Northeastern Region Capital Cities Development Investment Program (NERCCDIP )

Environmental Planning Document

Draft Initial Environmental Examination (IEE): Water Supply in Gangtok (Tranche I) Document Stage: Draft for Consultation Project Number: 35290-01

January 2009

India: Northeastern Region Capital Cities Development Investment Program (NERCCDIP )

The initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Overview 1 B. NERCCDIP Components 1 C. Environmental Regulatory Compliance 2 D. ADB Environmental Category 4 E. Scope of IEE 4 F. Report Structure 4

II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT COMPONENTS 4 A. Project Components - Water Supply – Gangtok 4 B. Implementation Schedule 7 C. Project Benefits 7

III. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 7 A. Environmental Profile of Gangtok 7 B. Environmental Setting of Project Sites 26

IV. SCREENING OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 27 A. Scope of Land Acquisition and Resettlement 27

V. INSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME 40 A. Institutional Requirements 40 B. Environmental Monitoring Plan 42 C. Capacity Building 45 D. Environmental Budget 47

VI. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DICLOSURES 48 A. Process for Consultation 48 B. Consultation Outcomes 50 C. Framework for Continued Participation in Subsequent Project Stages 51

VII. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 51

VIII. CONCLUSIONS 52

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Overview

1. The North Eastern Region Capital Cities Development Investment Program (NERCCDIP ) envisages achieving sustainable urban development in the Project Cities of Agartala, Aizawl, Kohima, Gangtok and Shillong through investments in urban infrastructure sectors. The urban infrastructure and services improvement is proposed in the following sectors (i) water supply, (ii) sewerage and sanitation, and (iii) solid waste management. The expected impact of the Investment Program, is increased economic growth potential, reduced poverty, and reduced imbalances between the NER and the rest of the country. The expected outcomes of the Investment Program will be an improved urban environment and better living conditions for the 1.65 million people expected to be living in the Investment Program cities by 2018. To this end, the Investment Program will (i) improve and expand urban infrastructure and services in the cities including in slums and (iii) strengthen urban institutional, management, and the financing capacity of the institutions, including the urban local bodies. Based on considerations of economic justification, absorptive capacity and sustainability of the implementing agencies, sub-projects have been identified in each city in the priority infrastructure sectors.

2. Though the Project aims to improve the environmental condition of urban areas, the proposed improvements of infrastructure facilities may exert certain adverse impacts on the natural environment. While developing urban infrastructure facilities, impacts during the construction stage are expected to be more severe than impacts during the operation phase, though for a short duration. Exceptions being some facilities such as solid waste landfills and sewage treatment plants, which may also exert adverse impacts during the operation phase, if due care is not taken.

3. The mandatory requirements applicable to the NERCCDIP may also necessitate the proposed components to go through the environmental assessment process at an appropriate level. Hence, considering these issues and particularly to facilitate the State-level Investment Program Management and Implementation Units (SIPMIU) and the Executing Agencies (EA) with definite environmental criteria to be met for implementation of NERCCDIP sub-projects and sub- components, an environmental assessment and review framework (EARF) has been prepared (see EARF for NERCCDIP ). The EARF provides criteria for sub-project selection criteria for environmental assessment.

4. Above all, this exercise ensures that the NERCCDIP , in its project cycle, will not deteriorate or interfere with the environmental sensitivity of a project area but rather improve environmental quality through development of infrastructure facilities. Moreover, any component included in NERCCDIP shall comply with the environmental requirements of the Government of India (GoI), the respective state governments, and ADB. Details of components and sub- components financed under the NERCCDIP are given below.

B. NERCCDIP Components

4. The NERCCDIP Investment Program will consist of two parts. Part A covers urban infrastructure and services improvement including the rehabilitation, improvement and expansion of (i) water supplies, (ii) sewerage and sanitation, and (iii) solid waste management. Part B covers provision of project management support, institutional development, capacity building and project administration. Table 1 outlines the broad components by sector proposed in the program cities.

Table 1: Proposed NERCCDIP Components Sub- Projects Components Water supply (a) source and treatment works; (b) distribution system including Non-Revenue Water (NRW) reduction; and (c) institutional development and Sewerage and (a) collection and treatment system; (b) low cost sanitation facilities; and (c) institutional Sanitation development and capacity building Solid Wwaste (a) improvement of collection system; (b) treatment and disposal system; and (c) institutional Management development and capacity building

5. In accordance with ADB’s environmental safeguard requirements for a Multi-Tranche Financing Facility (MFF), the environmental assessment of individual tranches is required. Accordingly, the following four sub-projects are proposed for Tranche I: (i) water supply in Gangtok, (ii) NRW and small-scale water supply improvements in Argatala, Aizawl, and Kohima. (iii) solid waste management in Kohima, and (iv) solid waste management in Shilong. The focus of this IEE is water supply improvements in Gangtok.

C. Environmental Regulatory Compliance

6. The implementation of any sub-project proposed under NERCCDIP will be governed by the Environmental Acts, Rules, Policies, and Regulations of the GoI and the respective state governments of the Northeast Region. These regulations impose restrictions on the activities to minimize/mitigate likely impacts on the environment. The following are the environmental regulations applicable to NERCCDIP :

(i) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, amended 1988; (ii) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975; (iii) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981, amended 1987; (iv) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982; (v) The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, amended 1991 and including the following Rules/Notification issued under this Act; (vi) The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, including amendments; (vii) The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000; (viii) The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989; (ix) The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998; (x) Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000; (xi) Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002; (xii) Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 2006; (xiii) Environmental Standards of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB); (xiv) The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, amended 1993; (xv) The Wildlife (Protection) Rules, 1995; (xvi) The Indian Forest Act, 1927; (xvii) Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, amended 1988; (xviii) Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981 amended 1992 and 2003; and (xix) Guidelines for Diversion of Forest Lands for Non-Forest Purpose under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.

7. Any component included in NERCCDIP shall comply with the above environmental laws, standards, rules and requirements. Key standards include those related to drinking water quality, air quality, effluent discharge, leachate quality, and protected areas. Compliance is required in all stages of the project including design, construction, and operation and maintenance. Water supply components relevant to this sub-project, which fall under the ambit of environmental regulations and mandatory requirement, are indicated in Table 2.

Table 2: Environmental Regulatory Compliance for Sub-project S. Component Applicable Compliance Action Required No Legislation 1 All components that Forest (Conservation) Approval of the Identification of non-forest land require forest land Act, 1980 &and Wildlife Ministry of and afforestation program need to acquisition Act, 1972 Environment and be formulated Forests, GoI 2 Water treatment plant Water (prevention and No Objection Based on project review and site (WTP) control of pollution) Act, Certificate (NOC), inspection the SPCB provides 1974 Consent for CFE before construction. The Establishment (CFE) disposal standards to be met and Consent for during the operation will be Operation (CFO) from stipulated. Subsequent to SPCB completion of construction, CFO is issued confirming compliance of CFE conditions, if any.

Renewal of CFO Based on the performance of the during operation WTP and its compliance with the disposal standards CFO will be renewed every year.

8. The new EIA Notification of 2006 of GoI, which replaces the EIA Notification of 1994, requires environmental clearance for certain defined activities/projects. This Notification classifies the projects/activities that require environmental clearance (EC) into ‘A’ and ‘B’ categories depending on the impact potential and/or scale of project. For both category projects, prior environmental clearance is mandatory before any construction work, or preparation of land except for securing the land, is started on such project or activity. Clearance provisions are as follows:

(i) Category ‘A’ projects require prior environmental clearance from the MoEF, Government of India1; (ii) Category ‘B’ projects require prior environmental clearance from the State Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA)2; and (iii) This Notification provides that, any project or activity specified in Category ‘B’ will be treated as Category A, if located in whole or in part within 10 km from the boundary of protected areas, notified areas and inter-state and international boundaries3. Also, in the case where a SEIAA does not exist, Category B project will be reviewed by the MoEF and reclassified as Category A.

9. Consequently, the only NERCCDIP subproject listed in the EIA Notification of 2006 Schedule of Projects Requiring Prior Environmental Clearance is solid waste facilities, otherwise referred to as Common Municipal Solid Waste Facilities (CMSWF). Common municipal solid waste management facilities qualify as Category B projects and are thus reviewed by the respective SEIAA. For solid waste facilities, the Government of India further ensures environmental safeguards through its Municipal Solid Waste Management and Handling Rules (SWMHR), 2000 as published under MoEF.

1 For Category A projects, based on the preliminary details provided by the project proponent as per Notification, the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) of MoEF, determine comprehensive TOR for EIA studies. This TOR will be finalized within 60 days. On the recommendation of the EAC based on EIA studies, MoEF provides the EC. 2 The B category projects will be further divided by State Level EAC into B1 – that require EIA studies and B2 – no EIA studies. The Sate Level EAC will determine TOR for EIA studies for B1 projects with in 60 days. On the recommendation of the State level EAC based on EIA studies, SEIAA provides the EC. 3 (i) Protected Areas notified under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, (ii) Critically Polluted areas as notified by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time, (iii) Notified Eco-sensitive areas, (iv) inter-State boundaries and international boundaries.

10. This subproject focuses only on water supply components. Therefore the construction of four new chlorinators at major reservoirs to supplement the treatment provided at the main treatment plant may require compliance with the Water (prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1974 by requiring the appropriate consents (CFE, CFO) from the Sikkim State Pollution Control Board to establish and operate chlorinators.

D. ADB Environmental Category

11. No augmentation of the source, raw water conveyance mains, which would result in adverse environmental impacts, is proposed in the project. Data and analysis provided in Section III indicates that none of the project interventions are proposed within locations in or near sensitive and valuable ecosystems, including protected areas and forests. Therefore, as per the ADB’s Environmental Assessment Guidelines, the sub-project components proposed for water supply under NERCCDIP are categorized as ‘B’ and an initial environmental examination (IEE) is carried out.

E. Scope of IEE

12. The IEE was based mainly on secondary sources of information and field reconnaissance surveys; no field monitoring (environmental) survey was conducted. Stakeholder consultation was an integral part of the IEE.

F. Report Structure

13. This Report contains eight (8) sections including this introductory section: (i) introduction; (ii) description of project components; (iii) description of the environment; (iv) screening of potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures; (v) environmental monitoring plan; (vi) public consultation and information disclosure; (vii) finding and recommendation; and (viii) conclusions.

II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT COMPONENTS

A. Project Components - Water Supply – Gangtok

14. Although about 83% of the population of Greater Gangtok Planning Area (GGPA) have access to PHED’s piped water supplies, only about 50% have an individual water tap. There are a substantial number of shared connections. Both the quantity and quality of water provided by PHED is fairly good. About 25% of households having PHED water taps receive water 24 hours a day, and almost all get water for a few hours every day. People also collect water from small springs and small streams called jhoras through private connections. PHED is just completing a major scheme under which treatment capacity has been very substantially enhanced. The treatment plant capacity augmentation carried out shall be adequate towards catering to the water demand of the GGPA till 2021. Given this improvement in source works, it can reasonably be expected that it will be possible to establish 24/7 water supplies in the not too distant future. Towards improvement of the present water supply situation in Gangtok, the following is proposed4. Figure 1 shows the locations of proposed sub-projects.

4 Some aspects of the project design are subject to minor change during detailed design stage.

1. Source and Treatment Works

15. No augmentation is proposed for the existing source and treatment works, which are more than adequate for the next several decades.

2. Distribution System

16. Distribution System. Upgrading and rehabilitation of existing networks is proposed including extension of networks into presently uncovered areas. The improvements proposed include:

(i) Provision of 63% service coverage through installation of 19,000 metered service connections, or 38% of the master plan; (ii) Near-complete replacement of the “bunched” connection system with a sub mains system; (iii) Construction of 3 new reservoirs (zonal storage tanks) to create additional storage capacity and service area reach. The combined capacity of all three tanks is 1.9 ML. This will create a reservoir system with a capacity of about 7.3 ML, or 94% of the master plan; (iv) Construction of 31 kilometers of primary pipelines to create a primary system with a length of 65 kilometers, or 94% of the master plan; (v) Construction of 38 kilometers of secondary and tertiary pipelines to create a secondary and tertiary pipeline network of about 81 kilometers, or 64% of the master plan; (vi) Construction of chlorinators (4) at major reservoirs to supplement the treatment provided at the main treatment plant; (vii) Reduction in UFW from 30-50% at present to a bout 28% by 2014; and, (viii) Establishment of a meter installation program.

3. Institutional Development and Capacity Building

17. Towards institutional development and capacity building, the following are proposed:

(i) Design, construction supervision and management consultancy; (ii) Community awareness programs; (iii) Compost marketing studies; (iv) Private sector participation opportunities studies (v) Support for an institutional development for municipalities and utilities and an urban reform program.

WATER SUPPLY PROPOSED SUB PROJECTS

Figure 1: Water Supply - Proposed Sub Projects in Greater Gangtok Planning Area (GGPA)

7 B. Implementation Schedule

18. The Project is to be implemented over a six-year period, commencing in FY 2009-2010. Completion is scheduled by 2015. Representatives of the State of Sikkim have mentioned the need for more rapid implementation. This will be achieved by (i) setting up the State Investment Project Management and Implementation Unit (SIPMIU) during the PPTA, as further described in Section V; (ii) identifying and preparing components for immediate implementation; and (iii) undertaking advance action for land acquisition, consultant selection, procurement, and similar activities. The GoS is committed to expedite implementation through early attention to these matters.

C. Project Benefits

19. In view of the lack of basic infrastructure facilities and its adverse impacts on the environment and also on socio-economic characteristics, the proposed Project aims at providing infrastructure facilities such as adequate and safe water supply facilities, to overcome negative environmental impacts. Around 101,600 of the total population shall be benefited from the present project with 12- 24/7 water supplies through 19,000 connections. The most noticeable benefits due to the proposed water supply sub projects to the communities are: (i) Increased access to treated water supply, (ii) Reduction in time and cost of collecting water, and, (iii) Reduction in vulnerability to water borne diseases.

20. In addition to these benefits to the communities, the proposed improvements would greatly enhance the efficiency of the present water supply system in Gangtok. The other benefits would of the project include, but not be limited to the following: (i) Near-complete replacement of the “bunched” connection system with a sub mains system; (ii) Reduction in UFW from 30-50% at present to about 28% by 2011; (iii) Establishment of a meter installation and UFW reduction program; (iv) Establishment of a water awareness program under which people are taught about treatment of water, hygienic handling and storage of water, water conservation, waste water disposal and other, similar subjects; (v) Capacity building for the staff and officials involved; (vi) The utility is able to undertake operations, repairs and replacement of short-lived assets without undue constraints. (vii) Private sector participation opportunities studies

III. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

A. Environmental Profile of Gangtok

21. Gangtok, the capital of Sikkim is located in the East District, along the historical trade route connecting the Great Indian Plains with Chumbi Valley of Tibet. The city lies between 27°20’ to 27°16’ N latitude and 88°37’ to 88°39’ E longitude. The altitude varies from 914 m to 1829 m above mean sea level (MSL). Gangtok is connected by National Highway (NH) 31A with Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Siliguri. The nearest airport (Bagdogra) and rail head (Siliguri) are 120km from Gangtok. The city is located in Seismic Zone V. The climate remains pleasant throughout the year. The region receives an annual average rainfall of 3494 mm over 164 rainy days.

22. Greater Gangtok Planning Area (GGPA) is spread over an area of 76.95 Sq.Km. It comprises three distinct units, namely, the proposed Gangtok Municipal Council/Corporation Area5 (GMC), the revenue blocks in the proposed GMC area and the Rest of GGPA. The city has a population of 92,933

5 The proposed Gangtok Municipal Council Area (GMC) is further divided into two constituent units including the Gangtok NTAC and revenue blocks.

8 in 2001. Being a major tourist destination, the city economy is tertiary based. The work force participation rate is 48%. Average per capita income is INR 2581 per month which is very high compared to the urban India per capita income of INR 1695 per month. The city has an estimated6 population of 28% under the low-income group7 including 9% poor.

23. Gangtok is a linear city that has developed atop a ridge on the NH-31A. The length of the city is about 25km. The physical growth pattern is dictated by the steep topography and accessibility. Gangtok is vulnerable to annual recurrence of landslides due to unregulated constructions on the fragile slopes and an improperly planned drainage network including obstruction of the flows of Jhoras8. The city is expected to grow along the (i) NH 31 with densification in certain areas; (ii) Indira bypass; and, (iii) towards Ranka, the proposed satellite township, by Government of Sikkim. The spread onto other directions is constrained by steep slopes and vulnerability to landslides, forest cover and inadequate access.

1. Physical Resources

1.1. Terrain

24. Gangtok is located in the central portion of the leaf shaped Rongni Chu catchment, surrounded by Rani Khola in the west and the Roro Chu in the east. The Gangtok ridgeline divides the city into two parts viz. eastern and western. The general slope of the western side of the ridge vary from 30° to 42° but in certain stretches around Adampool below Amdo Golai and Rani Khola areas of Sichey, slopes are gentler and varies from 10° to 15°. On eastern side the slopes varies from 20° to 40°. In the areas with more than 60% slope (i.e., 30° from horizontal), the rocks are incompetent and structurally disturbed and susceptible to slope failures.

25. The western part of the ridge towards the River Rani Khola possesses fertile agricultural land where as the eastern part towards the River Roro Chhu possesses steep terrain and is not suitable for agriculture.

1.2. Climate

26. The climate of Gangtok remains pleasant through out the year with an average summer temperature ranging from 17.2 °C to 24 °C (from April to September) and average winter temperature ranging from 9.7 °C to 17.7 °C (March to October). Humidity is fairly high through out the year with an annual average of about 85 %. The region receives an annual average rainfall of 3494 mm over 164 rainy days per year. A major portion of the rainfall is from the south-west monsoon between June to September. The annual mean wind speed ranges between 1.8 and 4.1 kmph.

1.3. Soils

27. The soils in the region are excessively drained, coarse to fine loamy with slight surface stoniness. The soils are acidic in nature with pH below 5.0. The soil shows contrasting morphologies under varying topographic settings. Soils in north and eastern part of the Gangtok planning area are thin and highly sandy when compared to the western part. Such soils have low strength and permeability, high sensitivity and compressibility and are not suitable for construction activity.

6 Socio-economic Survey, 2005. 7 Having a household income of INR 6,000 or less per month. 8 Jhoras are natural streams that drain storm water to the natural surface water system.

9 1.4. Geology

28. Geologically the region forms part of inner belt of lesser Himalayas and consists of three main lithological units. The regional strike of all these lithological units is NW-SE with a dip of 150 – 600 towards NE. These are young mountains with loose soil and high water holding capacity and are more prone to slope failure (refer Figure 2). Table 3 provides a description of the geology in GGPA.

Table 3: Gangtok: Geology Location Geology Ranipool-Samdur-Linding areas Low grade Pelitic rocks (Chlorite, Phyllites) Major portions of the Gangtok town area High-grade Pelitic rocks (Mica Schist with or without Garnet etc.) Upper Syari Granite Gneiss

1.5. Land Slides

29. Numerous small and large natural drains locally known as “Jhoras” bisect the entire Gangtok planning area. There are approximate 95 major jhoras (30 in South-Eastern region and 65 in North Western region) draining into Roro Chu and Rani Khola Rivers. The unplanned development and building construction without adequate drainage along these Jhoras has resulted in obstruction or alteration of their natural paths. As a result of which, the city is facing problem of landslips and subsidence. Table 3 lists major landslide area in the Greater Gangtok Planning Area.

Table 4. Major Landslide Area in the Greater Gangtok Planning Area Sl No. Location of Landslide area / Sinking Area Approximate No of Structures Impacted 1 Bhojogari 58 1.1 L1 13 1.2 L2 8 1.3 L3 6 1.4 L4 12 1.5 L5 3 1.6 L6 16 2 Chandmari near Proposed Changu Taxi Stand 26 3 J N Road ( North Eastern Boundary of Proposed GMC) 14 4 Bathak Fall (North Sikkim Highway and Indira Bye Pass) Nil 5 Sichey sinking Area 7 6 DA-sichey slum area 20 7 Lower Sichey Area (Indira Bye Pass Road) 33 8 Paljor Stadium (Nor Kill Road) 5 9 Nam Nam Road 12 10 Chuksing Area (Old Slaughter House Slum Area) 22 11 6th Mile Tadong 15 12 Daragaon Near Basket Ball Stadium (Govt College) 8 13 Samdur Sinking Area 7 Total 227

Figure 2: Geology of GGPA

1.6. Land Use

30. Gangtok Planning area has a mixed land use with unplanned development, except for some pre-1975 commercial, institutional and cantonment areas. The existing land-use map is shown in Figure 3. The city has developed in the post-1975 period, in a largely unplanned manner. The first, Gangtok Integrated Development Plan 2000, by GILCON, 1987 is for an area of 725 ha, of which 70% or 520 ha, is developed. The remaining 30% is undeveloped, vacant and used up by Jhoras, cultivation and tree cover. About, 43% of developed area is residential and 4% is commercial. Public and semi-public spaces accounts for 15% and roads account for 19% of the area. There is hardly any area designated for industrial use in the city. Table 5 shows the existing land use details.

Table 5: Gangtok- Existing Land use Land Use 1975(Ha) 1985(Ha) 1995(Ha) % Growth % Growth (75-85) (85-95) Residential 119.5 132.0 225.0 10.5 70.5 Commercial 12.5 15.3 21.0 24.5 37.25 Industrial 1 4.10 19.0 24.5 37.25 Public and Semi Public 24.5 29.4 48.0 20 63.0 Recreational 2 17.5 41 775.0 134 Transportation 23.0 42.5 100 85.0 135 Total Dev.Area 192.5 240.8 454 26 90 Cultivation - 48.5 - - - Undeveloped Area 58 85.50 - - - Vacant Land - 50.5 - - - Total Area 240.5 425.30 - - - Source: UD&HD, Gangtok.

Figure 3: Land-use of GGPA

1.7. Surface Waters

31. The River Roro Chu follows a southwesterly course with numerous easterly and westerly flowing feeder streams. The River Rani Khola flowing in southern direction is fed by numerous streams from the western side of the Gangtok ridge. Figure 4 shows hydrologic drainage patters in GGPA. Unlike Rani Khola, Roro chu is of younger origin and follows more or less along a straight course. Table 6 shows the water quality of Rani Khola and Roro chu.

Table 6. Gangtok: Water Quality of Rani Khola and Roro Chu Sl. P arame t ers Sampling Locations No. Adampool (Rani Khola) Ranipool (Rani Khola) Jalipool (Roro Chu) 1 Turbidity (NTU) 2.5 2.5 2.5 2 pH 7.2 7.5 7 3 Conductivity (µmho/ cm) 280 280 270 4 Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 200 210 210 5 Total Hardness (mg/l) 132 130 138 6 Sulphate (mg/l) 28 27 28 7 Phosphates (mg/l) 0.02 NT NT 8 Nitrate as NO3 (mg/l) 2.5 2.2 2.4 9 Flouride (mg/l) NT NT NT 10 BOD (mg/l) 12 11 10 11 DO (mg/l) 8 6 5 12 Total Coliforms 220000 170000 130000 13 Faecal Coliform 170000 110000 90000 Source: DPR for Extension of Sewerage System, Gangtok.

32. To study the physio-chemical characteristics of the jhoras (natural streams) and storm water drains, a study was conducted by the Dept. of Zoology, Sikkim Govt. College and the Sikkim State Pollution Control Board (SPCB). Physio-chemical analysis of water samples were carried out at following locations: (i) Goshkhan Jhoras (ii) Hospital Jhoras (iii) Palor Stadium Jhoras (iv) Fisheries Jhoras (vi) Rani Khola and (vii) Adampool Khola. The monitoring results were tabulated in Table 7. Following are the findings of the monitoring results:

Table 7. Gangtok: Water Quality of Jhoras Sampling Locations Sl. Parameters Goshkhan Hospital Palor Fisheries Rani Adam No. Jhora Jhora Stadium Jhora Khola Pool Jhora Khola 1 pH 5.3 5.8 5.5 5.4 6.1 6.3 2 Conductivity (µ mhos / cm) 650 300 200 200 60 100 3 TDS (mg/I) 332.6 384.2 202.2 83.7 455.6 302.2 4 TSS (mg/I) 428 455.2 240.2 104.36 563.0 531.6 5 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/I) 5.33 8.53 8.132 8.46 7.86 6.86 6 Alkanility (mg/I) 201.83 118.67 84.67 72.33 16.33 20.67 7 Hardness (mg/I) 199.46 93.476 68.26 75.43 14.16 12.88 8 Chlorides (mg/I) 4.49 2.59 1.65 11.41 6.62 8.26 9 Nitrates (mg/I) 0.0002 0.0154 0.013 0.009 0.001 0.003 10 Phosphates (mg/I) 67.1 4.11 7.92 6.54 0,248 2.43 11 Ca (mg/I) 38.61 28.32 22.70 27.11 4.545 8.95 12 Mg (mg/I) ND ND ND ND ND ND 13 Fe (mg/I) 2.12 0.008 0.179 0.024 0.139 10.351 14 Na (mg/I) 51.15 35.47 41.74 37.04 13.03 29.86 15 K (mg/I) 92.90 57.32 33.66 37.55 9.88 17.79 Source: DPR for Extension of Sewerage System.

14 14

Figure 4: Hydrology of GGPA

33. Continuous water quality monitoring is being carried out by State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) under National Water Quality Monitoring Program and Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources (MINARS). For this purpose the SPCB has identified seven monitoring zones representative of Gangtok Planning Area (Refer Table 8). At least three samples are collected from each zone on weekly basis.

Table 8: Gangtok: Water Quality Monitoring Zones Zone No. Name of Zone Representative Areas Zone 1 Deorali Syari, Pani house and Deorali bazaar Zone 2 Lall Market Lall market, Sundari gaon, Old secretariat and Bishal goan Zone 3 New Market Nam-namg, New market area and kazi road Zone 4 Old Market Arithang, Old market area and Tibet road Zone 5 Hospital Point Hospital complex, Diesel power house and Palzor stadium complex Zone 6 Development Area Residential area, TNHS road, Shopping complex Zone 7 Balwakhani Area Vajra complex, Forest colony, P & T colony, Zero point area Source: Sikkim State Polution Control Board.

34. Table 9 shows the summary of results of the water quality monitoring carried out at the different zones.

Table 9. Gangtok: Water Quality of Zones Parameters Findings pH The pH value at the all the locations lies with in permissible value (6.5 to 8.5). The zone 5 shows minimal pH (6.4) where are in zone 4 possess maximum (8.2) Conductivity The highest conductivity (540 µohm / cm2) was reported are zone 1 and 7 and zone 5 lowest (495 µohm / cm ) Dissolve Oxygen (DO) The lowest DO value was recorded at zone 6 (11.2 mg/l) while the highest at zone 3 (13.4 mg/l). The DO of all the samples is above permissible value (6 mg/l) Biochemical Oxygen The Zone 1, 2 and 7 shows BOD value more than permissible limit of 2 mg/l. The highest Demand (BOD) BOD value was found to 2.2 mg/l at zone 1 and lowest 1.8 mg/l at zone 5 and 6. Nitrate (NO2) All the zones fall within the permissible value of 45 mg/l. with lowest value recorded at zone 3 (36 mg/l) and highest at zone 5 (41 mg/l) Magnesium Zone 1 (32 mg/l) and 4 (35 mg/l) show concentration more than permissible value (30 mg/l) Free CO2 The lowest free CO2 was recorded at zone 3 (0.7 mg/l) and highest at zone 4 (1.2 mg/l)

Chlorides (as The chlorides concentration in all the zones were below permissible value of 250 mg/l. the Chlorine) highest concentration was found to be 127 mg/l at zone 4. Sulphate (SO4) The highest sulphate content was recorded at zone 5 (24 mg/l)

Total Hardness (as At all the zones value are within permissible value (300 mg/l). CaCO3) Calcium (as CaCO3) At all the zones value are within permissible value (75 mg/l). TDS and TSS At all the zones value are within permissible value (500 mg/l).

Source: Sikkim State Polution Control Board.

1.8. Groundwater

35. Due to the hilly terrain with slopes more than 20%, most of the rainwater flows out as surface run off. Hence, the scope of groundwater storage is limited and is depending upon the secondary porosity and structural control in the higher elevated aquifers. The groundwater stored in these aquifers emanates in the form of springs that act as a source of water supply for the people especially in the rural areas. The ground water exploration done by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). indicates that there is considerable potential for exploration of

16 ground water within a depth range of 200 m with a potential yield ranging from 120 to 330 litres per minute for draw down of 13 to 20 m.

1.9. Ambient Air quality

36. Table 10 shows the ambient air quality results for Gangtok town.

Table 10. Gangtok: Ambient Air Quality (Annual Avg. in µg/m3) Monitoring L an d use SPM SO2 NOX Location Conc. Standards Conc. Standards Conc. Standards Tadong Residential 108 140 16.2 60 15.7 60 Indira by pass Commercial 137 140 17.4 60 22.6 60 Deorali Residential 118 140 18.6 60 16.1 60 Bazaar (Near Commercial 145 140 22.3 60 20.4 60 Metro Point) Hospital point Sensitive 122 70 19.6 15 18.6 15 Zero point Sensitive 98 70 10.2 15 12.3 15 Source: State of Environment, Sikkim 2001, SPCB, GoS.

37. The findings of ambient air quality monitoring is described below:

(i) Suspended Particulate Matter: The result shows that Bazaar area (near metro point) has the maximum concentration (145µg/m3) and is marginally above the prescribed limit (140µg/m3). This is due to heavy vehicular movement in the bazaar area. Similarly at the sensitive location (Hospital Point), SPM concentration recorded is higher than the stipulated standards (70µg/m3), which may be attributed due to vehicular congestion. (ii) Oxides of Nitrogen: The maximum concentration of NOX (22.6 µg/m3) recorded at Indira Bypass was within the prescribed limit for residential, rural and other areas (60 µg/m3). Where as at the sensitive location of Hospital point, concentration recorded were above the prescribe standards (15 µg/m3). (iii) Sulphur dioxide: The highest concentration of SO2 (22.3 µg/m3) was recorded at bazaar area near metro point, where there is heavy truck movement. The results were within the prescribe limit for residential, rural and other areas (60 µg/m3). However at the sensitive location of Hospital point, concentration recorded were above the prescribe standards (15 µg/m3).

38. There has been a high prevalence of respiratory problems. In the year 2002-2003 a total of 672 person suffered form various respiratory problem such as bronchitis, asthma, etc. Table 10 and Table 11 highlights number of people suffering from air borne disease in Gangtok Planning area.

Table 11 Gangtok: Incidence of Air-borne Diseases Sl . Details 200 0-01 2001-02 2002-03 No. During During dry During During dry During During dry monsoon season monsoon season monsoon season 1 Respiratory Problems 425 291 416 280 410 262 2 Eye Irritation Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 3 Skin Irritation 72 78 79 66 60 71

Table 12. Gangtok: Disease Pattern in the City Sl. Disease Type 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 No. Morbidity Mortality Morbidity Mortality Morbidity Mortality 1 Respiratory Problems 716 Nil 696 Nil 672 1 2 Eye Irritation Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 3 Skin Irritation 150 Nil 1475 1 137 2

1.10. Ambient Noise Levels

39. Ambient noise quality has been monitored by SPCB at various locations i.e. residential, commercial and silence zones. Since there are no major industrial units or areas within the planning area, the monitoring for industrial zones has been excluded. The measurement ofambient noise level was done by sound level meter 2031 A (cygnet) and were taken for seven consecutive days at all locations in three slots: morning (8:00 am – 10:00 am), afternoon (14:00 pm – 16: 00 pm) and night (18:00 pm – 20:00 pm). Table 13 shows the ambient noise level recorded at various locations.

Table 13: Gangtok: Ambient noise Levels in db (A) at Residential and Commercial Areas Place Zone Time Lmax Lmin Leq Major source of noise Morning 74.2 34.3 51.6 Vehicle plying on highway College Valley Residential Afternoon 78.4 42.2 60.8 (NH-31A) Night 76.3 39.5 58.4 Morning 71.5 35.1 55.3 Deorali Govt. Music system and Residential Afternoon 76.3 39.9 61.4 Quarter construction activities Night 73.4 36.2 57.2 Development Morning 78.4 35.5 5106 Area Residential Afternoon 85.3 41.7 65.8 Vehicle plying on streets Night 71.5 34.6 50.7 Morning 97.1 58.4 70.4 Bazaar Vendors and pressure horns Commercial Afternoon 105.2 61.0 74.3 (M.G.Marg) due to vehicular Congestion Night 85.4 56.2 62.1 Morning 93.0 52.0 68.5 Large number of garages Indira Bye Pass Commercial Afternoon 97.0 57.4 73.2 and workshop and handling Night 88.0 43.8 69.4 of metal goods Vehicle plying on highway Hospital Area Silence Morning 94.0 57.2 (NH-31A) and most of the Night 91.3 47.5 building are very close to Source: Sikkim State Polution Control Board. road

2. Ecological Resources

40. Gangtok is part of the Sikkim Himalayas. The Sikkim Himalayas region is the wander land as Sino-Japanese floristic element (species of Quercus and Schima), Western China

18 element (Aletris pauciflora, Anemone rupicole, Magnolia champbelli) Tibetan element (Hippophae spp, Prezwalskia spp), Siberian element (Potentilla, Pedicularis). There are several areas within GGPA, which are rich in ecological resources. Most of these have been protected as Reserve Forests. Such areas within GGPA include (a) Ganesh Tok, (b) Himalayan Zoological Park, and (c) Smriti van - Bulbuley. A brief description of the biodiversity rich areas within GGPA are as follows:

(i) Himalayan Zoological Park: This is situated at a distance of 8 km from Gangtok, adjacent to Eastern Bye-pass, covering an area of 205 hectares. It was started in the 8th five-year plan and continues in the 9th and 10th five year plan. Adjacent to the park is the Fambong Lho Sanctuary. The park housed a total of 26 animals– Himalayan Black Bear (M-1), Barking Deer (M-1 and F – 4), Goral (M-2), Red Panda (M-4 and F–1), Tibetan Wolf (M-1 and F–1), Leopard (M-1), Leopard Cat (M-1), Palm Civet (M-3 and F–1), Impean Pheasant (M-1), Tragopan Pheasant (M-1) and Common Hill Patridge (M-1). (ii) The Namgyal Institute of Tibetology: This area possesses rich bio-diversity including schedule –I species like Kalij Pheasants. The unplanned development in and around Deorali bazaar and with the opening of the ropeway has led to the habitat of this area becoming fragmented and isolated from similar surrounding habitats. (iii) Certain areas in Northeastern Part of GGPA - Bojoghari, Chandmari, Mandakini Fall, Tashi View point, Ganesh Tok and Hanuman Tok: These areas are full of exotic species of plants (orchid species) and also some animals. However these areas are also prone to erosion and landslides. Recent haphazard growth and increase in the number of tourist flow in past 10 year has further aggravated the situation. (iv) Bulbuley RF is located about 5-6 km away from city with an altitude varying from 1800 m to 2000 m. It is the micro water shed of the Ratey Chu watershed (the water supply source for Gangok), which is spreading upto the international border (Bhutan) with a number of natural lakes in upper catchment. The area is a dense forest of Quercus spp (Buk), Castanopsis spp. (Katus), Machilus spp. (Kawla), Betula spp. (Saur), Michelis spp. (Champ), Alnus spp. (Utis), Bucklandia spp., Arundinaria spp. (small bamboos) and medicinal plants / herbs etc. The area is also rich in terms of faunal biodiversity. The presence of Musk Deer, Himalayan Tahr, Red Panda, Goral, Barking Deer, Himalayan Black Bear, Clouded Leopard and Wild Dog has been reported. The avifaunal species include Blood Peasant (state bird) and Kaliji pheasant.

41. An evaluation of the biodiversity status of the GGPA was carried out to assess impacts, if any due to the proposed project improvements. The methodology adopted for the evaluation is presented in Box 1.

Box 1: Methodology for Evaluation of Biodiversity

The following methodology were adopted for the evaluation of the biodiversity: • Biodiversity profile of the cities were done on the basis of the secondary sources, including research documents, reports, forest departments and major initiatives taken by the Government of India, (1) BCPP (Biodiversity conservation Prioritization Project), (2) state BSAP under the NBSAP (National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan), • Identification of the site declared as conservation site. • Visit to the locations where interventions are expected under the project. • Study and biodiversity evaluation of the sites: covering plant species (tress, herbs and shrubs) • Type of the ecosystem in the site of intervention • The evaluation was done by line transect method, • List of plant species and list of medicinal plants • Assessment of the strength plant biodiversity in terms of Relative Dominance, relative frequency,

Shannon diversity (H), Whittaler's measure (β-diversity) etc. species richness (α-diversity) • Fauna of the class mammals and birds, as these are indicatior "taxa" of terrestrial ecosystem.

42. The various initiatives taken up by the GoI and GoS towards biodiversity conservation and improvement were reviewed. There are no priority sites within GGPA. While there are no protected areas in GGPA, the Fambong Lho Sanctuary is located at a distance of 25km of boundaries from the GGPA. The sanctuary is one of the rare protrected areas declared on public demand. The State Forest Department received a request from the people in its surrounding villages. They were concerned about the increasing deforestation and overgrazing in their catchment area, which would affect their future. The area was originally used intensively for cattle grazing and the soil in the Golitar area had been compacted over a large area. Ground vegetation in some areas was poor Oaks were lopped for fodder. Most of the old Oaks are now gone. Large cardamom plantations which had encroached on the fringes of the Sanctuary, have now been removed. There are also thick stands of the exotic conifer Cryptomeria Japonica planted by the Forest Department before declaring the area as a wildlife sanctuary (Anon, 2002). A large campus of the G.B Pant Institute for Himalayan Environment and Development has come up at the edge of the Sanctuary, encouraging more commercial investors. Eco-development Committees have been formed in villages surrounding the Sanctuary. In less than three years the Smriti Van or Memorial forest concept of the State Forest Department has been adopted successfully through various NGOs in a large degraded forest are adjoining the 205 ha Himalayan regime, benefiting the state capital, Gangtok. (Source Important Bird Areas of the World.)

43. The Himalayan Zoological Park in the Gangtok range is adjacent to the Fambong Lho sanctuary. Both the Fambong Lho sanctuary and the Gangtok ranges form part of the catchment of the Rani Khola and are contiguous with the Ratey Chu reserve forest. This complex has been identified as one of the Important Bird Areas (IBAs).

3. Phyto Diversity within GGPA

44. A phyto diversity survey was carried out at the following identified locations in GGPA (i) Site-1. Ranka, (ii) Site: 2: Hanuman Tok, (iii) Site: 3 Ratey Chu Water intake point, and (iv) Site: 4: Siyari

45. Besides species-richness and density components, the diversity and evenness components of the plant communities were also measured. Diversity was measured using the

Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, and evenness with the Evenness index, calculated using the following formulae: Shannon-Wiener Index of Diversity, H = -Ó pi log pi Where, pi = ni/N, ni = number of individuals of the ith species, N = total number of individuals of all the species Evenness Index, J = H/Hmax Where H= Shannon-Wiener Index of Diversity Hmax = Log S, where S = number of species

46. The indices were employed to get a comprehensive, easily comparable, and quantitative estimate of the diversity and degree of evenness (i.e., uniformity) of the plant community. The key characteristics of these locations are presented in Table 15.

47. The key findings of the biodiversity assessment are as follows:

48. Endangered Flora - not Unique: The overall diversity in most of the locations surveyed is good, but falls short of that of a dense primary forest. The ecological resources are important and rich, but not really unique. Therefore, the impacts of the project do not lead to extinction or similar critical ends. There is a presence of some endangered species, including the endangered plant, “tree fern” or Cyathea sp., which is found in good numbers, especially in the Ratey Chu complex. However, based on site visits and consultations, it is inferred that the temperature-moisture regime suitable for Cyatthea sp. (shadowy and humid) is present in innumerable locations in Sikkim, both within and outside the protected forest areas. Similarly, there exists other endangered plant species in the sites surveyed. The Ratey Chu complex is also home to a large number of wild orchids, mosses, ferns and Lycopodium sp. These plants need protection/conservation in the project, as much as possible.

49. Endangered Fauna - not Unique: The Ratey Chu complex is part of the IBA, and over 281 species of birds are reported from this area. The area is home to critically endangered species such as the Oriental white-backed vulture and the slender-billed vulture. In addition vulnerable bird species such as the red-breasted hill partridge are reported. Though none of these were critically endangered or vulnerable bird species were sighted during field visits, it is important that any development activity within the Ratey Chu complex is planned to avoid any breeding or nesting grounds of such birds. In addition to avifauna, the Ratey Chu complex, which is a part of the sanctuary, is home to about 50 species of mammals, including the Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla). Consultations with the PHED officials and communities do not point to sighting of any such rare endangered species along the alignment of the 14 km long raw water main.

50. Relative richness, but not uniqueness, in terms of bio-diversity can be the term to describe the diversity of the sites in the GGPA. Appropriate safeguards shall be required to be inbuilt into the project design to minimize any impacts on the ecological resources.

4. Forests

51. About 44 % of total area is under tree cover, which constitutes reserve forest, parks, green belt areas, social forestry and tree plantation undertaken in various schemes. Since 1985, process of degradation has increased due to activities such as heavy fire wood collection, fodder collection / lopping, grazing activities, development activities, construction of road, quarry of stones / boulders and many other anthropogenic interferences. As a result of these activities

21 many of streams have dried up, leading to severe soil erosion and landslides. The state government has initiated several schemes to conserve the area. Table 14 shows details of such schemes.

Table 14: Gangtok Forest Conservation Schemes Name of Schemes Description Formation of Joint Forest Afforestation is the major activity. Plantations are carried out through village level Management implementation committees. These committees carry out plantation in khasmals, gaucharans and degraded forest areas. Besides financial assistance, seedlings for fodder, fuel-wood and timber are provided to the villages. Smriti Van Programme The concept is to involve society at large in nature conservation. This is a concept in which trees can be planted on marriage, birthdays, anniversaries, demise, and friendship or in the remembrances of near and dear ones. Under the programme, the state forest department has been made responsible for providing land, technical advice and seedlings. 100 % Centrally Sponsored The project was prepared by Forest, Environment and Wildlife Department and Schemes , Ministry of Rural sanctioned by GoI to Zilla Panchayats for implementation. Following are the Development Department, projects undertaken in GGPA: Department of Land - IWDP scheme in 10 micro watersheds Resources, Government of - IWDP schemes in Rorochu, Beychu, Lingzyachu, Kumrek-Nayabusty Watershed India - IWDP scheme in Martam-Tadong Watershed

50:50 Centrally Sponsored It focuses on creating awareness among the rural people for raising fuel wood, Scheme fodder, and timber yielding trees and grasses in the wastelands and in the fringes on the cultivated lands and distribution on seedlings to the villagers Other State Plan Schemes - Greening of ecologically fragile areas in East and North District - Soil conservation in watershed areas - Soil conservation in areas outside identified watershed areas. - Conservation of perennial water sources

4.1. Social Forestry

52. The objective of the social forestry is to promote forestry with the participation of the people of the state. The schemes implemented are (i) area oriented fuel wood and fodder project and (ii) Regeneration of degraded forest through participation of schedule tribe and rural poor. In the city at locations – (i) Indira Bypass near Krishi Bhawan and (ii) near Tadong College plantation have been carried out under social forestry schemes.

4.2. Green Belt Areas

53. Under the Sikkim Allotment of Houses Sites and Construction of Building (Regulation & Control) Act, 1985, the State Government has notified green belts within the Gangtok city area.

Table 15: Phyto Diversity at Various Locations within GGPA Characteristics Ranka Hanuman Tok Ratey Chu - Siyari Tree species (no) 17 21 33 23 Shrubs & herbs (no) 30 36 51 31 _ Relative dominance

Highest 13.756 10.858 8.314 9.125 (species) Quercus serrata Cryptomeria japonica Cryptomeria japonica Lithocarpus elagans Lowest 1.199 1.300 0.484 0.974 (species) Kydia calycina Exbucklandia populanea Litsea citrata Pongamia pinnata Relative density Highest 12 8 6 6 (species) Alnus nepalensis Cryptomeria japonica , Duabanga Cryptomeria japonica and Prunus Alnus nepalensis and Sympolocus sonneritides and Alnus nepalensis jenkinsii spicata and Machilus bombycina Lowest 1 2 1 3 (species) Kydia calycina and Sweitenia mahogoni Toona ciliata and Exbucklandia Caryota urens Pongamia pinnata and Glochidion populanea assamicum Relative frequency • Highest 60 80 100 80 (species) Quercus serrata Cryptomeria japonica and Alnus Engelhardtia spicata, Prunus jenkinsii, Lagerstroemia speciosa and Alnus nepalensis Quercus griffithii and Alnus nepalensis nepalensis Lowest 10 10 10 10 (species) Toona ciliata. Pongamia pinnata and Glochidion assamicum _ IVI value Highest 83.90 98.64 113.46 89.14 (species) Quercus serrata Cryptomeria japonica Prunus jenkinsii Alnus nepelensis Lowest 12.65 13.52 14.03 13.51 (species) Kydia calycina Exbucklandia populanea Toona ciliata Pongamia pinnata Stocking value Highest 3.861 5.825 4.954 2.637 (species) Quersus serrata Cryptomeria japonica Cryptomeria japonica Lithocarpus elagans Lowest 0.336 0.698 0.289 0.282 (species) Kydia calycina Exbucklandia populanea Litsea citrata Pongamia pinnata Trees Shannon diversity index 2.69 2.98 3.41 3.10 (H) Evenness index (E) 0.95 0.98 0.98 0.99 Species richness or α- 9.24 10.74 16.07 12.12 diversity β- diversity (Whittaker’s –0.767 –0.708 –0.709 measure) Shrubs and herbs Shannon diversity index 2.69 3.39 3.66 3.06 (H) Evenness index (E) 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.93 Species richness or α- diversity β- diversity (Whittaker’s –0.754 –0.942 0.929 –0.943 measure)

4.3. Fisheries

54. There exist various species of hill stream fishes especially at the lower elevations in and around Ranipool area. The commonly species found in the streams are Asala, Buduna, Katley and Chamrey

5. Social and Cultural Resources

55. The total population of Greater Gangtok Planning Area (GGPA) is 92,933 according to 2001 census. Population distribution is not uniform throughout the city with 64.3% of the total geographical area supporting around 98.1% of the GGPA population.

56. The population of Gangtok NTAC has shown a fluctuating trend. Until 1981, there has been a steady increase in the population. But during 1981-91 population growth rate has slumped down to –3.8%. There after growth rate is increased to 1.6%.

(i) Migration Pattern - Gangtok being the State capital houses all the administrative functions, trade and commerce and industries. This has attracted a fare share of migrants from other parts of the State as well as from other parts of the country. The socio economic survey (SES) shows that an estimated 51% of the population of GGPA are from outside the city. (ii) Literacy and Education - Overall literacy rate in the city is 79% in 2001, which was 72% in 1991. With respect to education level one third of the population are educated upto class XII. (iii) Work Participation Rate - Overall work participation rate in Gangtok is 39.31%. Compared to 1991 the WPR has declined. The proportion of marginal and non- workers has increased amongst the working population. Increase in marginal workers indicates underemployment and marginalisation of workforce. (iv) Occupational Structure - The occupational structure of Gangtok shows a fairly large share of population i.e. 46.7% engaged in salaried services. Also around 30.5% are engaged in other non-defined services, which are mainly the informal activities like hawkers or taxi drivers etc. Quite a substantial proportion of the population is having own shops and business.

5.1. Physical & Cultural Heritage

57. Gangtok has numerous historically/ religious significant sites. Some of these are Evangelical Presbyterian Church, Church of North India, Roman Catholic Church, Thakurbari, Sai Baba Mandir, Enchey Monastery, Guru Lhakhang Monastery and SaNgor-Chotshog Monastery.

58. An estimated 32.3% of the population in the city belongs to ST category. The SES shows that the Bhutias account for 40% of the total IP of GGPA followed by 13% from Tamang tribes and rest belonging to Lepcha, Bhutia Lepcha, Sherpa, Dorzi, Gurung etc. The original residents of the city, who are mainly the followers of Buddhism, belong to the tribes of Bhutias and Lepchas who traditionally have been the better off population of the city.

6. Economic Development

6.1. Industries

59. Industrial activities in the planning area are negligible, due to inherent problems like hilly terrain, non-availability of plain land, lack of entrepreneurship and high transportation cost. The main occupation of the people is traditional activities like carpet weaving, woodcarving, painting, jewelry (dragon jewelry), cane and bamboo works. With the active initiatives of the State Government and with due considerations to surrounding landuse and ecological and environmental factors, large number of small scale industrial units have been setup in and around the planning area. Most of these industrial units fall under orange and green categories.9

6.2. Trade and Commerce

60. There are four notified bazaar area in the Gangtok Planning Area namely: MG Marg, Deorali Bazaar, Tadong Bazaar and Ranipool Bazaar. Apart from these notified bazaar areas, a significant number of big shopping complexes have recently come up.

7. Physical Infrastructure Services

7.1. Water Supply

61. The main source of drinking water for the entire area is the Rateychu River located 16 km from the main water treatment plant at Selep (1829 m above msl). Like the other Project hill cities Gangtok too has the ‘bunched pipelines’ system. A total of 6,459 PHED connections are provided covering 54% of the population. The salient features of the water supply system in Gangtok are mentioned in Table 16.

Table 16: Salient features of Water Supply in GGPA, 2005 S. No. Particulars Item Comments 1. Households with tap in dwelling (%) 87 SES 2. PHED Coverage 67,640 persons (54%) Feasibility study 3. Total Connection of PHED 6459 Feasibility study 4. Domestic Connections 4136 Feasibility study 5 Monsoon period (March to October) (mld) 97.0 Feasibility study Lean period (November to February) (mld) 48.5 6. Total capacity of raw water mains (mld) 40.5 Feasibility study 7. Capacity of old treatment plants (mld) 13.6 Feasibility study 8. Capacity of new water treatment plant (mld) 22.6 Feasibility study 9. Total Demand (mld) 20.3 Feasibility study 10. UFW (%) 30 Feasibility study 11. Connection Charges (INR) 100-500 Feasibility study 12. Water Tariff rates (INR per month) 31 Feasibility study 1-3 taps 50 4-7 taps 71 8-12 taps INR 5 per month for every additional tap 13. Residential water consumption (lpcpd) 75.4 SES 14. Water availability (INR/lpcpd) (Consumer end) 120/90 Feasibility study and SES 15. Cost INR 18.3 per cum 16. Priority for improvement 1/6 SES

9 The Ministry of Environmental and Forest, based on the pollution levels, has classified industrial units into three categories - Red (Most Polluting), Orange (Medium Polluting) and Green (Non-Polluting).

62. The Rural Development Department (RDD) is responsible for water supply in villages on the outskirts of GGPA. The water is supplied from small springs and is untreated, except for initial sedimentation. As reported, about 40 spring sources are used in and around Gangtok, both by the RDD and by individual users. The water from these springs flows down the jhoras, or natural drains, that run through the city. Individuals undertake spring tapping with large bunch of pipes from point of spring discharge. These pipelines often traverse long distances. Given that a large number of these springs are in the urban areas and exposed to direct discharge from septic tanks and other wastewaters, there is a vulnerability of supply of contaminated water.

7.2. Sewerage and Sanitation

63. Gangtok urban area is partially served by an underground sewerage system. A sewage treatment plant of 5 MLD capacity is operational at Adampool, and caters to the western portion of the city. A site visit in October 2008 observed that the current STP was in poor operating condition. A new STP (8 MLD), to be commissioned before end 2008, is set to replace the old one with a new Fluidized Aerated Bed STP. At present a cumulative length of above 70 km of sewer line covers around 45 % of the total area and rest of the city has septic tank and soak pit system. Although the sewerage system is an asset for the city, connectivity has been low. The SES has revealed that around 66% of the households dispose their wastes into jhoras and drains polluting the jhoras and posing serious threat to the community.

7.3. Solid Waste Management

64. 63. Gangtok city generates about 45 tons of garbage per day. In 20% of the total area of Gangtok, door-to-door collection using trucks and bell system is carried out by the UD&HD and is focused on the major roads, especially along NH-31. As per the secondary data available, it is estimated that 57% of domestic SW is dumped in jhoras (natural streams), 15% in open spaces while about 8% onto streets. The city also operates a compost plant at the existing dumping site.

7.4. Road and Transportation

65. Gangtok, as other cities in India, is experiencing rapid growth of traffic caused by increase in motor vehicle usage. Severe congestion is being experienced in the central area of the city specially M.G Road, Denzong Cinema Road, Deorali road, North Sikkim Highway, Naya Bazaar Road and Tibet Road. Gangtok has become a very popular tourist destination in the North East attracting mostly domestic as well as foreign tourists, which has put extra load on transport network of the city.

7.5. Drainage and Landslip Protection

66. Though there are numerous drains within the city they are in a poor state with 83% of the drains unlined and choked with solid waste and acting as conduits for solid waste and sewage. Poor drainage conditions coupled with porous and permeable soil formations and uncontrolled slope cutting for developmental activities have led to increased slope failure and incidences of landslides and subsidence. In spite of the city being hilly, there are areas, which experience localized flooding during rainy season. The SES has revealed that around 4% and 1% of the population have reported flooding and landslides respectively during last year.

7.6. Slums and Squatter Settlements

67. There are three notified slums in Gangtok. These include Old Slaughterhouse, Diesel Powerhouse and Munci Colony. A total 2,978 persons live in these slums. A reconnaissance survey of the three slums was conducted in 2005 by the consultants. The major issues which emerged from the survey are following: (i) Non-access to water supply, major water source being springs; (ii) Most of the population are daily wage labourers; (iii) Non-functional toilets; (iv) Waste disposal to jhoras; and (v) No organized employment for the slum dwellers.

7.7. Heath facilities

68. Health facilities within Gangtok are not evenly distributed. There are 2 hospitals in Gangtok viz. STNM Hospital and Central Referral Hospital with 300 beds in each.

B. Environmental Setting of Project Sites

1. Distribution System

69. Upgrading and rehabilitation of the existing networks is proposed, including extension of networks into uncovered areas (for a length of about 69km). These networks are planned along the existing roads. No acquisition or encroachment into sensitive areas and no tree cutting or clearing of vegetation will be involved.

2. Construction of chlorinators

70. No additional land acquisition is proposed for sitting of the chlorinators at the Selep treatment plant and the other major reservoirs as they will be sited within the existing land available at these locations. No environmentally sensitive land uses or significant vegetation exists at these locations.

3. Construction of new zonal reservoir (storage) tanks

71. The land requirement for Zonal Reservoirs is about 675 sq.m consisting of Syari (150 sqm), Near IGNOU Campus (150 sq.m) and Adjacent to 6th Mile (375 sq.m). All the locations are inhabited areas. The impacts have been minimized through sitting of reservoirs within PHED land. However, since all the reservoirs are identified on existing PHED lands and none of these support rich vegetation, no impacts on the vegetation or trees is envisaged. However, cutting of trees shall be necessitated the 6th Mile reservoir. None of these trees are categorized as rare or endangered species nor do they occur in forest reserve land. However for every tree cut, two trees will be planted as per the adopted mitigation measures for tree-cutting in this project.

IV. SCREENING OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

72. The assessment for each physical component proposed for this project has been carried out with respect to the potential impacts during the following stages of the project planning and implementation: (i) Location impacts. Impacts associated with site selection, including impacts on environment and resettlement or livelihood related impacts on communities (ii) Design impacts. Impacts arising from project design, including the technology used, scale of operations, discharge standards etc (iii) Construction impacts. Impacts resulting from construction activities including site clearance, earthworks, civil works, etc. (iv) O&M impacts. Impacts associated with the operation and maintenance of the infrastructure built in the project.

A. Scope of Land Acquisition and Resettlement

73. Significant resettlement10 issues are not anticipated for the water supply sub projects in Gangtok. The sites for all identified water supply sub-projects proposed in the investment program have been identified. Joint verification to all the components has been undertaken with the Public Health Engineering Department officials. Any resettlement impacts are characterized in the corresponding Short Resettlement Plan for this project and guidance to compensation are provided in the entitlement matrix of the Resettlement Framework for the entire NERCCDIP .

74. Apart from the construction of new reservoirs, the other project components do not require land acquisition. Efforts have been made towards sitting of the three new reservoirs proposed within available public lands. Accordingly, suitable land parcels have been identified at the following locations for sitting the reservoirs (i) near existing Syari tank; (ii) near IGNOU campus; and, (iii) adjacent to 6th mile Tank. The chlorinators are proposed to be accommodated within the existing premises of the reservoirs and therefore will not involve land acquisition and resettlement.

75. All the proposed improvements to the water supply distribution network shall be within the existing RoW and government lands. Therefore, no acquisition of private land is anticipated. Temporary impacts are however, anticipated. Temporary disruption to mobile/ambulatory hawkers and vendors is however possible during laying/rehabilitation of water pipelines, which will be determined at detailed design stage. There may be disruption in livelihood and business for the squatters and encroachers. Vulnerable population will be identified and compensation paid. The overall resettlement impacts are to be further avoided or minimized through careful subproject sitting and alignment of the distribution network during the detailed design and implementation stages.

10 According to ADB’s Operational Manual Operational Procedures (OP), Involuntary Resettlement (para 19,20,21, page 5; Oct 2003) projects are assigned an involuntary resettlement category depending on the significance of the probable involuntary resettlement impacts. The categories include (a) Involuntary Resettlement Category A (Significant): means 200 or more people will experience major impacts, which are defined as (i) being physically displaced from housing, or (ii) losing 10% or more of their productive assets (income generating). Category A projects require a full resettlement plan. A Resettlement Framework (RF) has been prepared for the Program to guide resettlement planning; (b) Involuntary resettlement Category B (Not Significant): Category B projects include involuntary resettlement impacts that are not deemed significant and require a short resettlement plan.; and (c) Involuntary Resettlement Category C: No involuntary resettlement effects are foreseen in Category C projects. They require neither a resettlement plan nor a resettlement framework.

76. Land acquisition is not envisaged for any of the proposed sub-projects in water supply in Gangtok. The temporary disruption of occupants within the RoW is envisaged due to the proposed improvements in the distribution network. This will affect less than 200 people.

77. The impacts pertaining to Water Supply components are discussed in the following sections. Details of the impacts, mitigation measures and responsible agencies for each component of all sub-projects are presented in Table 19.

1. Environment Impacts

78. Location impacts shall be significant for activities in which land uptake is required especially if in the vicinity of sensitive land uses. The land requirement for the three Zonal Reservoirs is about 675 sq.m consisting of Syari (150 sqm), Near IGNOU Campus (150 sq.m) and Adjacent to 6th Mile (375 sq.m). All the locations are inhabited areas and the impacts shall be minimized through sitting of reservoirs within PHED land. In event of appropriate and adequate land not being available, the sitting of the proposed zonal reservoirs shall avoid: (i) Densely vegetated patches (ii) Steep slopes (iii) Residential areas. The land for zonal reservoirs will be identified after due consultations with the State Forest Department and the Defense Authorities.

79. Rising main shall be laid along the Eastern Bypass and GN road. The eastern side of the both the road adjoins the Bulbuley RF. No diversion of forest land is required for laying the rising main.

80. Design of the project components shall consider the following: (i) Additional noise levels due to increased pumping capacities at Selep necessitating design of vegetative buffers (ii) Careful sitting of the Chlorinator room at Hanuman Tok to avoid impacts on areas with high floral diversity (iii) Assessment of vulnerability of locations of Zonal Reservoirs and Chlorinator rooms with respect to location of intersecting fault lines, sinking areas, areas prone to landslips and steep slopes to avoid chances of land slippage and slope failures during construction. Figure 5 shows the seismic vulnerability of Water Supply Pipelines in GGPA. The proposed network has been overlaid with the fault lines within the GGPA. Accordingly, vulnerable locations along the proposed network have been identified. At these locations, the included angle between fault and pipeline (β) have been assessed. Based on these, the following mitigation measures have been suggested at the specific locations. The measures proposed include: (i) for locations where the pipeline is going along the road. In these locations, β cannot be made 90º so design to be done for joint pullout and check for joint compression; (ii) for locations where the pipeline is not along the road. At these locations, it is recommended that the pipeline be laid perpendicular to the fault. These measures shall be further detailed during the detailed designs of these networks. (iv) Careful routing of the network along existing narrow roads for higher diameter pipes to minimize disruption of livelihood and loss of access (v) Disruption of water supply due to replacement of pipes and remodeling of the network necessitating modular designs.

81. Construction of the project components shall consider the following: (i) The rising mains are to be laid along existing roads, which skirt along the boundaries of the Bulbuley RF, an area of rich floral diversity and numerous jhora crossings. To effectively avoid any temporary encroachment into the forest for location of construction sites is an issue of serious concern. Extreme care shall be taken in selection of materials sources, stockpile locations, worker camps, vehicle parking areas and disposal sites. In no case any of these construction sites shall be located within the Reserve Forest. All such sites shall be located in secure locations within the land acquired. Clearance/trampling of vegetation at the zonal reservoirs and chlorinator rooms will be minimized. (ii) Silt loaded runoff from construction sites leading to siltation of nearby jhoras. At sites close to jhoras, provisions of silt fencing are required. (iii) Increased construction noise and dust levels necessitating adoption of good construction practices. (iv) Disposal of construction wastes contaminating land / jhoras requiring preparation and implementation of waste (v) Management plans (vi) Disruption of traffic in congested area requiring the preparation and implementation of traffic control plans (vii) Disturbance to road users and local populace in event of non restoration of the construction sites in the post (viii) Construction period

82. O&M of the project components shall consider the following: (i) Break down of mechanical system and pipe bursts causing hardships to communities and also causing water logging along with spread of diseases. (ii) Maintenance works causing disruption of traffic necessitating prior information to be provided to road users and local communities and for alternate arrangements for traffic.

Figure 5: Seismic Vulnerability of Water Supply - GGPA

Table 19: Overview of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures, Water Supply Sl No Impacts Duration/ Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility Extent 1 Provision of 3 New Zonal Reservoirs 3 zonal reservoirs are proposed at following locations - near existing Syari (0.27 ML), near IGNOU campus (0.27 ML) and adjacent to 6th mile (0.84 ML)

1.1 Location Impacts (i) Trees may be required to be Permanent Moderate For every tree cut, two trees will be planted as per the adopted mitigation Contractor/Consult felled for accommodating measures for tree-cutting in this project. ant/DSMC reservoirs.

(ii) Impacts to floral biodiversity. Permanent Moderate The land for zonal reservoirs will be identified after due consultations with the DSMC / State Forest Department and the Defense Authorities. Consultant/ SIPMIU

(iii) Land Acquisition: The proposed NA NA NA DSMC / reservoirs shall be located on Consultant/ government land so no private SIPMIU land acquisition is involved. All the locations are inhabited areas.

1.2 Design Impacts (i) Vulnerability of locations to Permanent Moderate Vulnerability of locations with respect to location of intersecting fault lines, DSMC / landslips and seismic sinking areas, areas prone to landslips and steep slopes shall be assessed and Consultant/ vulnerability. adequately incorporated into the designs. SIPMIU 1.3 Construction Impacts (i) Stockpiling and disposal of Temporary Moderate All stockpiles of material and wastes shall be at secure / designated locations Contractor / construction wastes is an sufficiently away from jhoras and densely vegetated areas. DSMC/ SIPMIU issue of concern as the area is rich in vegetation. 31

1.4 O&M Impacts

(i) NA NA NA 2 Setting up of chlorinators Vacuum feed chlorinator are proposed at four locations namely Selep Water Treatment Plant, Enchey Tank, and Housing Tank and Hanuman Tok. 2.1 Location Impacts (i) Land Acquisition: All the NA NA NA NA chlorinators shall be installed on the inlet side of the reservoir at Selep, Enchey, Housing tank and Hanuman Tok Police Check Post. The room of size 4mX3mX4m shall be constructed for the same. At all locations the chlorinator rooms shall be within the Treatment Plant / Zonal Reservoir Location. So no additional land acquisition is envisaged.

2.2 Design Impacts (i) The area around Hanuman Temporary Moderate The construction of the Zonal Reservoir and the Chlorinator room shall be DSMC / SIPMIU Tok Police Check Post being carried out simultaneously in order to minimize impact on vegetation. Proper rich in vegetation, construction scheduling of construction activities in this regard is necessary. of the chlorinator room shall be properly undertaken to minimize the impact on vegetal resources.

2.3 Construction Impacts (i) Clearance of Trees & Permanent Moderate Care shall be taken during site clearance to ensure minimum loss of vegetation. Contractor / Vegetation DSMC/ SIPMIU (ii) Silt laden runoff from Temporary Negligible Adherence to good construction practices thereby preventing entry of any Contractor / construction operations construction wastes into the nearby watercourses. Silt fencing used to protect DSMC/ SIPMIU deteriorating the water quality nearby jhoras. of nearby jhoras (iii) Disposal of construction Temporary Negligible Material / waste storage and disposal areas shall be restricted within the Contractor / wastes leading to adverse premises of the PHED land DSMC/ SIPMIU impacts on adjoining lands 2.4 O&M Impacts

(i) Chances of chlorine leakage Temporary Moderate In Vacuum type chlorinator proposed, the entire apparatus works under vacuum PHED / ULB during operation stage. and the opening of the chlorine inlet valve is governed directly by the vacuum induced in the system. This type of chlorination is considered to be the safest hence no or very negligible chances of chlorine leakage is anticipated. In addition an effective procedure for inventory, control, handling and disposal of all chemicals used shall be maintained.

3 Provision of Bulk and Consumer Meters in the 27 Electromagnetic Bulk meter of different size for different size pipe diameter are Contractor / Distribution System proposed. DSMC / SIPMIU Multeiject Consumer water meters shall be installed covering the entire supply network constituting about 19,000 metered service connections. 3.1 Impacts (i) Bulk meters shall be sited at Temporary Negligible Prior notice to consumer shall be done before meter installation NA all the outlets of the main reservoir. The consumer meters shall be within the premises of the consumer. No environmental impacts are envisaged

4 Primary Network - 31 Km A new water supply DI line of 31 km shall be laid in core areas for main feeder pipes lines including newly developing areas. The Pipe diameter shall very from 80 mm DI to 300 mm DI. 4.1 Location Impacts (i) The primary networks are Permanent Moderate The design of the primary networks shall be worked out to minimise impacts on NA routed along existing road structure and occupants of RoW. Protection measures shall be worked out at networks. Impacts pertaining locations identified as prone to slope failure. to structural stability and impact on RoW occupants, especially along the stretches identified as vulnerable to landslides including Upper Tadong (1.625 Km), Upper Sichey (4.2 Km) and Chandmari (2.7 Km)

4.2 Design Impacts (i) Designs of network at Temporary Significant Vulnerability of locations with respect to location of intersecting fault lines, Consultant/ vulnerable locations is an sinking areas, areas prone to landslips and steep slopes shall be assessed and DSMC / SIPMIU issue of concern incorporated into the design

4.3 Construction Impacts 33

(i) Trenching will produce Permanent Moderate Find beneficial uses in construction or infill Contractor/DSMC/ additional amounts of waste soil SIPMIU

(ii) Waste soil and imported sand Permanent Moderate Find beneficial uses for waste soil in construction, land raising and infilling of Contractor/ could create dust in windy excavated areas. Use tarpaulins to cover dry soil when carried on trucks. Remove DSMC/SIPMIU weather waste quickly, cover/spray stockpiles. Only bring sand (for backfill) to site when needed

(iii) Shops may lose income if Temporary Moderate Compensate businesses for lost income customers’ access is impeded Leave spaces for access between mounds of soil Contractor/DSMC/ Provide bridges to allow people & vehicles to cross trench SIPMIU Increase workforce in these areas to finish work quickly Inform shopkeepers of work in advance

(iv) The construction related Temporary Moderate The impacts shall be reduced through taking up of construction activities in Contractor / impacts may include traffic stretches. Detailed Traffic Control Plans will be prepared. Prior intimation to be DSMC /SIPMIU congestion provided to road users and local communities. Plan work to avoid peak traffic, main tourism season. Plan routes to avoid narrow streets, congested roads, important/fragile buildings, key religious & tourism sites. Increase workforce to finish work quickly. Use modern vehicles/machinery & maintain as specified. Consult relevant authorities, custodians of buildings, local people to address issues & avoid work at sensitive times

(v) The proposed laying of the Temporary Moderate All utilities lost due to the project will be relocated with prior approval of the SIPMIU / primary network might require concerned agencies. Provide alternative water to affected residents Concerned relocation of some utility lines. Utility Department (vi) As the city is prone to heavy Temporary Moderate Adequate provisions for prevention of the dug material from getting eroded into the Contractor / rainfall, the management of drains shall be required. Adequate methods of stockpiling and stabilisation of SIPMIU excavated soil is an issue of the stockpiles are required. Use of silt fences shall be made. Use tarpaulins to cover concern, especially for dry soil when carried on trucks activities within the congested areas.

(vii) Sites of social/cultural Temporary Moderate Identify buildings at risk from vibration damage and avoid using pneumatic drills or Contractor/DSMC/ importance (schools, hospitals, heavy vehicles nearby. Remove waste quickly, cover/spray stockpiles, import sand SIPMIU temples, tourism sites) may be only when needed, cover soil/sand on trucks disturbed by noise, dust, vibration and impeded access

(viii) Ground disturbance could Permanent Significant Stop all work within 100 feet for any discovery. Request state and local Contractor/DSMC/ damage archaeological and archaeological authorities to assess archaeological potential of all work sites. SIPMIU historical remains Include state and town historical authorities as project stakeholders to benefit from their expertise. Develop and apply protocol to protect chance finds (excavation observed by archaeologist; stop work if finds are suspected; state authority to plan appropriate action) (ix) Workers and the public are at Temporary Moderate Prepare and implement a site Health and Safety Plan that includes measures to: - Contractor/ risk from accidents on site Exclude the public from all construction sites;. Ensure that workers use Personal DSMC/SIPMIU Protective Equipment. Provide Health & Safety training for all personnel;. - Follow documented procedures for all site activities;. keep accident reports and records

(x) Existing water supply system Temporary Significant Design infrastructure to avoid known locations of AC pipes. Train construction Contractor/DSMC/ uses AC pipes, a material that personnel in dangers of asbestos and how to recognise AC pipes in situ. Develop & SIPMIU can be carcinogenic if inhaled apply protocol to protect workers and public if AC pipes are encountered. This as dust particles should include:. - immediate reporting of any occurrence to management. removal of all persons to a safe distance. use of appropriate breathing apparatus and protective suits by workers delegated to deal with AC material. safe removal and long-term disposal of AC material (xi) Economic benefits if local Temporary Moderate Contractor should employ at least 50% of workforce from communities in vicinity of Contractor/DSMC people are employed in work sites Contractor’s workforce

(xii) The road users and people Temporary Negligible It shall ensured that after completion of work in any particular road or stretch all Contractor / residing along the roads might roads/other structures that have been affected during the installation process are SIPMIU be adversely affected if reverted to their original conditions and the site of work is cleared of all adequate construction construction material/debris to prevent any inconvenience to the road users. All practices are not adhered to in wastes generated during trenching, burial, restoration of the land etc, shall be the post construction period removed and disposed off as per the statutory requirements 35

4.4 O&M Impacts (i) The road users and the local Temporary Negligible Proper maintenance practices shall be adhered to. Road users to be given prior PHED/ ULB populace can get adversely intimation and alternate arrangements for traffic to be considered impacted during the routine maintenance operations of the rising mains

5 Distribution Network – 38 Km Laying of new lines: Uncovered areas of capital city shall be covered under this project by laying 38 km of DI line with varying diameter from 80 mm to 100 mm. Replacement of smaller diameter line with higher diameter line in existing coverage area: In the existing coverage area, smaller size GI pipelines below 65 mm shall be replaced with DI line of diameter varying from 80 mm to 250 mm 5.1 Location Impacts (i) The distribution network is NA NA NA NA proposed along the existing roads. So no impacts are envisaged. 5.2 Design Impacts (i) The impacts shall be Temporary Moderate Designs to integrate technical as well as environmental and social issues so as Consultant /DSMC significant along stretches to develop the best fit solution that causes minimal impacts on environmental / SIPMIU where higher diameter pipes and social resources. are proposed and the RoW is constricted. In such cases the laying of these networks shall require careful designing.

(ii) In areas such as Bhojogari, Temporary Moderate Wherever necessary appropriate slope stabilization shall be incorporated into the Consultant Upper Chandmari, Sichey and design. /DSMC / SIPMIU 6th Mile, vulnerability of the location with respect to slope failure and land slips need to be assessed

5.3 Construction Impacts (i) Trenching will produce Permanent Moderate Find beneficial uses in construction or infill Contractor/DSMC additional amounts of waste soil / SIPMIU

(ii) Waste soil and imported sand Temporary Moderate Remove waste quickly, cover/spray stockpiles. Only bring sand (for backfill) to site Contractor/DSMC may create dust when needed / SIPMIU

(iii) Shops may lose income if Temporary Significant *Compensate businesses for lost income customers’ access is impeded Leave spaces for access between mounds of soil Contractor/DSMC/ Provide bridges to allow people & vehicles to cross trench SIPMIU Increase workforce in these areas to finish work quickly Inform shopkeepers of work in advance

(iv) The construction related Temporary Moderate The impacts shall be reduced through taking up of construction activities in Contractor / impacts may include traffic stretches. Detailed Traffic Control Plans will be prepared. Prior intimation to be DSMC/ SIPMIU congestion provided to road users and local communities. Plan work to avoid peak traffic, main tourism season. Plan routes to avoid narrow streets, congested roads, important/fragile buildings, key religious & tourism sites. Increase workforce to finish work quickly. Use modern vehicles/machinery & maintain as specified. Consult relevant authorities, custodians of buildings, local people to address issues & avoid work at sensitive times

(v) Sites of social/cultural Temporary Moderate Identify buildings at risk from vibration damage and avoid using pneumatic drills or Contractor/DSMC importance (schools, hospitals, heavy vehicles nearby. Remove waste quickly, cover/spray stockpiles, import sand / SIPMIU temples, tourism sites) may be only when needed, cover soil/sand on trucks disturbed by noise, dust, vibration and impeded access

Ground disturbance could Permanent Significant Stop all work within 100 feet if discovery. Request state and local archaeological Contractor/DSMC damage archaeological and authorities to assess archaeological potential of all work sites. Include state and / SIPMIU

(vi) historical remains town historical authorities as project stakeholders to benefit from their expertise.

Develop and apply protocol to protect chance finds (excavation observed by 37 archaeologist; stop work if finds are suspected; state authority to plan appropriate action)

(vii) Economic benefits if local Temporary Moderate Contractor should employ at least 50% of workforce from communities in vicinity of Contractor/DSMC people are employed in work sites Contractor’s workforce (viii) Proposed laying of the Temporary Negligible All utilities lost due to the project will be relocated with prior approval of the SIPMIU / distribution network might concerned agencies.. Provide alternative water to affected residents. increase Concerned require relocation of some workforce to finish this work quickly so interruptions in service are limited and short. Utility utility lines. Inform communities of any shutdown in advance Department (ix) Disruption of water supply, Temporary Moderate Alternate arrangements for the affected areas during the entire period of PHED/ SIPMIU during replacement of lower disruption of the supply shall be provided. Prior intimation shall be provided to diameter pipeline with higher the users on the disruption diameter (x) Workers and the public are at Temporary Moderate Prepare and implement a site Health and Safety Plan that includes measures to: - Contractor/ risk from accidents on site Exclude the public from all construction sites;. Ensure that workers use Personal DSMC/ SIPMIU Protective Equipment. Provide Health & Safety training for all personnel;. - Follow documented procedures for all site activities;. keep accident reports and records

(xi) Existing water supply system Temporary Significant Design infrastructure to avoid known locations of AC pipes. Train construction Contractor/ uses AC pipes, a material that personnel in dangers of asbestos and how to recognise AC pipes in situ. Develop & DSMC can be carcinogenic if inhaled apply protocol to protect workers and public if AC pipes are encountered. This as dust particles should include:. - immediate reporting of any occurrence to management. removal of all persons to a safe distance. use of appropriate breathing apparatus and protective suits by workers delegated to deal with AC material. safe removal and long-term disposal of AC material

(xii) The road users and people Temporary Negligible It shall ensured that after completion of work in any particular road or stretch Contractor / residing along the roads might proper restoration practices are adopted and the site of work is cleared of all DSMC / SIPMIU be adversely affected if construction material/debris adequate construction practices are not adhered to in the post construction period

5.4 O&M Impacts (i) Impact on road users and the Temporary Negligible Proper maintenance practices shall be adhered to. Road users to be given prior PHED / ULB local populace during the intimation and alternate arrangements for traffic to be considered routine maintenance operations of the distribution network NOTES: Design, Supervision, and Management Consultants (DSMC), State Investment Program Management and Implementation Unit (SIPMIU)

V. INSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME

A. Institutional Requirements

83. The national-level Executing Agency (NEA) for the Investment Program will be MOUD. An Investment Program Coordination Cell (IPCC) will be established in MOUD. IPCC will be responsible for overall management of the Investment Program in the five cities and will include social/environmental safeguard specialists whose tasks include monitoring Program implementation and reviewing and screening the subprojects submitted by States in accordance with subproject selection criteria, including the environmental provisions. A national level Steering Committee (NSC) will be set up by GOI within three months of loan effectiveness to monitor the use of funds under MFF and overall implementation performance of the Investment Program.. The IPCC will be assisted by a Project Management Consultant (PMC) to provide support and coordination for environmental assessment and review procedures. A State-level Executing Agency (SEA) in each State will be responsible for executing the part of the loan falling under the respective State Governments.

84. A consolidated State Investment Program Management and Implementation Unit (SIPMIU) will be established in each of the five SEAs and headed by a Program Director (PD). SIPMIU will oversee the Program's environment and resettlement planning. This includes the preparation of all documentation needed for decision-making, contracting, and supervision of work and providing progress-monitoring information to the PD. The SIPMIU shall comprise of a Safeguards and Social Cell staffed with an Environmental Officer (EO). Box 1 provides the Terms of References for the EO. The EO shall be responsible for implementing the environmental safeguard provisions in the project including (i) ensuring environmental criteria for subproject selection in the EARP (also see Table A11.2) are followed, (ii) ensuring mitigation requirements are in contractor bidding documents, and (iii) liasing with various Central and State government agencies on compliance matters. The SIPMIU will appoint and manage Construction Contractors (CC) to build elements of the infrastructure who are required to submit Environmental Implementation Plans (EIPs) for SIPMIU approval.

85. The SIPMIU will be assisted by the DSMC, who will design the infrastructure, manage tendering of contracts, and supervise the construction process. An Environmental Specialist (ES) in the DSMC will be responsible for addressing the environmental issues in the project components during design and implementation. Box 2 provides the Terms of References for the ES. The ES will ensure all mitigation requirements are in contractor bidding documents and EIPs, and will supervise the effective implementation of environmental provisions during construction. In addition, the ES will assist the IPMU on the procurement needs and other project implementation aspects and shall play a central role in ensuring capacity building on environmental management of the IPMU, Contractor and Line Departments through capacity development support and training.

86. DSMC will submit periodic monitoring and implementation reports to SIPMIU, who will take follow-up actions, if necessary. SIPMIU will submit monitoring reports to the PD who will then submit to ADB. SIPMIU will also prepare annual monitoring reports for IPCC and assist IPCC in preparing an annual monitoring report to ADB. The annual report is to focus on the progress of implementation of the EMP and EARP and issues encountered and measures adopted, follow-up actions required, if any, as well as the status of Program compliance with subproject selection criteria, and relevant loan covenants. IPCC will seek clearance for submission and disclosure of the annual environmental monitoring report to ADB. Figure 6 illustrates the organizational chart of the proposed institutional arrangement.

40 Box 1: Terms of Reference of Environmental Officer (EO) SIPMIU Environmental Officer A Civil Engineer with specialization in Environment/ Public Health with experience in the management of infrastructure projects and knowledge of the Indian legislative framework for environmental management.

Roles & Responsibilities • Review the IEE Document and ensure adequacy under ADB's Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2003. • Ensure that the project design and specification adequately reflect the IEE. • Co-ordinate the obtaining of requisite government Environmental Clearances for the project. • Liaise with the various Central and State Government agencies on environmental and other regulatory matters. Advise SIPMIU for compliance with statutory requirements. • Develop training programme for the SIPMIU staff, the contractors and others involved in the project implementation, in collaboration with the Environmental Specialist of the DSMC. • Approve the Contractor's Environmental Implementation Plan (EIP) for the environmental measures, as per the IEE and the Supplemental Studies carried out by the Environmental Specialist of the DSMC. • Ensure mitigation requirements are in contractor bidding documents • Liaise with the Contractors and DSMC on the implementation of the environmental provisions in the EIP. • Continuously interact with the NGOs and Community groups to be involved in the project. • Establish dialogue with the affected communities and ensure that the environmental concerns and suggestions are incorporated and implemented in the project. • Review the environmental performance of the project through an assessment of the periodic environmental monitoring reports submitted by the DSMC; provide monitoring report to the Project Director, and initiate necessary follow-up actions, if any. PD to submit periodic monitoring reports to ADB. Assist SIPMIU to submit annual monitoring report to IPCC; and assist IPCC prepare the annual monitoring report on environment. • Provide support and assistance to the Government Agencies and ADB to supervise the implementation of the IEE during the construction as well as operation stage of the project. • Document the good practices in the project on incorporation and integration of environmental issues into engineering design and on implementing measures in the construction and maintenance programs of urban infrastructure project, and dissemination of the same. • Work closely with DSMC ES to review design changes and if these warrant classification of the change, initiate the EA process in accordance with the EARP. Work with DSMC in revising the IEE/EIA/EMP in accordance with detailed design changes as warranted.

Box 2: Terms of Reference of Environmental Specialist DSMC’s Environmental Specialist A civil engineer preferably with postgraduate specialization in environmental / public health engineering, having 15 years of working experience related to the integration of environmental and social issues in the design, construction and operation of infrastructure projects.

Roles & Responsibilities • Review the IEE Document and ensure adequacy under ADB's Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2003. • Interact on a regular basis with the sector specialist of the DSMC and integrate environmentally sound practices into the detailed design of project components. • Advise SIPMIU for compliance with statutory clearances. • Work out the site specific mitigation measures for components as required and integrate the same into contractual provisions; and review and approve site specific environmental enhancement/mitigation designs worked out by the Contractor. • Review the Contractors' Environmental Implementation Plans (EIPs) to ensure compliance with the IEE. Ensure all mitigation requirements are in contractor bidding documents. • Develop, organize and deliver environmental training programmes and workshops for the staff of the SIPMIU and Contractors and in accordance to the Capacity Building Programme as specified in the IEE. • Preparation of Activity Plans/ Supplemental studies for environmental management of critical sub-projects identified in the IEE (these include Site Management Plans, Waste Management Plans, Sludge Management and Disposal Plans, Occupational Safety Plans, Leachate Management and Disposal Plans and Natural Habitat Management Plans). • Supervise the implementation of the IEE/EIP provisions by the Contractors. • Hold regular consultation meetings with the Environmental Cell of the SIPMIU. • Develop good practice construction guidelines to assist the contractors in implementing the provisions of the IEE. • Prepare and submit regular environmental monitoring and implementation progress reports to SIPMIU. • Assist Environmental Cell to prepare good practice dissemination notes based on the experience gained from site supervision. • Review design changes and if these warrant classification of the change, initiate the EA process in accordance with the EARP and revise the IEE/EIA/EMP in accordance with detailed design changes as warranted and ensure these changes are integrated into contract documents and implemented.

Figure 6: Organizational Chart of Investment Program

INVESTMENT PROGRAM ORGANISATION CHART

National Steering MINISTRY OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY Committee ALLEVIATION Chair: Secy-MOUD MDONER, DEA, PC INVESTMENT PROGRAM COORDINATION CELL Headed by: Program Investment Manager Staff: Administrative/Financial, Technical, Social/Environment

State Steering Committee State Level Program Empowered Committee Chair: Chief Secretary Chair: SEA Secretary ULB, UDD,PHED, PWD, DOF, PD ULB, UDD, PHED, PWD, DOF, PD

Design, Supervision State Investment Program Management and Implementation Unit Institutional and Management Consultants Headed by: State Program Director Development (DSMCs) Deputy Directors for Program Management and Implementation Consultant

Engineering Safeguards and Social Urban MIS Adm.& Water Supply, Sewerage/Sanitation, Environment Reform Finance Drainage/Landslip Protection, Roads Transport, Cap Bui SWM Social and Resettlement

Support Technical and Administrative Staff Staff on deputation

•STATE EXECUTING AGENCIES (SEA) Tripura – UDD Nagaland – UDD Mizoram – UDD Meghalaya – UAD Sikkim - UDHD 41 MoDONER = Ministry for Development of North Eastern Region, Secy = Secretary, MoUD&PA = Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation, DEA = Department of Economic Affairs, PC = Planning Commission, C&S = Commissioner & Secretary, UDD = Urban Development Department, UAD =Urban Affairs Department, LAD = Local Administration Department, UDHD = Urban Development and Housing Department, FA = Financial Advisor, Comm = Commissioner, PHED = Public Health Engineering Department, PWD = Public Works Department, PD = Program Director, RR = Resettlement and Rehabilitation,

B. Environmental Monitoring Plan

87. An integral part of environmental protection is the continuous monitoring of the conditions of the receiving environment to determine if any undesirable changes are occurring as a result of the project. Since the effects on living receptors are received mainly through the surface water, air, and surrounding soil, environmental monitoring principally requires quantitative measurements of the amount of pollutants present in these environmental media.

88. Environmental monitoring will be done during construction in three levels; namely as monitoring of development of project performance indicators done by the Environmental Specialist of the DSMC, monitoring of implementation of mitigation measures done by the Contractor; and overall regulatory monitoring of the environmental issues done by Environmental Officer of the SIPMIU.

89. The environmental monitoring plan for the project for the individual infrastructure components is presented in Table 20. The proposed monitoring of all relevant environmental parameters, with a description of the sampling stations, frequency of monitoring, applicable standards and responsible agencies are presented.

Table 20: Environmental Monitoring Plan for Gangtok – Water Supply Sub-project Sl No Attributes Stage Parameters to be Location Frequency Standard Responsibility Monitored 1 Surface Water Quality of Construction TDS, TSS, pH, Upstream and down stream of Twice a year (pre IS:2296 Contractor to be Selep Jhora Stage Hardness Material Stockyards at Selep monsoon and post monitored by Treatment Plant monsoon) for the SPCB entire period of construction

2 Surface Water Quality of Construction TDS, TSS, pH, Within 500 m of proposed Twice a year (pre IS: 2296 Contractor to be Nearby Water Courses Stage Hardness, zonal reservoirs and monsoon and post monitored by Chlorine Residuals chlorinators at Hanuman Tok monsoon) for the SPCB Police Check Post (chlorinator entire proposed only) near Syari, period of construction near IGNOU campus and adjacent to 6th milere 3 Surface Water Quality of Construction TDS, TSS, pH, Along and across the jhoras Twice a year (pre IS: 2296 Contractor to be Nearby Water Courses Stage Hardness where new rising mains and monsoon and post monitored by primary monsoon) for the SPCB network is proposed entire period of construction 4 Air Quality at Sensitive Construction SPM & RPM (i) In Bulbulay Reserve Forest Thrice a year (once Ambient Air Contractor to be Receptors Stage near Hanuman Tok Police in each season Quality monitored by Checkpost (ii) Central Refral except monsoons) for Standards, SPCB Hospital (Upper Tadong) (iii) the entire CPCB Holy Cross School (Upper construction period Tadong) (iv) Tibetology (Syari) 5 Noise Levels at Sensitive Construction Equivalent Day & Night (i) In Bulbulay Reserve Forest Thrice a year (once MoEF Noise Contractor to be Receptors Stage Time Noise Levels near Hanuman Tok Police in Rules, monitored by Checkpost (ii) Central Refral each season except 2000 SPCB Hospital (Upper Tadong) (iii) monsoons) for the Holy Cross School (Upper entire Tadong) (iv) Tibetology construction period (Syari)

6 Surface Water Quality of Operation TDS, TSS, pH, Upstream and down stream of Twice a year (pre IS: 2296 Contractor to be Selep Jhora Stage Hardness point of discharge of filter monsoon and post monitored by backwash waters and primary monsoon) for the first SPCB sludge three years of 43 operation

7 Noise Levels within Selep Operation Equivalent Day & Night Administrative Building of Thrice a year (once MoEF Noise Contractor to be Treatment Plant (due to Stage Time Noise Levels Selep in each season Rules, monitored by Pumphouse operation) Treatment Plant except monsoons) for 2000 SPCB the first three years of operation

8 Potable Water Quality Operation Parameters to be Locations include areas Twice a year (pre IS: 10500 Contractor to be Stage monitored vulnerable to contamination: monsoon and post monitored by as per IS: 10500 (i) Munci Colony (ii) DPH (iii) monsoon) for the first SPCB Old Slaughter House (iv) three years of Chandmari (v) 6th Mile (vi) operation Upper Sichey

C. Capacity Building

1. Target Audience

90. Members of the Environmental Cell of the SIPMIU and Engineers of Nodal Line Departments associated with the proposed improvements in NERCCDIP will be trained in environmental protection both in theoretical and practical aspects. While theoretical aspects will form the bedrock of the training programme, it will be the practical site visits and /or hands-on training at project site itself, which will be of direct use to the project.

2. Training Components

91. The training programme will kick off with a Sensitization Workshop for Secretaries, Chief Engineers and Superintendent Engineers of the line departments and also involving the Project Director and Environmental Officer of the Project Management Unit (SIPMIU).

92. The Environmental Specialist of the Design Supervision Consultants (DSMC) will provide the basic training required for environmental awareness followed by specific aspects of Urban Sector Projects along with Environmental implications in NERCCDIP . Specific modules customized for the available skill set shall be devised after assessing the capabilities of the members of the Training Programme and the requirements of the project. The entire training would cover basic principles of environmental assessment and management; mitigation plans and programmes, implementation techniques, monitoring methods and tools. Specific issues of Urban Environmental Management shall be taken up in separate sessions.

93. Typical modules that would be present for the training session would be as follows: (i) Sensitization (ii) Introduction to Environment (iii) Environmental Considerations in Urban Development Projects (iv) Review of IEE and Integration into Design (v) Improved Co-ordination within Nodal Departments (vi) Special issues in NERCCDIP (vii) Role during construction (viii) Monitoring & Reporting System

94. The proposed training program along with the frequency of sessions is presented in Table 21.

Table 21: Training Program for Environmental Management Programme Description Participants Form of Duration/ Training Training Location Conducting Agency

A. Pre-Construction Stage Sensitization Introduction to Environment: Secretaries, Chief Workshop ½ Working Environmental Workshop • Basic Concept of environment Engineer Day Specialist of • Environmental Regulations Superintendent the Statutory requirements as Engineers PWD, DSMC Government of India and ADB PHED and UD&HD and Project Director (PD) and Environmental Officer (EO) of the SIPMIU

Programme Description Participants Form of Duration/ Training Training Location Conducting Agency Session I Module I Introduction to Environment: Engineers of PWD, Lecture ¼ Working Environmental • Basic Concept of environment PHED and UD&HD Day Specialist of • Environmental Regulations and of Gangtok Division, DSMC Statutory requirements as per SIPMIU (Technical Government of India and ADB Unit) and SIPMIU (Environmental Unit) Module II Environmental Considerations in Engineers of PWD, Workshop ¼ Working Environmental Urban Development Projects: PHED and UD&HD Day Specialist of • Environmental components of Gangtok Division, DSMC SIPMIU (Technical affected by urban development in construction and operation stages Unit) and SIPMIU • Activities causing pollution during (Environmental Unit including the EO) construction and operation stages • Environmental Management Good Practices in Urban Infrastructure Projects Module III Review of IEE and its Integration into Engineers of PWD, Lecture and ½ Working Environmental Designs: PHED and UD&HD Field Visit Day Specialist of • IEE Methodology of Gangtok Division, DSMC • SIPMIU (Technical Environmental Provisions in NERCCDIP Unit) and SIPMIU • Implementation Arrangements (Environmental Unit • including the EO) Methodology of Assessment of Pollution Monitoring Methodology for site selection of • borrow areas, waste disposal areas etc.

Module IV Improved Co-ordination with Engineers of PWD, Lecture / ½ Working Environmental other Departments: PHED and UD&HD Interactive Day Specialist of of Gangtok Division, Sessions DSMC SIPMIU (Technical • Overview of NERCCDIP • Unit) and SIPMIU • Environmental & Social Impacts (Environmental Unit Statutory Permissions– including the EO) Procedural Requirements

• Co-operation & Co-ordination with other Departments. Module V Special Issues in NERCCDIP SIPMIU (Technical Lecture ½ Working Environmental • Bio-Diversity Assessment Unit) and SIPMIU Day Specialist of Conservation (Environmental Unit DSMC and including the EO) PMMC in • Geomorphological Assessment MOUD; And Slope Protection

Statutory Permissions – • Procedural Requirements

• Consultation and Counseling

B. Construction Stage Session II Module VI Role during Construction Engineers of PWD, Lecture/ ½ Working Environmental • Roles and Responsibilities PHED and UD&HD Interactive Day Specialist of of Gangtok Division, Sessions DSMC officials/contractors/consultants towards protection of environment SIPMIU (Technical • Implementation Arrangements Unit) and SIPMIU • Monitoring mechanisms (Environmental Unit including the EO) Module VII Monitoring and Reporting System SIPMIU (Technical Lecture/ ½ Working Environmental Unit) and SIPMIU Interactive Day Specialist of (Environmental Unit Sessions DSMC including the EO)

D. Environmental Budget

95. As part of good engineering practices in the project, there have been several measures as erosion prevention, rehabilitation of borrow areas, safety, signage, provision of temporary drains, etc the costs for which are included in the design costs of specific subprojects. Therefore, these items of costs have not been included in the IEE budget. Only those items not covered under budgets for construction and RAP are costed in the IEE budget. The IEE costs include mitigation, monitoring and capacity buildings costs. The summary budget for the environmental management costs of the water supply subprojects in Gangtok is presented in Table 22.

Table 22: Environmental Budget, Water Supply Sl. Particulars Stages Unit Rate (INR) Cost (INR No. Million) A. Mitigation Measures 1.1 Silt Fencing Construction Per running meter 500 0.025 Sub -Total (A) 0.025 B. Monitoring Measures 1.1 Surface Water Quality Construction Per sample 2000 0.064 1.2 Air Quality Construction Per sample 3000 0.036 1.3 Noise Levels Construction Per sample 1000 0.012 1.4 Surface Water Quality Operation Per sample 2000 0.024 1.5 Noise Levels Operation Per sample 1000 0.018 1.6 Potable Water Quality Operation Per sample 1000 0.072 Sub -Total (B) 0.226 C Capacity Building 1.1 Sensitization Workshop Pre-Construction Lump sum 0.075 1.2 Training Session I Pre-Construction Lump sum 0.300 1.3 Training Session II Construction Lump sum 0.150 Sub-Total C 0.525 Total (A+B+C) 0.776 Add Contingencies (5 %) 0.814

VI. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DICLOSURES

A. Process for Consultation

96. Consultations with stakeholders on environmental issues have been taken up as an integral part of the PPTA process. These consultations provided inputs to the various sector specialists in identification of the felt needs of the communities, and the relevant stakeholders. The outputs of the consultation sessions are documented in Volume TR11, on Stakeholder Consultations. Consultations were held with the following stakeholders: (i) Officials of State Government Departments; (ii) Elected Representatives; (iii) NGOs and environmental groups; and, (iv) Communities.

97. The tools for consultation included formal meetings, structured discussions, focus group discussions apart from questionnaire administered for a sample population.

98. A total of 15 primary consultation meetings have been held in Gangtok in the month of June 2005.

99. Table 23 lists the details of the meetings such as location, date, time, venue etc of the meeting.

Table 23: Details of Primary Consultation program held in GGPA S. Type of Stakeholders in the No of Duration consultations participant s No Consultation Area Venue Date Time 1 FGD with Community, SE, PHED Daragaon and Office of SE, 15 21- 11.00- 90 min community and Garigaon (Upper PHED, Gangtok 12.30 SE, PHED Tadong) hrs 2 FGD Community Munshi Colony, Residence of 9 21- 16.30- 60 min Development Area one of the 17.30 Participant hrs 3 FGD Community Notified Slum Residence of 11 22- 16.30- 60 min Area, Sicheygaon one of the 17.30 participant hrs 4 FGD with Community, Rural Chandmari and Panchayat Hall, 14 23- 10.30- 60 min community and Development Officer, Bhurtuk Chandmari 11.30 elected Panchayat Members hrs representatives

6 FGD Community, Rural Sichey Panchayat 10 23- 14.30- 75 min Development Officer Office, Sichey 15.45 hrs 7 FGD Community, Panchayat Bhojogari Residence of 11 23- 16.00- 90 min Members, Minster of Panchayat 17.30 Power Member hrs Community, Rural Chandmari and Panchayat Hall, 23- 10.30- 8 FGD Development Officer, Bhurtuk Chandmari 14 11.30 60 min Panchayat Members Community, Rural Panchayat 23- 14.30- 6 05 9 FGD Sichey 10 75 min Development Officer Office, Sichey 15.45 Individual Mrs. Manita Pradhan, Lower Secretariat, 24- 10.45- Chairperson, Sikkim 6-05 10 State Commission for Office of SSCW 1 20 min Interview Gangtok 11.05 Women, Government of Sikkim Individual Mrs C Cintury, 25- 11.00- 11 Interview Secretary, Social DPH Office of SWD 1 11.10 10 min

S. Type of Stakeholders in the No of Duration No Consultation consultation Area Venue Particip Date Time ants Welfare Department for Women and Children, Government of Sikkim Individual Mrs Shanti Pradhan, 25-6-05 9.00- 12 Sikkim Women's Council Flower Nursery Residence 1 45 min

Interview 9.45 (NGO) 13 Individual Mr. PD Rai, Head of Sikkim Office of Sikkim 1 20-6-05 15.00- 45 min Interview NGO, ECOSS Computers 15.45 hrs 14 Individual Mr. Rinzino Lepcha, Sikkim Office of ECOSS 1 21-6-05 9.30- 60 min Interview ECOSS 10.30 hrs 15 Individual Mr. Ganden Lachungpa, Sikkim Office of SDF 1 21-6-05 17.00- 45 min Interview Executive Secretary, 17.45 Sikkim Development hrs Foundation (SDF)

100. The summary of consultations held during the PPTA assignment in Gangtok is presented in Table 24. The details of the various issues raised and suggestions received during the various consultation sessions are summarized in the Table 25.

Table 24: Summary of Consultations Held - Gangtok Stage of Stakeholders Consulted Tool Scope of consultation Consultations PPTA carried out by Study State Government officials from Formal Introduction of project, Team leader, Inception Urban Development and meetings/ project components, time deputy team Housing Department Discussions frame and expectations from leader, Public Health Engineering the departments environment Department Overview of Environment specialist Public Works Department and Social assessments Department of Forests Inception Officials from Workshop Discussions on approach PPTA team workshop Ministry of Development of and methodology for the North-eastern region (MoDNER), study, including EA/SA GoI Government of Sikkim Situation State Government Departments Formal Status of infrastructure Sector analysis NGOs, including ECOSS, Sikkim meetings/ services specialists Development Foundation Discussions Interim Officials from Workshop Dissemination of findings of PPTA team workshop Ministry of Development of interim report North-eastern region (MoDNER), GoI Government of Sikkim Feasibility State Government Departments Formal Felt needs/ perceptions of Team Leader, analysis NGOs including ECOSS, Sikkim meetings/ the communities Sector Development Foundation, Sikkim Structured Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Specialists Women's Council Discussions the infrastructure Environment Local leaders and elected FGDs, SES improvements specialist representatives, panchayat Environmental issues due to Public members project interventions Consultation Communities Possibilities of involvement specialist of communities Biodiversity specialist Finalization State Government Departments Meetings Response to the Team Leader, of project NGOs including ECOSS, Sikkim communities on Sector components development Foundation, Sikkim incorporation of felt needs Specialists Women's Council and perceptions Environment Local leaders and elected Dissemination of project Specialist representatives, panchayat components Public members Consultation Communities specialist

B. Consultation Outcomes

1. Inception Stage

101. The consultations at the Inception stage provided the team an opportunity to provide an orientation to the departments of the Government of Sikkim on the project, its likely scope, time frame and the nature and extent of studies including environmental and social assessments to be carried out as part of the project.

2. Situation Analysis and Assessment

102. The process of consultation with stakeholders was carried out as part of the situation analysis for the various infrastructure sectors. These consultations provided inputs in identifying the needs and priorities of these agencies to be taken up for implementation in the proposed project. A summary of the issues particularly relevant to the environment in the water supply component is presented in the Table below.

Table 25: Issues Raised and Suggestions Received – Situation Analysis Stage Sector Stakeholders Issues raised / suggestions Response consulted received Water PHED Need for improvement in Distribution Conversion of multipipe system to Supply system to increase operational conventional main, sub main distribution efficiency. system shall be done in the project.

Sustainability of the source (from Further discussion with forest department on the landslides) through protection of the protection measures in the Rateychu catchments of Rateychu. Catchment Areas shall be carried.

Lack of access to water supply in Provision of pumping arrangements several areas. shall be done to supply treated water in the upper reaches. Supply of untreated water to areas such as Chandmari located in high Operational improvements and reaches of the existing WTP at Selep. coverage of unserved areas shall be proposed in the project.

3. Interim Stage

103. The situation analysis for each of the sectors were presented in the Interim Workshop wherein sector wise potential list of proposals in each of the priority infrastructure sectors were presented to the representatives of the various line departments. The discussions and feedback obtained on the proposals provided feedback towards the feasibility analysis for the formulation of projects.

4. Feasibility Analysis

104. The inputs received from the state during the interim works, provided critical inputs towards scoping of the proposed improvements in each of the infrastructure sectors. Further consultations were carried out wherein specific improvements and sub-projects were discussed. These consultations also provided an opportunity to identify the subprojects as desired by the communities, NGOs, to be implemented in the project. These projects, have been included as part of the proposed components to the extent possible. During these consultations, the stakeholders have been apprised of the participatory approach that shall be further adopted during the detailed design and implementation of the components.

C. Framework for Continued Participation in Subsequent Project Stages

105. The participation framework for the NERCCDIP proposes regular and continued stakeholder participation, at all stages during the project design and implementation. A grievance redressal cell shall be set up within the SIPMIU to register grievances of the people regarding technical, social and environmental aspects. This participatory process shall ensure that all views of the people are adequately reviewed and suitably incorporated in the design and implementation process. Further, to ensure an effective disclosure of the project proposals to the stakeholders and the communities in Gangtok, an extensive project awareness campaigns shall be carried out regarding different sectoral projects with the following objectives: (i) To educate the communities on the project provisions and the potential benefits due to the proposed improvements (ii) To impart awareness on hygienic practices to be adopted for proper utilization of the proposed infrastructure improvements

106. For the benefit of the community, and as per ADB disclosure requirements, the IEE will be translated into Hindi and made available at: (i) UD&HD office; (ii) District Magistrate Office; and, (iii) SIPMIU. Hard copies of the IEE will be kept in the city library, accessible to citizens as a means to disclose the document and at the same time creating wider public awareness. Electronic version of the IEE will be placed in the official website of the SIPMIU / State Government and the official website of ADB after approval of the IEE by Government and ADB. The SIPMIU will issue Notification on the locality-wise start date of implementation of the project. The notice will be issued by the SIPMIU in local newspapers one month ahead of the implementation works. This will create awareness of the project implementation among the public. Posters designed to mass campaign the basic tenets of the IEE will be distributed to libraries in different localities that will be generating mass awareness. Copies of the summary of IEE will be kept in the SIPMIU office and posted on ADBs website, as well as available upon request.

VII. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

107. Most of the components to be taken up for water supply sub-projects are rehabilitation / refurbishment of existing the existing networks. All components in the water supply subproject for Gangtok effectively avoid encroachment / direct impact onto environmentally sensitive locations or protected area networks. This has been through appropriate considerations towards sitting and selection of priority components.

108. It is to be noted that as per the statutory requirements of Government of India per the Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 2006 Environmental Impact Assessments are not required for any of the components selected for the water supply sub-project. Similarly, the proposed improvements do not warrant an EIA, in accordance with the ADB policy as none of the project components are: (i) likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts and (ii) located within designated environmental sensitive or protected areas. However, as noted in Section I the projects may require the appropriate consents to establish and operate from the Sikkim State Pollution Control Board.

109. The significance of the environmental impacts shall be more due to the construction related impacts than any impacts associated with areas of rich environmental sensitivity. It is to be noted that the resultant potential impacts from these proposals can be offset through provision of proven mitigation measures during the design and adoption of good engineering practices during construction and implementation. No further detailed EIA shall be required for the proposed

52 components. The effective implementation of the same shall be ensured through the building up of capacity towards environmental management within the SIPMIU supplemented with the technical expertise of an Environmental Specialist as part of the DSMC. Further, the monitoring plans shall provide adequate opportunities towards course correction to address any residual impacts during construction or operation stages.

VIII. CONCLUSIONS

110. The proposed components should proceed through to design and implementation, subject to mitigation measures and monitoring programs identified in the IEE which will be updated and detailed during detailed design stage, and based on above recommendations. It may be emphasized that, owing to: (i) scale of activity, (ii) location of the proposed sub-project component, and (iii) ‘no environmental sensitivity’ of the sub-projects, none of the components are required to go through the process of EIA. It may be emphasized that the present IEE, which identifies potential impacts and suggests appropriate mitigation measures, is sufficient enough to safeguard the environment. There are no significant adverse impacts, which are irreversible or may lead to considerable loss/destruction of environment, envisaged. All the impacts are simple and moreover proven mitigation measures exists to minimize/mitigate the same. Hence, no further study such as an EIA is required.