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Analiza Športne Forme Smučarjev Skakalcev

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Analiza Športne Forme Smučarjev Skakalcev UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA ŠPORT Športna vzgoja ANALIZA ŠPORTNE FORME SMUČARJEV SKAKALCEV DIPLOMSKO DELO MENTOR: prof. dr. Bojan Jošt RECENZENT: AVTOR DELA: prof. dr. Janez Pustovrh Gašper Bartol Ljubljana, 2016 ZAHVALA Rad bi se zahvalil vsem, ki so kakorkoli sodelovali pri nastajanju tega diplomskega dela. Zahvala gre profesorju dr. Bojanu Joštu, ki me je pri nastajanju dela usmerjal in mi nudil strokovno pomoč. Posebej bi se rad zahvalil svoji družini in vsem prijateljem, ki so mi v času študija stali ob strani in me podpirali. KLJUČNE BESEDE: smučarski skoki, smučarski poleti, športna forma, tekmovalna uspešnost, analiza ANALIZA ŠPORTNE FORME SMUČARJEV SKAKALCEV Gašper Bartol IZVLEČEK Namen diplomskega dela je bil ugotoviti nihanja športne forme pri smučarjih skakalcih v sezoni 2014/2015. Pri tem smo želeli primerjati, ali obstaja statistično značilna razlika med najboljšimi tremi skakalci in preostalimi skakalci udeleženci svetovnega pokala. Cilj naloge je bil tudi ugotoviti, ali se gibanje športne forme razlikuje med smučarskimi skoki in smučarskimi poleti. Podatki za raziskavo so bili pridobljeni iz baze podatkov mednarodne smučarske zveze FIS. Vzorec smučarjev skakalcev je zajemal 30 najbolje uvrščenih tekmovalcev v skupnem seštevku svetovnega pokala v sezoni 2014/2015. Tekmovalno uspešnost športnikov (TUŠ) je predstavljala kriterijska spremenljivka uvrstitev na posameznem tekmovanju ter spremenljivka procentualni zaostanek za zmagovalcem na posameznem tekmovanju, ki je bil izračunan na podlagi doseženih točk. Rezultati kažejo, da je bila tekmovalna uspešnost smučarjev skakalcev dokaj variabilna značilnost. Športna forma je imela pri vseh tekmovalcih svojevrstno valovito strukturo. Pri nekaterih tekmovalcih so bila nihanja športne forme bolj izrazita, pri nekaterih manj. Pri nekaterih tekmovalcih je bilo moč opaziti bistvene odmike na posameznih tekmovanjih od povprečne športne forme. Prvi trije uvrščeni tekmovalci v svetovnem pokalu 2014/2015 so imeli znatno nižjo povprečno vrednost spremenljivke procentualnega zaostanka kot preostali tekmovalci, uvrščeni med prvih 30. Kljub precejšnji razliki v velikosti med skakalnicami in letalnicami in navidezno majhni razliki v povprečju se je športna forma med smučarskimi skoki in poleti statistično razlikovala. V celotni sezoni je prišlo do napornega ritma tekmovanj in tudi različnih udeležb na posameznih tekmovanjih. To je povzročilo izločitev treh faktorjev spremenljivk tekmovalne uspešnosti športnikov. Na prvem generalnem faktorju je bilo moč pojasniti 49,9 % celotne TUŠ. Na drugem faktorju je bil delež pomanjšan na 30,6 % in na tretjem povsem specifičnem faktorju na 19,8 %. KEY WORDS: ski jumping, ski flying, sports form, competitive efficiency, analysis, ANALYSIS OF SKI JUMPER'S SPORTS FORM Gašper Bartol ABSTRACT: The purpose of my graduation thesis was to establish the fluctuation of ski jumper's sports form in the season 2014/2015. The wish was to compare weather there was statistically remarkable difference between the best three athletes and the rest of the participants in the World Cup competition. The aim of this thesis was to establish weather sports form differs between ski jumping and ski flying. The data of the thesis were derived from the files of the International Ski Federation FIS. The sample athletes were taken out of 30 best placed competitors in total sum of points in World Cup 2014/2015. Competitive efficiency of sportsmen was represented by criteria variable of placement in separate competitions and by another variable, lagging in percentage behind the winner in a separate competition, calculated on the basis of points achieved. The results show the competitive efficiency of ski jumpers was a rather variable characteristic. Ski jumper’s sports form had a corrugated structure, with some competitors the fluctuation was stronger, with some weaker. With some competitors an important shift from average sports form could be noticed in separate competitions. The first three placed competitors in World Cup 2014/2015 had remarkably lower average value of variable, lagging in percentage, from other competitors placed among the first 30. In spite of a big difference in the size of ski hills and apparently low difference in average, sports form between ski jumping and ski flying statistically differed. During the season the tiring rhythm of competitions grew and different participations in separate competitions occurred. This resulted in elimination of the three factors of variables in competitive efficiency of sportsmen. With the first general factor 49,9% of complete competitive efficiency could be explained. With the second factor the portion was smaller, 30, 6% and with the third completely specific factor even smaller 19,8%. KAZALO 1 UVOD ................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Kratek zgodovinski pregled ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Kultura smučarskih skokov ........................................................................................................ 1 1.3 Smučarski skoki kot tekmovalni šport ....................................................................................... 2 1.4 Športna forma............................................................................................................................ 3 1.5 Predmet in problem .................................................................................................................. 5 1.6 Cilji in hipoteze .......................................................................................................................... 5 2 METODE DELA .................................................................................................................................. 6 2.1 Vzorec v raziskavo zajetih oseb ................................................................................................. 6 2.2 Vzorec spremenljivk .................................................................................................................. 7 2.3 Postopek zbiranja podatkov ...................................................................................................... 7 2.4 Metode obdelave podatkov ...................................................................................................... 7 3 REZULTATI IN RAZPRAVA .................................................................................................................. 8 3.1 Osnovna statistika za spremenljivko ‒ uvrstitev na posameznih tekmovanjih ......................... 8 3.2 Grafični prikaz spremenljivke uvrstitev za vsakega tekmovalca posebej .................................. 9 3.3 Osnovna statistika za spremenljivko procentualni zaostanek za zmagovalcem za vsako tekmovanje posebej ...................................................................................................................... 15 3.4 Grafični prikaz spremenljivke procentualni zaostanek za zmagovalcem za vsakega tekmovalca posebej ....................................................................................................................... 16 3.5 Faktorska analiza tekmovalne uspešnosti najboljših smučarjev skakalcev v sezoni 2014/2015 ....................................................................................................................................................... 24 4 SKLEP .............................................................................................................................................. 27 5 VIRI.................................................................................................................................................. 28 1 UVOD 1.1 Kratek zgodovinski pregled Smučarske skoke v Sloveniji lahko opredelimo kot nacionalni šport, saj le-ti Slovence povezujejo že stoletje. Vse se je začelo leta 1920 z izgradnjo t. i. Žižkove skakalnice v Bohinju, a kaj kmalu so se skoki preselili v znamenito Planico, ki je še danes sinonim Slovencev in Slovenije. Vse se je začelo s težnjo po vse daljših skokih in tako je bila leta 1934 zgrajena Rožmanova in Ilirijina skakalnica, na kateri je bil 25. marca 1934 postavljen prvi planiški svetovni rekord. Že dve leti kasneje je bila v Planici premagana magična meja 100 metrov, to je uspelo Avstrijcu Seppu Bradlu s skokom 101,5 metra. S spremembami tehnike skoka in izboljšavami v opremi so rekordi padali eden za drugim. Leta 1949 je mednarodna smučarska zveza končno priznala Planico in uveljavila smučarske polete kot novo disciplino. Po zgledu Planice so povečali tudi skakalnico v Kulmu in Obersdorfu in s tem je Planica začasno ostala brez svetovnega rekorda. Leta 1972 je Planica gostila prvo svetovno prvenstvo v smučarskih poletih, na katerih se je v treh dneh zbralo več kot 100.000 gledalcev. V sezoni 1980/1981 je bil prvič izveden svetovni pokal v smučarskih skokih. To je bil razlog, da so skoki postajali vse bolj profesionalni šport, začela pa se je tudi modernizacija skakalnic. V dolini z idealnimi razmerami je bila leta 1994 presežena še magična meja 200 metrov in tako je bila Planica postavljena na zemljevid sveta. Danes je Planica ena najmodernejših nordijskih središč na svetu, ki nudi tekmovalcem najboljše pogoje za trening tako v poletnem kot tudi v zimskem času. S prenovljeno letalnico pa se lahko nadejamo tudi novega svetovnega rekorda, ki ga je leta 2015 prevzel norveški Vikersund. V ponos nam je današnji
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