Paralympic Administration Manual

• paralympic movement

powered by The IPC’s mission is to develop Paralympic Sport around the world at all levels, and ensure the means necessary to support future growth of the Paralympic Movement. Behind this stated objective, constant hard work is being conducted on the ground – men and women through their love of sport and devotion to the Paralympic Movement use resources available to bring Paralympic Sport to life across the five continents. Without them, ParalympicS port would simply not exist.

This commitment ultimately drives the continual evolution of National Paralympic Committees (NPC) and the growing events calendar. The popularity and development of Paralympic Sport now more than ever depends on the ability of our NPCs to develop and deliver quality training and competition opportunities for their athletes. For this reason, the IPC is providing managers and administrators the means which allow them to accomplish their work in the best manner possible.

This Paralympic Administration Manual is a further demonstration of the IPC’s commitment in providing the Paralympic Movement with the resources needed to accomplish their goals. You will find it an extremely useful tool in developing Paralympic Sport in your region and country.

This publication was made possible through funding from the German Ministry of the Interior, and adds to a wide range of programmes developed in partnership with the IPC Academy. It will contribute to raising the general quality of NPCs and Paralympic events, and will assist the growth of Paralympic Sport at all levels.

On behalf of the IPC, I would like to thank all of the NPCs and their commitment to Paralympic Sport. I wish them the utmost success!

Sir Philip Craven MBE IPC President

Image credits: Lieven Coudenys (cover image), Getty Images (this page)

Some of the contents of this document have been prepared using information contained in International Olympic Committee (IOC) publications, where applicable and with the permission of IOC. We thank the IOC, as the owner of copyright for this material, for their assistance and co-operation. PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL 1.3

© Copyright International Paralympic Committee 2010 MODULE I THE PARALYMPIC MOVEMENT 1.7

CHAPTER 1: HISTORY 1.9

CHAPTER 2: STRUCTURE 1.15 A. The International Paralympic Committee (The IPC) 1.16 B. Membership 1.19 C. National Paralympic Committees (NPCs) 1.21 D. Regional Organizations 1.22 E. International Organizations of Sport for the Disabled (IOSDs) 1.23 F. International Federations (IPSFs) 1.24 G. Athletes 1.26 H. Competitions 1.27 I. Your NPC and the Paralympic Movement 1.29 J. Questions 1.29

CHAPTER 3: THE 1.31 A. The Evolution of the Paralympic Games 1.32 B. The IPC and the IOC 1.33 C. The International Bid Process for Selecting Host Cities 1.33 D. The Organizing Committees (OCOGs) 1.35 E. Paralympic Sports Programme 1.36

CHAPTER 4: The IPC PROGRAMMES AND INTERESTS 1.41 A. Women in Sport 1.42 B. Athletes with High Support Needs 1.46 C. Paralympic Games Impact 1.48 D. Development Support Initiatives 1.50 E. Sport for Athletes with a and the Media 1.50 F. The IPC Academy 1.56 G. The IPC Documentation Centre 1.57

Image credit: Lieven Coudenys PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL 1.5 MODULE 1: THE PARALYM1PIC MOVEMENT

PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL 1.7 CHAPTER 1: history

Image credit: IWAS PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.9 Sport for athletes with a disability has existed for more than 100 In 1960, an International Working ISMGF: athletes with a visual impair- years. In the 18th and 19th centuries, new contributions proved Group on Sport for the Disabled ment, amputation and cerebral palsy. that sport activities were very important for the rehabilitation of was set up to study the challenges The organization pushed hard to facing persons with a disability who include athletes with a visual impair- persons with a disability. wanted to become involved in sport. ment or an amputation in the Toronto Following World War II, traditional methods of rehabilitation could Its aim was to establish an organiza- 1976 Paralympic Games, and persons tion that included all disability groups. with cerebral palsy in the Arnhem not meet the medical and psychological needs of large numbers It resulted in the creation, in 1964, 1980 Paralympic Games. of soldiers and civilians with a disability. At the request of the of an international sport federation British government, Dr. founded the National called ISOD: International Sports The aim of ISOD was to become an Spinal Injuries Centre at the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Great Organization for the Disabled. umbrella organization for all and to act as a co-ordinating com- Britain in 1944. Guttmann introduced sport as a form of recreation ISOD offered opportunities for those mittee. Later, other disability groups and as an aid for remedial treatment and rehabilitation. athletes who could not belong to the established their own international

On 28 July 1948 – the day of the and “Olympic” to illustrate how the Opening Ceremony of the Olympic two movements exist side by side. Games in London – the Stoke “Paralympics” has been the official Mandeville Games were founded, and term of the Games since 1988. the first competition for athletes with a took place on the Over time, the organization and hospital grounds in Stoke Mandeville. structure of the Paralympics became Two British teams with 14 former more professional, and resulted in servicemen and two former service- the continuous improvement of the women competed in . The classification system; an increase Stoke Mandeville Games were held in standards for coaching, training, from then on annually. In 1952, Dutch refereeing and umpiring; continual ex-servicemen joined the move- amendments of the Handbook of ment and the International Stoke Rules for each sport; and a growing Mandeville Games were established. number of athletes and countries These, too, took place every year in participating in the Games. Stoke Mandeville. The organizational structure also under- In 1960, the International Stoke went significant changes. Until 1952, Mandeville Games were staged for the Stoke Mandeville Games were the first time in the same country organized by Guttmann and hospital and city as the , i.e., staff, with a group of doctors, trainers, in . They went down in history physiotherapists and administrators as the “First Paralympic Games”. deciding on rules, classifications, etc. The first Paralympic Winter Games However, the International Stoke took place in Örnsköldsvik, , Mandeville Games Committee was in 1976. founded in 1961 and took over respon- The word “Paralympic” was origi- sibility for organizing the Games until nally a pun combining “paraplegic” 1972, the year the Constitution was and “Olympic”; however, with the amended to include the International inclusion of other disability groups Stoke Mandeville Games Federation and the close association of the (ISMGF). In the 1990s, the ISMGF Paralympic Movement with the Olympic became the International Stoke Movement, it now refers to “parallel” Mandeville Sports (from the Greek preposition “para”) Federation (ISMWSF).

Image credit: Lieven Coudenys

1.10 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.11 sports organizations that arranged The Winter Paralympics in various competitions. in 1994 were the first Paralympic Games under the management of Today, four of the five International the IPC, with its headquarters being Organizations of Sport for the Disabled based in Bonn, Germany, since 1999. (IOSDs) listed below are members of Today, we look back on a history the IPC: of the organization, which is rapidly • CPISRA: Cerebral Palsy developing and presently numbers International Sport and around 165 member nations. The Recreation Association, Movement’s growth is best exempli- fied through the phenomenal rise of • IBSA: International Blind Sports the Paralympic Games. More coun- Federation, tries competed at the 2008 • INAS-FID: International Sports Paralympics (3951 athletes, 146 Federation for Persons with an countries) than in the Munich 1972 , Olympic Games. In Beijing, the degree of media coverage was unprecedent- • IWAS: International Wheelchair ed. With interest in and acceptance and Amputee Sports Federation for sport for persons with a disabil- (amalgamation of ISOD and ity growing, the expansion of the ISMWSF in 2004), Paralympics is most likely to continue • CISS: Comité International des in the future. Sports des Sourds (member of The IPC is currently composed of the IPC from 1986-1995). a General Assembly, a Governing Board, a Management Team in Bonn The international organizations recog- and various Standing Committees nized a need to co-ordinate both the and Councils. From 1989 (when the Paralympic Games and other interna- IPC was founded) to 2001, Dr. Robert tional and regional sport competitions. D. Steadward held the office of IPC Therefore, the ISOD, ISMGF, CPISRA President. In December 2001, after and IBSA created the “International the maximum of three terms in office, Co-ordinating Committee (ICC) of he was succeeded by the former World Sports Organizations for the Paralympian and President of the Disabled” in 1982 to govern the International Paralympic Games and to represent Federation, Sir Philip Craven, MBE. the participating organizations in dia- In 2005, the Executive Committee logues with the International Olympic was replaced by a Governing Board Committee (IOC) and other global whose members were directly elect- organizations. ed by the IPC General Assembly. However, the member nations For more information and details demanded more national and regional on the history of the IPC and the representation in the organization. Paralympic Games, please visit the This finally led to the foundation in official website at www.paralympic. 1989 of a new, democratically orga- org/IPC/. nized institution: the International Paralympic Committee (the IPC) initially headquartered in Bruges, Belgium. The IPC officially replaced the ICC following the Barcelona 1992 Paralympic Games.

1.12 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 Image credit: Lieven Coudenys 1.13 CHAPTER 2: STRUCTURE

Image credit: Lieven Coudenys PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.15 A. The International • To liaise with the International • To seek continuous global • Paralympic athletes: the primary Paralympic Committee Olympic Committee (IOC) and promotion and media coverage focus of the IPC’s activities, (The IPC) other international sports bodies, of the Paralympic Movement, in the context of Paralympic athletes, is the development of • To co-ordinate the calendar its vision of inspiration and excitement through sport, as all athletes from initiation to elite The International Paralympic Comm­ of international and regional well as its ideals and activities, level, ittee (the IPC) is the global governing competitions; and, • To achieve sporting excellence: body of the Paralympic Movement. • To assist and encourage • To promote the self-governance the goal of a sports-centred It is an international, non-profit orga- educational programmes, of each Paralympic Sport organization, nization formed and run by around research and promotional either as an integral part of the 160 National Paralympic Committees activities. international sport movement for • To inspire and excite the (NPCs), four disability-specific interna- able-bodied athletes, or as an world: the external result is our tional sports federations (International There are a total of 25 sports on the independent sport organization, contribution to a better world Organizations of Sport for the Paralympic programme (20 Summer while at all times safeguarding for all people with a disability. Disabled, or IOSDs), the sports and and five Winter). Other sports such and preserving its own identity, To achieve this, relations with Regional Organizations. as Wheelchair Rugby, , Judo, • To ensure that in sport external organizations and the Football, (ref. to Chapter The IPC was founded on 22 Sep­ practised within the Paralympic promotion of the Paralympic Two – Structure, F. International tember 1989 with the aim of creating Movement, the spirit of fair play Movement as a whole are of Paralympic Sports Federations) are an international representative orga- prevails, violence is banned, prime importance. either governed by independent sport nization of elite sports for athletes the health risk of the athletes federations or are part of a disability- with a disability. It has a democratic is managed, and fundamental The IPC Motto specificIOSD programme. structure with democratically elected ethical principles are upheld, The spirit of every Paralympic ath- representatives. The Lillehammer 1994 • To contribute to the creation of lete is uncompromising – exceeding Paralympic Winter Games were the The IPC Mission a drug-free sport environment every day what others had thought first Paralympic Games under the The Mission that provides the broad for all Paralympic athletes in was possible by pushing themselves governance of the IPC. goals to the IPC for a long-term conjunction with the World Anti- to their limits. With the motto “Spirit in The IPC organizes the Summer and strategy is: Doping Agency (WADA), Motion”, the IPC has captured what the Paralympic Movement is trying , and serves • To promote Paralympic Sport • To guarantee and supervise to achieve: enabling athletes from as the International Federation for ten without discrimination for the organization of successful all backgrounds to unite on a single sports, for which it supervises and co- political, religious, economic, Paralympic Games, stage, inspiring and exciting the world ordinates the World Championships disability, gender, sexual • To ensure the growth and with their performances. and other competitions. The IPC is com- orientation, or race reasons, mitted to helping enable Paralympic strength of the Paralympic athletes to achieve sporting excellence Movement through the • To ensure the means necessary and to developing sporting opportuni- development of National to support the future growth of ties for persons with a disability from Paralympic Committees in all the Paralympic Movement. the beginner to elite level. In addi- countries and to support the activities of all IPC member tion, the IPC aims to promote the The IPC Vision Paralympic values of courage, deter- organizations, mination, inspiration and equality. • To promote and contribute to “To enable Paralympic athletes to The IPC has wide ranging aims: the development of sporting achieve sporting excellence and opportunities and competitions, inspire and excite the world.” • To promote, without from initiation to elite level, for discrimination, the practice Paralympic athletes as the of sports for people with a foundation of elite Paralympic Each word in the vision represents a Paralympic Symbol disability, Sport, clear idea in defining the ultimate aim The new Paralympic Symbol (logo) • To seek the expansion of • To develop opportunities for of the IPC: was launched in 2003. It is a symbol sporting opportunities from a female athletes and athletes • To enable: this is the primary role in motion, with three Agitos (from the developmental to an elite level with a severe disability in sport of the IPC as an organization – Latin meaning “I move”) encircling a for people with a disability, at all levels and in all structures, to create the conditions for centre point to emphasize the role • To create the conditions for • To support and encourage athlete empowerment through the IPC has of bringing athletes from athlete empowerment through educational, cultural, research self-determination, all corners of the world together and self-determination, and scientific activities that contribute to the development and promotion of the Paralympic Movement,

1.16 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.17 enabling them to compete, and also The latest version of the IPC Handbook, to illustrate that Paralympic athletes which is regularly revised and updated, Executive Office are constantly inspiring and exciting is available on the IPC website: A. CEO Office the world with their performances; B. Governing Board they are always moving forward and http://www.paralympic.org/IPC/ Executive Office never giving up. The new Paralympic IPC_Handbook/ C. Documentation Centre President Office Symbol consists of three elements in D. Protocol & Hospitality red, blue and green – the three colours The IPC Organization E. IF Relations that are most widely represented in F. Sports Information & Database Management national flags around the world. In November 2003, the IPC took important steps toward a new future The previous symbol incorporated when the General Assembly, its the Tae-Geuk, which is a traditional highest decision-making body, adopt- Operational Office Sports ed new governance and management Korean decorative motif. Tae-Geuks G. COO Office L. IPC Sports Management structures following a Strategic Rev­ were first used in a symbol at the 1988 H. Administration, Finances, M. Paralympic Games Paralympic Games in Seoul, Korea. iew. A motion that will lead the ten Human Resources and IT Sports Management At that time, the symbol consisted of IPC Sports towards self-sustainability I. Membership Relations & five Tae-Geuks in a configuration in and eventual self-governance was NPC Development the five colours (blue, black, red, yel- also passed. In addition to the NPCs Medical & Scientific low and green) of the Olympic Rings. and IOSDs, the sports and regional P. Anti-Doping bodies have the option of becoming Q. Classification In 1991, the International Olympic full members of the IPC. Marketing & Broadcasting R. IPC Academy Committee (IOC) requested that the J. Marketing, Broadcasting S. Medical Services IPC modifies its symbol, if it was to The IPC Executive Committee mandat- & New Media T. Sports Science be used for marketing purposes. The ed a Constitutional Committee, which in K. Education IOC Marketing Department consid- 2004 fine-tuned the governance struc- ered the symbol with five Tae-Geuks ture and developed a new Constitution Paralympic Games too similar to the five Olympic Rings for the IPC. An Extraordinary General N. Paralympic Games Assembly was held in November 2004 Co-ordination and hence potentially confusing for Media & Communications the IOC Sponsorship Programme. to approve the new IPC Constitution O. Paralympic Games U. Media & Communications The configuration of five Tae-Geuks and bylaws outlining the new electoral Strategic Projects was used at the 1994 Lillehammer system. The Executive Committee Paralympic Winter Games. A was replaced by a Governing Board, Paralympic Symbol with three Tae- and a new Governing Board was Geuks was officially launched on a elected by the General Assembly in other cities such as Madrid and Paris. the integration of modern elements worldwide basis at the 1994 World November 2005. With funds from the Bonn-Berlin com- and old-style architecture. Championships for IPC sports, and pensation package, the city provided The new structure was implemented “Mind, Body, Spirit” was adopted as the IPC with a building for 99 years. The building has two apartments that in 2005. The IPC is now composed of the Paralympic motto. The building was renovated and are available for visiting committee the General Assembly, the Governing made wheelchair accessible, and the members and guests, along with a The Tae-Geuks were used in limited Board, the Management Team, and IPC Headquarters officially opened meeting room that holds more than ways until the Closing Ceremony of various Councils and Standing Comm­ on 3 September 1999. 30 people. The IPC Headquarters, the Athens 2004 Paralympic Games. ittees, as shown in the following chart. located along Bonn’s Museum Mile, The flag that was handed over to The IPC Headquarters are run by are about 2km from the city centre, Beijing had the new IPC symbol on it. The full list of staff and their professional staff, the first of whom the main train station and City Hall. The old symbol is no longer used. contact details are available were employed in 1998. The staff manage the daily operations of this on the IPC website: B. Membership The IPC Handbook http://www.paralympic.org/IPC/ large and complex organization. Organization/ Previously, the organization was run The IPC Handbook represents the almost exclusively by volunteers, but Subject to compliance with the IPC permanent fundamental reference doc- currently has a workforce of about Constitution [Reference Module II], ument for all parties of the Paralympic The IPC Headquarters 30 full-time and part-time employees. membership shall be open to the fol- Movement. It contains the Constitution The IPC decided to open its Head­ lowing categories: and Bylaws, Guiding Principles, Rules quarters in the former German capital In the early 1900s, the IPC building and Regulations adopted and imple- was originally a private residence and National Paralympic Committees of Bonn in 1997. Bonn was success- (NPCs): a national organization rec­ mented by the IPC. ful in its application against bids from was later used as an office building. It has a distinct atmosphere through og­­nized by the IPC as the sole

1.18 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.19 representative of athletes with a dis- compliance with the published nomina- C. National Paralympic The NPCs shall also respect the ability in that country or territory to the tion procedures. Committees (NPCs) rights and obligations in relation to IPC, and recognized as such by the marketing (**): Submit motions to the IPC General respective National Sports Council or The NPCs co-ordinate and support Assembly, subject to compliance with similar highest sports authority within the IPC’s activities and Paralympic Each NPC, which is a member of the the relevant the IPC Standing Order. a country. The NPCs are responsible Sport in their respective territory. They IPC, is responsible for the observance The IPC Governing Board will provide for Paralympic co-ordination with- are also responsible for the entrance, in its own country or territory (*) of the General Assembly with its recom- in their respective country and are management and team preparation all the rules within the IPC Handbook mendations on such motions. responsible for relations and commu- for the Paralympic Games and other relating to the use of the NPC emblem, Paralympic Symbol, flag, motto, hymn nications with the IPC. Participate in all IPC activities, includ- IPC sanctioned competitions. ing congresses/conferences and any and name “Paralympics”. Regional/Continental Paralympic Organ­ As members of the IPC, the NPCs other scientific, educational or pro- izations (Regions): an independent (*) have the right to submit motions, vote Each NPC is obliged to protect the motional activities organized by the Regional Organization recognized as and be heard at meetings of the Mem- NPC emblem, Paralympic Symbol, IPC, subject to payment of participa- the sole regional/continental repre- bers, nominate candidates for appro- flag, motto, hymn and the name tion fees and other relevant decisions sentative of the IPC members within priate IPC bodies and participate in “Paralympics” within its own country made by the IPC Governing Board. a specific region as recognized by all IPC activities, subject to meeting or territory (*). the IPC. Full members from all four categories the eligibility criteria of the respective shall: activity. Each NPC has the right to the International Organizations for Sport devolved use of the Paralympic Sym- for Disabled (IOSDs): an independent Participate in the development of the The NPCs who are members of the bol, flag, motto, hymn and the name organization recognized by the IPC IPC’s Vision and Mission statement. IPC shall: “Paralympics” within its own country as the sole representative of a spe- or territory. cific disability group to the IPC. Pay the annual membership fee estab- Have the right to enter their athletes lished by the IPC General Assembly in the Paralympic Games and all com- Each NPC, in consultation with the petitions sanc¬tioned by the IPC, sub- International Paralympic Sport Fed­ within the first 90 days of the calen- IPC, can authorize such use of the ject to compliance with the IPC rules erations (IPSFs): an independent (*) dar year. Under special circumstances, Paralympic Symbol, flag, motto, hymn Sport Federation recognized by the and regulations, and the decisions of the IPC Governing Board may consid- and the name “Paralympics” in a spe- IPC as the sole world-wide represen- the IPC Governing Board. er a request for reduction or waiving cific form to an individual, company tative of a specific sport for athletes of the membership fee. Such a deci- Nominate one athlete for election to or organization within its own borders. with a disability that has been grant- sion will not revoke any rights of the the IPC Athletes’ Council, subject to ed the status of Paralympic Sport by member. compliance with the nomination and Accept the right of the IPC to initi- the IPC Governing Board. ate an International Marketing Pro- Submit the Statutes of the organiza- election procedures as outlined in the gramme (IMP) with other partners, Note (*): Until they have become tion to the IPC Headquarters (copy bylaws for the IPC Athletes’ Council. an autonomous registered organi- agencies, subject to individual and/ in English) and inform the IPC of any Where required for entering athletes zation, Regions and IPSFs will be or Collective consultations with IPC subsequent changes to the statutes, in qualifying events for the Paralym- granted speaking and voting rights stakeholders and as outlined in the pic Games, respect the conditions at the IPC General Assembly. The Inform the IPC on any matter com- IPC Intellectual Property Bylaws; for membership as set by the spe- same provisions are made for the IPC ing to their attention, which may cific IOSD, IPSF, or where relevant, Support the International Market- Championships sports that have not hinder the effective development of sports for athletes with a disability or Region, which governs the specific ing Programme (IMP) of the IPC and obtained Paralympic Status. qualifying tournament. which may adversely affect the IPC, through the IPC, future Paralympic Games Organizing Committee’s (or Full members from all four categories Paralympic Movement or Paralympic Consider, without any form of discrimi- if one and the same, Olympic Games shall have the right to: Games. nation, all athletes from the respective Organizing Committee’s) marketing country, who according to the respec- Vote and be heard at any meeting of Abide by all the IPC Bylaws, Codes, tive sport qualify for the Paralympic plans. the Members of the IPC, including the Rules and Regulations and the deci- Games, for selection to the National General Assembly, subject to dele- sions of the IPC Governing Board, Ensure the continuous promotion of Paralympic Team. gates being duly mandated in writing and promote the principles outlined the Paralympic Movement through and in compliance with the published in the IPC Code of Ethics to their Observe and comply with the admin- supporting IPC authorized broadcast- timelines. respective individual members. istrative and operational guidelines ers of the Paralympic Games using issued by the IPC with regard to Paralympic properties to promote the Nominate candidates for the IPC Maintain regular and on-going commu- entrance, management and team broadcasts of the Paralympic Games Governing Board and the IPC nication with the IPC and, in particular, preparation for the Paralympic Games as outlined in the IPC Intellectual Standing Committees, subject to respond to the IPC’s official requests and other IPC sanctioned competitions. Property Bylaws. candidates being duly nominated in in a timely manner.

1.20 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.21 Note: Region. In general, each Region that (*) “Territory” is applicable for those is a member of the IPC shall: specific geographical areas that are • Have the right to be fully not countries, but are recognized represented in the IPC Regions’ members of the IPC (IOC). Council, which has been The Rights and Obligations for established by the IPC, IPC Members are included in the • Act as a liaison with the IPC on IPC Handbook Section I to be behalf of its national members found on the IPC Website: http:// in the respective region, while www.paralympic.org/IPC/IPC_ recognizing that its relationship Handbook/Section_1/ with the IPC cannot supersede the national member’s rights to Each NPC has to include the word directly liaise with the IPC on all “Paralympic” in their Constitutional IPC matters, name and title. • Have the right to organize Regional sports events in D. Regional Organizations co-operation with the respective is a qualifier for the Paralym- agreement on any fundraising IPSF, while respecting the pic Games or IPC Sport World and sponsorship programme The IPC currently recognizes four specific calendar co-ordination Championships, undertaken by both parties, Regional Organizations: the African agreements reached with the whereby the protection of the Sports Confederation of Disabled • That non-payment of a mem- IPC, but recognizing their right to adopted IPC fundraising and (Africa), the Asian Paralympic Com- bership fee to the Region shall conduct their own affairs, sponsorship programme shall mittee (), the European Para- never be a reason for exclud- have priority. lympic Committee (Europe) and the • Until such time as all multi- ing from speaking and voting Oceania Paralympic Committee (Oce- disability sports are independent at General Assemblies of the ania). Until such time as an indepen- from the IPC, the Region Region on all topics related to E. International Organizations dent regional organization is created, awards, supervises and controls IPC activities, of Sport for the Disabled the IPC has established a Regional the respective Official Regional • That subject to the agreements Committee, the Paralympic Commit- Championships, Regional Games (IOSDs) tee of the Americas (for the Americas and/or cup competitions in multi- on membership listed above, the region), to act as the sole representa- disability sports for which it General Assembly of the Region The IPC currently recognizes four tive body in that region. applies for sanctioning by the has the sole right to appoint its IOSDs: the Cerebral Palsy Inter- relevant IPC Sport, elected representative to the IPC national Sports and Recreation Regional Organizations act as a liaison Council of Regions, Association (CPISRA), the Internation- • Co-ordinate its development with the IPC on behalf of their mem- • That where possible, the Region al Blind Sports Federation (IBSA), the bers in the respective region, organize activities with the IPC and shall observe standards similar International Sports Federation for regional sports events, co-ordinate co-operate with the IPC to those of the IPC in relation Persons with an Intellectual Disabil- their development activities with the Development Committee to to notice of meetings, nomina- ity (INAS-FID) and the International IPC, and provide support to the IPC ensure the development of tions for office, voting, general Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Fed- membership in the respective region. Paralympic sport within the eration (IWAS). respective Region. democratic practice and the IPC As members of the IPC, Regional Code of Ethics, IOSDs co-operate with the IPC in pro- Each Region shall also agree to the Organizations have the right to sub- viding the disability-specific expertise following principles: • That whenever the IPC finan- mit motions, vote and be heard at cially contributes to the devel- required to develop sport for athletes meetings of the members, nominate • That membership in the Region opment of the Region for its with a disability from the grassroots candidates for appropriate IPC bod- is open to all national organiza- administrative, its general opera- level to the elite level. They are the ies and participate in all IPC activities, tions that are members of the tions and its development proj- governing body for some of the dis- subject to meeting eligibility of the IPC and belong to that region, ects, the Executive Committee of ability-specific sports participating at respective activity. the Paralympic Games. They also co- • That non-payment of a mem- the Region shall be held account- able by the IPC for the proper ordinate their development activities Specific agreements outlining the bership fee to the Region shall with the IPC. roles and responsibilities as well as never be a reason for excluding use of the funding received from the IPC, the marketing rights for each party from participation in any compe- As members of the IPC, IOSDs have are signed between the IPC and each tition or event in the region that • That the IPC and the Region the right to submit motions, vote and shall establish a special be heard at meetings of the members,

1.22 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.23 nominate candidates for appropriate • Have the right to be fully IPC bodies and participate in all IPC represented in the Sport Council Sport Type International Federation Sports Governed activities, subject to meeting eligibility as established by the IPC, criteria of the respective activity. IF Sports International Archery Archery (n=1) • Have the right to conduct their Federation (FITA) Every IOSD that is a member of the own sporting events and to deal International Cycling Union Cycling (n=1) IPC shall: with their own affairs, (UCI) • Respect the specific calendar • Have the right to be fully co-ordination agreements as International Equestrian Equestrian (n=1) represented in the Council of reached between the IPSF and Federation (FEI) IOSDs as established by the the IPC, International Rowing Rowing (n=1) IPC, Federation (FISA) • Communicate and collaborate • Have the right to conduct its when appropriate its International Association of Sailing (n=1) own sporting events, to handle development activities with the Disabled Sailing (IADS) its own affairs and to assist the IPC and co-operate with the IPC in multi-disability events, International Table Tennis Table Tennis (n=1) IPC Development Committee to Federation (ITTF) • Respect the specific calendar ensure the development of their World Organization Volleyball Volleyball (Sitting) co-ordination agreements sport throughout the world, reached with the IPC, for the Disabled (WOVD) (n=1) • Accept that it is the sole International Wheelchair Wheelchair • Co-ordinate its development authority of the IPC Governing Basketball Federation (IWBF) Basketball activities with the IPC and co- Board to decide on the inclusion (n=1) operate with the IPC in providing of a sport/discipline/event in the the disability-specific expertise Paralympic Games, required to develop sport (WCF) (n=1) • Establish and enforce the rules for athletes with a disability concerning the practice of their International Wheelchair Rugby Wheelchair Rugby from the grassroots level and respective sport, and ensure Federation (IWRF) (n=2) upwards. their application during the International Tennis Federation Paralympic Games, (ITF) (n=1) F. International Paralympic • Establish the criteria for IOSD Sports Cerebral Palsy International Boccia, Sports Federations (IPSFs) eligibility of the sport’s Sport and Recreation Football 7-a-Side competitions to the Paralympic Association (CPISRA) (n=2) Games in conformity with the The governance of all current 25 Para- International Blind Sport Football 5-a-Side, IPC Handbook and the IPC lympic sports (20 Paralympic Summer Federation (IBSA) Goalball, Classification Code, and submit sports, 5 Paralympic ) Judo qualification criteria as well as falls under the responsibility of differ- (n=3) ent bodies: sports specific classification rules to the IPC Governing International Wheelchair and Wheelchair Fencing • IPC Sports (The IPC serves Board for ratification, Amputee Sport Federation as the International Federation (IWAS) for nine sports, for which it • Assume the responsibility for the technical control and direction IPC Sports International Paralympic Alpine , supervises and co-ordinates the Committee (IPC) Athletics Biathlon, World Championships and other of their sports at the Paralympic Games, Cross-Country competitions) Skiing, • IOSD Sports • If different from the NPC, Ice , ensure that any national member Powerlifting, • IF Sports of the IPSF that has athletes Shooting Swimming, qualified for the Paralympic Wheelchair Dance Specific agreements outlining the Games enters its athletes for Sport (non-Paralym- roles and responsibilities along with the Paralympic Games through pic Sport) the marketing rights for each party the respective NPC in that (n=9) are signed between the IPC and each country. IPSF. In general, each IPSF that is a member of the IPC shall:

1.24 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.25 This group may also include those The IPC has established an Athletes’ who have had a or head injury. Council to encourage input from athletes to the IPC and to its vari- Les Autres ous commissions. The IPC Athletes’ Council is composed of nine “Les Autres” (French for ‘the others’) Paralympic athlete representatives is an umbrella term for athletes with elected for a four-year term. Six ath- a wide range of conditions resulting lete representatives are elected from from various neurological, neuromus- summer sports and three from winter cular or musculoskeletal disorders, sports at the Paralympic Games. but which do not ‘fit’ into the tradi- tional profiles of physical disability as Athlete candidates are nominated by described above. Typical examples their respective National Paralympic are: achondroplasia, muscular dys- Committee (NPC), and must have trophy, multiple sclerosis, mutilated competed at a Paralympic Games hands or feet, congenital deformities within the previous eight years. The etc. In the majority of sports, “Les Athletes’ Council meets at least Autres” athletes compete together once a year at the invitation of the with athletes with other physical Chairperson and at the request of the impairments in accordance with their IPC Governing Board. functional ability. Several lPSFs and NPCs encourage input by athletes and have established Intellectual Disability mechanisms to solicit their views Image credit: Lieven Coudenys To be eligible for Paralympic Sports, through Athletes’ Councils and athlete athletes with intellectual impairment representatives on NPCs and NFs. must have a significantly sub-aver- What has your NPC done to encour- G. Athletes Spinal Injuries age general intellectual functioning age the involvement of athletes in (defined as IQ < 75) and concurrent This group includes, but is not limited your association? limitations in adaptive skills, acquired The Paralympic Movement, above all, to athletes with spinal cord injury due before the age of 18. Additionally, is focused on the athletes and youth. to trauma, injury, illness or from birth (e.g., spina bifida). It also includes they show reduced “sports intelli- H. Competitions Sports administrators should never other health conditions besides spi- gence”, or limitations in the conative lose sight of the fact that their main nal cord injury or spina bifida, such domain (conation refers to the men- All Africa Games efforts must be directed towards the as poliomyelitis, Post-polio syndrome tal processes that activate and/or creation of opportunities for athletes, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Many of direct behaviour and action, such as Although plans were in progress for who come from a variety of back- these athletes compete sitting in processing speed, visual-spatial intel- the All Africa Games since the 1920s, grounds and may belong to any of a wheelchair or other equipment ligence, memory) that impact directly it was not until the early 1960s that the the following disability groups: designed for sitting sports (e.g., sit- on sport participation. were held for the ski, Ice Sledge Hockey sledge). French-speaking countries in Africa. Amputee Visually Impaired Before the third edition in Senegal in 1963, a conference of African Minis- Cerebral Palsy Athletes with a Athletes with an amputation have ters of Youth and Sport decided that compete with a wide range of func- at least one major joint or part of an “Cerebral” means brain-centred. the competition would be renamed tion from conditions that result in extremity missing (e.g., elbow, knee). “Palsy” signifies a lack of muscle the All Africa Games, as there were control. Cerebral palsy is defined as significant loss of vision after correc- Depending on the location of the already a few English-speaking coun- a heath condition affecting move- tion (i.e., using glasses, etc.) to total amputation and on the sport require- tries participating. ment and posture due to damage to blindness. Athletes are allocated a ments, athletes may compete standing an area, or areas, of the brain that sport class according to the amount The firstA ll Africa Games were held in with or without prosthetic extremities control and co-ordinate muscle tone, of useful vision they have. Visual 1965 at Brazzaville and subsequently (e.g., Alpine Skiing, Athletics), or sitting reflexes, posture and movement. acuity and visual field are measures have been held in Lagos (1973), Algiers (e.g., Ice Sledge Hockey, Wheelchair Athletes in this group have impaired to make this determination. Visual (1978), Nairobi (1987), Cairo (1991), Basketball). usage, co-ordination and muscle tone. acuity refers to clarity and distance Harare (1995), Johannesburg (1999), vision. Visual field refers to the area Abuja (2003) and Algiers (2007). The a person can see without moving the 2011 Games will be held in Maputo, eyes or head. Mozambique.

1.26 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.27 Starting in 1999 in Johannesburg, the The inaugural Oceania Paralympic . Nine additional editions Other Games All began to include Championships, a multi-sport, multi- of the competition were held until There are dozens of other multi-sport competitions for athletes with a dis- disability event, was incorporated into 1999, when Mexico City hosted the international games based on subre- ability. In Algiers (2007), around 350 the 2007 as a result first edition of the Games under the gions, language and culture and other athletes with a disability from 25 of a partnership among the Oceania supervision of the IPC. These Games considerations. A few of these include: countries competed in Athletics, Goal- Paralympic Committee, the Australian were entitled the Parapan American Youth Games, the Paralympic World ball and Wheelchair Basketball. Paralympic Committee (APC) and the Games. Approximately 1,000 athletes Cup and the Jeux de l’Avenir, etc. Northern Territory Government. participated in 1999. About 1,300 The A total of 322 athletes from 24 coun- athletes participated in the subse- tries participated in seven sports for quent Games, staged in the Mar del I. Your NPC and the The first Commonwealth Games were Plata, Argentina, in 2003. held in 1930 in Hamilton, Ontario, in athletes with a disability (Athletics, Paralympic Movement Wheelchair Basketball, Cycling, Pow- . Four hundred athletes from For the first time, the 2007 Parapan erlifting, Swimming, Table Tennis, and 11 countries participated in the first American Games took place immedi- Now that you have spent some time Wheelchair Tennis). Commonwealth Games. Since then, ately after and in the same city, at the looking at the structural/organiza- the Games have been held every four same venues and the same Village tional relationships in the Paralympic years except for 1942 and 1946, due as the . More Movement, draw a chart describing to World War II. concisely how your NPC fits in with The first Paralympic Games held than 1,100 athletes from 25 coun- these organizations. Identify all of in Asia ( 1964) stimulated tries competed in ten sports. The From 1930 to 1950, the Games were your country’s Paralympic sports as revolutionary changes in social and 2011 will referred to as the British Empire well as the specific people who lead political attitudes towards people and also be held in the same city as the Games, and then the British Empire the various organizations. and Commonwealth Games until 1962. athletes with a disability in . Pan American Games (Guadalajara, From 1966 to 1974, they were called However, these changes never Mexico). spread throughout the continent. The the British Commonwealth Games J. Questions and from 1978 onwards simply as need to provide additional impetus for The IPC World Championships the Commonwealth Games. The 2010 the development of the Paralympic Since 1994, the IPC supervises and • Who are the various Games will be held in New Delhi, India. Movement in Asia led to the creation of the FESPIC (Far East and South co-ordinates the organization of the stakeholders of the Paralympic The 2002 Games in Manchester, Eng- Pacific Disabled Games Federation) World Championships for the sports Movement, both historically land, included for the first time a limited in the 1970s. under its governance. Host Cities and currently? Please briefly number of medal events for elite ath- are selected through a bidding pro- describe their different roles. letes with a disability in a fully inclusive The first ES F PIC Games were held cess, during which NPCs are invited in Oita, Japan, in 1975 and grew • What does ISMGF stand for? sports programme. This continued in to submit expressions of interest in spectacularly to include 3,800 ath- Melbourne (2006) where athletes with hosting the competitions and provide • Name the four IOSDs that are letes from 47 nations competing in a disability took part in Athletics, Swim- appropriate guarantees for staging members of the IPC 19 sports at the ninth and final edi- ming, Table Tennis and Powerlifting. successful championships. tion held in , , in • What is the IPC’s Vision? The same four sports will be part of 2006. the 2010 programme in Delhi. World Championships vary in size and • What are the Agitos? are typically held every four years. Following the creation of the Asian • Name four sports that are The first IPC World Championship Oceania Paralympic Championships Paralympic Committee and the disso- governed by International lution of FESPIC in 2006, the FESPIC was organized for the sport of Federations. The Arafura Games are a leading Games will be succeeded by the first Powerlifting in Uppsala, Sweden, in international sporting competition for 1994. Since then, several champi- • Who is the sole authority to Asian Para Games, which will debut decide on the inclusion of a emerging champions from the Asia- in , , in December onships have been held around the sport/discipline/event in the Pacific region that are held inD arwin, 2010. world, with the 2006 Athetics IPC , every two years. They World Championships in Assen reach- Paralympic Games? began in 1991 as the Arafura Sports ing a record attendance of 1,100 • Name three rights and Parapan American Games Festival with 1,500 participants from athletes from 76 countries. obligations of the IPC members. seven countries competing in 13 The origins of the Parapan American sports. By the time the ninth Games Games date back to 1967, when were held in 2007, participation had six countries participated in the Pan soared to more than 2,500 athletes American Games for the Paraplegic representing 30 nations and the inclu- in Winnipeg, Canada, which includ- sion of 30 sports. ed sports played by athletes in

1.28 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.29 CHAPTER 3: THE PARALYMPIC GAMES

Image credit: Lieven Coudenys PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.31 A. The Evolution of the Paralympic Games B. The IPC and the IOC the Paralympic Games through to 2016. The accord that ran until 2012 The Paralympic Games have witnessed rapid progress since their modest The IPC and the IOC share a common has thus been extended to include beginnings in Stoke Mandeville more than half a century ago. From a small belief in the right of all human beings the 2014 and 2016 Games. The event attended by 23 nations and 400 athletes in Rome (1960), the Paralympic to pursue their physical and intellec- agreements for subsequent Games Games have grown to involve 3,951 athletes from 146 nations in Beijing (2008). tual development, and that mutual editions are renewed every 2 years benefits exist in the development in line with the bidding stage for each of close co-operation between both Games. The table below illustrates the evolution of the Paralympic Summer Games: organizations to support their strate- Furthermore, the IPC is represented gic objectives and vision. Indeed, the on several IOC Commissions and Com- Paralympic Games have always taken Number Number mittees and vice versa. For example, Year Location place during the same year as the of Nations of Athletes the IPC has a representative on the Olympic Games and since the Seoul IOC Athletes’ Committee, the Co-ordi- 1960* Rome, 23 400 1988 Paralympic Games, the Para- nation Commissions of the Olympic lympics have taken place in the same 1964* Tokyo, Japan 21 375 Games, the IOC Medical Commission, city and at the same sporting venues the Women and Sport Commission, 1968 Tel Aviv, Israel 29 750 and facilities as the Olympics. the Press Commission, and the Radio 1972 Heidelberg, Germany 43 984 In October 2000, at the time of the and Television Commission. 1976 Toronto, Canada 40 1,657 Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games, 1980 Arnhem, Netherlands 42 1,973 an Agreement of Co-operation was signed by the IPC and IOC. The agree- C. The International Bid 1984 Stoke Mandeville, Great Britain 45 1,800 ment outlined the principles governing Process for Selecting Host and New York, USA further relationships between the two Cities 1988* Seoul, Korea 61 3,057 organizations, and represented a 1992* Barcelona, Spain 83 3,001 significant development in the IOC’s The selection of the Host City for the support for sport for athletes with 1996* Atlanta, USA 104 3,259 Olympic and Paralympic Games is a disability. governed by Rule 34 of the Olympic 2000* Sydney, Australia 103 3,881 Charter (2004) and its By-Law. The Another agreement signed in June entire procedure for designating 2004* Athens, 135 3,806 2001 was aimed at protecting the orga- Olympic and Paralympic Games Host 2008* Beijing, China 146 3,951 nization of the Paralympic Games by Cities was revised by the 110th IOC securing the practice of “one bid, one Session, which met in Lausanne on city”, which means the staging of the 11-12 December 1999. The IOC-IPC The table below illustrates the evolution of the Paralympic Winter Games: Paralympics is automatically included Agreement specifies the role of the in the bid for the Olympics. The agree- IPC and the NPCs in this process. Number Number ment addresses the general scope Year Location and organization of the Paralympic of Nations of Athletes The new procedure involves two Games, with the aim of creating similar distinct phases: I) application and II) 1976 Örnsköldsvik, Sweden 17 250+ principles for the organization of the candidature. 1980 , 18 350 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Phase I is under the authority of the 1984 , 21 457 In 2003, the IOC-IPC Agreement was IOC Executive Board. In this phase, 1988 Innsbruck, Austria 22 397 adjusted. The amendment is aimed a city, via its National Olympic at ensuring that Organizing Commit- 1992* Tignes-, 24 475 Committee, makes an application to tees for the Olympic and Paralympic the IOC to become a Candidate City 1994* Lillehammer, Norway 31 492 Games (OCOGs) in 2008, 2010 and to host the Olympic and Paralympic 1998* , Japan 32 571 2012 pay the IPC a certain amount Games. At this stage, such cities are of money for broadcasting and mar- “Applicant Cities”. 2002* , USA 36 416 keting related to the 2008, 2010 and 2006* Torino 39 477 2012 Paralympic Games. Applicant Cities are asked to respond 2010* 45 600 to a series of questions that enable In June 2006, the IOC and the IPC the IOC to assess their application. * Same Host City as the Olympic Games. signed an extension of their cur- rent agreement, which will continue The decision to accept Applicant Cities to see the IOC support the IPC and as Candidate Cities is the responsibility

1.32 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.33 of the IOC Executive Board. In making Programme Agreement (PJMPA) for A general timeline is given below: Committees – the OCOG and the POC its decision, the following criteria are the entire Games Marketing period to (Paralympic Organizing Committee). considered: consolidate all Paralympic properties • Nine years before the Games, Over the years, however, closer col- and equities in the host territory. the IOC sends out a circular to laboration and co-ordination between NOCs inviting them to submit • The ability of the Applicant Cities these two Committees became appar- – and their countries – to host, applications, Once the city is accepted as a candi- ent in several Host Cities to ensure organize and stage high-level date by the IOC, the following occurs: • Eight and a half years before operational and cost efficiencies. international multi-sports events, • The IOC organizes an initial the Games, the NOCs submit The 2001 IOC-IPC Agreement provid- • Compliance with the Olympic information meeting, during which the name of an Applicant City, ed the framework for an integrated Charter, the IOC Code of Ethics, information is given on all aspects • Eight years before the Games, organizational approach with a single the Olympic Movement’s Anti- of the process. The IOC provides the IOC Executive Board Organizing Committee for both the Doping Code, the Candidature each city with the IOC Manual for accepts Candidate Cities, Olympic and the Paralympic Games. Acceptance Procedure and other Candidate Cities, rules, instructions and conditions • Seven and a half years before This agreement became binding begin- that the IOC may establish, • The Candidate City submits the Games, the Candidate Cities ning with the Beijing 2008 Paralympic its Candidature file and signs a submit their Candidature File Summer Games and the Vancouver • Any other criteria that the IOC Candidature Agreement by a and shortly thereafter, the IOC 2010 Paralympic Winter Games. Executive Board, in its sole date set by the IOC, Evaluation Commission evaluates discretion, may deem reasonable the Candidate Cities, spending However, the Organizing Committee of • An IOC Evaluation Commission, to consider, four or more days in each, the Salt Lake 2002 Olympic and Par- which is comprised of IOC alympic Games chose to immediately • The reinforcement of the members, representatives of • Seven years before the Games, work under one Organizing Commit- principles and rules that are at International Federations, National the IOC Session elects the tee. Athens 2004 and Torino 2006 the basis of Olympism. Olympic Committees, athletes Host City for the Olympic and also followed the successful example and other experts, visits each of Paralympic Games. Once accepted by the IOC Executive of a single Organizing Committee for the Candidate Cities, Board, cities enter Phase II as Some cities start this process 15 years both Games. “Candidate Cities”. • There is a possible selection of before the Games for which they are Vancouver 2010 was the firstOCO G finalistC andidate Cities by the applying. The city should assess the The main expenses of a Candi- to include the term “Paralympic” in IOC Executive Board, impact of organizing the Games on date City include preparatory its official title (Vancouver Organiz- the city and the region and undertake studies, operating costs of the com- • At the IOC Session, each ing Committee for the 2010 Olympic planning, including of sports facilities mittee (travel, remuneration, office finalistC andidate City makes and essential infrastructure elements and Paralympic Winter Games), and costs etc.), communications and a presentation followed by (accommodation capacity, public and London 2012 was the first OCOG to promotions strategy (including devel- questions from the floor.A fter private transport, telecommunications, base its Olympic and Paralympic logos opment of the Candidature file) and this, the Host City for the etc.). The financial aspects of the proj- around the same core emblems. the guarantee deposit required by Olympic Games is elected by the ect should be carefully evaluated. the IOC. attending IOC members by secret OCOGs now typically follow an inte- ballot. grated approach in planning for the The Candidature Committee must D. The Organizing Committees Olympic and Paralympic Games. A obtain the support of the public The involvement of the IPC during this (OCOGs) department dedicated to Paralympic authorities concerned (including finan- phase includes: planning is responsible for the track- cial guarantees for the staging of the ing, management and co-ordination of • The IPC representation in the The IOC entrusts the staging of the Paralympic Games) and that of the activities within the relevant OCOG IOC Evaluation Commission for Olympic and Paralympic Games to NOC, the IOC members in the country, departments for the successful deliv- and the National Sports Federations. the assessment of the Candidate the NOC of the Host Country. The ery of the Paralympic Games. It is crucial that the Candidate City has Cities, Host Country’s NOC then proceeds popular support for the project within • The Paralympic references to form an Organizing Committee The NPC in the Host Nation plays its community. and themes throughout for the Olympic and Paralympic a critical role in the operational and the questionnaire and bid Games (OCOG), which is the organiza- promotional success of the Paralym- The NPC is represented on the Can- tion that is responsible for managing documentation, The feedback pic Games. By acting as an advisor didature Committee’s Board and the operations necessary for staging and support provided by the to and through its representation on participates in the bid process by pro- the Games. IPC administration to the IOC in the OCOG board level, the NPC in viding expertise on the Paralympic the analysis and evaluation of Games section of the Candidature Even though the Olympic and the the Host Nation can contribute to Paralympic bid components, file. The NPC ensures that the IPC Paralympic Games have been held and benefit from the mobilization and requirements are met on the proposed • The interaction with the at the same venues since 1988, the development of the national Paralym- Games plan, including a guarantee that Candidate Cities’ authorities two events were initially organized pic community in the lead-up to the the future OCOG and the NPC will according to the processes and separately by two distinct Organizing Games. enter into a Paralympic Joint Marketing provisions established by the IOC.

1.34 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.35 E. Paralympic Sports programme including two world The Paralympic Programme Review management principles is used to Programme championships hosted within the process includes the following three assess an eligible sport’s or discipline’s last eight years; steps: ability to meet the obligations of inclu- sion in the Paralympic Programme. The Paralympic Games represent • Has a sustainable governance 1. Pre-Application an international, multi-sport competi- and organization infrastructure 3. competition Proposal tion for athletes with a disability that that effectively manages it; A minimum eligibility assessment reflects the highest standards of ath- based on the principles set forth A sport- and/or discipline-specific • Is ineligible if its performance letic excellence and diversity. The goal in the IPC Handbook, Section III, proposal based on the fundamental depends essentially on of the Paralympic Sports Programme Chapter 4 is used to determine which technical factors is used to assess mechanical propulsion or is to provide exciting and inspiring sports and disciplines may be consid- the impact that sport/discipline may motorized devices, and mind events in the Paralympic Games that ered for inclusion in the Paralympic have on the scope and scale of the sports are also not eligible to allow athletes to achieve competitive Programme. Paralympic Games, as well as to pro- apply. excellence while engaging and enter- vide a basis for positioning it in the 2. General Application Paralympic Programme. taining spectators. Only individual sports and disciplines The IPC conducts a quadrennial widely and regularly practised in a An infrastructural capacity assess- review of which sports, disciplines minimum of 24 nations in three IPC ment based on organizational risk and medal events are included in the Regions will be considered for inclu- Paralympic Games. Each sport and sion in the Paralympic Games. discipline applying for inclusion in the Only team sports and disciplines wide- Programme must meet specific min- ly and regularly practised in a minimum imum eligibility conditions and must of 18 nations and three IPC Regions have a level of organizational infra- will be considered for inclusion in the structure and sophistication that is Paralympic Games. sufficient to manage and sustain their sport. For Paralympic Winter Games the fol- lowing applies:

Minimum Eligibility Conditions Only individual Sports and individual A sport organization (i.e., IPC Sport Disciplines widely and regularly prac- Committees, an International Sports tised in a minimum of eight (8) countries Org­anization for the Disabled, an and two (2) IPC regions may be con- International Federation that governs sidered for inclusion in the Paralympic an Olympic sport, or an International Winter Games. Sport Fed­eration for Athletes with a Disability) may apply for the inclusion of Only team sports and disciplines wide- a sport or discipline in the Paralympic ly and regularly practised in a minimum Games Programme if it meets all of the of eight (8) countries and two (2) IPC following criteria: regions will be considered for inclusion in the Paralympic Winter Games. • Is organized for athletes with a disability; The calculation to determine the num- ber of nations widely and regularly • Its statutes, practices and practising a sport or discipline may activities are in conformity with include the following: the IPC Handbook and contribute to the IPC Vision and Mission, • Holding recognized/sanctioned including the adoption and National Championships within implementation of the World Anti- the last four years, Doping Code and the guidelines • Competing with a national dele- of classification and principles of gation in international recognized/ fair play; sanctioned competitions on a • Have a structure of national regular basis within the last four organizations each recognized by years, and/or its own country, • Demonstrating frequent and • Demonstrates that it has a widespread sport-specific oppor- regular quadrennial competition tunities for athletes with a disabil- Image credit: Lieven Coudenys ity within the last four years.

1.36 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.37 Paralympic Sports Programme Guiding Principles Sports in the Paralympic Programme

The principles are categorized by three core characteristics, which broadly Summer Sports Winter Sports outline the philosophical priorities of the Paralympic Programme. The core char- acteristics and their corresponding definitions as they relate to the principles Sport Discipline Sport are as follows: Archery Alpine Skiing Quality • Fair Play – Driving the collective values of Athletics Biathlon the IPC: ensuring that the spirit of fair play Boccia Cross-Country Skiing The essential prevails, that the health risks of athletes are principles with managed, that fundamental ethical principles Cycling Road Ice Sledge Hockey respect to degree are upheld, that prejudice and discrimination Track Wheelchair Curling of excellence, are not tolerated, and that all forms of Equestrian Dressage accomplishment and/ cheating are discouraged and dealt with or attainment. sternly. Football 5-a-Side • inspirational – Creating a distinct opportunity Football 7-a-Side for personal experience/reflection that acts Goalball as a catalyst for change through showcasing the extraordinary perseverance of the human Judo spirit through athleticism. Powerlifting • exciting – Providing a vibrant and energizing Rowing atmosphere that is entertaining in the context of each sport, yet creates a collective Sailing motivational atmosphere that is attractive to Shooting spectators and the media. Swimming • elite – Representing the highest athlete performances in the context of the specific Table Tennis sport. Volleyball Sitting Quantity • viable – Ensuring operational and Wheelchair programmatic capability in the context Basketball The principles that of the IPC’s obligations to its relationship Wheelchair establish parameters with the IOC and considering the impact Fencing and/or conditions on the POC/OCOG (e.g., financially, cost Wheelchair necessary for effective, manageable, number of training and Rugby success. competition venues, safety, risk management). • sustainable/Dynamic – Ensuring a healthy and Wheelchair stable programme (components of the sport) Tennis that allows forecasting (foresight) and ongoing evaluation; Stable enough to be sustainable, and dynamic enough to meet the needs of the present and the future.

Universality • Equitable – Ensuring that gender The collective representation and the type and extent of principles or disabilities represented at the Games are conditions that taken as a fundamental factor in establishing ensure and reflect a the Games framework. diverse movement. • Global – Establishing a framework that strives to ensure regional representation and the global nature of the Games. • Balance – Weighing and positioning the types of sports and competitors included based on the nature of the sports/disciplines (e.g., individual versus team, power versus precision, speed versus endurance, and combat versus artistic).

1.38 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.39 CHAPTER 4: The IPC PROGRAMMES AND INTERESTS

Image credit: IPC PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.41 A. Women in Sport severe disability in sport at all levels and in all structures”. Thus, the IPC Torino 2006 Paralympic Winter Games: Participation by Gender The IPC is committed to promoting General Assembly adopted in 2003 the participation of women and girls in the following objective: Total Percentage sporting activities and the Paralympic Female Participation 99 21 % Games. “That the IPC, NPCs, Sports, IOSDs Male Participation 375 79 % and IFs belonging to the Paralympic Sport, whether competitive or rec- Movement shall immediately establish Vancouver 2010 Paralympic Winter Games: reational, has become a social force as a goal to be achieved by December Participation by Gender with a major impact on the struc- 2005 that at least 15% of all offices Total Percentage ture of society and the condition of in all their decision-making structures women. More and more women are be held by women with the intent Female Participation 121 24 % choosing to take up sport as athletes of achieving 30% representation Male Participation 381 76 % and in leadership positions. However, by 2009.” women are still under-represented Atlanta 1996 Paralympic Summer Games: and face numerous obstacles. Participation by Gender Although the sporting world and the The Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games Total Percentage Paralympic Movement are firmly marked a new chapter in female par- Female Participation 790 24 % convinced of the need to make sport ticipation. More than 34 per cent of more accessible to women, it will take the athletes participants in the Para- Male Participation 2,469 76 % a co-ordinated approach by sport lympic Games in Beijing were women, organizations, role models, political thus setting a new record for women’s Sydney 2000 Paralympic Summer Games: authorities, and the media to create participation in Paralympic Games. Of Participation by Gender sustainable change. the 3951 athletes competing, 1367 Total Percentage were women. In Athens, 1165 women Female Participation 978 25.4 % Since 2002, the IPC has been were among the total of 3808 partici- Male Participation 2689 74.6 % addressing the issues surrounding pating athletes. The figure in Beijing girls and women in sport through a reach the projection set by the IPC for Commission that in 2004 became an Athens 2004 Paralympic Summer Games: the Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games. Participation by Gender IPC Standing Committee. In Beijing, women competed in 18 of Total Percentage The Evolution of Women’s the 20 Paralympic sports. Of 472 Female Participation 1,160 31 % events in Beijing, 37 per cent is for Participation in Sports for Athletes Male Participation 2,646 69 % with a Disability women, another 7 percent is mixed events which also allow women’s Over the last decade, participa- Beijing 2008 Paralympic Summer Games: participation. For the Beijing Games, Participation by Gender tion rates for women athletes in the more quotas were set for women in Paralympic Games have increased Archery, Athletics, Boccia, Cycling and Total Percentage steadily, but still remain low. The IPC etc. Moreover, more women\s teams Female Participation 1,383 34 % Women in Sport Committee attri- were allowed to compete in Sitting Vol- Male Participation 2,628 66 % butes the low rate of participation leyball, Basketball and Rugby which by women in Paralympic Sport as a have significantly contributed to the result of the limited resources and increase of female participants in per- opportunities available to girls and centage terms. young women with a disability at the As illustrated in this chart, the number of women athletes competing in the local, national and international levels. The following table compares Summer and Winter Games has consistently increased, however the number the participation of male and female of male athletes still far exceeds the number of females. The IPC Mission clearly refers to athletes at Torino 2006 Paralympic gender equity and the important Winter Games, Vancouver 2010 role of the participation of women in Paralympic Winter Games as well as the the Paralympic Movement. Article 4 Atlanta 1996, Sydney 2000, Athens states: “To develop opportunities for 2004 and Beijing 2008 Paralympic women athletes and athletes with a Summer Games.

1.42 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.43 Women’s Participation in the of the Commission to an IPC Standing The IPC Women in Sports IOC World Conference on Women Admin­istration of the Paralympic Committee. Leadership Toolkit and Sport Movement The Women in Sport Committee The WISC, in association with the Every four years, IOC organises a A review conducted in 2009 by (WISC) supervises gender equity in IPC Management Team, developed World Conference on Women and the IPC Women in Sport Committee Paralympic Sport with advisory and the IPC Women in Sport Leadership Sport is organized. The purpose of shows that representation by women consultative responsibilities to the Toolkit, which is a resource aimed at the conference is to assess prog- in the IPC decision-making struc- IPC Government Board. It provides improving the health and well-being, ress made, to exchange experiences, leadership skills, social and democratic to further advocate for women’s tures is on the rise, but there are still advice to the Governing Board on skills, self-determination, productivity, involvement in sport, and to outline an overwhelming number of women policy matters in its specific area of and independence of girls and women priority actions to enhance women’s absent from leadership positions in responsibility, namely with respect to with a disability. The toolkit is available participation. Paralympic Sport. gender equity in Paralympic Sport, on the IPC website. Key findings included: advocates for the full inclusion of girls The first conference was held from and women at all levels of Paralympic 14-16 October 1996 in Lausanne, Swit- • Women hold around 25% of the Sport, identifies barriers that restrict zerland, the second in Paris, France, in [For more information on how to offices/positions within theI PC participation, recommends policies March 2000, the third in Morocco in join, please visit the IPC website at decision-making structures. This and initiatives that address the barri- March 2004, and the fourth in Dead http://www.paralympic.org/ finding indicates that theI PC has ers, and oversees the implementation Sea, Jordan March 2008. I P C/ O rganization/Standing_ met its goal of achieving 30% of initiatives to increase the participa- Committees/Women_in_Sport/ representation by women by tion of women. index.html or send an e-mail Taking Action 2009, to [email protected].] The WISC consists of six members What can I do to help improve oppor- • Women hold over 30% of the at large, including the position of tunities in Paralympic Sport for girls decision-making positions on the chairperson. All members, including and women? IPC Standing Committees and the chairperson, of WISC are appoint- Councils, ed by the IPC Governing Board. • Women hold 21% of the Members of the WISC normally serve leadership positions within the for four years. The WISC will normally IPC Governing Board and 20% hold one meeting per year. within the National Paralympic Committees (NPCs), [To see the current members of the WISC, please visit the IPC website] • Although there is good overall representation of women on the Standing Committees, there The Women in Sport Leadership is still an under-representation Programme of women filling the position of In 2004, the WISC initiated the IPC chairperson. Women in Sport Leadership Pro- gramme. The first pilot Leadership It should be noted that these statistics Summit was held from 3-5 Decem- are cumulative, and in a number of ber 2004 in Tehran, Iran. Two African areas, women are significantly under- Summits were subsequently held represented within each category. from 17-19 August 2005 in Niamey, Niger, with representatives from [For more detailed statistics, eight French-speaking African coun- please refer to the IPC website] tries and from 2-4 November 2005 in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, with repre- The Women in Sport Committee sentatives from ten English-speaking In 2002, the IPC President established countries. From 22-24 June 2007, the a Commission on Women in Sport to European Summit was held in Germa- address the low number of female ny with over 20 participants. During athletes and events in the Paralympic 1-3 May 2008, the Asian Women in Games, as well as the lack of women Paralympic Sport Leadership Summit in coaching, officiating and leadership was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, positions. In 2004, the IPC General over 60 participants from 19 coun- Assembly approved the conversion tries attended the event. Image credit: Getty Images

1.44 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.45 1. consult the IPC Women in Sport Terminology Definition and its Components: with high support needs is neces- Toolkit, sarily linked to classification, and as Since the inception of the Committee “Athletes with high support needs these systems have developed con- 2. Promote and develop oppor- in 2003, concerns have been raised require supplemental specialized ser- siderably in recent years, it is vital tunities for women as athletes, about the terminology used. The main vices to participate in a competition that identification and tracking of coaches, officials, and leaders in challenge has been to come up with environment on the field of play or in this population be closely linked to Paralympic Sport, and engage a term that both conveys the impor- daily living”. the classification process. Howev- women in the decision-making tance of and clearly designates the er, open classification systems and process, intended population. The title needs Athletes – a conscious decision was some class groupings do not allow for 3. identify and mentor women in to reflect the population the Commit- made to maintain a focus on the ath- all athletes with high support needs to be consistently identified. your sport/country for high-level tee deals with along with its purpose. letes, in keeping with the purpose competition, coaching and lead- of the IPC. The Committee strongly It is surmised that the “modern” Par- ership positions, The Committee’s name was taken from believes that any person, regardless alympic Games structure (i.e., since of presence or degree of disability, a motion highlighting the need to exam- 1992) has inadvertently eliminated 4. analyze participation rates of who can and wishes to contribute to ine issues related to the participation a series of opportunities for athletes girls and women in your sport/ the Paralympic Movement should be of “athletes with a severe disabili- with high support needs. With a limit country and engage women in able to do so based on their merit, if ty” within the Paralympic Movement. on the size of the Summer Games developing policies and strate- not as athletes, then as coaches, offi- and a more stringent and transpar- gies for increasing participation, But concerns have been repeatedly cials, or leaders. raised that the term “severe disability” ent sport selection process, several 5. address the lack of representa- is overly negative. High Support Needs – all athletes and disciplines were eliminated, including tion by women in your NPC’s or all coaches, officials, volunteers and Club Throw in Athletics and Swim- IOSD/IPSF’s executive commit- Moreover, there are two principal leaders require support to fulfil their ming with flotation devices. These tees by developing a strategy to issues that arise in the course of any roles. The challenge for persons with a sport eliminations are perhaps bal- achieve greater equity in your discussion of “athletes with a severe “severe disability” is that these individ- anced by the introduction of Boccia board/committee. uals require a high degree of support and Wheelchair Rugby to the Para- disability.” These are: (1) the diversity to function in a competitive Paralympic lympic programme. of the Paralympic Movement (ensur- environment. The degree of support B. Athletes with High ing equitable opportunities for this Data from the Winter Paralympics, Support Needs required in a competition environment population of athletes), and (2) ensur- may, in fact, be higher than is needed even with its limited programme, is ing that the rules and regulations that in a home environment due to familiar- more difficult to ascertain.C lassifica- The IPC is committed to promoting are in place support – not hinder – ity of surroundings (as in the case of tion information from Salt Lake 2002 the participation of persons with high and Torino 2006 show that 10.6% their participation. visual impairment) or the availability of support needs in sporting activities specialized adaptive equipment. This and 7% of athletes at these Games and the Paralympic Games. The Committee has determined support may be required on and/or off had high support needs (with women the field of play, and requires a degree being greatly under-represented). Since the inception of the Paralympic that most of its efforts should to be of skill and specialization as well as an Movement, athletes with high support directed towards the systems of the established relationship with the indi- But no information was available on needs have been active participants Paralympic Movement to best under- vidual requiring support. Wheelchair Curling, given its open in the Games and in leadership. In stand the state of sport, the needs, class system. It appears though that recent years, however, there have and the available opportunities for with adaptive equipment permitting a been increasing concern expressed The Evolution of Athletes with High those athletes who have a more signif- broader range of competitors, a cer- that opportunities for this population Support Needs in the Paralympic icant disability. The new terminology, tain number of athletes participating are diminishing to the detriment of Movement in this sport may have gone unidenti- therefore, emphasizes the support the Paralympic Family. Opportunities for athletes with high fied for their high support needs. needs of these athletes in competi- support needs have proven difficult Following a motion put forward at the tive Paralympic environments. 2001 General Assembly, the IPC cre- to track over time for two reasons. The Role of National Paralympic ated a Commission for Athletes with The first reason is that record-keep- Committees in Providing Opportuni- [Your ideas, concerns, and ing, particularly at early events, has a Severe Disability, which became an ties for Athletes with High Support suggestions are of interest not always been easy to access or IPC Standing Committee in 2004. In Needs been as complete as one might hope. 2007, the Governing Board approved to us. Please let us know directly A second factor has to do with the The NPCs have three principal roles a proposal to change the name to what you think by e-mailing evolution of classification systems. in providing opportunities for athletes Athletes with High Support Needs [email protected]. or ahsnc@ Accurate identification of athletes with high support needs. Committee. paralympic.org.]

1.46 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.47 First, as the organizer of delegations do differently? What could the IPC do Environmental and sustainable devel- • Development of sport to Paralympic Games, the NPC has to support NPCs in these efforts? opment issues are of global significance structures/organizations for the responsibility to select the best and both the IOC and the IPC strive to people with a disability from the athletes to its Team (regardless of How are athletes with high support ensure that the Games are held in con- grassroots to elite level, the degree of support required), needs identified and supported by ditions that demonstrate a responsible • Attitudinal changes in the and to appropriately support the the NPC? concern for the environment, society, perception of the position and Team. The Delegation Quota Formula and cultures. the capabilities of persons (established by the IPC to determine Paralympic Sports From 2008, all Olympic and Paralym- with a disability as well as the the number of Team officials anN PC What Paralympic Sports are offered pic Games Host Cities were required increased self-esteem of people is entitled to bring to the Paralym- by the NPC or its partners? Which of to produce a fourth volume for the with a disability, pic Games) provides additional staff these have opportunities for athletes Host City Report concerning the global positions for delegations with athletes with high support needs? Are there • Opportunities for people with impact of the Games. Host Cities are with high support needs so that NPCs a disability to become fully individual and team choices? Summer required to monitor a series of environ- have the human resources needed to integrated in social living and and Winter sports? mental, social and economic factors. provide required levels of support in to reach their full potential in Some of these relate to event aspects, the Games environment. How many athletes with high sup- aspects of life beyond sports. port needs participate in sport in the while others provide background con- Second, the NPC coordinates and country? Are there sports, clubs, or text of the city and/or region. This is the The impact of the Paralympic Games fosters Paralympic Sport in its coun- regions which are more successful? Olympic Games Impact project (OGI), in these fields can become the cata- the IOC’s new sustainability reporting try or territory. The NPC, therefore, What appear to be the key success lyst for achieving legacies that affect system, which includes the Paralympic has an opportunity to encourage the factors? the lives of people with a disability development of sport opportunities Games experience. in the Host City, region and country. What kinds of barriers do athletes with for athletes with high support needs, Hosting the Paralympic Games, with Therefore, integrating the Paralympic high support needs face in accessing and to work with partners to remove the required level of safety and com- Games into the OGI study provides sport programmes and competition? barriers to their participation domesti- fort necessarily means that venues, the opportunity to objectively assess How are these the same or different cally and as part of national teams. facilities and services need to be such impacts and legacies. from the barriers faced by other ath- adapted to suit the enhanced needs Third, the NPC has the opportunity letes with a disability? In addition to measuring the impacts, to raise issues of importance at the of an increased amount of users with the IPC intends to establish process- IPC General Assembly and to Stand- Are there opportunities for individuals a disability. Therefore, the impact of es and resources (tools, networks ing Committees on specific topics, with high support needs to contribute activities serving this cause should and partnerships) to synthesize the be considered as relevant to the OGI including on athletes with high sup- to sport as coaches, officials, or lead- Paralympic data and information cap- study. port needs. ers? What kinds of support would need tured by the OGI study into concrete to be provided to make this a reality? The OCOG, the Host City and its part- outcomes. [Your ideas, concerns, and sugges- ners need to ensure that every resident Representation [Has your NPC To capture the impact of the tions are of interest to us. Please of the city and every visitor will have shared its challenges and successes Paralympic Games in the four prin- let us know directly what you think full access to all activities that con- regarding athletes with high cipal areas indicated previously, by e-mailing [email protected]] stitute the “Games Experience”. For support needs with other NPCs? the IPC developed and introduced this to be possible, the conditions that The NPCs also have the opportu- Has this been with the IPC?] Paralympic elements into the OGI form barriers to this objective need nity to nominate individuals (including study, through the: to be removed. Such barriers may those with high support needs) to the not only be architectural, attitudinal, IPC and related organizations. C. Paralympic Games Impact • Inclusion of new data fields into political, economical and educational existing OGI indicators, where barriers may also affect an individu- relevant and pertinent, Some Key Questions to Consider: Both the Olympic Movement and the al’s chances of fully participating in Paralympic Movement recognize that and experiencing the Games. • Creation of specific Paralympic Paralympic Teams planning and staging the Games can indicators to measure specific Therefore, creating an accessible and What kind of representation do ath- potentially have significant impacts on aspects of the Paralympic inclusive environment should be among letes with high support needs have on the natural environment and on local impact and/or legacy. the key objectives for an OCOG and recent Paralympic Games Teams? Are communities. At the same time, the its Host City. Potential legacy initiatives The Paralympic-specific indicators there any trends by sport? For men or Games open up unrivalled opportu- resulting from staging the Paralympic follow the same format and method- women? nities to promote environmental and social responsibility, to raise public Games include: ology as the OGI indicators. What challenges, if any, has the NPC awareness, to educate people about • Accessible infrastructure in The OCOG and the Host City’s author- delegation faced in providing support issues, and to showcase new meth- sporting facilities and in the ities can benefit significantly from the to these athletes? What could the NPC ods and green technologies. overall urban development, integration of the Paralympic Games

1.48 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.49 Since the first Paralympic Games in making sure that the Paralympics are 1960 in Rome, there has been a steady also taken into account. and healthy growth of the number of media covering the Paralympic Sum- The Press Commission is composed of mer and Winter Games. The Beijing renowned photographers and journal- 2008 and Vancouver 2010 Paralym- ists who have covered several editions of the Olympic Games as members of pic Games set new records in media IOC-recognized international agencies, attendance, and this development is national agencies, and major sporting expected to continue in the future. or general daily papers. Press Com- The form of media used to bring the mission members provide information Paralympics closer to all citizens of the to the International Federations, world is changing rapidly. Radio and National Olympic Committees and the television are no longer the sole media athletes. Continuity and the transmis- used; Internet broadband stream- sion of experience and expertise are ing and mobile technology are some ensured by the presence of the Orga- examples of new media. nizing Committee’s press chiefs from the previous and present Games. The media has become so important for the Paralympic Games that the The Radio and Television Commis- sion members are representatives of Image credit: Getty Images contract with Organizing Committees spells out the provisions that must the rights-holding unions or networks, be made for journalists. The aim is to and they and other broadcasting col- leagues ensure the optimum quality ensure the most complete news cover- of broadcasts. within the OGI study. It is also prob- strengthen the organizational skills age to the widest possible audience. able that sporting organizations and and background of the NPCs, the Through agreements between the Sophisticated facilities for transmis- other agencies representing people IPC developed the Organizational IPC and the IOC, the broadcasting sion of radio and television signals with a disability in the Host City, region, Development Initiative (ODI), which rights for the Paralympic Summer have to be provided by the Organiz- or country are willing to work with the has proven to be a successful tool and Winter Games have been trans- ing Committee at its expense but, of OCOG to carry out lasting and sus- (until 2009). From IPC’s experience ferred to the Organizing Committees course, it receives income from the tainable legacies. Thus, the OGI study with the ODI and as a result from the of the 2008 to 2016 Games. This sale of television rights negotiated can be seen as a means of bringing all IPC General Assembly 2009, the IPC means that all rights negotiations are with radio/television networks. parties together to produce a comple- will from 2010 onwards focus more dealt with by the respective Games mentary and non-duplicative study. on an integrated approach with a Organizing Committee. clear focus on sport development. The media render an essential ser- vice to the IPC and the Paralympic D. Development Support Current project and concepts can Movement: they present the Games Facilities and Services at the Games be found on the IPC website: and other aspects of the Paralympic Initiatives The media regulations, which form an http://www.paralympic.org/IPC/ Movement to a vast unseen audience. integral part of the contract signed Development/ The image that most people in the by the Host City immediately after world have of the Paralympics is that NPC and Sports Development its election by the IOC Session, out- presented by the media. Initiative lines the whole structure to be put in The promotion and support of E. Sport for Athletes with a place for the media, with wheelchair National Paralympic Committees Disability and the Media The IOC Press Commission and the accessibility always kept in mind. (NPCs) and Sport is a crucial aspect Radio and Television Commission It organizes and sets the minimum standards in the areas essential to in order to develop athletes and to Within the IOC structure, there are Mass media is a term used to denote, efficient media operations for: raise awareness for sport for the as a class, that section of the media two Commissions that specialize in Paralympic Movement. IPC’s work in specifically conceived and designed the media: the Press Commission and • The Main Press Centre (MPC) this area includes joint activities and to reach a large audience (typically Radio and Television Commission. and International Broadcasting programmes with third parties, e.g. at least as large as the whole popu- Like all the other IOC Commissions, Centre (IBC), which are the nerve the United Nations or other regional lation of a nation state). It includes all they work in an advisory capacity, centres from which information initiatives, but, moreover, the sport means of mass communication e.g., making recommendations and giving goes out in real time in the form initiatives of the NPCs. In the past, magazines, cinema, films, newspapers, opinions to the Executive Bodies. The of text, still or moving images, the IPC provided grants for selected radio, television, Internet, billboards, full Commissions meet at least once a and sound and signals that are projects in the field of development. books, CDs, DVDs, videocassettes year. The IPC also has one represen- now fully computerized, electron- As, however, it is very important to and other publishing. tative on each of the Commissions, ic and digital,

1.50 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.51 • The host broadcaster, whose • Transport, including between the tool for the communication of the Win- more than 1,800 hours broadcasted. mission is to provide the inter- Media/Press Centres and the ter Paralympics. The official website Several more broadcasting records national feed to all authorized accommodation areas and sport of Salt Lake City 2002 had more than were broken in Beijing, including more radio and television broadcast- and other venues, a million hits during the period of the Rights Holding Broadcasters seen at ers in accordance with a precise Paralympic Games. In total, approxi- the Paralympics than ever before, • Accreditation by category with set of specifications. It has to be mately 800 media were accredited. 64 in total. China as the host coun- the corresponding access, an exact, meticulous and unbi- try attracted the largest cumulated distribution procedures, ased record of the sporting fact. Athens 2004 audience with nearly 1.4 billion peo- obtaining the Paralympic Identity Through unilateral agreements, ple, followed by Japan (670 million), Card (PIAC), etc., A total of 3,103 media representatives each national broadcaster will in (676 journalists, 400 photographers, Germany (439 million) and France turn be able to create a person- • Press accreditations under the 126 non-rights-holding broadcasters (329 million). The highest live audi- alized programme with a greater control of the IPC/NPC come and 1,901 rights holders) were in Ath- ence was registered for the Closing national emphasis, under the generic code “E” (E: ens to cover the Games. The number Ceremony on 17 September at prime journalist, EP: photographer and time on CCTV-1 with 51 million view- • Venue Press Centres, which are includes more than 68 broadcasters. ENR: non-rights-holding broad- ers. Upon high public demand, NOS in miniature versions of the MPC A study of 25 countries and Pan caster). These are distributed by the Netherlands re-aired the Opening attached to a sports venue, Europe revealed that 617 hours were the NPCs or IPC respectively, broadcast of the Athens 2004 Para- Ceremony and aired the Closing • Telecommunications facilities, Ceremony live, even though this was • The “RT” categories, which are lympic Games that were watched by which use state-of-the-art tech- not planned before. BBC received the counterparts of the “E”, a cumulated audience of more than nology. Even if the Games are market shares of up to 10% for its are for the exclusive radio and 1.8 billion. Although the live broadcast a technological showcase, only daily highlight show “Paralympics television rights holders, and of the Opening Ceremony occurred in proven technology can be used 2008: Games Today”, being aired are distributed by means of the middle of the night in some parts by the Organizing Committee, during prime time at 19:00 on BBC2. contracts. of the world, around 10 million Chi- nese and 8 million Japanese watched For the first time, an agreement was • All the logistical support needed concluded with a rightsholder in the Even though the number of media cov- the event. Daily highlight programmes in the technical facilities: agency USA. NBC Universal Sports covered ering the Summer Games is three times attracted millions of European viewers. offices, private working areas, the Paralympics on their internet plat- that of the Winter Games, the media file radio and television studios, form UniversalSports.com during the at the Paralympic Winter Games is just technical rooms for editing, Torino 2006 Games and created a 90min docu- as complex. Factors such as ambient viewing, circuit checking, inter- A new record was set in the area mentary about the Paralympics which weather conditions, complex venue national sound and image feed, of media covering the Games, with was aired on 9 November 2008 nation configurations, the distances between management and preparation of 1,037 journalists (592 reporters, 275 wide on NBC and re-aired on NBC venues and often mountainous terrain the unilateral, common working photographers, 438 rights-holding on 6 December 2008. Additionally, require the implementation of an infra- rooms, press conference rooms, broad­­casters and 142 non-rights-hold- Universal Sports Television Network structure that is just as complicated help desks, management and ing broadcasters) present. The host broadcasted 80 hours in November and costly. The Winter Games require distribution areas, catering and broadcaster, the International Sports and will broadcast 28 hours from a large number of technicians to rest areas, Broadcasting (ISB), provided more 24-31 December. A total of 5,611 work outdoors. • The Info system, which offers than 130 hours of live coverage from media representatives covered the comprehensive information Salt Lake 2002 all four venues with 303 staff on site. Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games from accessible via computers in A total of 285:21 hours of broadcast- 6-17 September. all venues about results, pre- A 2003 study showed that a cumu- ing footage, including 80:32 hours of live coverage, was broadcast to a views and reviews of events, lated audience of 600 million watched Press Accreditation Procedure flash quotes, press confer- the Salt Lake cumulated audience of 1.421 billion in the 25 countries analyzed. This report ence highlights, press releases, on TV. In total, television broadcasts The Role of the NPC were transmitted to 29 of the 36 found a total of 3,404 broadcasts on background info (general sport The NPC must appoint, whenever participating countries, with several 94 channels with an average market specific info, e.g., competition possible, a press attaché or nominat- broadcasters on site. A&E transmit- share of 11.2%. format, history, rules, clas- ed delegate who will be the single ted a daily one-hour broadcast during sification), history of the IPC, contact point between the NPC and the Paralympics, which added up to Beijing 2008: Paralympic Movement and the IPC and OCOG Press Operations 13 hours of programming. Games, general info on clas- The Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games on accreditation matters. This person sification, historical results, saw the largest cumulated TV audi- NBC aired a one-hour highlight of the will also be responsible for contact message boards, etc., ence in the history of the Paralympic Opening Ceremony and went on to between the NPC and its national Games. Worldwide, more than 3.8 • Accommodation in Media win the “2002-2003 Daytime Emmy media organizations. billion people in 38 monitored coun- Award” for this programme. The Inter- Village(s) and/or hotels with all tries watched the best Paralympic The NPC must provide the OCOG related hotel services, net also became a more significant athletes compete in Beijing during with an approximate number of Media

1.52 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.53 Accreditation Application Forms that The Role of the OCOG ParalympicSport.TV celebrates the Broadband Internet TV presents a will be needed. The NPC is responsible The OCOG must develop and distrib- performance of athletes with a dis- unique opportunity to build a one- within its territory for the distribution, ute Media Accreditation Application ability with year-round coverage. on one relationship with Paralympic collection and return of accreditation Forms (Press by Name Forms), includ- Being free of charge, people all over fans around the world. Sportbusi- forms from the media organizations to ing the EP and ENR undertakings, to the world are able to watch clips ness International estimated that at the OCOG. The NPC also distributes all NPCs. They also review, validate live and in replay. ParalympicSport. the end of 2005, approximately 300 accommodation and rate card order and produce the PIACs and distrib- TV is presented as a multi-channel million people had access to broad- platform with a main video screen band Internet. Currently, the USA is forms, which accompany the accredi- ute them to the NPCs. The OCOG and a programme guide plus a high- the country with the most broadband tation documentation received from is responsible for the accreditation lights section. It is available in regular subscribers (42,172,000 subscribers the OCOG. However, each individual of so-called “latecomers”. The NPC or full-screen sizes. The searchable and a 29.08% annual rate of growth), will, therefore, send any requests for media organization is then responsible “Paralympic Archive” also features followed by China (28,182,000 sub- accreditation from national media for the return of accommodation forms historical footage from various Para- scribers), and Japan (21,056,000 organizations after the set deadline and technical service order forms to lympics and other competitions. subscribers). However, at its current to the OCOG for the IPC approval. the OCOG in accordance with the pro- annual growth rate of more than 90%, cedures and schedule approved by News and Entertainment the IPC. The NPC, through its press attaché, should work closely with its Most media organizations have sep- national media organizations to ensure arate departments for news and that they meet the OCOG deadlines. entertainment, but sport is both. The OCOG will send the Paralympic Access to news is free. However, Identity Accreditation Cards (PIACs) even as news, sport can be different. to the NPC for distribution to the On the front page of any newspa- national media representatives. per many, if not most items, are bad news. But news about sporting events The NPC is also responsible to ensure always makes some people happy, that all accredited national media orga- namely the winners and their support- nizations (written and photographic ers. Sporting news is always good press, non-rights holding radio and news for someone. television broadcasters and Internet In presenting sport as entertainment journalists) are genuine recognized the media can make their greatest media professionals. The IPC and the contribution towards achieving the OCOG will systematically examine all aims of the Paralympic Movement. the forms returned by the NPCs and Media coverage promotes sport to they reserve the right to inform the the masses, one of the most important NPCs concerned of any discrepancies goals of the Paralympic Movement. and to reject the application. ParalympicSport.TV The Role of the IPC The creation of ParalympicSport. TV The IPC provides the OCOG with the in February 2005 is an extension of EP and ENR undertakings as well as the IPC’s on-going Communication and the Television and Radio News Access Marketing Strategy. ParalympicSport. Rules. The IPC is also responsible for TV is a 24/7 television channel broad- the distribution, collection and return casting via the Internet. The channel to the OCOG of accreditation forms made its broadcasting debut with for media from a country without an almost 100 hours of live and delayed NPC or a country in which the NPC coverage of the Torino 2006 Para- does not have any athletes competing lympic Winter Games. Showcasing a in the Paralympic Games. The IPC fur- wide variety of the IPC and Paralym- thermore provides support to NPCs pic Sports, it is the first TV-channel and the OCOG with regard to media dedicated to promoting Paralympic accreditation. Sports.

Image credit: Lieven Coudenys

1.54 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.55 the total number of broadband sub- need to provide educational opportu- focusing on the management of Para- • Ensure the selection, appraisal, scribers in China was expected to nities for all individuals working within lympic Sport. cataloguing and conservation surpass the USA at the end of 2006. the Paralympic Movement, and has of materials according to partnered with the World Academy of The IPC Academy also aims to offer international standards, Sport to create The IPC Academy. a range of formal academic qualifica- Questions tions in association with The University • Facilitate procedures for information retrieval, 1. Place in order of importance in The IPC Academy is the trusted of Manchester, including short course your country – the written press education partner of the IPC work- residential modules, on-line flexible • Encourage and support research and photographers, radio, and ing together to improve educational training, a Post Graduate Certificate in on the Paralympic Movement, standards for sport throughout the Executive Management (Sports Man- television. • Exhibit images and objects Paralympic Movement. This ensures agement) and a Global MBA for Sport illustrating the development of 2. take any report on an that executives, administrators, and Major Events. All education equips the Paralympic Movement. international sporting event classifiers and officials have an educa- those involved in Paralympic Sport in a magazine or newspaper tional centre that is sensitive to their to manage and successfully operate and count the number of needs and in touch with trends and their own organizations and events – Services references to an athlete from developments, providing world class thereby, establishing themselves as The IPC Documentation Centre com- another country compared with programmes. leaders within their field and support prises the following components: the number of references to athletes throughout their competition Library, Archives, and Exhibition. athletes from your own country. and post-competition careers. Technical Officials and Classifiers 3. Were the recent Paralympic Programme The IPC Academy, in partnership Library Games reported, or televised The IPC Academy Classifiers and with the prestigious Manchester Busi- The IPC has established the IPC in your country? How much Technical Officials programmes are ness School, combines the use of top Library as a reference and special viewing time or how many tailored education programmes, devel- academics with leading industry prac- research library on the first and sec- written reports were devoted to oped specifically for these specialized titioners to deliver relevant sports and ond floors of theI PC Headquarters. It them? functions. The programmes aim to event-driven case studies leading to provides the IPC Management Team increase the number of Classifiers cutting edge business outcomes for and visiting scholars with easy access 4. does your NPC have formal and Technical Officials globally, there- the Paralympic Movement. to documentation. The library current- or informal meetings with the fore providing greater access and ly contains more than 1,500 books, media to discuss the Paralympic Detailed information on the opportunity for athletes worldwide to issues of more than 100 periodicals Movement? IPC Academy initiatives can be progress through their development and 30 boxes of flyers, brochures and retrieved from: http://www.ipc- leaflets. It includes documentation 5. does your country have a strong pathway. The advanced online deliv- academy.org/ and literature on: national news agency? If not, ery mechanism of these programmes should you look at establishing provides accessible and robust educa- • The Paralympic Games and the a Paralympic-specific news tional programmes in accordance with G. The IPC Documentation Paralympic Movement agency with the national agency a specific competency framework Centre and/or key members of the and applicable sport rules, to enhance • World and Regional the depth and breadth of Classifiers Championships national press to help spread The IPC Documentation Centre, which and Technical Officials throughout the news about and photographs was launched at the IPC Headquar- • Sports and Disciplines for world. The programmes are accessed of the Paralympic Games to ters in October 2003, is a resource Persons with a Disability those who are not able to be via a sophisticated interactive, online gathering house for various types of • Rehabilitation learning platform, creating a gateway accredited? information required in the daily oper- for Classifiers and Technical Officials • Physical Education and Sport ations of the IPC Management Team 6. How could the media in your to engage through a specific learning Science country do more to promote the as well as by external scholars con- community. • Medical Science Paralympics? ducting research on the Paralympic Movement. • Education and Awareness 7. think of ways in which your Executive Programmes • Development existing NPC website could be The main objectives of the IPC Docu- As the educational arm of the IPC, mentation Centre are to: utilized as a national news tool to the IPC Academy offers professional • Media increase Games–time coverage? education through a series of tailored • Provide access to the history • Sport History management programmes. To reach and legacy of the Paralympic • Sport Sociology the educational needs of the Para- Movement, F. The IPC Academy • Sport Business and Management lympic Movement, The IPC Academy • Systematically acquire records provides customized programmes for and objects of historical value, • Sport Policies, Politics and Law The International Paralympic Com- administrators, event organizers mittee (the IPC) has recognized the and other Paralympic stakeholders,

1.56 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.57 The collections contain the following Among these collections is the Para- types of material: lympic Photo Exhibition “Spirit in Motion”. In 2003, a photo exhibition • Press clippings; with over 40 images from the Atlan- • Posters; ta 1996 Paralympic Games, Sydney 2000 and Salt Lake City 2002 was • Maps; shown in Bruges, Belgium. Thou- • Paintings and drawings; sands of people came to see the • Digital and paper photographs, exhibition. Since then, it has been slides;* updated with photos from the Ath- ens 2004, Torino 2006 and Beijing • Audiovisual media (CDs, DVDs, 2008 Paralympic Games and has VHS and Beta tapes);** been exhibited around the world. For • Audiotapes; instance, it has been on display at the Athens 2004 Paralympic Games, • Torches; at the Olympic Museum in Lausanne • Medals and badges; and at the United Nations Headquar- ters in New York. • Certificates; • Commemorative plaques; All the photos were taken by Lieven Coudenys, the official IPC photogra- • Cups, statuettes, and sculptures; pher, who donated the framed images • Souvenirs and merchandising to the IPC. In this exhibition, Mr. Coud- items (pins, mascots, tickets, enys presents images of different postcards, etc.); Paralympic sports and athletes with different disabilities. Through the pho- • Flags, banners, and pennants; tos, he gives insights into Paralympic • Prostheses; Sport, while depicting true sporting • Textiles, including sportswear heroes. and uniforms. [A sample of the images can be Image credit: Lieven Coudenys Note (*) The IPC Photo Archive, which found at the following website: http:// contains a comprehensive selection of www.coudenys.be/paralympics/ Paralympic-related images, is managed index.htm] by the Marketing and Communication • The Olympic Games and the • The archives of the IPC depart- Department. It is used for both internal Scope of Archive and Collections Olympic Movement ments (“the IPC Management and external purposes, i.e., to allow the The IPC Library’s publications, arc­hives • Field of Play and Sports Venues Team”), IPC publications and the IPC website and collections provide background on • Biographies of Sports • The archives of the IPC’s deci- to be designed with high-quality photo- the historical, sociological, psychological, Personalities sion-making bodies (“Executive graphs, and to facilitate image requests medical, economic and management Committee” and “Management that the IPC receives from both mem- • Reference Books aspects of sport for persons with a dis- Committee” before 2005, after- bers and external parties. The Photo ability. They are organized around three wards “Governing Board”; Coun- Archive currently contains about Archives areas: cils and Standing Committees as 50,000 digital images on file or CD, The IPC has evaluated existing mate- well as their organizational fore- as well as about 1,000 printed photo- 1. the International Paralympic rials and established a classification runners; other working groups); graphs and slides. Committee (IPC): development system for archival stocks and col- from a volunteer to a profes- • The archives of various other lections. The IPC Archives currently Note (**) Most Beta tapes of Paralym- sional organization, administrative provenances; contain the following stocks (hardcopy pic Games footage are managed and evolution, relationships to mem- and electronic records): • Various archival collections marketed by Input Media, London. bership, etc., (e.g., of Paralympic Games • The archives of the International and World and Regional Exhibition 2. Paralympic Games: origin and Co-ordinating Committee (ICC) of history, increase in organizational Championships, such as manuals The IPC offers interested organi- World Sports Organizations for and guides, torches, medals, complexity and professionalism, the Disabled (1982-1989), zations, companies and individuals posters, audiovisual materials, worldwide the opportunity to exhibit • The archives of the IPC (from textiles, etc.) items from the Documentation Cen- 1989 to the present), tre’s collections.

1.58 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 1.59 growth of media interest and archival records, exhibition items, public awareness, competition audiovisual materials, library books results, etc., and periodicals. The database has been specifically tailored to the needs 3. World and Regional of the IPC Management Team and the Championships: increase in IPC constituents. organizational complexity and professionalism, growth of media Procedures interest and public awareness, competition results, etc. The IPC has developed informa- tion management policies governing The IPC Documentation Centre cur- access to records and records dis- rently stores more than 2,000 boxes posal, the use of the IPC Library and folders, of which approximately and Archives, along with acquisition 850 are Paralympic Games-related strategies for books, journals, historic materials. objects and documents. Legal advice on copyright and data protection Research Facilities issues was obtained in the process. Researchers investigating the Paralympic Movement who want to Funding consult materials stored in the IPC The IPC Documentation Centre Documentation Centre should fill in has secured annual grants from the and sign a Consultation Request Form Rhine­land Regional Council (LVR) in and return it to the IPC in advance. 2008 and 2009 to purchase archiving The IPC will then consider the appli- equipment. cation and inform the researcher of its decision as soon as possible. Networking The Consultation Request Form, The IPC is in contact with experts on the Regulations on Access, and the archiving, library and information sci- Regulations on Use are available for ence, and museum planning, as well as download on the IPC website. with sports museums, archives, univer- sities, and study centres worldwide. Throughout the development process, Proper Storage external consultants from the Cologne/ The Archives have been equipped with Bonn region donated their time and about 600 linear metres of shelves as expertise to help the IPC. well as with a large cupboard for proper storage of the IPC’s poster collection. In particular, the IPC Documentation Only acid-free boxes and folders for Centre is supported by the Archiv-und the storage of archival materials are Museumsberatung (which translates used. Also, an improved climate has to the Archive and Museum Con- been created in the four basement sultancy) of the Rhineland Regional storage rooms through the installa- Council (LVR). tion of an adequate heating system and dehumidifiers. The temperature The IPC is a corporate member of: and humidity are constantly moni- • International Association for tored with the help of thermometers/ Sports Information (IASI), hygrometers. • International Council on Archives Cataloguing Software – Provisional Section on Sports Archives (ICA-SPO). Sophisticated database software (ADLiB Museum/Archive/Library) has been installed to register and manage

1.60 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 2 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 2 1.61 Image credit: Lieven Coudenys Objectives Involvement

Mid-term Objectives The IPC is looking for Paralympic Games memorabilia and records, The IPC will continue to improve the including personal papers that illus- services it provides through the IPC trate the history and development of Documentation Centre by comply- the Paralympic Movement. Of par- ing with international standards. For ticular interest are materials from instance, the quality, size and acces- the early Paralympic Games. The sibility of the IPC Library will be objects will complement the existing enhanced within the constraints of its collections of torches, medals, pins, limited financial resources. Its data- flyers, posters, flags, photographs base will be further populated, with and footage. In the long term, these the eventual goal being able to offer objects will serve as the foundation it online so users worldwide can make for the Paralympic Heritage Centre database queries on the Web. and Museum. Existing contracts are being enhanced, All donations will be listed in a donor and partnerships are being established agreement. Alternatively, objects and with universities, sports documentation records can be provided to the IPC on and information centres and museums loan, with the details being outlined in all over the world. a special deposit agreement between the IPC and the contributor. In an effort The Paralympic Heritage Centre to improve and enlarge the Library, and Museum donations of books on a variety of top- In the long run, the IPC aspires to ics such as the Paralympic Games, house all this Paralympic documen- sport for persons with a disability, and tation in a separate building. The other related topics are welcome. building could be a multi-service facili- ty with an exhibition area, a library and Recognition archives as well as rentable meeting All donors will receive, if they wish, facilities and offices.I t would be open special mention on the IPC website, to the public and serve both enter- on the first page of a donated book, tainment, educational and research and in the electronic database. purposes.

Image credit: Lieven Coudenys

1.62 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 1 Edited and Published by The IPC Academy and the World Academy of Sport

International Paralympic Committee: phone +49 228 2097200 email [email protected] web www.paralympic.org