Development and Reproductive Performance of Rice Moth Corcyra Cephalonica Stainton (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Diﬀerent Rearing Media

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FULL LENGTH ARTICLE Development and reproductive performance of rice moth Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in diﬀerent rearing media

N. Chaudhuri b,*, S.K. Senapati a

a Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya (Extended Campus), Majhian, Dakshin Dinajpur, West Bengal, India b Department of Agricultural Entomology, RRS, Terai Zone, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar 736165, West Bengal, India

Received 6 July 2015; revised 29 October 2015; accepted 1 November 2015

KEYWORDS Abstract The study aimed to evaluate different rearing media for mass production of rice moth Maize; Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) an important host of several bio-control Wheat; agents. The development and reproductive performance of Corcyra was evaluated to twelve (12) dif- Italian millet; ferent combinations of food containing maize, wheat, Italian millet and scented rice-alone and for- Scented rice; tified with 3% dextrose and yeast. Results showed that the net reproductive rate; innate capacity for Yeast; increase; number of hypothetical females; daily finite rate of increase; weekly multiplication; and Dextrose; potential fecundity were highest and true generation time and doubling time were shortest in Italian Corcyra cephalonica Stainton millet (alone/fortified). The performance was better in wheat alone (second to Italian millet) than its fortification with dextrose and yeast and also superior to maize and scented rice. Hence, Italian millet alone or fortified with 3% dextrose and yeast was the most suitable rearing media for mass production of Corcyra. Ó 2015 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction Ayyar (1919a) made the ﬁrst record of C. cephalonica.Itisa major pest of rice but also feed on wheat, maize, sorghum, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera Pyralidae) is eco- groundnut, cotton seeds, coffee, spices and cocoa beans, and nomically an important stored grain pest in Asia, Africa, millet (Cox et al., 1981; Allotey and Kumar, 1985; Allotey, North America and Europe (Atwal and Dhaliwal, 2008). 1991a; Kumar and Kumar, 2001). Besides being a pest it is the factitious host for 75 natural * Corresponding author. enemies of which 60 of parasitoids and 15 of predators includ- Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University. ing a few that are host-speciﬁc in nature. It is also served as a host for nematodes and mites (Manjunath, 2013). Its wide acceptability is unique and turned out to be a boon for mass production of bio-control agents. In South Asia at different Production and hosting by Elsevier commercial insectaries the rice moth, C. cephalonica (Stainton)

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2015.11.004 1658-077X Ó 2015 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is mass reared as a host for egg par- Table 1 Different grains: solo and fortified. asitoids of the genus Trichogramma, the larval parasitoid, Bracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and also Diets Composition components Proportion (%) as prey for the predator, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) 1 Maize 100 (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) (Kalyanakumar et al., 2013). In 2 Maize + Dextrose 97 + 3 India, it is being utilized for mass production of number of 3 Maize + Yeast 97 + 3 natural enemies in various bio-control research, developmental 4 Wheat 100 and extension units (Jalali and Singh, 1992; Kumar and Jalali, 5 Wheat + Dextrose 97 + 3 1993; Li, 1994; Kumar and Murthy, 2000; Jalali et al., 2003; 6 Wheat + Yeast 97 + 3 7 Italian Millet 100 Kalyanakumar et al., 2013). 8 Italian Millet + Dextrose 97 + 3 Life fecundity table study is the most important technique 9 Italian Millet + Yeast 97 + 3 in the study of insect pest population dynamics and can be 10 Scented rice 100 used to make quantitative and qualitative evaluation of differ- 11 Scented rice + Dextrose 97 + 3 ent hosts. It provides a format for recording and accounting of 12 Scented rice + Yeast 97 + 3 all population changes in life cycle of species (Shevale, 2003). In Malaysia life table studies provide the necessary data for mass production of bio-control agent lacewing in pest manage- examined under a stereoscope to get uncollapsed eggs for the ment programme (Alasady et al., 2010). study. Hundred (100) Nos. of un-collapsed eggs were carefully The rearing host diet is potentially important to the nutri- transferred to the different rearing media. It was replicated 5 tional quality of host eggs and the survival of parasitoids times. The open mouth of each jar was covered with a muslin released into the environment as biological control agent cloth with a rubber band for aeration. It was left undisturbed (Hunter, 2003). Rearing of Corcyra on efficient food media until emergence of moths. resulted in production of robust moths and robust eggs. The size of the egg was considered as one of the criteria for assess- 2.3. Insect parameters ing the health of the insect. For rearing of egg parasitoids uti- lization of robust host eggs is important (Pathak et al., 2010). Newly emerged males and females were sexed based on labial Considering wide diversity of food of Corcyra an attempt palpi as proposed by Ayyar (1934) to determine the sex ratio. has been made to study the development and reproductive effi- The developmental period of immature stages (egg to pupa) ciencies of C. cephalonica Stainton through life fecundity table was recorded. Emergence of moths was recorded daily. The and finally to evaluate the food quality of different locally moths emerged from each of the rearing media were kept to available grains in terai region of West Bengal, India, to eval- mate. The mated pairs were then placed in oviposition cages. uate the most suitable rearing media for its mass production. The number of eggs laid by each female moth was counted daily and then removed, till the death of the adult. The mean 2. Materials and methods fecundity of the moths of different rearing media was determined. The experiment was carried out at the laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidya- 2.4. Life table parameters laya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India, from August to October, 2012 and 2013. Depending upon the sex ratio, rate of female birth (mx) was calculated. The total period of egg to adult emergence, surviv- 2.1. Rearing media ability and adult longevity were also recorded. The net reproductive rate ie, number of times a population would multiply To study the development and reproductive efficiencies of C. per generation was calculated by the formula Ro = Rlxmx. cephalonica through life fecundity table analysis, four (4) dif- The approximate value of Cohort generation time (Tc) (mean ferent types of foods namely maize, wheat, Italian millet and age of mothers in a Cohort at the birth of female offspring) scented rice as solo and fortified with 3% dextrose and yeast was calculated as TC = Rx lxmx/Ro. From the data on life were used as rearing media. All the food grains were coarsely table, the arbitrary value of innate capacity for increase/ crushed for the present experiment. The different combina- approximate capacity for increase in number (rc) was calcu- tions of foods taken for the experiments are listed in Table 1. lated by using the formula rc = loge Ro/Tc (Langhlin, 1965). The intrinsic rate of natural increase/innate capacity 2.2. Laboratory experiments for increase in number (rm) was then calculated from the value of arbitrary rm by taking two trial values arbitrarily selected The culture of C. cephalonica Stainton was collected from on either side of it, differing in the second decimal place by Àrmx National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (NBAIR), interpolation with the formula, Re lxmx = 1. The values Àrmx Bengaluru, and the stock culture was maintained in the bio- of the negative exponent of e as obtained from experiment control laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, fell outside the range given in tables of handbooks on mathe- UBKV. Different combinations of food, twelve (12) numbers matics. For this reason, both sides of the above equation were 7 7-rmx @100 gms., containing maize, wheat, Italian millet and scented multiplied by factor e to give an equation Re 7 rice alone and fortified with 3% dextrose and yeast were taken lxmx = e = 1096.6 where, e = 2.71828 (Birch, 1948 and in 10 cm diameter plastic jars. Random samples of freshly laid Watson, 1964). Tables were then constructed with columns x 7- eggs were collected from the stock culture. They were and lxmx for each trial ‘rm’. The two trial values of Re

Please cite this article in press as: Chaudhuri, N., Senapati, S.K. Development and reproductive performance of rice moth Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in different rearing media. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2015.11.004 The development and reproductive performance of Corcyra 3 rmxlxmx were then plotted on the horizontal axis against their in Italian millet-yeast (140.69$/$/gen) followed by Italian respective arbitrary ‘rm’s on the vertical axis. The points were millet-dextrose (131.62$/$/gen), wheat (131.17$/$/gen) and joined to give a line which intersected a vertical line down from Italian millet (114.73$/$/gen). It was only 54.88$/$/gen in the derived value of Re7-rmx lxmx = 1096.6. The point of inter- scented rice. The intrinsic rate of increase in number, daily finite section gave the value of true ‘rm’ accurate to four decimal rate of increase in number and weekly multiplication rate were places. The corrected generation time (T) was then calculated recorded higher in Italian millet (0.10291$/$/gen, 1.108$/$/day from the formula, T = loge Ro/rm. The daily finite rate of nat- and 2.05$/$/week) followed by Italian millet-dextrose (0.10261 ural increase (k) i.e. female per female per day was calculated $/$/gen, 1.108$/$/day and 2.05$/$/week); Italian millet-yeast as k = antilog erm and thus, the weekly multiplication of the (0.10145$/$/gen, 1.107$/$/day and 2.03$/$/week) and maize- population was calculated as [(erm)7]. The number of days dextrose (0.9879$/$/gen, 1.104 $/$/day and 2.00 $/$/week). required to double the population [log2/logk] as well as the The population increased in the above media in true generation 2 hypothetical F2 females [(Ro) ] was also worked out. time of 46.08, 47.56, 48.76 and 46.21 days respectively. The population became doubled in only 6.74–6.83 days on Italian 2.5. Statistical analysis millet (alone and/fortified) and in 7.02 days on maize-dextrose media. It was the maximum in scented rice The data of two year study were pooled and the pooled mean (7.89–10.72 days). The population can produce more number $ $ data were used for construction of life fecundity table. of hypothetical females on Italian millet-yeast (19794.66 / /g $ $ Using the comparative analysis of the development and en) followed by Italian millet-dextrose (17323.82 / /gen), $ $ $ $ reproductive efficiencies of C. cephalonica on different rearing wheat (17205.49 / /gen) and Italian millet (13162.77 / /gen). media (12 Nos.) selected as Operational taxonomic units From the above results it is found that the egg laying was (OTUs) involving the parameters obtained from the life fecun- concentrated in first three days in all the diets. There was a dity table, the Cluster Analysis was performed by using statis- positive relation between the doubling rate with weekly multi- tical software SAS (version 9.2). The parameters used in plication rate and corrected generation time. On the other Cluster Analysis were net reproductive rate, innate capacity hand net reproductive rate had negative relation with doubling for increase in number, doubling time, daily finite rate of and true generation time and positive to weekly multiplication increase in number and true generation time. rate (Fig. 1). Nathan et al. (2006) reported that high-quality eggs of C. cephalonica were found when larvae fed on a high-quality 3. Results nutritional source. They further added that the performance and the adult emergence percentage were higher when the food The innate rate of increase in number (rm) was found higher was millet followed by wheat and rice corroborates the find- than approximate rate of increase in number (rc) in all the dif- ings of the present study. Survival rate of C. cephalonica from ferent combinations of food. It is thus suggested that the pop- egg to adult on both maize and groundnut had been reported ulation had overlapping generations (Southwood, 1978) to be 70% (Allotey, 1991a), 69% and 48% on millet and sor- (Table 2). ghum, respectively (Osman, 1984). In the present study the sur- The time spent by Corcyra in immature stages was 41–59 days vival of females at different age interval was 46% in both in different rearing media. The duration was shortest in both wheat and Italian millet and 38% in maize. Manjunath Maize-dextrose and Italian millet (43 days) and longest on (2013) recorded 17.27% adult emergence from crushed rice scented rice (59 days) followed by scented rice-dextrose (51 days). which confirms the result of present study where it was 24%. The sex ratio reflected female dominance. It was highest in Italian He further added that the sex ratio of male to female was millet-dextrose (1:1.78) followed by scented rice alone and forti- 1:1.51 at par with the present result. fied with 3% dextrose and yeast (1.50 in all cases) and Italian Bernardi et al. (2000) found net reproductive rate and daily millet-yeast (1:1.38). The ratio was lowest in maize-yeast finite rate of increase in number of 124.50$/$ and 1.0599$/ (1:1.04) followed by wheat dextrose (1:1.08). The survival of $/day respectively, in the diet contain wheat flour and yeast. females at different age interval was highest in wheat and Italian However, the results under present studies showed lower net millet (46%) followed by wheat-dextrose (44%) and Italian reproductive rate (76.70$/$) and daily finite rate of increase millet-yeast (42%). It was significantly minimum in scented rice (1.089$/$/day) in wheat-yeast media. It was further added that (24%) and scented rice-dextrose (30%). The survivability of the net reproductive rate and daily finite rate of increase in females increased with fortification in maize (40% with 3% dex- number were 129.93$/$ and 0.06616$/$/day respectively, in trose) and scented rice (30% and 38% with 3% dextrose and yeast ground rice and sugar. In the present study the corresponding respectively). But in wheat and Italian millet the trend was values were 76.84$/$ and 1.083$/$/day in scented rice-dextrose reverse. The maximum mean progeny production per day (mx) media. This might be due to difference in rice varieties taken was recorded on first day of oviposition in Italian millet (95.40– for the study. Shorter development period is a desired trait 185.60$/$) and wheat (132.44–143.91$/$). It was on second day in the mass production of any insect. The faster development of oviposition in maize (70.64–103.35$/$) and scented rice (68.0 of the insect indicates the efficiency of the rearing medium 0–99.02$/$). The females contributed highest number of female where Corcyra could develop in a shortest period. Etman progeny in Italian millet-dextrose (185.60$/$)followedbyItalian et al. (2009) found shorter developmental time on whole wheat millet-yeast (150.08$/$), wheat-dextrose (143.91$/$) and wheat- flour added with yeast, contradicts the findings of the present yeast (132.44$/$). The reproduction stopped on 4–5 days in a sin- study. The mean generation length ranged from 46.08 to gle generation in different rearing media (Table 2). 48.76 days was observed on Italian millet which was confirmed The population increase capacity of the species at each gen- by Jagdish et al. (2009) and Pathak et al. (2010). Manjunath eration, estimated by net reproductive rate, was the maximum (2013) reported that Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) was

Table 2 Life table study for age speciﬁc fecundity of Corcyra cephalonica Stainton on different rearing media. Maize x 0–46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Sex ratio lx 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.32 0.26 0.21 0.15 0.10 (1:1.13) mx 0 0 60.95 103.35 66.78 43.46 10.60 0 0 Maize + Dextrose x 0–43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Sex ratio lx 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.36 0.32 0.25 0.16 0.12 (1:1.17) mx 0 0 56.70 95.04 64.80 37.80 0 0 0 Maize + Yeast x 0–44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Sex ratio lx 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.32 0.26 0.22 0.17 0.09 (1:1.04) mx 0 0 62.99 70.64 58.91 22.95 2.55 0 0 Wheat x 0–48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Sex ratio lx 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.39 0.23 0.12 0.05 0.02 (1:1.13) mx 0 0 141.86 85.51 56.53 17.49 4.24 0 0 Wheat + Dextrose x 0–45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Sex ratio lx 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.34 0.30 0.25 0.15 0.09 (1:1.08) mx 0 0 143.91 65.31 20.86 0 0 0 0 Wheat + Yeast x 0–48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Sex ratio lx 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.34 0.28 0.19 0.12 0.08 (1:1.17) mx 0 0 132.44 53.22 16.20 0 0 0 0 Italian millet x 0–43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Sex ratio lx 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.40 0.35 0.28 0.12 0.05 (1:1.13) mx 0 0 95.40 67.31 55.65 39.75 13.25 0 0 Italian millet + Dextrose x 0–47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2015.11.004 Sex ratio lx 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.32 0.22 0.16 0.09 0.05 (1:1.78) mx 0 0 185.60 112.00 42.88 8.32 0 0 0 Italian millet + Yeast x 0–46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Sex ratio lx 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.36 0.32 0.25 0.15 0.05 (1:1.38) mx 0 0 150.08 121.80 52.20 23.20 1.16 0 0

ocr cephalonica Corcyra Scented rice x 0–59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 Sex ratio lx 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.21 0.16 0.12 0.09 0.05 (1:1.50) mx 0 0 75.01 99.02 51.01 15.00 0 0 0 Senapati S.K. Chaudhuri, N. Scented rice + Dextrose x 0–51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 Sex ratio lx 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.25 0.21 0.18 0.12 0.05 (1:1.50) mx 0 0 69.06 93.08 60.05 57.65 6.01 0 0 titn(Lepidoptera: Stainton Scented rice + Yeast x 0–47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 Sex ratio lx 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.35 0.28 0.21 0.14 0.05 (1:1.50) mx 0 0 57.00 68.00 65.20 39.00 9.00 0 0 h eeomn n erdciepromneof performance reproductive and development The yaia)i ieetraigmda ora fteSuiSceyo giutrlSine (2015), Sciences Agricultural of moth rice Society of Saudi performance the reproductive and of Development Journal S.K. media. Senapati, rearing N., Chaudhuri, diﬀerent as: in press Pyralidae) in article this cite Please Media Net Mean length of Approximate capacity Innate capacity for Weekly Hypothetical Doubling Potential Daily ﬁnite rate of Corrected reproductive Pgeneration (Tc) for increase in number increaseP in number multiplication F2 females time log2/ Pfecundity increase in number generation 7 _ Àrmx 2 k k rm Prate (Ro) xlxmx/Ro (rc) loge Ro/Tc (rm) e se .lxmx of population (Ro) log mx ( ) antilog e time loge rm 7 lxmx (e ) Ro/rm Maize 97.33 49.28 0.09289 0.09298 1.92 9472.97 7.45 285.14 1.097 49.24 Maize 96.12 46.26 0.09870 0.09879 2.00 9239.05 7.02 254.34 1.104 46.21 + Dextrose Maize 73.48 47.13 0.09117 0.09125 1.89 5399.43 7.60 218.03 1.091 47.09 + Yeast Wheat 131.17 50.74 0.09610 0.09617 1.96 17205.49 7.21 305.63 1.101 50.71 Wheat 99.07 47.43 0.09689 0.09692 1.97 9815.02 7.15 229.90 1.102 47.42 + Dextrose Wheat 76.70 50.42 0.08607 0.08610 1.83 5883.47 8.05 201.86 1.089 50.41 + Yeast Italian 114.73 46.15 0.10276 0.10291 2.05 13162.77 6.74 271.36 1.108 46.08 millet Italian 131.62 49.58 0.10256 0.10261 2.05 17323.82 6.76 348.80 1.108 47.56 millet + Dextrose Italian 140.69 48.80 0.10137 0.10145 2.03 19794.66 6.83 348.44 1.107 48.76 Corcyra millet + Yeast Scented rice 54.88 61.95 0.06465 0.06467 1.57 3011.72 10.72 240.04 1.066 61.93 Scented 76.84 54.28 0.07998 0.08005 1.75 5904.38 8.64 285.84 1.083 54.24 rice + Dextrose Scented 83.13 50.34 0.08780 0.08790 1.85 6910.60 7.89 238.20 1.092 50.29 rice + Yeast http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2015.11.004 x = Pivotal age in days; lx = Survival of females at different age interval; mx = Age schedule for female births. ocr cephalonica Corcyra titn(Lepidoptera: Stainton 5 6 N. Chaudhuri, S.K. Senapati

Figure 1 Correlation of different life parameters.

Figure 2 Dendrogram of cluster analysis.

the most economical and effective diet followed by sorghum millet-dextrose > Italian millet > Wheat > Wheat-dextrose > (Sorghum bicolor) in terms of moth production, fecundity Maize-dextrose. On the basis of potential fecundity or and cost. Bhandari et al. (2014) also recommended millet for gross reproductive rate the favoured media of Corcyra mass production of Corcyra. The findings of the result of the are Italian-millet-yeast > Italian-millet-dextrose > Wheat > present investigation followed the works of the earlier workers. Scented-rice- dextrose > maize > Italian millet. Addition of dextrose and yeast to Italian millet and scented The Average Linkage Dendrogram in Standardized rice led to higher level of population increase capacity of Cor- Euclidean2 Distance obtained from Cluster Analysis for the cyra estimated, on the other hand the rate was in declining twelve (12) rearing media (OTUs) for Corcyra revealed that order on wheat and maize. Tirthakar et al. (2006) stated that there were four (4) distinct groups for the different parameters the combination with maize based diet did not express any studied. Italian millet (alone/fortified) and wheat (alone) positive performance which corroborates the findings of the (8,9,7,4) (Fig. 2) formed a group in respect of net reproductive present study. rate, innate capacity for increase in number, doubling time, The life stages giving the statistics on intrinsic rate of a par- daily finite rate of increase in number and true generation time. ticular species provide insight into characteristic life pattern of The scented rice (alone/fortified) formed a separate group. that species (Birch, 1948). Low value of intrinsic rate of increase in number and high mortality indicated lower suitabil- 4. Conclusion ity of C. cephalonica egg production as reported by Alasady et al. (2010) confirmed the result of the present study. On the Therefore, it can be concluded that fortification with 3% basis of higher net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase dextrose/yeast improved the values of all the developmental in number, daily and weekly multiplication rate and number of and reproductive parameters over solo grains in case of Italian hypothetical females; shorter doubling and true generation millet and scented rice. Italian millet fortified with dextrose time, the order of the most suitable rearing media for mass and yeast performed the best among the food grains taken in multiplication of Corcyra is Italian millet-yeast > Italian the present study. On the other hand, wheat performance of

Please cite this article in press as: Chaudhuri, N., Senapati, S.K. Development and reproductive performance of rice moth Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in different rearing media. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2015.11.004 The development and reproductive performance of Corcyra 7 solo grain was better over fortification with dextrose and yeast. Hunter, M.D., 2003. Effects of plant quality on the population ecology In scented rice all the parameters were significantly lower than of parasitoids. Agric. For. Entomol. 5, 1–8. the other rearing media and formed a completely separate Jagadish, P.S., Nirmala, P., Rashmi, M.A., Hedge, J.N., Nangia, N., group in dendrogram. Considering all aspects including local 2009. Biology of rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica Stainton on foxtail millet. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 22, 674–675. availability of grains and performance, Italian millet alone Jalali, S.K., Singh, S.P., 1992. Effect of infestation of sorghum grains and/or fortified with 3% dextrose and yeast as well as wheat by different dosage of Corcyra cephalonica on adult emergence is proved to be the most suitable rearing media for mass pattern. Entomon 17, 117–119. production of C. cephalonica Stainton in terai region of West Jalali, S.K., Rabindra, R.J., Rao, N.S., Dasan, C.B., 2003. Mass Bengal, India. production of trichogrammatids and chrysopids. Project Direc- torate of Biological Control, Bangalore 560 024, India, p. 16. Conflict of interest Kumar, P., Jalali, S.K., 1993. A hygienic and efficient method of Corcyra moth and egg collection. Intl. J. Pest Mange. 39 (1), 103– 105. The authors hereby declare that they have no conflict of Kumar, S., Murthy, K.S., 2000. Mass production of Corcyra. pp. 10– interest. 20. In: Training Manual of the second training on mass production of biological control agents NCIPM, New Delhi. Acknowledgment Kumar, P., Kumar, S., 2001. Fool proof cage for rearing Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton). Indian J. Ento. 63, 322–324. The authors acknowledge the Head, Department of Laughlin, R., 1965. Capacity for increase: a useful population Agricultural Entomology, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, statistics. J. Anim. Ecol. 34, 77–91. Li, Lying, 1994. In: Wajenberg E., Hassan, H.A., (Eds.), Biological Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India, for proving the Control with Egg Parasitoids. CAB International Oxon UK. laboratory facilities for the experiment. pp. 37–53. Manjunath, T.M., 2013. 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