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The New Internatiorlal Carat of Two Hundred Milligrammes-I*

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The New Internatiorlal Carat of Two Hundred Milligrammes-I* SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT .-\ngm,j P, 191� The New Internatiorlal Carat of Two Hundred Milligrammes-I* A Movement for Uniformity in Jewelers' Weights By George Frederick Kunz, Ph.D., D.Sc.t THE manifold inconveniences resulting from the French carat of 205.5 milligrammes (3.17135 grains); "In the application of the Il1ptrie system to the eOIl1- absence of a uniform standard of mass for determining this action was confirmed in 1877. On October 17th, meree in precious stonps, pearls, etc., the metric carat, the weight of precious stones have long been obvious. 18 90, the Association of Diamond Cutters of Antwerp equivalent to 200 milligrammes, shall henceforth be This lack has been keenly felt in commercial transac­ fixed the value of the carat at 1 kilogramme=4,875 used." tions, and those who have devoted time and research to carats, which gave a carat of 205.183 milligrammes, or Spain.-A Royal Order 'of March 11th, 1908, has the study of historic diamonds and precious stones have 3.16561 grains troy. prescribed the use of the new carat of 200 milligrammes. had frequent occasion to deplore the absence of such a The more radical and effective change to the carat of France.-The law of June 22nd, -1909, comprises a standard in the past. 200 milligrammes was the subject of a resolution passed single article, as follows: In a paper read in Chicago in 1893, before the Inter­ in January, 1906; by the Chambre Syndic ale de la Bijou­ "In the transactions relating to diamonds, pearls, and national Congress of Weights and Measures, held in con­ terie, Joaillerie et Orfevrerie de Paris, and the Chambre precious stones, the designation 'm etric carat' may, in nection with the World's Columbian Exposition, the Syndicale des Negociants en Diamants, PerIes, Pierres violation of the first article of the law of July 4th, 1837, writer suggested dividing the carat into 100 parts, and Precieuses et des Lapidaires de Paris, and the reform be given to the double decigramme. constituting a standard international carat of 200 milli­ was strongly advocated by M. Guillaume, in 1906, before "The use of the word 'carat' to designate any other grammes; that is, 5 diamond carats or 20 pearl grains to the Commission des Instruments et Travaux. Shortly weight is hereby prohibited." a French gramme, making 5,000 carats or 20,000 pearl before, in the early part of 1905, the German Federation Thus the new French law formally prohibits the use of grains to a kilogramme. He also called attention to the of Jewelers had petitioned the Imperial government to the old carat, but admits that of the new international fact that while this would depreciate the present dia­ legalize the carat then in common use as a standard carat of 200 milligrammes, considered to be an authorized mond carat or pearl grain only about 2.5 per cent, it weight, but this was refused as in violation of the law violation of the fundamental law on the application of would abolish the troublesome discrepancies between prescribing the exclusive use of the metric system. In the metric system. The prohibition regarding the old the various carat-weights now in use, and could be easily the course of the discussion aroused by this refusal, M. carat was to become effective from January 1st, 1911, explained and understood everywhere.1 Guillaume advocated the new international carat of 200 but owing to the difficulty of preparing the proper weights The subject of the various diamond carats, their incon­ milligrammes as a possible solution of the difficulty, and at so short notice, the request of the jewelers that a post­ gruity, and the resulting confusion as to the correct as early as April, 1905, this proposition was taken into ponement should be granted until January 1st, 1912, was weights of historic gems when definite records of them consideration by the International Committee. In accorded; since that time the law has been operative. are searched for, has been fully treated by me in an August, 1906, on the motion of Ludwig Schroder, the This law was elaborated in two decrees, of July 7th and extensive study of this subject in "The Book of the following resolution was adopted by the German Fed­ of December 13th, 1910. The first of these decrees stipu­ Pearl." 2 eration: "Considering that it is both necessary and ad­ lates that "the form of the carat-weight shall be that of a 'fo the earnest and unremitting efforts of C. E. Guil­ vantageous to replace the old carat by the metric carat quadrangular, truncated pyramid, or of a cylinder sur­ laume, Director of the Bureau Internationale des Poids of 200 milligrammes, the Federation authorizes its presi­ mounted by a knob. However, the carat-weights of less et Mesures at Sevres, is largely due the eventual success dent to approach the Imperial government and the for­ than one gramme are to be in the form of square-cut of this eminently desirable reform, which he has con­ eign associations in order that the metric carat may be metal plates. The dimensions of the cylindrical weight stantly urged both by articles on the subject and by introduced as soon as possible in all countries." shall differ from those established for such weights by the addresses delivered in Paris before the International Following the action of the International Committee, fifth appendix to the ordinance of June 16th, 1839. Committee for Weights and Measures.3 on December 7th, 1906, the Chamber of Commerce of "The various weights are to be inscribed in intalio and The general adoption of a uniform standard for deal­ Antwerp promised to rescind the resolution of April 29th, in legible characters, the number of grammes on the lower ings in precious stones, ba�ed upon a carat of 200 milli­ 18 95, approving the adoption of a carat of 205.3 milli­ face; that of the metric carats, followed by the abbrevia­ grammes, was early recognized to be a result much to be grammes, as soon as the new international carat of 200 tion C. M., on the upper face." desired, and great progress has recently been made in milligrammes should come into universal use in the The same decree enumerates the carat-weights con­ this direction. The carat has heretofore varied in weight markets. About the same time the Association of Jewel­ stituting the minimum complete series with which the in the different countrie�, with more or less resulting con­ ers and Goldsmiths of Prague formally authorized the dealers interested must provide themselves; this series fusion and inconvenience to business. The metric carat German Federation to propose in its name the reform of is in conformity with the metric system, between 2 milli­ has now been formally adopted in most of the countries the old carat as soon as possible by international agree­ grammes and 100 grammes. of Europe, and its use made compulsory. Our own ment, and the Association of Goldsmiths of Copenhagen . Holland.-The law defining and legalizing the carat of country has at last taken action and even Great Britain declared its willingness to support such a measure. The 200 milligrammes was laid before the Second Chamber will do so before long. Many of our dealers and import­ Belgian Committee of Weights and Measures, in July, on June 9th, 1910. In the exposition of the motives for ers recognize the theoretical advantage and the conve­ 1907, declared its willingness to petition the government its preparation reference is made to the desire expressed nipnce of the change, but they apparently fail to take any to legalize the new carat on its adoption by the more by the International Committee of Weights and Meas­ active interest in it, as a practical reform. There can be important countries. ures in its session of 1905, and to the decision of the little question, however, that the change must come ere In England and its colonies the proposed change was Fourth General Conference. This law was promulgated long. A single standard for all countries, and the substi­ favorably received. In September, 1907, a resolution April 7th, 1911. tution of decimal for common fractions in the carat, are indorsing the new carat was passed by the Association of Italy.-Parliament has already legislated, in principle, advantages so plain that they must surely soon be real­ Manufacturing Jewelers of Melbourne, Australia; on the new international carat (July 7th, 1910); a Royal ized. October 16th, 1907, the Association of Societies for the Decree will fix the date on which it shall come into use, A striking illustration of the defectiveness of the sys­ Protection of Commerce in the United Kingdom passed a after consultation with the National Commission of tem hitherto in use, as compared with the proposed new resolution urging its adoption in all countries, and on Weights and Measures. standard, is given in a recent article by L. J. Spencer, of January 23rd, 1908, the Birmingham Jewelers' and Silver­ Japan.-An ordinance of November 11 th, 1909, speci­ the British Museum, on The Larger Diamonds of South smiths' Association gave expression to the hope that all fies that "when the weights of precious stones are ex­ Africa.' In this article an effort is made to clear up cer­ nations would speedily accept an international carat of pressed in carats, the word 'carat' should designate the tain published errors and misstatements as to the great 200 milligrammes. mass of 200 milligrammes." diamonds obtained in recent years from the African The new carat has now been legalized in a number of Mexico.-The government, considering that the desig­ mines.
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