Daniel Leví) De Barrios Y Sus Mecenas: Un Caso Más De «Mendicidad Poética»

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Daniel Leví) De Barrios Y Sus Mecenas: Un Caso Más De «Mendicidad Poética» ÁMBITOS 2 1 \ KE\'1ST1 DE esTUDIOS DE CIL."''CIAS SOCIALES V IIUMAt" IDADCS. 1\Um 9 (!OOJ) , 1'1' ~ ~ ·~6 Miguel (Daniel Leví) de Barrios y sus mecenas: Un caso más de «Mendicidad poética» Inmaculada Ca reía Gavilán UNIVERSIDAD DE LEÓN na de las actitudes que más ha rep rochado la crítica los Países Bajos desde su llegada hac ia 1661 hasta su mu er­ al poeta y dra matu rgo jud ea-converso Mi guel (Da­ te en 1701. La semblanza que éste nos ofrece de Mi guel de U ni el Leví de) Bar rios (Montilla, 1635-Amsterdam, Barrios nos habla de un poeta desd ichado siempre a la bú s­ 170 1)' ha sido su cond ic ión de «mendicant e poético>>, o, lo queda desesperada de algún mecenas: que es lo mi smo, esa búsqueda des med ida y casi agó ni ca del apoyo de patroc in adores o mece na s qu e r, nanciaran sus '' La <~es t re ll a rigurosa» le siguió toda la vida. En Brusel as ob ra s. Las páginas que siguen tratan de bu scar un senlido a tcn fa qu e Juchar pa ra lrlili1 1CilCfSC a SÍ mismO, y :1 SU farnilia dic ha all rmac ión, la que, por otro lado, se halla pl enamente en Amstcrdam. Lo test ifican los muchos poem as que diri­ gió a sus protectores. pi diendo dinero, vestidos, ayuda en justifi cada si nos at enemos a la in gent e producción literaria ganar el favo r de otros mag nates y hasta el pago de su que Mig uel de Barri os dedicó a sus pro tectores y que sólo sueldo de capit!m" ' . puede ent ende rse en un contexto socio-cu ltural muy dete r­ minado, el de la preca riedad económi ca que caracterizaba la Sin embargo, es necesari o hacer una punt ua li za­ vida de la mayoría de los autores que pre tendían vivi r de las ción en este sentido, ya que Scholberg nu nca se refi rió a Musas en nuestros Siglos de Oro, al que, desde luego, no Daniel Leví de Barri os como << mendi cante poérico >> desde fue ajeno Dani el Leví de Barri os . Ad emás, en su caso, todo un punro de vis ta despectivo, si no que, mtís bi en, atribu ye se compl ica un poco más si tenemos en cuenta que su ori­ a la «ma la estrel la >> del poe ta toda las penalidades que su­ ge n con ve rso le deparó una ex istencia un ta nto ambi va lente fri ó a lo largo de su vida, que, cbro está, le abocaron a esa que le obl igó a granjearse la ami stad de patrocinado res ta nto «mendi cidad>> literaria. Traemos a colación las sigui entes judíos como cris ti anos. No podem os olvi da r que Mi guel de afirmaciones del crítico qu e refrendan esta hipóresis: 2 Bnrrios vivió, nrnparado en sus obl igaci ones mil itares , a caball o entre Áms terdam y Bruselas, entre la «Jeru sal én del "( ... )Aunque don Mi guel amab a tic mamcntc a los suyos, Norte>> que representaba la esenci a del se r judío que tanto apenas se podría deci r que tenía gran éx it o en ganarles el se esforzó por aprehend er a lo largo de roda su vid a y la pan. Ll evaban un a vid a prec aria e inseg ura. Los sustent aba deslum brant e y ostentosa Corte de la capi tal belga, queman­ con las pro du cc iones de su plu ma y 1cnía que depender casi tenía intactas aquell as raíces hi spáni cas a las que nunca re­ totalmente de la benevolenci a de sus protectores . !-Jubo nun ciaría del todo. momclllos en Jos que tuvo qu e solicitar caridad p úbl ic :t ' '~. K. R. Scholberg fu e uno de los primeros en referir­ se a es ta actitud "mendi ca nte" del poeta, qui en nos bri nda En efecto, esta «mala esrrella >> a la que se refi ere una es merada descripción sobre la vida que BmTios ll evó en Scholberg tiene mucho que ver con la ll egada de Barri os a 1 Los primeros es tud ios que aportan una biografía completa y ordenada sobre Miguel de Barri os son SCI-IOLOERG. K. R .. Ln poesía religiosa d i! Mig uel de IJarrio.\·, Madri d. 1961: MOO LJ CK. CH. J.. '!1u! Poetir Sryh·s of M ig1.ef de Barrios, S out h~.:rn Cal ifomia Univc rsity, 1964 y ALBI AC. G., I..L1 Yil wgoga \'at in . Un esrii(Jin de fm fue ure~ · umrramu dd esp inol·i.mw, Madri d, 1987. La critica pos teri or se ha apoy OJd o fund:tmcntalrncnte en el pri mero de ellos para componer la geografía humana de Miguel de B<~ r ri os. Algun:t.s a p o r1 ~ 1 c i o n e s más modem as h;m LrJt.ado de poner orden en este am;J lgamado tmncrial biugríifico ya conocido, como es el caso de SEDEf\'0 RODRÍGU EZ, F. J., Análisis de <(Flor de Apolt1"' de Miguel de Barrios , Tesis doctora l microfilmada. M:í laga. UMJ\ , \992, 5 vols. y <t Sobre la vida de Mi guel de llarrios (A lgunas no1as de caractcriz;.¡ ción bi ográfica) , en Angé/i('(t, 5 ( 1993). pp. 113- 134. l·lcmos rcn cxionado sobre ciertos aspcc 1os de la vida de Mi guel de I3nrri os en un a co nfere ncia muy reciente ce lebrada en La Casn del Inc a de Monti lla el 28 de novie mbre de 2002 durante las V lomadas sobrt' Historia de MrmrWa con el títu lo de t( Rc flc:da ncs biog ráfi co-li1ern rias sobre un judío mont ill ano del siglo XV II: Miguel (Daniel Lcvf) de Barrios),. L.1s Actas de las mencio nada s Jornadas se publi carán en breve. 2 No hay que olvidar que la fa milia de Miguel de Danios debió de disfrutar de una considerab le fonu na y una si tu:1 ci6n socio-cconómi c::J. privilegiada . ya que su padre llegaría a ser cap il :í n de caballería y a usar el título de «dOm>. Ta nto M iguel como sus hcnnanos se vi ncul aron a 1 <~ vida militar y ostcmnron cargos y lflltlos muy relewtntcs. los cuales le habían sido otorgados a ca mb io de 1 s préstamos que Jos Bímios habían rea li zado a Fel ipe 1V. De hec ho. Miguel de Barrios llegó a se r Capitán de !os Tercios de Fl<~n d c s, de ahí su presencia continuada en la ca pi1al bc lg.1 hnsta qu e decidió dejar el ej ército y vivir co mo un judío pleno en la comuuidad se fardita de Amstcnlam. 'SCIIOLO ERG, K. R.. 0¡1. l'it., pp. 21-2 2. ' lbid., p. 37. 22 ÁMBIToS lti;.\IISTA DE E.S1\JOJOS Dli CJE.'IlCIAS SOCI.\US ,, \I U MMlllM U~ . ~ Unt '1 pocl) ) lo Países Bajos y con lo que fue su trayectoria vita l a part ir dicha junta, la obra en cues ti ón , se ncill ament e, no pod ía de ese momento. La crítica se ha mostrado más o menos ci rcula r ent re el ptíblico sefardí de la capi ta l hol andes a. Todo unán ime en lo que respecta a la cronología de la es tancia del escritor que ignorara este req uis ito, vería cómo sus libros poeta y dt·amaturgo judeoconverso en Amsterdam y Bruse­ serían confiscados en benefic io de la caridad pú blica. Di cha las que habría comenzado hacia 1661 ', inauguníndose así censura solía ap licarse a escritores judíos y a libros impre­ el período en el que se gesta y se empieza a publicar su sos o manu sc ritos tanto dentro como ruera de Ams terd am". producción literari a, ya que su pri mer poe mario, Flor de Los problemas de Mi guel de Barrios con la censu ra 6 Apolo , vio la luz en 1665. No obstante, creemos que se ha judaica comie nzan en 1663 , cuando el manuscrito de su insistido de forma un poco excesiva en la dualidad existente apera prima, Flor de Apolo, fue reprobado po r la junta ad­ entre el Barri os de Amterdam y el de Bruselas, du alidad ésta mi nistrativa o Ma!tamad , co ncretamente por uno de sus cen­ que buena pane de la crítica ha ex trapolado al conjunto de sores, Isaac Naa r, quien señaló qu e los «ve rsos amo rosos y sus obras a la hora de es tablecer una posible clasificació n. Jac ivos»" qu e ei¡>Oemario con tenía no era un tema apro pia­ Lo que sf parece cierto e que sus obligaciones mili tares le do para un esc ritor judío. Sugirió a su autor que corrigiera obligaban a desplazarse a Bruselas y a abandonar Ámsterdam el ma nuscrito y lo vol viera a presentar a la Malwmad. Esta y su famili a durante determinados períodos de ti empo. Esta seg und a vez, el tex to fue censurado por Isaac Aboad da situación , sin lugar a dudas, fue <<aprovechada», de algun a Fonseca y de nu evo por Isaac Naar, quienes delermin aron ma nera , por el poeta para granjearse el beneplácito de des ta­ que el li bro debía prohibirse en tre lo s sel'ardíes cados mecena s esp¡tñoles y po rt ugueses y poder obtene r ams telodanos 10 .
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