Crystal Chemistry

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Crystal chemistry About a girl’s best friend - diamonds Diamonds, a crystalline form of the chemical element carbon, are the most romantic of crystals, given as symbols of love and permanence. They were first discovered around 800 BC in riverbeds in India. One of the world’s richest source of diamonds is South Africa, where they are mined from rock called ‘Kimberlite pipe’, named after the town Kimberley. Other countries rich in diamonds are Australia, Botswana, Zaire and the former Soviet Union. Diamonds formed in volcanic magma about 170 miles below the Earth’s surface, solidifying as the magma moved upwards and cooled. This took a long time! Diamond The Cullinan diamond, with a mass of 621.2 g, was the largest diamond ever found, mined in 1895. This was a bit big for one engagement ring, so it was decided to cut the diamond into smaller pieces. The diamond cutter spent months deciding how to go about the task, and apparently fainted with shock after first splitting the stone in two. He recovered, and finally nine large and 96 smaller diamonds were produced. The most famous large diamond, called ‘Cullinan I’ or the ‘Star of Africa’ is in the Royal Sceptre and can be seen on a visit to the Crown Jewels in the Tower of London. The Cullinan 1 Crown © / The Royal Collection © 2004, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. Diamond is the hardest known substance, so can only be cut with a diamond-edged saw! Diamond mass is measured in ‘carats’. One carat is equal to 0.2 g. Work out how many carats the original Cullinan diamond was - and compare that with those you see next time you walk past a jeweller’s window! Questions 1. How do large diamonds form? 2. Why are large diamonds rare? Did you know? Did you know? 02.03 Did you know? About a girl’s best friend - diamonds Page 1 of 1.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Finish, Culet Size, and Girdle Thickness: Categories of the GIA Diamond Cut Grading System
Finish, Culet Size, and Girdle Thickness: Categories of the GIA Diamond Cut Grading System This booklet summarizes the relationship of Finish, Culet Size, and Girdle Thickness to the GIA Cut Grading System for round brilliant diamonds. It is intended to help members of the jewelry trade better understand the attributes of diamond appearance, and how those attributes are evaluated within the GIA Cut Grading System. Finish—Polish and Symmetry In the GIA Cut Grading System for standard round brilliant To determine the relationship between finish and overall diamonds, finish (for Polish and Symmetry features) is cut quality, GIA conducted extensive observation testing factored into the final overall cut grade as follows: of numerous diamonds using standardized lighting and viewing conditions. Observations of diamonds with • To qualify for an Excellent cut grade, polish and comparable proportions, but differing in their polish and symmetry must be Very Good or Excellent. symmetry categories, were analyzed to determine the effects of finish on overall cut appearance. In this way, • To qualify for a Very Good cut grade, both polish GIA found that a one grade difference between the other and symmetry must be at least Good. aspects of a diamond’s cut grade and its polish and • To qualify for a Good cut grade, both polish and symmetry assessments did not significantly lower a symmetry must be at least Fair. trained observer’s assessment of face-up appearance, and could not be discerned reliably with the unaided eye— • To qualify for a Fair cut grade, both polish and e.g., polish and/or symmetry descriptions of Very Good symmetry must be at least Fair.
[Show full text]
The Chemistry of Diamond Rings
THE CHEMISTRY OF DIAMOND RINGS Diamond rings are synonymous with engagements; diamond itself is an form (allotrope) of carbon, but other chemical elements can impact on its appearance. Here we look at ‘the 4 Cs’ and their chemistry links, as well as some of the metallic elements that help to make up the ring itself. DIAMOND CUT DIAMOND CARAT 0.25 Ct 0.50 Ct 0.75 Ct 1.00 Ct 1.50 Ct 2.00 Ct 4.1 mm 5.2 mm 5.8 mm 6.5 mm 7.4 mm 8.2 mm SHALLOW IDEAL DEEP Top: weight in carats; Bottom: approximate diameter in millimetres. Diamonds not shown to scale, but are in proportion to each other. The cut of a diamond affects how well it reflects light. Diamond carat measures mass; one carat is equal to two Too shallow or too deep and the reflection of light is poor, hundred milligrams. Diameters are approximate, as they so the diamond seems to sparkle less. vary depending on the cut of the diamond. DIAMOND COLOUR DIAMOND CLARITY RING COMPOSITION WHITE GOLD Au 75% Pd 10% Ni 10% Zn 5% Rh PLATE D → F G → J K → M N → R S → Z F → IF VVS1/2 VS1/2 SI1/2 I1/2/3 ALMOST FAINT VERY LIGHT LIGHT COLOURLESS FLAWLESS OR VERY VERY VERY STERLING SILVER COLOURLESS YELLOW YELLOW YELLOW SLIGHTLY INTERNALLY SLIGHTLY SLIGHTLY INCLUDED INCLUDED FLAWLESS INCLUDED INCLUDED Ag 92.5% Cu 7.5% Pt TRACE Ge TRACE Zn TRACE POTENTIAL ELEMENTAL IMPURITIES GAINED DURING DIAMOND GROWTH 7 5 1 14 15 28 27 YELLOW GOLD Compositions given are NITROGENN BoronB HYDROGENH Sisilicon PHOSPHORUSP NiNickel Cocobalt TYPE Ia TYPE Ib TYPE IIa TYPE IIb approximate for a typical 0–0.3% N 0–0.05% N 0% N B impurities Au 75% Cu 12.5% Ag 12.5% alloy, and can vary slightly (clusters) (diffuse) Most diamonds have some imperfections.
[Show full text]
Star of the South: a Historic 128 Ct Diamond
STAR OF THE SOUTH: A HISTORIC 128 CT DIAMOND By Christopher P. Smith and George Bosshart The Star of the South is one of the world’s most famous diamonds. Discovered in 1853, it became the first Brazilian diamond to receive international acclaim. This article presents the first complete gemological characterization of this historic 128.48 ct diamond. The clarity grade was deter- mined to be VS2 and the color grade, Fancy Light pinkish brown. Overall, the gemological and spectroscopic characteristics of this nominal type IIa diamond—including graining and strain pat- terns, UV-Vis-NIR and mid- to near-infrared absorption spectra, and Raman photolumines- cence—are consistent with those of other natural type IIa diamonds of similar color. arely do gemological laboratories have the from approximately 1730 to 1870, during which opportunity to perform and publish a full ana- time Brazil was the world’s principal source of dia- Rlytical study of historic diamonds or colored mond. This era ended with the discovery of more stones. However, such was the case recently when significant quantities of diamonds in South Africa. the Gübelin Gem Lab was given the chance to ana- According to Levinson (1998), it has been esti- lyze the Star of the South diamond (figure 1). This mated that prior to the Brazilian finds only about remarkable diamond is not only of historical signifi- 2,000–5,000 carats of diamonds arrived in Europe cance, but it is also of known provenance—cut from annually from the mines of India. In contrast, the a piece of rough found in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazilian finds supplied an estimated 25,000 to Brazil, almost 150 years ago.
[Show full text]
JEWELLERY TREND REPORT 3 2 NDCJEWELLERY TREND REPORT 2021 Natural Diamonds Are Everlasting
TREND REPORT ew l y 2021 STATEMENT J CUFFS SHOULDER DUSTERS GENDERFLUID JEWELLERY GEOMETRIC DESIGNS PRESENTED BY THE NEW HEIRLOOM CONTENTS 2 THE STYLE COLLECTIVE 4 INDUSTRY OVERVIEW 8 STATEMENT CUFFS IN AN UNPREDICTABLE YEAR, we all learnt to 12 LARGER THAN LIFE fi nd our peace. We seek happiness in the little By Anaita Shroff Adajania things, embark upon meaningful journeys, and hold hope for a sense of stability. This 16 SHOULDER DUSTERS is also why we gravitate towards natural diamonds–strong and enduring, they give us 20 THE STONE AGE reason to celebrate, and allow us to express our love and affection. Mostly, though, they By Sarah Royce-Greensill offer inspiration. 22 GENDERFLUID JEWELLERY Our fi rst-ever Trend Report showcases natural diamonds like you have never seen 26 HIS & HERS before. Yet, they continue to retain their inherent value and appeal, one that ensures By Bibhu Mohapatra they stay relevant for future generations. We put together a Style Collective and had 28 GEOMETRIC DESIGNS numerous conversations—with nuance and perspective, these freewheeling discussions with eight tastemakers made way for the defi nitive jewellery 32 SHAPESHIFTER trends for 2021. That they range from statement cuffs to geometric designs By Katerina Perez only illustrates the versatility of their central stone, the diamond. Natural diamonds have always been at the forefront of fashion, symbolic of 36 THE NEW HEIRLOOM timelessness and emotion. Whether worn as an accessory or an ally, diamonds not only impress but express how we feel and who we are. This report is a 41 THE PRIDE OF BARODA product of love and labour, and I hope it inspires you to wear your personality, By HH Maharani Radhikaraje and most importantly, have fun with jewellery.
[Show full text]
GIA UV Lamp and Viewing Cabinet* USER GUIDE SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTATION by GIA
GIA UV Lamp and Viewing Cabinet* USER GUIDE SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTATION BY GIA * Patent Pending IMPORTANT! Table of Contents READ THIS USER GUIDE BEFORE SETTING UP General Information.......................................................................................................4 AND USING THIS PRODUCT Device Advantages .........................................................................................................4 Getting Started ................................................................................................................5 Room Light Requirements ...........................................................................................6 CAUTION! The Light Source ............................................................................................................6 The Reference Block......................................................................................................7 Ultraviolet (UV) Light Hazard For best results, device should be used in manner specified by manufacturer. Using the Lamp as a Handheld Unit .........................................................................8 Using the device in any other way may result in decreased protection from UV light. Stone Positioning in the Cabinet ................................................................................9 The device enclosure should not be opened. Unless specified otherwise, there are Parts List.........................................................................................................................10
[Show full text]
D Lesson 14.Pdf
The Mystique of Diamonds The Diamond Course Diamond Council of America © 2015 The Mystique of Diamonds In This Lesson: • Magic and Romance • Nature’s Inspirations • Adding to the Spell • Diamonds and Time • Diamond Occasions • Diamond Personalities MAGIC AND ROMANCE In most diamond presentations, it’s important to cover the 4Cs. A little information about topics such as formation, sources, mining, or cutting can often help, too. In every pre- sentation, however, it’s essential to identify and reinforce the factors that make diamonds valuable and important – in other words, truly precious – to each customer. After all, purchase decisions involve the head, but the desire to own or give a diamond almost always springs from the heart. That’s the realm of magic and romance. The emotional meanings of diamonds have many origins and they have evolved over thou- sands of years. Diamond’s unique beauty and remarkable properties have helped create some of the deepest meanings. Others have come from cultural traditions, the glamour of celebrities, and the events of individual lives. In a sales presentation, you need to The desire to own or give diamond determine which of these elements will resonate for the cus- jewelry springs from the heart, not from the head. tomer you’re serving. Photo courtesy Andrew Meyer Jewelry. The Diamond Course 14 Diamond Council of America © 1 The Mystique of Diamonds It’s important to remember that people most often buy diamonds to symbolize love or to celebrate personal mile- stones. Sometimes the motivation for buying is obvious – for example, with an engagement ring.
[Show full text]
Cut Shape and Style the Diamond Course
Cut Shape and Style The Diamond Course Diamond Council of America © 2015 Cut Shape and Style In This Lesson: • The C of Personality • Optical Performance • The Features of Cut • The Round Brilliant • Classic Fancy Shapes • Branded Diamond Cuts • Shape, Style, and Cost • Presenting Cuts and Brands THE C OF PERSONALITY In the diamond industry the term “cut” has two distinct meanings. One is descriptive. It refers to the diamond’s shape and faceting style. The other relates to quality, and includes proportions, symmetry, and polish. Most customers are familiar with only the first meaning – cut shape and style. That’s the aspect of All sorts of cutting shapes are cut you’re going to examine in this lesson. The next possible with diamonds. lesson explores the second part of this C. For many customers, cut shape and style is part of their mental image of a diamond. Shape contrib- utes to the messages that a diamond sends about the personality of the one who gives or wears it. When presenting this aspect of cut, you need to match the images and messages of the diamonds you show with the customers you serve. With branded diamond cuts, you may need to explain other elements that add appeal or value. When you’ve accomplished these objectives you’ve taken an important step toward closing the sale. The Diamond Course 5 Diamond Council of America © 1 Cut Shape and Style Lesson Objectives When you have successfully completed this lesson you will be able to: • Define the optical ingredients of diamond’s beauty. • Describe diamond cuts in understandable terms.
[Show full text]
Definition of PRESSOO a Conceptual Model for Bibliographic Information Pertaining to Serials and Other Continuing Resources
Definition of PRESSOO A conceptual model for Bibliographic Information Pertaining to Serials and Other Continuing Resources Prepared by the PRESSOO Review Group (affiliated to the IFLA Cataloguing Section): Chair: Clément Oury (ISSN International Centre) Members: Vincent Boulet (BnF), Gordon Dunsire (RDA Steering Committee), Louise Howlett (BL/ISSN UK), Patrick Le Boeuf (BnF), Regina Reynolds (LC/ISSN US) Edited by: Patrick Le Bœuf With contributions from: Philippe Cantié (BnF/ISSN France), Pierre-Louis Drouhin (BnF), Pierre Godefroy (ISSN International Centre), Patrick Le Boeuf (BnF), Françoise Leresche (BnF), François-Xavier Pelegrin (ISSN International Centre) Approved by CIDOC CRM-SIG (Special Interest Group for the Conceptual Reference Model of Comité international pour la Documentation, affiliated to the International Council of Museums or ICOM) Version 1.3 August 2016 Endorsed by the IFLA Professional Committee, March 2017. PRESSOO Review Group, affiliated to the IFLA Cataloguing Section 2017. 1 © 2017 by PRESSOO Review Group, affiliated to the IFLA Cataloguing Section 2017. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. To view a copy of this license, visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 IFLA P.O. Box 95312 2509 CH Den Haag Netherlands www.ifla.org 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Foreword to version 1.3 ............................................................................................................................
[Show full text]
The Tower of London. 13Y Tue Late Rev
LND.El{ lt.EYJ:--;JUN. L 01'0wn CopyrirJltl Hese1·ved. AUTHORISED GUIDE TO THE TOWER OF LONDON. 13Y TUE LATE REV. W. J. LOFTIE, B.A., F.S.A. I REVISED EDITION. WI'l'H TWELVE VIEWS AND TWO PLANS, AND A DESCRIPTION OF THE ARMOURY: BY THE VISCOUNT DILLON, F.S.A. (Late Cui-at01· of the Tower Armou1·ies.) JtEVlSIW HY CHAlU,ES FFOULKES, F.S.A. (Curntor of the Armouries.) LO NDON: PRINTED UNDER 'fHE AUTHORITY OF HIS MAJBSTY'� STATIONERY OFFICE BY DARLING & SON, L'l'o., 34-40, BACON STREE'r, E. I AND SOLD A'l' TJIN TOWER. ' 1916. PRICE ONE PENNY. UNDER REVISION. [Grown Copyright Res�rved. AUTHORISED GUIDE TO THE TOWER OF LONOON. BY THE LATE REV. Vol. J. LOFTIE, B.A., F.S.A. REVISED EDITIO N. WITH TWELVE VIEWS AND TWO PLANS, AND A D�SCRIPTION OF THE ARMOURY, BY THE VISCOUNT DILLON, F.S.A. (Late Cwrator of the Tower Armmiriea.) REVISED BY CHARLES FFOULKES, F.S.A. ( Curator of the Ar1nm1,ries,) LO NDO N: PRINTED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFIOE BY DARLING & SON, LTD., 34-40, BACON STREET, E. AND SOLD AT :fHE TOWER. 1916. PRICE ONE PENNY, •• Bl llllf ES PLAN OF THE ·roWEB. (75!P.-32.) Wt. 55051-688/102. 50,000. 4/16. D . .t S. G. 20/ 45 THE TOWER OF LONDON. GENERAL SKETCH. THE Tower of London was first built by William the Conqueror, for the purpose of protecting and controlling the city. As first planned, it lay within the city walls, but its enlargement late in the 12th century carried its boundaries eastward beyond the walls.
[Show full text]
The Retailer's Guide to Marketing Diamond Jewellery
The Retailer’s Guide to Marketing Diamond Jewellery The Retailer’s Guide to www.cibjo.org Marketing Diamond Jewellery www.cibjo.org With information sourced from © CIBJO (2007) all rights reserved The Diamond Trading Company PREFACE Welcome to “The Retailer’s Guide to Marketing Diamond Jewellery” The jewellery world has changed significantly over the past 10 years in line with so many other industries around the world. Today there is very little that is ‘constant’ and keeping up with continuous change is a ‘must’ to succeed. Our customers are more discerning, knowledgeable and demanding than ever before. They are busy and bore easily, so it is not enough, however successful your business is to continue to do the same things in the same way that we have in the past. Jewellery has long enjoyed a unique status among luxury goods and as an industry it is easy to take this appeal for granted, as if jewellery would sell itself. But in today’s competitive environment, we have to pro-actively drive jewellery sales in the same way all other luxury businesses do. We have to compete with all the other luxuries on offer to today’s consumer. We all have to bring innovative ideas to our consumers on a regular basis – through this we will inspire a passionate desire to buy. This Guide This guide is intended to help jewellery retailers by: • Challenging the unexamined assumptions of jewellery retailing; • Providing detailed case studies; and • Demonstrating the use of effective tools to drive sales. To effectively sell diamond jewellery one must uphold certain standards of excellence.
[Show full text]
Hazard Communications (Hazcom) Symbols Nfpa
HAZARD COMMUNICATIONS (HAZCOM) SYMBOLS A training document written by: Steve Serna The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has determined that workers have a, “right to know” what chemical hazards are present in their particular work areas, or what chemical hazards they might encounter on their work sites. This information is written in 29 CFR 1910.1200 of the US Code. HAZCOM (Hazard Communications) relies on several written documents (MSDS & written programs) and various symbols or pictograms to inform the employee regarding chemical hazards or potential hazards. The law requires that all chemical containers/vessels have labels and adhere to a set standard; here is a quick explanation of some of the various symbols and pictograms… NFPA The National Fire Prevention Association is a private organization that catalogues and works to enact legislation for fire prevention in industrial and home settings. Most US Fire Departments rely on NFPA symbols to warn them of danger present in buildings. The NFPA Fire Diamond symbol is the common identifier along with a rating number (from 0-4) inside of a colored field to indicate a hazard rating. NFPA FIRE DIAMOND Hazcommadesimple.doc Opr: Serna Page 1 HAZARD RATINGS GUIDE For example: Diesel Fuel has an NFPA hazard rating of 0-2-0. 0 for Health (blue), 2 for Flammability (red), and 0 for Instability/Reactivity (yellow). HMIS (taken from WIKIPEDIA) The Hazardous Materials Identification System (HMIS) is a numerical hazard rating that incorporates the use of labels with color-coded bars as well as training materials. It was developed by the American Paints & Coatings Association as a compliance aid for the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard.
[Show full text]
Diamond Blue Wash
Product Information Diamond Blue Wash GLASS: PORCELAIN, TILE METAL: STAINLESS STEEL FIBERGLASS, FORMICA, & PAINTED SURFACES Product: Diamond Blue Wash - Regeneration Cleaner for Glass, Metal, Stone, Fiberglass, Painted Surfaces, Vinyl and Plastic. (Not for floors) Description: Diamond Blue Wash is a unique cleaning and co-polymer formulation. It is an excellent general cleaner/polisher for most architectural materials and surfaces. More importantly, it is designed to maintain the long lasting durability and performance of other Diamond Seal Systems Protective Treatments. Diamond Blue Wash is the final component to make Diamond Seal Systems Treated surfaces look “Forever Brilliant™”. This unique formulation penetrates dust, grime, bacteria, oil and environmental contaminants and lifts them from the surface with the use of a DSS Micro fiber cloth. The co-polymers in the formulation have an affinity for the substrate. With the dirt and grime barrier gone, the co- polymers are free to bond to the surface and protect it from water, dust, acid rain, salt fog, car emissions and other surface damaging contaminants that cause corrosion, oxidization, and staining. Diamond Blue Wash is simply sprayed on and wiped off with a DSS Micro fiber cloth. It dries within seconds. It has excellent adhesion, is UV resistant, stable and does not yellow, chalk or flake. DO NOT use acidic or abrasive-cleaning chemicals on a surface treated with Diamond Seal Systems Products. Test the Product on a small, unexposed painted area before use on painted surfaces. Uses: Diamond Blue Wash is used to clean both interior and exterior Glass, Metal, Stone, Fiberglass, Plastic, Vinyl and Painted surfaces.
[Show full text]