DOCSLIB.ORG

The Baltic Sea Region: Hard and Soft Security Reconsidered the Baltic Sea Region: Hard and Soft Security Reconsidered

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Baltic Sea Region: Hard and Soft Security Reconsidered the Baltic Sea Region: Hard and Soft Security Reconsidered The Baltic Sea Region: Hard and Soft Security Reconsidered The Baltic Sea Region: Hard and Soft Security Reconsidered Editors: Māris Andžāns Ilvija Bruģe Latvian Institute of International Affairs Riga, 2016 Supported by: The Baltic Sea Region: Hard and Soft Security Reconsidered The Baltic Sea region has experienced profound alterations since the Cold War, and the region’s course of evolution is likely to continue as such. The book “The Baltic Sea Region: Hard and Soft Security Reconsidered” provides a collection of opinions that assess the current situation both in the military as well as non-military fields, with a particular focus on the aftermath of the 2016 NATO Warsaw summit and the state of the play of the regional infrastructure interconnections. The book is the result of successful collaboration between the Latvian Institute of International Affairs, the Public Diplomacy Division of NATO, the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung and the Nordic Council of Ministers. Editors: Māris Andžāns, Ilvija Bruģe Scientific editor: Andris Sprūds Authors: Mika Aaltola, Kristiāns Andžāns, Māris Andžāns, Reinis Āboltiņš, Ilvija Bruģe, Tomas Janeliūnas, Kai-Olaf Lang, Wojciech Lorenz, Claudia Morsut, Henrik Praks, Gunda Reire, Kristina Rimkūnaitė, Anke Schmidt-Felzmann, Bengt Sundelius, Margarita Šešelgytė, Ivan Timofeev, Viljar Veebel This publication is an effort of the Latvian Institute of International Affairs with support by Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, NATO Public Diplomacy Division and Nordic Council of Ministers’ Office in Latvia. The opinions expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the positions of the Latvian Institute of International Affairs or any of the sponsors, or represent the opinion of any government authority or ministry. English language editor: Josu Samaniego del Campo Cover design: Līga Rozentāle Layout: Oskars Stalidzāns The book is published in collaboration with the Publishers Hansa Print Riga. © Authors of the articles, 2016 ISBN 978-9984-583-89-1 © Layout: Oskars Stalidzāns UDK 355.02(4)+327(4) © Cover design: Līga Rozentāle An318 © Latvian Institute of International Affairs Table of Contents Introductory Remarks: A Contested Region in the Times of Constant Realignments Māris Andžāns . 7 Possible Nordic-Baltic Security Developments and Responses in Face of the Russia Challenge: A Perspective from Finland Mika Aaltola . 10 Aftermath of the NATO Warsaw Summit – Effects on the Security of the Baltic Sea Region . A perspective from Poland Wojciech Lorenz . 25 Warsaw Decisions: Is the Glass Half Full or Half Empty? A Perspective from Lithuania Margarita Šešelgytė . 35 NATO Warsaw Summit – Implications for Estonia Henrik Praks . 45 Russia and NATO in the Baltic Ivan Timofeev . 56 Energy Security in the Baltic Sea region: EU Members of the Region between Integration and Discord Kai-Olaf Lang . 66 On Opposite Shores, Not Just Geographically: German and Swedish Perspectives on Nord Stream and Energy Insecurity with Russia in the Baltic Sea Region Anke Schmidt-Felzmann . 75 Energy Infrastructure in the Baltic Sea Region: The Backbone of Energy Security Reinis Āboltiņš . 100 Klaipeda’s LNG Terminal – Unilateral Decision for a Common Gain Tomas Janeliūnas, Kristina Rimkūnaitė . 112 The Rail Baltica Project: Connecting the Baltic States or Connecting the Baltic States with the Baltic Sea Region? Kristiāns Andžāns . 124 Balancing between Greater Safety and Endless Donations: Various Facets of the Inter-Connectivity of the Baltic Countries Based on the Example of the Rail Baltic Project . A Perspective from Estonia Viljar Veebel . 141 Societal Security: An Emerging Field of Scholarship Underpinning Practices in the Baltic Sea Region Bengt Sundelius . 157 Resilience Challenges in the Baltic Countries Gunda Reire . 169 Looking for Societal Security in the Norwegian Government’s Discourse on Integration Claudia Morsut . 179 Conclusions: Unity as the Way Forward Ilvija Bruģe . 201 About the Authors . 205 Introductory Remarks: A Contested Region in the Times of Constant Realignments Māris Andžāns The shores of the Baltic Sea have experienced profound changes during the 20th and 21st century . During the Cold War, the region was dominated by the Soviet Union and its 1955 “Warsaw Pact” subsidiaries to cover the Eastern and the Southern shores of the sea whereas the non-aligned Sweden and Finland covered most of the remaining parts . Regional and cooperative interaction dynamics were considerably limited by the international system level factors and actors . The collapse of the Soviet Union allowed to unfold a multi-layer and multi-level regional cooperation dimension . It raised prospects of further regional rapprochement and integration among the countries at the shores of the sea – both at the national and sub-national levels, such fields as the political, economic, societal, environmental and others . Institutionalized multilateral cooperation formats and bilateral mechanisms have since then promoted cooperation . Interaction particularly intensified between and among the Baltic states and the Nordic States as the later assisted the Baltic states to undergo significant reforms in their state re-building processes after the occupation of the Soviet Union . The relative cooperative optimism of the 1990s started to fade with the definition and re-definition of the strategic priorities of countries surrounding the Baltic Sea . Russia gradually became increasingly assertive in establishing and following its own path with its implications also for the Baltic Sea region that among other things included a higher level of centralization of its regional cooperation policies . By 2004, not only Sweden and Finland but also Poland and the Baltic states had joined the European Union and all but the two former ones had also joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) . The Baltic Sea region has become 7 increasingly “Europeanised” and “Westernised” in political, economic and military areas, particularly when compared to the Cold War period . The prospects of a multi-level and multi-layer cooperative Baltic Sea region model increasingly faded away with the assertive Russia’s foreign policy in the territory of the former Soviet Union and beyond . Its 2008 war with Georgia and intervention in Ukraine since 2014 markedly decreased the levels of trust towards Russia in the societies and political elites of the Baltic states and Poland in particular, leading to definition of Russia as a meaningful source of threats . Russia also has steadily increased its military capacity and activity in the waters of the Baltic Sea, the air space above the sea as well as on the ground near the Baltic states and Poland . 61 years after the inception of the “Warsaw Pact”, “Warsaw” symbolically bears a very different meaning . Decisions taken at the 2016 NATO Summit held in Warsaw paved the way for major practical steps in reinvigorating the Article 5 of the 1949 North Atlantic Treaty . Most importantly, the heads of state and government of NATO agreed to establish an enhanced forward presence in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland . It is expected that the enhanced forward presence along with other enhanced and NATO mechanisms will serve as a credible deterrent against potential cruel intentions of Russia . However, regardless of Russia’s intentions in the region, Russia possesses military capabilities that make the Baltic states practically indefensible in the case a full spectrum of Russia’s potential is employed . Therefore, not only effective and credible deterrence but also dialogue with Russia is essential to decrease the risks of intended or unintended escalations . Not only in the military realm has the Baltic Sea region seen considerable realignments . The Baltic states have traditionally been considered as an “island” in the European Union both in terms of their energy and railway connections, given the inherited connections from the past . With the already completed and ongoing projects in connecting their natural gas and energy grids with the Nordic countries and Poland as well as with the establishment of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal in Lithuania, the Baltic states, as a minimum, have become as an “energy peninsula” of the European Union . The expected construction of the “Rail 8 Baltica” railroad line – a “European gauge” connection – will increase the connectivity not only between the Baltic states but also with their neighbours and the Western European countries in the longer term . Even though different unresolved issues in regards to the energy and railway connections remain, the interconnectivity of the European Union member states of the Baltic Sea region will increase . Simultaneously, interaction between the Baltic states and Russia is likely to decrease – not only in the energy sector, but also in the cargo transportation, since a gradual reorientation of Russia’s cargo is likely to be inevitable towards its own ports . At the same time, the natural gas connection established by the “Nord Stream” between Russia and Germany will retain a meaningful Russia’s role in the energy policy of some of the countries in the region for a foreseeable future . There are different other risks related to the interaction among some or all of the Baltic Sea region countries as well as the internal and external factors resulting, for example, from uneven development and socio- economic cohesion in some parts, or societal cohesion– not only on the Eastern side of the Baltic Sea but also in the Nordic countries as
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Personal Agency at the Swedish Age of Greatness 1560–1720
    Edited by Petri Karonen and Marko Hakanen Marko and Karonen Petri by Edited Personal Agency at the Swedish Age of Greatness 1560-1720 provides fresh insights into the state-building process in Sweden. During this transitional period, many far-reaching administrative reforms were the Swedish at Agency Personal Age of Greatness 1560–1720 Greatness of Age carried out, and the Swedish state developed into a prime example of the ‘power-state’. Personal Agency In early modern studies, agency has long remained in the shadow of the study of structures and institutions. State building in Sweden at the Swedish Age of was a more diversified and personalized process than has previously been assumed. Numerous individuals were also important actors Greatness 1560–1720 in the process, and that development itself was not straightforward progression at the macro-level but was intertwined with lower-level Edited by actors. Petri Karonen and Marko Hakanen Editors of the anthology are Dr. Petri Karonen, Professor of Finnish history at the University of Jyväskylä and Dr. Marko Hakanen, Research Fellow of Finnish History at the University of Jyväskylä. studia fennica historica 23 isbn 978-952-222-882-6 93 9789522228826 www.finlit.fi/kirjat Studia Fennica studia fennica anthropologica ethnologica folkloristica historica linguistica litteraria Historica The Finnish Literature Society (SKS) was founded in 1831 and has, from the very beginning, engaged in publishing operations. It nowadays publishes literature in the fields of ethnology and folkloristics, linguistics, literary research and cultural history. The first volume of the Studia Fennica series appeared in 1933. Since 1992, the series has been divided into three thematic subseries: Ethnologica, Folkloristica and Linguistica.
    [Show full text]
  • Peab Community Builder Peab Builds Effective Processes for Group Reporting with Unit4 Consolidation
    Unit4 Consolidation case study Peab Community builder Peab builds effective processes for group reporting with Unit4 Consolidation. In keeping with its focus on quality, efficiency and governance, this Nordic-wide construction group chose Unit4 Consolidation to gain a clearer picture of its financial performance and simplify consolidated financial reporting. Overview The situation Background Peab is a construction group with operations across Peab is a Nordic construction group with operations Sweden, Norway and Finland, whose vision is to across Sweden, Norway and Finland. be the natural partner for community building in the Nordic region. • Approximately 13,000 employees. • Headquartered in Förslöv, Sweden. • 300 subsidiaries. • Listed on NASDAQ OMX Stockholm. • A turnover in 2013 of around SEK 43 billion. The Group has over 300 subsidiaries, 130 strategically • Four key business areas: Civil Engineering, located offices throughout the region and about Construction, Property Development and Industry. 13,000 employees; it achieved a turnover in 2013 of SEK 43 billion. Peab’s guiding principle is total Key requirements quality in all phases of the construction process. The Peab needed an easy-to-use, flexible and powerful company has reached its current position through system for group reporting, with a focus on legal innovation, with leading-edge climate-smart solutions consolidation. that are sustainable throughout their lifecycle. Solution Following 50 years of growth, Peab has in recent Peab chose Unit4 Consolidation to simplify and years taken important steps to become “the Nordic streamline its reporting procedures. Community Builder”. Since January 2012, the Group’s business has been organized around 300 subsidiaries Customer benefits in four Nordic business areas: Civil Engineering, • Easy to use.
    [Show full text]
  • Is There Life After the Crisis?
    is There Life afTer The crisis? Analysis Of The Baltic Media’s Finances And Audiences (2008-2014) Rudīte Spakovska, Sanita Jemberga, Aija Krūtaine, Inga Spriņģe is There Life afTer The crisis? Analysis Of The Baltic Media’s Finances And Audiences (2008-2014) Rudīte Spakovska, Sanita Jemberga, Aija Krūtaine, Inga Spriņģe Sources of information: Lursoft – database on companies Lithuanian Company Register ORBIS – database of companies, ownership and financial data worldwide. Data harvesters: Rudīte Spakovska, Aija Krūtaine, Mikk Salu, Mantas Dubauskas Authors: Rudīte Spakovska, Sanita Jemberga, Aija Krūtaine, Inga Spriņģe Special thanks to Anders Alexanderson, Uldis Brūns, Ārons Eglītis For re-publishing written permission shall be obtained prior to publishing. © The Centre for Media Studies at SSE Riga © The Baltic Center for Investigative Journalism Re:Baltica Riga, 2014 Is There Life After The Crisis? Analysis Of The Baltic Media’s Finances And Audiences (2008-2014) Contents How Baltic Media Experts View the Sector ...............................................................................................................4 Introduction: Media After Crisis ..................................................................................................................................7 Main Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................................8 Changes In Turnover of Leading Baltic Media, 2013 vs 2008 ................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • Skaitm Skaitm Skaitm Skaitm Skaitm Otos Eninis Eninis Programa Program Eninis Eninis 3 Eninis Os
    Nekodu Skaitm Skaitm Skaitm Skaitm Skaitm otos eninis eninis Programa program eninis eninis 3 eninis os Laisval 3 TV priedėlyje TV Veikimo dažnis Programos Nr.Programos 1 2 aikio šeimos 4 1 Balticum televizija NK BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 2 LRT televizija NK BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 3 Lietuvos rytas.tv NK BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 402 MHz 4 TV3 NK BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 QAM-64 5 LNK NK BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 6 BTV NK BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 7 TV1 BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 8 TV6 BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 9 LRT Kultūra NK BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 10 Info TV BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 11 Balticum auksinis BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 410 MHz 12 PBK Lithuania BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 QAM-64 13 RTV International BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 14 Nashe Kino BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 15 NTV Mir BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 16 REN Lietuva BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 17 RTR Planeta BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 18 TV1000 East BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 19 MTV Europe BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 418 MHz 20 Discovery channel BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 QAM-64 21 Animal Planet BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 22 EuroNews BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 23 Eurosport BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 24 VH1 Europe BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 25 Cartoon Network BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 26 National Geographic Channel Europe BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 27 TV1000 Russkoe kino BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 426 MHz 28 Discovery Science BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 QAM-64 426 MHz QAM-64 29 Viasat Explorer BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 30 Viasat History BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 31 Viasat Motor BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 32 Viasat Sport Baltics BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 Detskij mir BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4 33 Teleclub BS1 BS2 BS3L BS3S BS4
    [Show full text]
  • The Multicultural Moment
    Mats Wickström View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE The Multicultural provided by National Library of Finland DSpace Services Moment The History of the Idea and Politics of Multiculturalism in Sweden in Comparative, Transnational and Biographical Context, Mats Wickström 1964–1975 Mats Wickström | The Multicultural Moment | 2015 | Wickström Mats The studies in this compilation thesis examine the origins The Multicultural Moment and early post-war history of the idea of multiculturalism as well as the interplay between idea and politics in The History of the Idea and Politics of Multiculturalism in Sweden in the shift from a public ideal of homogeneity to an ideal Comparative, Transnational and Biographical Context, 1964–1975 of multiculturalism in Sweden. The thesis shows that ethnic activists, experts and offi cials were instrumental in the establishment of multiculturalism in Sweden, as they also were in two other early adopters of multiculturalism, Canada and Australia. The breakthrough of multiculturalism, such as it was within the limits of the social democratic welfare-state, was facilitated by who the advocates were, for whom they made their claims, the way the idea of multiculturalism was conceptualised and legitimised as well as the migratory context. 9 789521 231339 ISBN 978-952-12-3133-9 Mats Wikstrom B5 Kansi s16 Inver260 9 December 2014 2:21 PM THE MULTICULTURAL MOMENT © Mats Wickström 2015 Cover picture by Mats Wickström & Frey Wickström Author’s address: History Dept. of Åbo Akademi
    [Show full text]
  • London School of Economics and Political Science Department of Government
    London School of Economics and Political Science Department of Government Historical Culture, Conflicting Memories and Identities in post-Soviet Estonia Meike Wulf Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD at the University of London London 2005 UMI Number: U213073 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U213073 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Ih c s e s . r. 3 5 o ^ . Library British Library of Political and Economic Science Abstract This study investigates the interplay of collective memories and national identity in Estonia, and uses life story interviews with members of the intellectual elite as the primary source. I view collective memory not as a monolithic homogenous unit, but as subdivided into various group memories that can be conflicting. The conflict line between ‘Estonian victims’ and ‘Russian perpetrators* figures prominently in the historical culture of post-Soviet Estonia. However, by setting an ethnic Estonian memory against a ‘Soviet Russian’ memory, the official historical narrative fails to account for the complexity of the various counter-histories and newly emerging identities activated in times of socio-political ‘transition’.
    [Show full text]
  • The Danish-German Border: Making a Border and Marking Different Approaches to Minority Geographical Names Questions
    The Danish-German border: Making a border and marking different approaches to minority geographical names questions Peter GAMMELTOFT* The current German-Danish border was established in 1920-21 following a referendum, dividing the original duchy of Schleswig according to national adherence. This border was thus the first border, whose course was decided by the people living on either side of it. Nonetheless, there are national and linguistic minorities on either side of the border even today – about 50,000 Danes south of the border and some 20,000 Germans north of the border. Although both minorities, through the European Union’s Charter for Regional and National Minorities, have the right to have signposting and place-names in their own language, both minorities have chosen not to demand this. Elsewhere in the German- Scandinavian region, minorities have claimed this right. What is the reason behind the Danish and German minorities not having opted for onomastic equality? And how does the situation differ from other minority naming cases in this region? These questions, and some observations on how the minorities on the German-Danish border may be on their way to obtaining onomastic equality, will be discussed in this paper. INTRODUCTION Article 10.2.g. of the Council of Europe’s European Charter for Regional and National Minorities (ETS no. 148) calls for the possibility of public display of minority language place-names.１ This is in accordance with the Council of Europe’s Convention no. 157: Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. Here, the right for national minorities to use place-names is expressed in Article 11, in particular sub-article 3,２ which allows for the possibility of public display of traditional minority language * Professor, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual and Sustainability Report 2018
    Annual and Sustainability Report 2018 We build for a better society. B Skanska Annual and Sustainability Report 2018 Operations Skanska’s operations consist of Construction and Project Development, including Residential Development, Commercial Property Development and, until 2018, Infrastructure Development. Business units within these streams collaborate in various ways, creating operational and financial synergies that generate increased value. Residential Commercial Property Infrastructure Construction Development Development Development 1 Constructs and renovates build- Develops new residential projects, Develops customer-focused office Secures and manages the value ings, infrastructure and homes, including single and multi-family buildings, shopping centers and of Skanska’s existing public- along with facilities manage- housing, built by the Construction logistics properties built by the private partnership (PPP) assets. ment and other related services. business stream. Construction business stream. 1 As of January 1, 2019, Infrastructure Development is no longer a business stream and is reported in Central on a separate line. Well diversified, Percentage of total revenue in 2018 with a leading market position Skanska’s diversification across various business streams with operations in eleven countries and several market segments strengthens the Group’s 40% SwedenSweden competitive standing and ensures FinlandFinland Norway a balanced and diversified risk profile. USA 38% Denmark United Kingdom Poland Czech Republic SlovakiaSlovakia Hungary 22% Romania Green revenue in 2018 Green market value in 2018 Green financing in 2018 Percentage of total Construction revenue Percentage of Commercial Property Percentage of total central debt 3 that is that is Green and Deep green, as defined Development market value from Green Green, according to the Skanska Green by the Skanska Color Palette™ 2.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Annual Report
    Radio and Television Commission of Lithuania RADIO AND TELEVISION COMMISSION OF LITHUANIA 2020 ANNUAL REPORT 17 March 2021 No ND-1 Vilnius 1 CONTENTS CHAIRMAN’S MESSAGE ................................................................................................................ 3 MISSION AND OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................... 5 MEMBERSHIP AND ADMINISTRATION ...................................................................................... 5 LICENSING OF BROADCASTING ACTIVITIES AND RE-BROADCAST CONTENT AND REGULATION OF UNLICENSED ACTIVITIES ............................................................................ 6 THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS AND ENFORCEMENT .............................................................. 30 ECONOMIC OPERATOR OVERSIGHT AND CONTENT MONITORING ................................ 33 COPYRIGHT PROTECTION ON THE INTERNET ...................................................................... 41 STAFF PARTICIPATION IN TRAINING AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION EFFORTS ........................................................................................................................................................... 42 COMPETITION OF THE BEST IN RADIO AND TELEVISION PRAGIEDRULIAI ................... 43 PUBLICITY WORK BY THE RTCL .............................................................................................. 46 PRIORITIES FOR 2021 ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Transnational Finnish Mobilities: Proceedings of Finnforum XI
    Johanna Leinonen and Auvo Kostiainen (Eds.) Johanna Leinonen and Auvo Kostiainen This volume is based on a selection of papers presented at Johanna Leinonen and Auvo Kostiainen (Eds.) the conference FinnForum XI: Transnational Finnish Mobili- ties, held in Turku, Finland, in 2016. The twelve chapters dis- cuss two key issues of our time, mobility and transnational- ism, from the perspective of Finnish migration. The volume is divided into four sections. Part I, Mobile Pasts, Finland and Beyond, brings forth how Finland’s past – often imagined TRANSNATIONAL as more sedentary than today’s mobile world – was molded by various short and long-distance mobilities that occurred FINNISH MOBILITIES: both voluntarily and involuntarily. In Part II, Transnational Influences across the Atlantic, the focus is on sociocultural PROCEEDINGS OF transnationalism of Finnish migrants in the early 20th cen- tury United States. Taken together, Parts I and II show how FINNFORUM XI mobility and transnationalism are not unique features of our FINNISH MOBILITIES TRANSNATIONAL time, as scholars tend to portray them. Even before modern communication technologies and modes of transportation, migrants moved back and forth and nurtured transnational ties in various ways. Part III, Making of Contemporary Finn- ish America, examines how Finnishness is understood and maintained in North America today, focusing on the con- cepts of symbolic ethnicity and virtual villages. Part IV, Con- temporary Finnish Mobilities, centers on Finns’ present-day emigration patterns, repatriation experiences, and citizen- ship practices, illustrating how, globally speaking, Finns are privileged in their ability to be mobile and exercise transna- tionalism. Not only is the ability to move spread very uneven- ly, so is the capability to upkeep transnational connections, be they sociocultural, economic, political, or purely symbol- ic.
    [Show full text]
  • Peab's Annual and Sustainability Report 2016
    Annual and Sustainability Report 2016 A LOCALLY ENGAGED COMMUNITY BUILDER Content 2016 in summary 1 Comments from the CEO 2–3 External circumstances and the market 4–5 Goals and strategies 6–9 Market summary – Peab’s business areas 10–11 Peab’s take on sus- P21 Our take on sustainable operations 12–35 tainable operations Attitude The Employees 16–21 changing The Business 22–25 Five initiatives that reflect our work with workshops sustainability in the focus areas The Climate and Environment 26–31 Employees, The Business, Climate and Environment and Social Engagement. Social Engagement 32–35 Board of Directors' report 36–56 The Group 36–39 Business area Construction 40–41 Business area Civil Engineering 42–43 Business area Industry 44–45 P24 P28 Business area Project Development 46–49 Everything Peab’s ECO- Risks and risk management 50–52 in order Asfalt – a better Other information and appropriation of profit 53–56 choice for the Financial reports and notes 57–109 environment Auditor's report 110–113 Corporate governance 114–117 Board of Directors 118 Executive management and auditor 119 The Peab share 120–121 Five-year overview 122 Alternative performance measures P31 P33 and definitions 123 Forward-looking The Peab School About the sustainability report 124 neighborhood with trains young Global Compact principles 124 a strong environ- immigrants mental profile Active memberships 125 GRI Index 126–127 Annual General Meeting 128 Shareholder information 128 Formal annual and Group financial reports which have been audited by company accountants, pages 36–109. Peab AB is a public company, Company ID 556061-4330.
    [Show full text]
  • Generational Use of News Media in Estonia
    Generational Use of News Media in Estonia Contemporary media research highlights the importance of empirically analysing the relationships between media and age; changing user patterns over the life course; and generational experiences within media discourse beyond the widely-hyped buzz terms such as the ‘digital natives’, ‘Google generation’, etc. The Generational Use doctoral thesis seeks to define the ‘repertoires’ of news media that different generations use to obtain topical information and create of News Media their ‘media space’. The thesis contributes to the development of in Estonia a framework within which to analyse generational features in news audiences by putting the main focus on the cultural view of generations. This perspective was first introduced by Karl Mannheim in 1928. Departing from his legacy, generations can be better conceived of as social formations that are built on self- identification, rather than equally distributed cohorts. With the purpose of discussing the emergence of various ‘audiencing’ patterns from the perspectives of age, life course and generational identity, the thesis centres on Estonia – a post-Soviet Baltic state – as an empirical example of a transforming society with a dynamic media landscape that is witnessing the expanding impact of new media and a shift to digitisation, which should have consequences for the process of ‘generationing’. The thesis is based on data from nationally representative cross- section surveys on media use and media attitudes (conducted 2002–2012). In addition to that focus group discussions are used to map similarities and differences between five generation cohorts born 1932–1997 with regard to the access and use of established news media, thematic preferences and spatial orientations of Signe Opermann Signe Opermann media use, and a discursive approach to news formats.
    [Show full text]