José Penso De Vega : La Creació De Un Perfil Cultural Y Literario Entre

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José Penso De Vega : La Creació De Un Perfil Cultural Y Literario Entre STORIA DELL’EBRAISMO IN ITALIA STUDI E TESTI XXXI Diretta da Pier Cesare Ioly Zorattini Fernando José Pancorbo JOSEPH PENSO DE VEGA La creación de un perfil cultural y literario entre Ámsterdam y Livorno FIRENZE LEO S. OLSCHKI EDITORE MMXIX Casa Editrice Leo S. Olschki Viuzzo del Pozzetto, 8 50126 Firenze www.olschki.it Pubblicato grazie al Fondo Nazionale Svizzero della Ricerca Scientifica ISBN 978 88 222 6665 1 DOI 10.1400/271840 INTRODUCCIÓN La más imperiosa y bella parte del mundo es la política y fuerte Europa, la más ingeniosa y rica parte de Euro- pa es la famosa Holanda y su maravilla con los celestes resplandores de Vuestras Excelencias es la insigne ciu- dad de Ámsterdam, tan Babel de científicas justas como Atenas de diferentes lenguas. Y su mayor lauro es que teniendo tan diversas gentes de opuestas religiones, se mantiene pacífica con pocos ministros.1 A rasgos generales, a Joseph Penso de Vega se le recuerda fundamen- talmente como aquel autor judío que escribió el primer tratado de la Bolsa de Valores, bajo el título de Confusión de confusiones. Esto significa echar en el olvido la etapa, quizás, más importante de la historia cultural de la co- munidad sefardí de Ámsterdam y de la de Livorno, así como la verdadera importancia literaria de este escritor y la complejidad que presenta su codi- ficación cultural. Tras un largo período condenado a permanecer en las estanterías de volúmenes raros, o aparecer en los catálogos de libreros como un escritor de dudosa categorización, surgen a partir finales del siglo XIX las primeras ediciones de Confusión de confusiones. Sin duda, su contenido, capricho de los estudiosos de la materia económica, ha sido ampliamente tratado, pero siempre desde una perspectiva curiosa, dejando al margen la importancia li- teraria de esta obra. Desde entonces, solo se vio lo que podría considerarse como una punta de iceberg, adornada con nuevas aportaciones editoriales que solo satisfacían el interés de los economistas y de los bibliófilos. El resto de obras escritas por Joseph Penso han pasado prácticamente desapercibidas desde su publicación hasta hace apenas unos años, etapa en la que han empezado a surgir trabajos, ahora sí, que comenzaban a recono- cer el mérito literario de su producción. Sin embargo, hasta el momento, no se ha realizado un estudio de toda su obra en conjunto, hecho que, en consecuencia, ha favorecido la creación de una imagen, digamos, no del 1 M. de Barrios, Espejo de la opulenta y arqueada Amsterdam, Amsterdam, [Jahacob de Córd- ova], 1684, pp. 121-122. — V — INTRODUCCIÓN todo correcta en torno a la figura del escritor sefardí, así como la distorsión de su perfil intelectual y literario. Las incógnitas y lagunas que envuelven a Joseph Penso son, hasta cierto punto, lógicas si se tienen en cuenta los siguientes factores: el primero, qui- zás el más significativo, es que se ha intentado estudiar su obra y su perso- nalidad literaria partiendo de la idea, siempre presente, de una dependencia o filiación directa de la cultura hispano – portuguesa – y eso que distan ya más de dos siglos entre la realidad que él vivió y la traumática expulsión de los judíos de España –. Es cierto que este patrón se cumple en autores contemporáneos de Penso, como puede ser el caso Miguel de Barrios – no digamos ya en los anteriores –, pues tienen un pasado peninsular claro, lle- gando a presentar incluso reminiscencias de sus contactos con los círculos cristianos en los que les tocó vivir. Sin embargo, el escritor sefardí ya nació fuera de la península, creció y se educó en un ambiente meramente judío – acaso, una de las primeras generaciones que se formó exitosamente en esta comunidad –, por lo que adscribirle a estos marcos plantea problemas. El segundo obstáculo que presentan la mayoría de los estudios es que no se ha atendido al medio y el modo en el que recibió su formación, así como tampoco el cosmopolitismo de las ciudades en las que vivió, es decir, Ámsterdam y Livorno.2 En el caso de la capital holandesa, apodada como «Jerusalén del Norte», la diversidad cultural, social y religiosa es evidente, máxime si se tiene en cuenta la cita de Barrios con la que abro este volumen, que no es más que un ejemplo. Y lo mismo sucede en el caso de la urbe toscana, concebida como un punto clave en la irradiación de contactos interculturales en el Mediterrá- neo, favorecidos por las relaciones económicas internacionales que en ella se desarrollaban.3 Por lo tanto, si se obvian los privilegios que le ofrecieron los 2 En el caso de la diáspora de Ámsterdam, es considerablemente extensa la bibliografía que da buena fe del cosmopolitismo de la ciudad holandesa y del carácter abierto y tolerante, concretamente en la libertad de credo que aquí interesa, que le ha caracterizado desde el siglo XVII. No obstante, creo que como estudios de referencia se debería consultar, entre otros, el volumen colectivo The Dutch Jewish History, ed. de Jozeph Michman, Jerusalem, The Institute for Research on Dutch Jewry, 1984; M. Bodian, The Hebrews of Portuguese Nation. Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam, Bloomington-Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, 1997; el estudio de D.M. Swetschinski, The Reluctant Cosmopolitans: The Portuguese Jews of Se- venteenth. Century Amsterdam, London y Portland, The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2000; el volumen The History of Jews in Amsterdam, ed. de J.C.H. Blom, R.G. Fuks, Mansfeld e Ivo Schöffer, Liverpool, The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2002; o los trabajos com- pendiados en Dutch Jewry: Its History and Secular Culture 1500-2000, ed. de Jonathan I. Israel y Reinier Salverda, Leiden-Köln, Brill, 2002. 3 De la misma manera, es difícil presentar una lista mínima de estudios para acercarse a la historia de la diáspora livornesa y a su carácter de crisol cultural clave en el Mediterráneo. Sin — VI — INTRODUCCIÓN escenarios en los que recibió su educación y se nutrió culturalmente – y con esto me refiero más allá de las propias comunidades sefardíes, teniendo en cuenta la más que posible interacción con eruditos cristianos y no necesaria- mente locales –, es prácticamente imposible recrear un perfil intelectual fiel y entender plenamente su modus scribendi. Causa de esto es que hasta ahora se le haya entendido por medio de sus obras como un simple imitador de las tradiciones literarias del Siglo de Oro español y que haya sido presentado como un escritor de estilo barroco, exageradamente oscuro, bebedor de la prosa cervantina y deudor del conceptismo gongorino. Lo más curioso es que estas ideas se han fundamentado en suposiciones basadas en una lógica que ahora se plantea cuestionable. Me refiero, por ejemplo, a que en muy pocos casos se han podido establecer relaciones in- tertextuales convincentes entre las obras de Penso y aquellos que, supuesta- mente, eran sus modelos obligatorios, exceptuando los casos más evidentes. Aún resulta más llamativo que estos contados ejemplos hayan servido a los estudiosos, al menos a una buena parte, para argumentar el resto de intertex- tualidades, aunque no hubiesen encontrado una fuente correspondiente, y crear un discurso en el que excluían la posibilidad de que Penso hubiese podi- do acceder a textos literarios de otras tradiciones y hubiese tenido como re- ferentes a autores que no fuesen exclusivamente castellanos o portugueses. Bien es cierto que el difícil acceso a la documentación relacionada con la vida u obra del escritor – bien por no tener posibilidad de consultarla, bien por estar en diferentes repositorios e idiomas – no ha hecho más que alimentar las remotas ideas que hasta ahora se han estado barajando sin un fundamento lógico en el que apoyarse. Pongo por caso las suposiciones que se han hecho sobre el lugar y la fecha de nacimiento del autor, algunas de ellas carentes de más argumentación que la interpretación forzosa de apenas un renglón perdido en una colección de novelas, o un mero empeño de atribuirle una nacionalidad basada en indicios etimológicos relacionados con sus apellidos. Lo mismo sucede con su educación, de la que apenas se pueden juntar trabajos que se centren de manera específica sobre ella; cuál fue su labor durante su estancia en Italia – la cual, para muchos, parece que embargo, creo que entre las lecturas imprescindibles debe figurar el estudio, desde mi punto de vista el más completo en cuanto a documentación histórica y de archivo que ofrece, R. Toaff, La nazione ebrea a Livorno e a Pisa (1591-1700), Firenze, Olschki, 1990; L. Frattarelli Fischer, Vivere fuori dal ghetto: ebrei a Pisa e Livorno (secoli XVI-XVIII), Torino, Silvio Zamorani, 2008; F. Trivellato, The Familiarity of Strangers, The Sephardic Diaspora, Livorno, and Cross. Cultural Trade in the Early Modern Period, New Haven-London, Yale University Press, 2009; o la visión hi- storiográfica y cultural de la ciudad toscana que ofrece F.Bregoli, Mediterranean Enlightenment: Livornese Jews, Tuscan Culture, and Eighteenth. Century Reform, Standford, Standford University Press, 2014. — VII — INTRODUCCIÓN no tuvo ninguna repercusión cultural ni literaria en Penso –; en qué fecha y por qué causas volvió a Ámsterdam; o cuándo murió y por qué. Para ello, durante el Capítulo Primero, me centro en hacer una reconstrucción – qui- zás, la más completa junto a la que realizó en 1939 el profesor M.J. Smith –, ofreciendo documentación no tratada hasta ahora, con el fin de hacer una contribución razonable de cuál fue su trayectoria vital, así como la de sus familiares más cercanos. Es muy posible que, de no haber estado viviendo en Livorno y tomando contacto con los ambientes literarios y culturales locales, incluso a pesar de su formación, Penso hubiese significado en la historia de la literatura sefardí una línea más, casi anecdótica.
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