using magnetocardiography. Methods: This was achieved by collaboration with the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany and the Grönemeyer Institute of Microtherapy, Bochum, Germany, to obtain recordings of magnetocardiograms (MCGs) in cardiac patients and healthy subjects. Manual and automated ventricular repolarisation measurements from MCGs were evaluated to determine the clinical relevance of these measurements compared with electrocardiograms (ECGs). Results: Results showed that MCG and ECG T-wave shapes differed and that manual repolarisation measurement was significantly influenced by T-wave amplitude. Automatic measurements of repolarisation in both MCGs and ECGs differed between techniques. The effects of filtering on the waveforms showed that filtering in some MCG research systems could significantly influence the results, with 20 ms differences common. In addition, MCGs were better able to identify differences in the distribution of cardiac magnetic field strength during repolarisation and depolarisation between normal subjects and cardiac patients. Differences were also determined in ventricular repolarisa- tion between MCGs and ECGs, which cannot be explained by channel/lead numbers or amplitude effects alone. Conclusion: The techniques developed are essential, because of the many extra MCG channels to analyse, and will encourage the use of MCG facilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Nobel Laureates with Their Contribution in Biomedical Engineering
    NOBEL LAUREATES WITH THEIR CONTRIBUTION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Nobel Prizes and Biomedical Engineering In the year 1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen received Nobel Prize in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him. Röntgen is considered the father of diagnostic radiology, the medical specialty which uses imaging to diagnose disease. He was the first scientist to observe and record X-rays, first finding them on November 8, 1895. Radiography was the first medical imaging technology. He had been fiddling with a set of cathode ray instruments and was surprised to find a flickering image cast by his instruments separated from them by some W. C. Röntgenn distance. He knew that the image he saw was not being cast by the cathode rays (now known as beams of electrons) as they could not penetrate air for any significant distance. After some considerable investigation, he named the new rays "X" to indicate they were unknown. In the year 1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen received Nobel Prize in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science. In beautiful but simple experiments Finsen demonstrated that the most refractive rays (he suggested as the “chemical rays”) from the sun or from an electric arc may have a stimulating effect on the tissues. If the irradiation is too strong, however, it may give rise to tissue damage, but this may to some extent be prevented by pigmentation of the skin as in the negro or in those much exposed to Niels Ryberg Finsen the sun.
    [Show full text]
  • Original Article Diagnostic Outcomes of Magnetocardiography in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
    Int J Clin Exp Med 2015;8(2):2441-2446 www.ijcem.com /ISSN:1940-5901/IJCEM0003872 Original Article Diagnostic outcomes of magnetocardiography in patients with coronary artery disease Yingmei Li1*, Zaiqian Che2*, Weiwei Quan3, Rong Yuan3, Yue Shen3, Zongjun Liu4, Weiqing Wang4, Huigen Jin4, Guoping Lu3 1Department of Geratology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China; 2Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; 3Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; 4Department of Cardiology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China. *Equal contributors. Received November 15, 2014; Accepted January 8, 2015; Epub February 15, 2015; Published February 28, 2015 Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic outcomes of magnetocardiography (MCG) on the patients with coronary artery disease and compared the outcomes between MCG, ECG and Echocardiography. Methods: MCG measurements were performed on 101 patients with coronary artery disease and 116 healthy volunteers with a seven-channel magnetocardiographic system (MCG7, SQUID AG, Germany) installed in an unshielded room. CAD was diagnosed when stenosis ≥ 70% in ≥ 1 vessel. Three quantitative indicators were analyzed, R-max/T-max ratio, R value and á average angle. Results: R-max/T-max ratio of CAD group (6.30 ± 4.07) was much higher than that of healthy group (3.73 ± 1.41) (P < 0.001), R value of CAD group (69.16 ± 27.87)% was significantly higher than that of healthy group (34.96 ± 19.09)% (P < 0.001), á average angle of CAD group (221.46° ± 64.53°) was higher than that of healthy group (24.32° ± 20.70°) (P < 0.01).
    [Show full text]
  • Diamonds for Medical Applications
    Diamonds for Medical Applications NQIT Industry Partnership Case Study Key Points: • The Networked Quantum Information Technologies (NQIT) Hub is a £38M collaborative programme funded by the UK government to develop a quantum computer demonstrator and its related technologies. • Diamonds have properties that could be used as quantum bits (called ‘qubits’) for computation, and also as magnetic field sensors for medical applications. • For this project, we partnered with Bruker GmbH, a manufacturer of scientific instruments for molecular and materials research and for industrial and applied analysis. • Together, we investigated the commercial viability of diamond-based sensing technology and evaluated the potential market opportunity. NQIT Industry Partnership Case Study Contending Technologies Market and Technology Readiness Level (TRL) There are currently two contending technologies for Diamonds for Medical Applications MCG and MEG applications: There are around 100 SQUID MEG systems installed Superconducting quantum interference devices worldwide and even fewer MCG systems, at a cost of (SQUIDs) are a well-established technology but over US$1M each. The MCG market would be much expensive as it requires a cryogenic system and larger if the instrumentation were affordable and costs around US$1M. It also limits how close the portable. MCG has been shown to be superior to ECG sensor can be to the patient, reducing the overall and is preferable to other non-invasive approaches quality of the measurement. for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) [1, 2, 3], a major cause of death both in the UK Alkali metal atomic vapour cell magnetometers and worldwide. Several companies have tried to detect the Faraday rotation or absorption of light commercialise SQUID-based MCG, but have been through a spin-polarised vapour of potassium, held back by the high cost of cryogenic systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Nobel Laureates in Physiology Or Medicine
    All Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine 1901 Emil A. von Behring Germany ”for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths” 1902 Sir Ronald Ross Great Britain ”for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it” 1903 Niels R. Finsen Denmark ”in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science” 1904 Ivan P. Pavlov Russia ”in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged” 1905 Robert Koch Germany ”for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis” 1906 Camillo Golgi Italy "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system" Santiago Ramon y Cajal Spain 1907 Charles L. A. Laveran France "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases" 1908 Paul Ehrlich Germany "in recognition of their work on immunity" Elie Metchniko France 1909 Emil Theodor Kocher Switzerland "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland" 1910 Albrecht Kossel Germany "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances" 1911 Allvar Gullstrand Sweden "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye" 1912 Alexis Carrel France "in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs" 1913 Charles R.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander Samoylov: Founding Father of Russian Electrophysiology
    Cardiology Journal 2010, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 537–539 Copyright © 2010 Via Medica HISTORY OF CARDIOLOGY ISSN 1897–5593 Alexander Samoylov: Founding father of Russian electrophysiology Alexander Samoylov (Fig. 1) was born on 27 March, 1867, in Odessa. After completing gymna- sium school, he began at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics in Novorossiisk University, but before graduating changed his mind in favor of medicine. He enrolled in the medical faculty at the Universi- ty of Derpt (now Tartu) and graduated in 1892 as a Doctor of Medicine. In the same year, in St. Peters- burg, he presented his thesis “On the Fate of Iron in the Animal Organism” (Uber das Schicksal des Eisens im thierischen Organismus, Diss., St. Pe- tersburg, 1892), following which he joined the labo- ratory of the prominent Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov and became involved in his study of the physiology of digestion. In 1894, he accepted a job offer from another great Russian physiologist, Ivan Sechenov, in Moscow University, and there contin- Figure 1. Alexander F. Samoylov (1867–1930). ued his research. Samoylov’s main academic inter- est, however, came to focus on the field of electro- physiology. According to his own account, this was inspired by an encounter with the noted Russian and the sequence of electrical processes in the atria physiologist Nikolay Wedensky. In August 1883, the and ventricles (Archiv f. Physiologie, 1906, Suppl. Bd.). teenaged Samoylov heard a lecture by Wedensky In 1904 Samoylov met Willem Einthoven at the at the Seventh Congress of Russian Natural Scien- International Physiological Congress in Brussels tists and Physicians in Odessa, in which he report- and they soon developed an intense scientific co- ed on his studies of the processes of neural and operation and close friendship.
    [Show full text]
  • Ssfaoggi 201306
    SOCIETA’ DI SCIENZE FARMACOLOGICHE APPLICATE SOCIETY FOR APPLIED PHARMACOLOGICAL SSFAoggi SCIENCES Notiziario di Medicina Farmaceutica Giugno 2013 Bimestrale della Società di Scienze Farmacologiche Applicate Fondata nel 1964 numero 37 Dove sono i nuovi antibiotici? Sommario: La comunità mondiale sta correndo un grosso rischio: questo ci ricordano due editoriali, Editoriale 1 pubblicati su The Lancet e sul British Medical Journal, che riportiamo alle pagine 21 e 22. La resistenza agli antibiotici è un grave problema: The Lancet ci ricorda che fu addirittura Novità in Farmacovigilanza messa in evidenza dallo stesso Alexander Fleming nel 1945, il quale temeva che l’abuso Parte prima 2 della penicillina potesse selezionare ceppi resistenti. Il British Medical Journal evidenzia che molte pratiche mediche e chirurgiche (dall’uso Novità in Farmacovigilanza della chemioterapia agli interventi invasivi in ortopedia e cardiochirurgia) sono possibili Parte seconda 4 grazie alla profilassi con antibiotici. E quindi, la resistenza agli antibiotici non è un solo un problema degli infettivologi, ma sta diventando un problema dei chirurghi, degli oncologi, e Il Decreto Balduzzi 6 di tutto il sistema sanitario. Alcune previsioni sono drammatiche: l’intervento di protesi dell’anca, che è diventato una Farmaci a brevetto scaduto 12 routine per la popolazione anziana, potrebbe essere colpito in modo significativo da com- plicanze infettive, passando dall’1% dei pazienti di oggi fino al 40%-50% dei pazienti nel Affari Istituzionali 12 prossimo futuro, con oltre un terzo di essi in pericolo di vita. Uno scenario davvero preoc- 5a Edizione Master Bicocca 13 cupante. Di fronte a queste previsioni, che ci vengono ormai ripetute ad intervalli regolari, stupisce Master Bicocca 2013: i numeri 13 la mancanza di incentivi per la ricerca di nuovi antibiotici.
    [Show full text]
  • Laureatai Pagal Atradimų Sritis
    1 Nobelio premijų laureatai pagal atradimų sritis Toliau šioje knygoje Nobelio fiziologijos ir medicinos premijos laureatai suskirstyti pagal jų atradimus tam tikrose fiziologijos ir medicinos srityse. Vienas laureatas gali būti įrašytas keliose srityse. Akies fiziologija 1911 m. Švedų oftalmologas Allvar Gullstrand – už akies lęšiuko laužiamosios gebos tyrimus. 1967 m. Suomių ir švedų neurofiziologas Ragnar Arthur Granit, amerikiečių fiziologai Haldan Keffer Hartline ir George Wald – už akyse vykstančių pirminių fiziologinių ir cheminių procesų atradimą. Antibakteriniai vaistai 1945 m. Škotų mikrobiologas seras Alexander Fleming, anglų biochemikas Ernst Boris Chain ir australų fiziologas seras Howard Walter Florey – už penicilino atradimą ir jo veiksmingumo gydant įvairias infekcijas tyrimus. 1952 m. Amerikiečių mikrobiologas Selman Abraham Waksman – už streptomicino, pirmojo efektyvaus antibiotiko nuo tuberkuliozės, sukūrimą. Audiologija 1961 m. Vengrų biofizikas Georg von Békésy – už sraigės fizinio dirginimo mechanizmo atradimą. Bakteriologija 1901 m. Vokiečių fiziologas Emil Adolf von Behring – už serumų terapijos darbus, ypač pritaikius juos difterijai gydyti (difterijos antitoksino sukūrimą). 1905 m. Vokiečių bakteriologas Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch – už tuberkuliozės tyrimus ir atradimus. 1928 m. Prancūzų bakteriologas Charles Jules Henri Nicolle – už šiltinės tyrimus. 1939 m. Vokiečių bakteriologas Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk – už prontozilio antibakterinio veikimo atradimą. 1945 m. Škotų mikrobiologas Alexander Fleming, anglų biochemikas Ernst Boris Chain ir australų fiziologas Howard Walter Florey – už penicilino atradimą ir jo veiksmingumo gydant įvairias infekcijas tyrimus. 1952 m. Amerikiečių mikrobiologas Selman Abraham Waksman – už streptomicino, pirmojo efektyvaus antibiotiko nuo tuberkuliozės, sukūrimą. 2005 m. 2 Australų mikrobiologas Barry James Marshall ir australų patologas John Robin Warren – už bakterijos Helicobacter pylori atradimą ir jos įtakos skrandžio ir dvylikapirštės žarnos opos atsivėrimui nustatymą.
    [Show full text]