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The History of Sports for Individuals with Physical Disabilities Between 1945 and 2007

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The History of Sports for Individuals with Physical Disabilities Between 1945 and 2007 The lost bodies in sports, Taiwan: The history of sports for individuals with physical disabilities between 1945 and 2007 By Cheng-Hao Huang Doctoral thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements For the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University June 2019 © Cheng-Hao Huang 2019 In memory of my father i Abstract This thesis presents a history of sports for individuals with physical disabilities in Taiwan between 1945 and 2007. A Foucauldian lens is adopted. Primary data was collected from personal archives of key informants who had lived experience with the developments during this period and with whom interviews were also conducted. Materials were organised using Foucauldian genealogy and analysis was conducting using the lens of biopower to investigate how the bodies of people with physical disabilities were organised in relation to power in the rehabilitation and sporting context. The research portrays how, between 1945 and 1971, the epidemics of poliomyelitis left a large number of children in Taiwan paralysed, and most of them were segregated in institutions. These children became a social problem, and in these institutions, rehabilitation was regarded as physical education and thus became the hallmark of the special education at this time. Development in sports for the disabled occurred between 1972 to 1992, as the authorities began to pay attention to sports for these individuals and it was employed as a tool to encourage them to contribute to the greater national good. Between 1993 and 2007, the status of individuals with physical disabilities entered a liminal state in which they were neither fully included nor excluded in the sports for the disabled in Taiwan. The thesis concludes by highlighting how the Taiwanese State’s approach to individuals with physical disabilities targeted them as a social problem that needed to be managed, and sports were employed as techniques to fulfil this goal. The disabled body then becomes a pawn in the State’s power game which transformed over time, and it was made docile through the techniques of normalisation that are central to engagement with rehabilitation, physical education and sport. Keywords: Adaptive physical activity; disability sports; Foucault; history of sports; Paralympic sport; Taiwan ii Acknowledgements My sincere appreciation goes to my supervisor, Dr P. David Howe, who has supported me in my Ph. D career. He has excellent achievements in the field of the sociology of disability sports and introduced the theory of Foucault and other great ideas to me which have profoundly illuminated my perspectives on disability research. His concern for my well-being and my family have greatly eased the culture shock and maladjustments I have experienced in the UK. Thank you very much indeed, David! Of course, my wife, Fu-Lan, is a great support for me. She spends all of her time taking care of our family, especially my children, Cheng-Cheng and Hsu-Hsu, who are well looked after by their mother. Furthermore, my mother and late father also supported me a lot in my development, and it is a shame that my late father was not able to see my work. I would like to show my gratitude for the support of my government and the school I work for. I am also grateful for the scholarship granted to me by the Taiwanese government, as without this it would be impossible to have the opportunity to study a Ph. D overseas. In addition, I appreciate Long-Tian Elementary School who have allowed me to keep my job and study abroad for four years. The hardest time for a history researcher is the historical source collection, and especially given my research focus on a marginalised group, it was not easy to find the historical data that I needed. I am indebted to the individuals who gave up their time to be part of this research and who provided me with historical materials and archives. Your help remove the main obstacle of my work, without which the first history of sports for the disabled in Taiwan would not have been possible. Finally, I must express my appreciation to all my friends and colleagues who have helped me throughout my Ph. D. Although there is not enough space here to mention your names, I will always remember your help. iii Abbreviations APA Adaptive Physical Activity AWDs Athletes with Disabilities CISS Comité International des Sports des Sourds CPC Communist Party of China CTPC Chinese Taipei Paralympic Committee CTSFD Chinese Taipei Sports Federation for the Disabled CTSOD Chinese Taipei Sports Organization for the Disabled CYC The China Youth Corps DPP Democratic Progressive Party FESPIC Far East and South Pacific Games for the Disabled ICC International Co-ordination Committee of Sports Organisations for the Disabled ICF International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health ICIDH International Classification of Impairment Disabilities and Handicaps IOC International Olympic Committee IPC International Paralympic Committee IPV Inactivated poliovirus vaccine ISMGF International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation ISMWSF International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation ISOD International Organisations of Sports for the Disabled IWAS International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports KMT Kuomintang NPC National Paralympic Committee NT New Taiwan dollars NTNU National Taiwan Normal University NTU National Taiwan University NTUH National Taiwan University Hospital OPV Oral polio vaccine iv PE Physical Education PRC People’s Republic of China ROC Republic of China ROCSOD Republic of China Sports Organization for the Disabled UN United Nations UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund WHO World Health Organization v Table of contents Chapter 1. Introduction ..................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2. Social history ................................................................................. 11 2.1. Social history of sports ............................................................................. 13 2.1.1. The development of sports history ..................................................... 13 2.1.2. The theories and methods of sports history ........................................ 14 2.1.3. Sources of sport history ...................................................................... 16 2.2. Social history of disability ........................................................................ 18 2.3. Social history of disability sport ............................................................... 22 2.3.1. The development of sports for the disabled ....................................... 23 2.3.2 Research about the history of sports for the disabled .......................... 29 2.4. Disability in Confucianism ....................................................................... 31 2.4.1.Confucianism: order and disability ..................................................... 32 2.4.2.Confucianism: family and disability ................................................... 33 Chapter 3. Theory: Poststructuralism ............................................................. 36 3.1. Poststructuralism ....................................................................................... 36 3.1.1. Poststructuralism and history.............................................................. 38 3.1.2. Poststructuralism and sport ................................................................. 39 3.1.3. Poststructuralism and disability .......................................................... 40 3.2. Foucauldian thought/theory ...................................................................... 41 3.2.1. Power .................................................................................................. 43 3.2.2 Discipline and the docile bodies .......................................................... 46 3.2.3. Panopticism and surveillance ............................................................. 49 3.2.4. Biopower and governmentality .......................................................... 51 3.3. Foucault & disability ................................................................................ 53 3.3.1. Foucauldian subjectivity & disability ................................................. 57 3.3.2. Foucauldian biopower & disability .................................................... 61 vi Chapter 4. Research methodologies and methods .......................................... 64 4.1. Ontological and epistemological stance ................................................... 64 4.2. Research methods ..................................................................................... 68 4.2.1. Genealogy ........................................................................................... 68 4.2.2. Document analysis .............................................................................. 72 4.2.3. Semi-structured interviews and selection of interviewees ................. 79 Chapter 5. The model of disability ................................................................. 85 5.1. The medical model .................................................................................... 86 5.2. The social model ....................................................................................... 93 5.3. The bio/social model ................................................................................. 98 Chapter6. The forgotten body: the history of sport for people with physical disabilities in Taiwan between 1945 and 1971 .............................................
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