DOCSLIB.ORG

Energy Policies of IEA Countries Hungary

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Energy Policies of IEA Countries Hungary Please note that this PDF is subject to specifi c restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at www.iea.org/about/copyright.asp Energy Policies of IEA Countries Hungary 2011 Review Energy Policies of IEA Countries Hungary Regional co-operation is a vital element of Hungary’s energy market and energy security policy. Hungary, which shares borders with seven countries, is well placed to improve regional energy security by catalysing the development of closely integrated regional markets for electricity and natural gas. A country strongly dependent on natural gas imports, Hungary has taken several commendable steps to manage risks to its supply. It has enhanced storage capacity and diversifi ed cross-border capacity, and is developing new supply routes. Hungary is also working hard to strengthen the regional electricity market through new interconnectors and market coupling. Electricity demand within Hungary is expected to grow, while generating capacity is rapidly ageing. Investments are needed for grid improvements and generating capacity, both for increasing capacity (especially for low-carbon electricity) and replacing ageing plants. Ensuring predictable and attractive framework conditions for investing in energy infrastructure is crucial. The government is considering additional nuclear power units. The extent to which nuclear power capacity will be expanded should be clarifi ed without unnecessary delay, as it will have broad implications for the viability of other current and future base-load technologies. Although per-capita energy consumption in Hungary is well below the OECD average, considerable potential remains for improving energy effi ciency across all sectors. Measures to reduce consumption in the large existing building stock should be the government’s top priority for energy policy. Gradually, Hungary should also replace broad subsidies for energy use with direct support to those in need. -:HSTCQE=U^]WWU: (61 2011 06 1P1) 978-92-64-09822-0 €75 Energy Policies of IEA Countries Hungary 2011 Review INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 28 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency’s aims include the following objectives: Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data. Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy effi ciency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies. Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international organisations and other stakeholders. IEA member countries: Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Japan Korea (Republic of) Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic © OECD/IEA, 2011 Spain International Energy Agency Sweden 9 rue de la Fédération Switzerland 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France Turkey www.iea.org United Kingdom Please note that this publication United States is subject to speci c restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The European Commission The terms and conditions are available also participates in online at www.iea.org/about/copyright.asp the work of the IEA. Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................... 9 Executive summary ...................................................................................................................... 9 Key recommendations ............................................................................................................... 11 PART I POLICY ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................13 2. GENERAL ENERGY POLICY...................................................................................................................... 15 Country overview ....................................................................................................................... 15 Supply and demand ................................................................................................................... 16 Institutions ................................................................................................................................. 19 Key policies ................................................................................................................................. 19 Critique ....................................................................................................................................... 20 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 23 3. CLIMATE CHANGE .................................................................................................................................. 25 Overview .................................................................................................................................... 25 Energy‐related CO2 emissions .................................................................................................... 26 Institutions ................................................................................................................................. 27 Policies and measures ................................................................................................................ 28 Critique ....................................................................................................................................... 31 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 32 4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY ............................................................................................................................... 33 End‐use by sector ....................................................................................................................... 33 Key institutions .......................................................................................................................... 36 Policies and measures ................................................................................................................ 36 Critique ....................................................................................................................................... 41 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 45 PART II SECTOR ANALYSIS .....................................................................................................47 5. OIL .......................................................................................................................................................... 49 Supply and demand ................................................................................................................... 49 Infrastructure ............................................................................................................................. 50 Market structure ........................................................................................................................ 52 Prices and taxes ......................................................................................................................... 53 3 © OECD/IEA, 2011 © OECD/IEA, Table of contents Security of supply ....................................................................................................................... 54 Critique ....................................................................................................................................... 55 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 56 6. NATURAL GAS ........................................................................................................................................ 57 Supply and demand ................................................................................................................... 57 Market reform and structure ..................................................................................................... 59 Infrastructure ............................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • University of Alberta
    University of Alberta Making Magyars, Creating Hungary: András Fáy, István Bezerédj and Ödön Beöthy’s Reform-Era Contributions to the Development of Hungarian Civil Society by Eva Margaret Bodnar A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Department of History and Classics © Eva Margaret Bodnar Spring 2011 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Abstract The relationship between magyarization and Hungarian civil society during the reform era of Hungarian history (1790-1848) is the subject of this dissertation. This thesis examines the cultural and political activities of three liberal oppositional nobles: András Fáy (1786-1864), István Bezerédj (1796-1856) and Ödön Beöthy (1796-1854). These three men were chosen as the basis of this study because of their commitment to a two- pronged approach to politics: they advocated greater cultural magyarization in the multiethnic Hungarian Kingdom and campaigned to extend the protection of the Hungarian constitution to segments of the non-aristocratic portion of the Hungarian population.
    [Show full text]
  • Best Practice in Hungary – Energy Efficient Cities
    BEST PRACTICE IN HUNGARY – ENERGY EFFICIENT CITIES BASIC INFORMATION Title of the Best Practice: Construction of the “Boiling Point Energy House”, Paks, Tolna, Hungary Energy efficiency measures implemented in the building: The building was constructed using traditional materials, such as adobe, which when used correctly, can reduce cooling and heating demand. A mobile hull was installed to increase insulation in cold weather and to decrease cooling demand; that also effect solar exposure. Geothermal probes and water-source heat pumps are also installed. Location: City: Paks Region: Tolna County, South Transdanubia Country: Hungary GoogleMaps link: https://goo.gl/maps/D53TWNvCpPF2 Partners involved: - Prof. Dr. habil István Kistelegdi DLA, PhD; H-7624 Pécs, Ifjúság str. 20, Room A-114 (János Szentágothai Research Centre), web: https://energiadesign.hu/en; planner - Active Energy Association (www.forraspontpaks.hu, H-7030 Paks, Elkerülő str. 4852/1), investor and applicant Implementation year: 2017 Photos: Source: http://epa.oszk.hu/02900/02971/00027/pdf/EPA02971_octogon_2017_1_056-061.pdf SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS Brief Description: The aim of the investment was to provide an example of a building which can adapt to the outer circumstances, such as temperature, solar exposure, humidity, ventilation, etc. by a mobile outer shell moved by a pulley system. The Energy House was built using traditional “adobe” bricks and a monolithic concrete structure, therefore it can exploit the advantages of said brick, which are improved humidity control
    [Show full text]
  • PROFECY – Processes, Features and Cycles of Inner Peripheries in Europe
    PROFECY – Processes, Features and Cycles of Inner Peripheries in Europe (Inner Peripheries: National territories facing challenges of access to basic services of general interest) Applied Research Final Report Annex 12 Case Study Report Tamási járás (Hungary) Version 07/12/2017 This report is one of the deliverables of the PROFECY project. This Applied Research Project is conducted within the framework of the ESPON 2020 Cooperation Programme, partly financed by the European Regional Development Fund. The ESPON EGTC is the Single Beneficiary of the ESPON 2020 Cooperation Programme. The Single Operation within the programme is implemented by the ESPON EGTC and co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund, the EU Member States and the Partner States, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. This delivery does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the members of the ESPON 2020 Monitoring Committee. Authors Katalin Kovács, Gergely Tagai, MTA KRTK (Hungary) Krisztina Magócs, Lechner Knowledge Center (Hungary) Advisory Group Project Support Team: Barbara Acreman and Zaira Piazza (Italy), Eedi Sepp (Estonia), Zsolt Szokolai, European Commission. ESPON EGTC: Marjan van Herwijnen (Project Expert), Laurent Frideres (HoU E&O), Ilona Raugze (Director), Piera Petruzzi (Outreach), Johannes Kiersch (Financial Expert). Acknowledgements Annamária Uzzoli, MTA KRTK (Hungary), Anna Hamar, MTA KRTK (Hungary) Information on ESPON and its projects can be found on www.espon.eu. The web site provides the possibility to download and examine the most recent documents produced by finalised and ongoing ESPON projects. This delivery exists only in an electronic version. © ESPON, 2017 Printing, reproduction or quotation is authorised provided the source is acknowledged and a copy is forwarded to the ESPON EGTC in Luxembourg.
    [Show full text]
  • Calvary of the Germans in Hungary at the End of WWII Eleonóra MATKOVITS-KRETZ National Circle from Pécs-Baranya of the Germans of Hungary
    ACTA UNIVERSITATIS SAPIENTIAE, EUROPEAN AND REGIONAL STUDIES, 7 (2015) 51–59 DOI: 10.1515/auseur-2015-0005 Calvary of the Germans in Hungary at the end of WWII Eleonóra MATKOVITS-KRETZ National Circle from Pécs-Baranya of the Germans of Hungary Abstract. The German community in Hungary suffered many blows at the end of World War II and after it, on the basis of collective guilt. Immediately after the Red Army had marched in, gathering and deportation started into the camps of the Soviet Union, primarily into forced-labour camps in Donetsk, the Caucasus, and the Ural mountains. One third of them never RETURNED4HOSELEFTBEHINDHADTOFACEFORCEDRESETTLEMENT THECONlSCATION of their properties, and other ordeals. Their history was a taboo subject until the change of the political system in 1989. Not even until our days, by the 70th anniversary of the events, has their story reached a worthy place in national and international remembrance. International collaboration, the establishment of a research institute is needed to set to rights in history the story of the ordeal of the German community after World War II, for the present and future generations. Keywords: Malenkey robot, Soviet lager, deportation, labour camp, prisoners of war, relocation, collective guilt, Swabian Holocaust, Germans from Hungary, forced migration Mission of the Association Pécs-Baranya Ethnic Circle of Germans in Hungary Our association was founded in 1991. Its main aim is the representation of interests and the research of the true history of the German national minorities.
    [Show full text]
  • Railway Traffic in Southwest Hungary After World War II
    GERGELY PÉTERFFY Railway Traffic in Southwest Hungary After World War II Pro&Contra 1 (2018) 29-57. DOI: 10.33033/pc.2018.1.29 RAILWAY TRAFFIC IN SOUTHWEST HUNGARY AFTER WORLD WAR II 31 Abstract Immediately after World War II, the only transport available in Hungary was the railways and this was despite the heavy damage incurred by the rolling stock and tracks. By utilizing service reports, meeting minutes, and articles from local newspapers, this study attempts to present the Hungarian State Railways’ (MÁV) regional directorate of Pécs’s efforts to reconstruct their railway infrastructure and service. Not only is this research’s focus on the railways’ operation processes—e.g., the eradicating of inefficiency, the reconstruction of rolling stock, and the establishing coal reserves, but also the impact of the political, economic, and social arenas on railways and vice versa. As the most influential company in Hungary, the importance of MÁV’s operation was not only a reflection of its role as an economic tool in the government’s hands, but also that it proved to be the most powerful employer in the country with thousands of families directly depending on it. Keywords: railway, economy, Hungary, efficiency, reconstruction As in other countries in Europe, World War II wreaked large-scale destruction in Hungary.1 The combat lasted more than half-a-year in the territory of present-day Hunga- ry. The human and economic loss suffered during these six months and, indeed, over the course of the entire war has been the subject of many books, theses, and articles.
    [Show full text]
  • Multi-Level Governance and the Impact of EU Integration in Hungarian Regional and Environmental Policies
    EU supported Research Project titled “EU Enlargement and Multi-Level Gov- ernance in European Regional and Environment Policies: Patterns of Institu- tional Learning, Adaptation and Europeanization among Cohesion Countries (Greece, Ireland and Portugal) and Lessons for New Members (Hungary and Poland)” - ADAPT First report Multi-level Governance and the Impact of EU Integration in Hungarian Regional and Environmental Policies Study prepared and compiled as Hungarian National Report by Tamás Fleischer, Institute for World Economy of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest Péter Futó, Budapest University for Economics and Public Administration Gyula Horváth Centre for Regional Studies of the Hungarian Academy of Sci- ences, Pécs Ilona Pálné Kovács, Centre for Regional Studies of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pécs Budapest and Pécs, July 2002 Multi-level Governance and the Impact of EU Integration in Hungarian Regional and Environmental Policies Table of Contents 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Economic context........................................................................................................... 3 1.2 EU integration context ................................................................................................... 6 2 The main frameworks of the Hungarian administrative system ................................. 8 2.1 Strong local tier – weak counties ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 01-00C Welcome to Hungary – Paks
    12th FPGA workshop | Monday, 14 October 2019 Welcome to Hungary Gyula Mate Mach, Project supervisor Welcome to Hungary | Gyula Máté Mach The country The country 3 Monday, 14 October 2019 About the country • Hungary, in Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] is a country in Central Europe • Spanning 93,030 square kilometers (35,920 sq mi) in the Carpathian Basin • Hungary's population was 9,937,628 was in 2011 • 13 million speakers of Hungarian • Hungarian is one of 5 Most Difficult Languages in the World to Learn (Japanese, Mandarin, Hungarian, Finnish, Arabic, Polish) • Hungary's capital and largest city is Budapest 4 Monday, 14 October 2019 The origin of the country • Hungary was established in 895 by the tribes • In 1001 applying to Pope Sylvester II, Stephen received the insignia of royalty (including a part of the Holy Crown of Hungary, currently kept in the Hungarian Parliament) from the papacy 5 Monday, 14 October 2019 Memberships • United Nations since 1955 • IAEA since 1957 • World Bank since 1982 • Council of Europe since 1990 • Visegrád Group since 1991 • WTO since 1995 • NATO since 1999 • EU since 2004 • Schengen Area since 2007 6 Monday, 14 October 2019 Welcome to Hungary | Gyula Máté Mach Hungarian Nobel prize owners Nobels (13) • Philipp E. A. von Lenard (1862-1947) 1905 Physics • Robert Bárány (1876-1936) 1914 Medicine • Richard A. Zsigmondy (1865-1929) 1925 Chemistry • Albert von Szent-Györgyi (1893-1986) 1937 Medicine • George de Hevesy (1885-1966) 1943 Chemistry • Georg von Békésy (1899-1972) 1961 Medicine • Eugene P. Wigner (1902-1995) 1963 Physics • Dennis Gabor (1900-1979) 1971 Physics • John C.
    [Show full text]
  • A SURVEY of HISTORICAL TOPONOMASTICS a Survey of Historical Toponomastics
    A SURVEY OF HISTORICAL TOPONOMASTICS A SURVEY OF HISTORICAL TOPONOMASTICS A Survey of Historical Toponomastics Editor: Éva Kovács Peer review by: Sándor Maticsák English Language Editor: Donald E. Morse Translation by Pál Csontos, Brigitta Hudácskó, Zoltán Simon, and Balázs Venkovits Debrecen University Press 2017 Publications of the Hungarian Name Archive Vol. 44 Series Editors: István Hoffmann and Valéria Tóth This work was carried out as part of the Research Group on Hungarian Language History and Toponomastics (University of Debrecen — Hungarian Academy of Sciences). © Respective authors, 2017 © Debrecen University Press, including the right for digital distribution within the university network, 2017 ISBN 978-963-318-659-6 ISSN 1789-0128 Published by Debrecen University Press, a member of the Hungarian Publishers’ and Booksellers’ Association established in 1975. Managing Publisher: Gyöngyi Karácsony, Director General Production Editor: Barbara Bába Cover Design: Gábor Gacsályi Printed by Kapitális Nyomdaipari és Kereskedelmi Bt. Contents Preface ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 11 1� CHARTERS AS SOURCES OF NAME-HISTORY Hoffmann, István: On the Linguistic Background of Toponymic Remnants in Charters ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 13 Szőke, Melinda: The Relationship Between the Latin Text and Toponymic Remnants ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 14 Kenyhercz, Róbert: The Philological
    [Show full text]
  • Centre-Periphery Analysis About the Hungarian Public Road System
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Toth, Geza Conference Paper Centre-Periphery Analysis About the Hungarian Public Road System 46th Congress of the European Regional Science Association: "Enlargement, Southern Europe and the Mediterranean", August 30th - September 3rd, 2006, Volos, Greece Provided in Cooperation with: European Regional Science Association (ERSA) Suggested Citation: Toth, Geza (2006) : Centre-Periphery Analysis About the Hungarian Public Road System, 46th Congress of the European Regional Science Association: "Enlargement, Southern Europe and the Mediterranean", August 30th - September 3rd, 2006, Volos, Greece, European Regional Science Association (ERSA), Louvain-la-Neuve This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/118158 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence.
    [Show full text]
  • And the Danube River (6) – 5 and 7 Shows Localities in the Vicinity (Downstream) of the Reopened Rock Fill
    E1184 v. 2 Reduction of Nutrient Discharges Project Public Disclosure Authorized DDNP Component GEF # TF 051 289 Environmental Status Report (Environmental Assessment) Social Impact Assessment (Public Consultation) Final Report Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized VITUKI, Environmental and Water Management Research Centre VTK Innosystem Ltd Public Disclosure Authorized List of acronyms CTI County Traffic Inspectorate DEIA Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment DDNP Duna Dráva National Park DTM Digital Terrain Model Environmental Protection, Nature Conservation and Water Management EPNCWMI Inspectorate EPWMD Environmental Protection and Water Management Directorate FAVI Environmental Register of Subsurface Waters and Geological Media PHA Public Health Authority PHSCS Plant Health and Soil Conservation Station RA Recommended Alternative KAR Basic Environmental Register KÁRINFO Damage Elimination Information System KBIR Information System of Environmental Safety KÖFE Environmental Inspectorate KÖVIZIG Environmental, Nature Protection and Water Management Directorate KSH Central Bureau of Statistics KvVM Ministry for the Environment and Water Management MAHAB Hungarian Hydrological Database NGO Non-Governmental Organization NPI National Park Directorate OKIR National Environmental Information System OKKP National Environmental Damage Elimination Programme OTAR Basic Data and Object Handling System PEIA Preliminarily Environmental Impact Assessment SATIR Hydrological Data Processing, Storage and Information System SFSRD
    [Show full text]
  • Geomorphologic Hazards in the Carpathian Foreland, Tolna County (Hungary)
    STUDIAGEOMORPHOLOGICACARPATHO-BALCANICA ISBN 83-88549-56-1 VOL. XL, 2006: 107–118 PL ISSN 0081-6434 LANDFORMEVOLUTIONINMOUNTAINAREAS Recent geomorphological hazards in Carpatho-Balcan-Dina r i c r e g i o n SZABOLCS ÁKOS FÁBIÁN1 (PÉCS), JÁNOS KOVÁCS2 (PÉCS), DÉNES LÓCZY1 (PÉCS), FERENC SCHWEITZER4 (BUDAPEST), GÁBOR VARGA1 (PÉCS), KRISZTINA BABÁK3 (PÉCS), KIRILL LAMPÉRT1 (PÉCS), ATTILA NAGY1 (PÉCS) GEOMORPHOLOGIC HAZARDS IN THE CARPATHIAN FORELAND, TOLNA COUNTY (HUNGARY) Abstract. Major geologic and geomorphologic hazards in the Tolna County of Hungary are landslides, floods and excess water inundations, soil erosion, and tectonic activities. The Tolna County is one of the most erosion-prone areas of Hungary. Locally, splash, sheet, rill, and gully erosion has removed the topsoil almost completely. Wind erosion is an equally serious potential hazard in the study area, predominantly in the Southern Mezőföld, where fluvial sediments are covered by a 112 m thick layer of wind-blown sand. As a result of human influences, topography has also been modified to a consid- erable extent, primarily as far as the shape, length, and angle of slope are concerned. The contribution of human activities to the formation of the observed valley asymmetry in the region can be regarded considerable. Another area of geomorphological hazard can be associated with fluvial action. Along the steep right bank of the Danube the Upper Pannonian sediment sequence consisting of alternating permeable and impervious layers is exposed and usually overlain by the Pleistocene or Upper Plio- cene loess sequence or the Pliocene red clays. Because of earlier slumping and due to lateral erosion by the Danube the Upper Pannonian deposits are partly disturbed or partly buried under younger de- posits.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Statistics, Volume 7, No 2
    Spatial distribution of the top 500 companies on regional and county levels in Hungary – a repeated analysis Mariann Szabó The aim of this research is to investigate how the Budapest University spatial distribution of 500 companies with best of Technology and Economics, sales performance has changed since 2014 in Department of Environmental Hungary. Thus, the analysis elaborated by Csete– Economics Szabó (2014) is repeated. Subsequent to the anal- E-mail: [email protected] ysis, the change in performance of enterprises on a regional level is linked to economic polarisa- Keywords: tion: the sharply widening inequality of income regional development, and wealth. In order to provide a broader view agglomeration economies, on the Hungarian economy, the article evaluates assessment of enterprises with the effect of the allocation of development funds best sales performance, for the 2007–2013 programming period as the export, development funds have a dominant role form- sub-national scale ing the income generation patterns of the coun- try. The primary research consists of an analysis on the change in the number and total (gross) sales value of the top 500 companies (companies with the best sales performance in a specific ref- erence year) on NUTS 2 and NUTS 3 levels. Moreover, it demonstrates the sectoral diversity of regions and interprets the concrete enterprise ranking in the case of the first quarter, reflecting the five most dominant regions that have the largest share in the total (gross) sales value among the top 500 companies. Finally, the rela- tion of changes in gross value added (GVA)/capita and in total (gross) sales value of the top 500 companies is interpreted.
    [Show full text]