DOCSLIB.ORG

Understanding Homicide in Chicago, 1870-1930 Leigh B

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Understanding Homicide in Chicago, 1870-1930 Leigh B Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 92 Article 1 Issue 3 Spring Spring 2002 Learning from the Past, Living in the Present: Understanding Homicide in Chicago, 1870-1930 Leigh B. Bienen Northwestern University School of Law Brandon Rottinghaus Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Leigh B. Bienen, Brandon Rottinghaus, Learning from the Past, Living in the Present: Understanding Homicide in Chicago, 1870-1930, 92 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 437 (2001-2002) This Criminal Law is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. 0091-4169/02/9203-0437 92, Nos 3-4 THEJOURNALOFCRIMINAL LAW&CRIMINOLOGY Vol Copytight (0 2003 by NorthwesternUnvesity, Schoolof Law Printed i USA CRIMINAL LAW LEARNING FROM THE PAST, LIVING IN THE PRESENT: UNDERSTANDING HOMICIDE IN CHICAGO, 1870-1930' LEIGH B. BIENEN* AND BRANDON ROTTINGHAUS** + There are many without whom the Chicago Historical Homicide Project would not have come into being or accomplished what it has. The Northwestern University School of Law, and Dean David Van Zandt, personally and institutionally, have offered strong support from the beginning. The Third Annual Faculty Conference, "Learning from the Past, Living in the Present: Patterns in Chicago Homicides, 1870-1930," took place on November 17, 2000. Several of the presentations at that Conference are now incorporated in this volume. The Project gratefully acknowledges the support of the Northwestern University School of Law faculty research fund, including the Irving A. Gordon Symposium fund. Other participants will be represented in later publications of the Project. The data transcription, coding and transformation of the more than 11,000 handwritten files into a text file, and then a quantita- tive file was supported by a generous grant from the Gun Violence Program of the Joyce Foundation. Elizabeth Olds, formerly a staff member at the American Bar Foundation, tran- scribed the 11,500 handwritten case entries into a text file over the course of a year. Juan Iziary, James Anderson, and Colin Proksel provided much appreciated and necessary com- puter skills. The assistance of the Northwestern University School of Law Library, C. Si- moni, Librarian, and especially the tireless efforts of Marcia Lehr, Pegeen Bassett, and other staff, has been and remains invaluable. Their commitment of time, energy, and resources over time continues to be much appreciated. The Information Technology staff at Rebecca Crown Center (Morteza A. Rahimi, Vice President for Information Technology) and the IT and support staff at the School of Law (Christel Bridges, Director), provided critical technical support, as did the students and others who coded and entered data. Many other staff at the School of Law and on the Evanston campus provided valued advice and assitance. Finally, the person who deserves special recognition is Juana Haskin at the School of Law. She has shepherded all aspects of the Project from its beginning, with a commitment of time, energy, intelligence and good spirit over the years which is very much valued and appreciated. Senior Lecturer, Northwestern University School of Law. *. Ph.D. Candidate, Political Science Department, Weinberg College of Arts and Sci- ences, Northwestern University. LEIGHB. BIENEN & BRANDON ROTTINGHA US [Vol. 92 THE BEGINNING The Chicago Historical Homicide Project at Northwestern Uni- versity School of Law began with the discovery and recent availabil- ity of a rich log of more than 11,000 homicides from 1870-1930, maintained consistently by the Chicago Police. The uninterrupted pe- riod of sixty years, and the fact of a single institutional record keeper, makes this an important new resource for the study of crime, homi- cide, urban development, and the police themselves. This long record of cases from a place of historical importance is a lens through which to view the growth and history of Chicago, bracketed by the begin- ning of the data set in 1870, until its end, in 1930. Because these crimes became cases, these records can be the foundation for a study of courts and the legal system as well. This database is also a new and important chronicle of the changing practices and attitudes of the record keepers, members of the Chicago police and the institution, the Chicago Police Force. And it is a reflection of the city's politics, for the police and their opera- tions were inextricable from those they answered to, the Mayor and aldermen, ward politicians, and the citizens of Chicago. Thus, it is an opportunity to study the rule of law, or its absence. This period was one of volatile politics and enormous economic and social change, and the police, as the symbol and embodiment of the rule of law, are part of this history. The history of crime, its punishment, of the legal and social insti- tutions whose job it was to maintain order and enforce the law, was not and is not distinct from the economic, social and political history. This database is both an archive and a diary, glimpses into the lives of the people in Chicago through the circumstances of their violent deaths. These cases are also a self portrait of an institution, the Chi- cago Police Force, a principal player in the political and social history of the city.' Eric Monkkonen explains: City police, through their daily activities, helped shape and control much of urban life in public places. Thus a study of the police and their behavior is the examination of the interface between a formal part of the urban structure and the informal actions of most city dwellers. Considered this way, the structural position and action of the police helps to illuminate a parallel problem of urban historians: how to conceive the relationship between social structure and geographical mo- bility and thus reconcile the development of cities as physical and bureaucratic forms with their highly transient populations. This major social fact ... is the "dizzying rate" of movement in and out of American cities throughout the nineteenth century. ERIC MONKKONEN, POLICE INURBAN AMERICA, 1860-1920, at I I (1981) (citation omit- ted). 2002] LEARNING FROM THE PAST The set of essays in this volume begins the analysis of these cases by a group of historians, criminologists, and legal scholars un- der the auspices of the Chicago Historical Homicide Project at Northwestern University School of Law. 2 One goal of the Project is to make these cases and the quantitative data set available to a variety of researchers, not just to criminologists and legal scholars, but col- lege and high school teachers, genealogists, amateur historians and other interested persons, and to link the data set to other sources, to capture the times and reimagine the lives of our immediate ancestors and predecessors in America, our grandparents and great- grandparents, for three long lived generations reach back to the be- ginning of this time period. These records of more than 11,000 homicides in Chicago will be archived at Northwestern University and eventually put on a web site with links to other archives and historical resources. The language of the case reports is itself an historical record of speech and the dis- course about crime and its social meaning at the time.4 The details on circumstances, the content and character of the contemporaneous language in the case entries, and the length of time to various legal dispositions in routinely reported cases are now trans- formed into both a quantitative and a text based file, allowing for the analysis of these homicides simultaneously from several perspec- tives: as autonomous case narratives, as discrete data points on indi- vidual victims and defendants in a series of cases over time, as statis- tical artifacts, as subsets of homicide cases over long or short periods, as a report on homicides in particular parts of the city during a his- torical period, as a dimension of the demographic and social changes 2 The first phase of this Project was the Third Annual Faculty Conference at Northwest- ern University School of Law, titled 'Learning From the Past, Living in the Present: Patterns in Chicago Homicides, 1870-1930,' Nov. 17, 2000. Included in that archive and accessible on the web site will be a text file of the case summaries and the quantitative, coded file for the more than 11,050 cases, as well as photo- graphs, literary works of the period, other archival material, and links to other historical re- sources. 4 It would be of great historical value if comparable case summaries for the period 1930- 1965 could be located and transformed into a quantitative file. An expanded data set could then be created and linked with the Loyola University Chicago Homicide Project, which be- gins in 1965, creating an uninterrupted time series on homicide in Chicago from 1870-2002, and continuing. Such a data set would allow for the study of long term trends in homicide, and changes in legal institutions and practice over the course of more than a century. This would present a unique opportunity to study not only changing patterns of homicide, but also patterns in the enforcement of criminal laws and the behavior of legal decision makers over a period of more than one hundred years. LEIGH B. BIENEN & BRA NDON ROTTINGHA US [Vol. 92 in the population, as a historiography of how the police recorded homicides over sixty years, as a history of case dispositions by a legal system, as an account of how the police were themselves victims and defendants in homicide cases, and in many other ways.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hizzoner Big Bill Thompson : an Idyll of Chicago
    2 LI E> HAHY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS B T478b cop. I . H . S . Hizzoner Big Bill Thompson JONATHAN CAPE AND HARRISON SMITH, INCORPORATED, 139 EAST 46TH STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y. AND 77 WELLINGTON STREET, WEST, TORONTO, CANADA; JONATHAN CAPE, LTD. 30 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, W. C. 1, ENGLAND Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/hizzonerbigbilltOObrig ->-^ BIG BILL THOMPSON (CARICATURE BY CARRENO) BY JOHN BRIGHT Introduction by Harry Elmer Barnes Hizzoner Big Bill Thompson An Idyll of Chicago NEW YORK JONATHAN CAPE & HARRISON SMITH COPYRIGHT, 1930, BY JOHN BRIGHT FIRST PUBLISHED 1930 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY J. J. LITTLE & IVES CO. AND BOUND BY THE J. F. TAPLEY CO. — r TH i This Book Is Respectfully Dedicated to MR. WALTER LIPPMANN ". Here and there some have found a way of life in this new world. They have put away vain hopes, have ceased to ask guaranties and are yet serene. But they are only a handful. They do the enduring work of the world, for work like theirs, done with no ulterior bias and for its own sake, is work done in truth, in beauty, and in goodness. There is not much of it, and it does not greatly occupy the attention of mankind. Its excellence is quiet. But it persists through all the spectacular commotions. And long after, it is all that men care much to remember." American Inquisitors. BIG BILL THE BUILDER A Campaign Ditty Scanning his fry's pages, we find names we love so well, Heroes of the ages—of their deeds we love to tell, But right beside them soon there'll be a name Of someone we all acclaim.
    [Show full text]
  • The Story of Tracy Beaker Ep
    Over to You vt 2005 The Story of Tracy Beaker Ep. 24 Programnr:31315tv24 The Story of Tracy Beaker - Series 2 - Ep. 24 TRACY: Cam... Where are you? CAM: I’m going to be a bit late ... TRACY: I’ve been waiting here ages already! CAM: I’m sorry - TRACY: Every time Cam. Every single time you promise we can go swimming, you come up with some excuse. So what is it this time? No don’t tell me - you’re defrosting the cat! BEN: Alright Beaker? What you up to? TRACY: A big fat nothing... thanks to Cam. MIKE: Come on Kiddo, back off a bit. TRACY: It’s not fair Mike - I got up really early to do all my chores and she can’t even be bothered to turn up on time. MIKE: Cam’s not just there for you, you know. She has got her own life... TRACY: - and I’m supposed to be a part of it. She knows I love swimming. BEN: Why don’t you come over to my place ‘til she turns up. MIKE: I’ll tell her where you are. TRACY: One of these days she’ll turn up late and I’ll be gone for good. Then she’ll be sorry. RYAN: Justine... JUSTINE: Ryan, Half this stuff is yours - how much more you gonna eat? 1 Over to You vt 2005 The Story of Tracy Beaker Ep. 24 Programnr:31315tv24 ZAC: Yeah, you’re a big fat pig... with hollow legs... RYAN: Oink oink...clunk clunk. ADELE: Jenny lumbers me with this chore every Saturday.
    [Show full text]
  • Società E Cultura 65
    Società e Cultura Collana promossa dalla Fondazione di studi storici “Filippo Turati” diretta da Maurizio Degl’Innocenti 65 1 Manica.indd 1 19-11-2010 12:16:48 2 Manica.indd 2 19-11-2010 12:16:48 Giustina Manica 3 Manica.indd 3 19-11-2010 12:16:53 Questo volume è stato pubblicato grazie al contributo di fondi di ricerca del Dipartimento di studi sullo stato dell’Università de- gli Studi di Firenze. © Piero Lacaita Editore - Manduria-Bari-Roma - 2010 Sede legale: Manduria - Vico degli Albanesi, 4 - Tel.-Fax 099/9711124 www.lacaita.com - [email protected] 4 Manica.indd 4 19-11-2010 12:16:54 La mafia non è affatto invincibile; è un fatto uma- no e come tutti i fatti umani ha un inizio e avrà anche una fine. Piuttosto, bisogna rendersi conto che è un fe- nomeno terribilmente serio e molto grave; e che si può vincere non pretendendo l’eroismo da inermi cittadini, ma impegnando in questa battaglia tutte le forze mi- gliori delle istituzioni. Giovanni Falcone La lotta alla mafia deve essere innanzitutto un mo- vimento culturale che abitui tutti a sentire la bellezza del fresco profumo della libertà che si oppone al puzzo del compromesso, dell’indifferenza, della contiguità e quindi della complicità… Paolo Borsellino 5 Manica.indd 5 19-11-2010 12:16:54 6 Manica.indd 6 19-11-2010 12:16:54 Alla mia famiglia 7 Manica.indd 7 19-11-2010 12:16:54 Leggenda Archivio centrale dello stato: Acs Archivio di stato di Palermo: Asp Public record office, Foreign office: Pro, Fo Gabinetto prefettura: Gab.
    [Show full text]
  • AP Presentation
    ANTHONY PASSERO ALWAYS POWERFUL - ALWAYS POSITIVE - ALWAYS PROGRESS- ANYTHINGS POSSIBLE The AP Program was created to show our Youth the importance of one, or multiple bad decisions in life and what impact they can have. We will take a look at two pools of people and evaluate what choices and the power of Mentors and Role models. WHO ARE THEY? Al Capone Poverty: Capone came from a respectable, professional family, his father was a barber and his mother was a seamstress. Gabriele and Teresa had nine children. Mentors: Johnny Torrio (Crime Boss) Outcome: On October 17, 1931 he was convicted of tax evasion and sentenced to 11 years in prison. He was never found guilty for all his other crimes. He passed away in January 25, 1947 from a cardiac arrest at age 48. Biggest Accomplishment: Capone was an asset to Torrio with his numbers skills and street smarts quickly making him a partner. He became the leader of the Chicago mob during the prohibition era. For More information: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzfWQ7TRF8w John Gotti Poverty: Gotti grew up in poverty was the fifth of 13 children in a family whose only income came from their father's unpredictable work as a day laborer while indulged in gambling. Broken Challenges: Gotti came to resent his father for being unable to provide for his family. Mentors: Gambino family (gang) Outcome: Convicted on multiple criminal counts and sentenced to life in prison. He died on June 10, 2002 Biggest Accomplishment: John Gotti was an organized crime leader who became head of the Gambino family after killing the Mob Boss Paul Castellano.
    [Show full text]
  • Printed U.S.A./November 1984 a Contemporary View of the Old Chicago Water Tower District
    J,, I •CITY OF CHICAGO Harold Washington, Mayor COMMISSION ON CHICAGO HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL LANDMARKS Ira]. Bach, Chairman Ruth Moore Garbe, Vice-Chairman Joseph Benson, Secretary John W. Baird Jerome R. Butler, Jr. William M. Drake John A. Holabird Elizabeth L. Hollander Irving J. Markin William M. McLenahan, Director Room 516 320 N. Clark Street Chicago, Illinois 60610 (312) 744-3200 Printed U.S.A./November 1984 A contemporary view of the Old Chicago Water Tower District. (Bob Thall, photographer) OLD CHICAGO WATER TOWER DISTRICT Bounded by Chicago Avenue, Seneca and Pearson streets, and Michigan Avenue. The district is com­ prised of the Old Chicago Water Tower, Chicago Avenue Pumping Station, Fire Station of Engine Company No. 98, Seneca and Water Tower parks. The district was designated a Chicago Landmark by the City Council on October 6, 1971; the district was expanded by the City Council on June 10, 1981. Standing on both north corners of the prominent inter­ section of Michigan and Chicago avenues are two important and historic links with the past, the Old Chicago Water Tower and the Chicago Avenue Pumping Station. The Old Water Tower, on the northwest corner, has long been recog­ nized as Chicago's most familiar and beloved landmark. The more architecturally interesting of the two structures, it is no longer functional and has not been since early in this century. The Pumping Station, the still functioning unit of the old waterworks, stands on the northeast corner. When the waterworks were constructed at this site in the late 1860s, there was no busy Michigan Avenue separating the adjoining picturesque buildings.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Submission from Miss Geraldine Mcclure to the ‘Parliamentary Inquiry Into Health Impacts of Air Pollution in Victoria’
    Inquiry into health impacts of air pollution in Victoria Submission 87 Public submission from Miss Geraldine McClure to the ‘Parliamentary Inquiry into Health Impacts of Air Pollution in Victoria’ I am making a submission to the inquiry because the inappropriate management of air pollution in Victoria is a danger to the health of the community and the government has a responsibility to act and rectify the problem. There is ample data on the health impacts of air pollution and yet there has not been any serious action from the government to implement standards and technologies which would protect the community’s health. As a Latrobe Valley resident, who receives some of the worst pollution in the state, this is incredibly important to my health and my future. Recommendations I recommend that: 1. The government completes the ‘Victorian Clean Air Strategy’ which has been in progress since 2018 and yet has still not been completed. 2. The recommendations from the ‘People’s Clean Air strategy’ created by Environmental Justice Australia be incorporated into the ‘Victorian Clean Air Strategy’. 3. The government introduce laws which will mandate the coal-fired power stations, and other dangerous industries, reduce their heavy metal, SOX, NOX, PM2.5 and PM10 emissions in line with international best practice, particularly the standards used in the European Union. 4. That there should be an independent inquiry established by the Victorian government or an Auditor- General investigation into the EPA’s failure to enforce emissions standards which are in line with international best practice despite stating that the objective of the Authority is to protect human health and the environment by reducing the harmful effects of pollution and waste’.
    [Show full text]
  • Scarica L'edizione Intera (PDF)
    rjffttf. Quotidiuo > Spediifcme ID abbonameato postal* Uaa copia L. 30 i in ottava In meeontia vagina '7 Un passo del Movimento itmliano LA PAGINA per la pace per la cesaaziotne im­ mediate degli esperinienti H DELLA DONNA ORGANO DEL PARTITO COMUNISTA ITALIANO L: ANNO XXXIV NUOVA SERIE • N. 128 GlOVED-Lr — — V fi MAGGIO 19! NEL COLLOQUIO AL QUIRINALE COL CAPO DELLO STATO PER LA SOLUZIONE DELLA CRISI «L'ALGERIA VAL BENE UN/A MESSA » Perche Coty Togliatti chiede a Gronchi un governo si reca dp. Papa II Presidente francese,/entrato in Italia poco che realizzi il messaggio presidenziale dopo mezzanotte, scura a Roma aile 11,30 (Dal nattrvf vwrrlapondente) 1 PARtWrt, 87^ 11 Preslden- \ktm Irtiut Refriibblica jrancese Piccioni prevede una crisi lunga e dijficile - Aspri contrasti nella DC - Segni chiede un mandato di fid * partito r.ogi pomeriggio dalle €ktr* we Lyon diretto ma Fanfani glielo nega - Anche il segretario d.c. proposto per un monocolore - I lavori del C.C. socia a Jloma.Il cortt>oplio ferro- oiario, che giungerd domani Nt rt tnattkut alle ore 11.30 alia tion! di Gronchi taranno sospean r&^rtone Ostiensc di Roma, da oggi fino a lunedi prossimo la « Pravda»commea-t e trd'iZG'tato da Bardonecchia le dichiarazioni di Togliatti Ieri aera si sono ancora suco- alle 1.6r.'\ duti al Quirinale il sen. Mole la crisi Haliana IX cnlcndlQHo della visita per gli indipendenti di sinistra Dalle 12.45 alle 13,15 i compagni Togliatti e Scocci- MOSCA. 8. — La crlsl italla- ufficiale die' sjl Presidente marro sono stati ieri a colloquio col Presidente Gronchi, del Senato, Zanolti Blanco per na 6 scgulta con lnteresse a della RepubbliCQ franccsc nella loro qualita di president! dei gruppi parlamentari il grnppo misto del Senato, Co Moscn.
    [Show full text]
  • +- Vimeo Link for ALL of Bruce Jackson's and Diane
    Virtual February 9, 2021 (42:2) William A. Wellman: THE PUBLIC ENEMY (1931, 83 min) Spelling and Style—use of italics, quotation marks or nothing at all for titles, e.g.—follows the form of the sources. Cast and crew name hyperlinks connect to the individuals’ Wikipedia entries +- Vimeo link for ALL of Bruce Jackson’s and Diane Christian’s film introductions and post-film discussions in the Spring 2021 BFS Vimeo link for our introduction to The Public Enemy Zoom link for all Fall 2020 BFS Tuesday 7:00 PM post-screening discussions: Meeting ID: 925 3527 4384 Passcode: 820766 Selected for National Film Registry 1998 Directed by William A. Wellman Written by Kubec Glasmon and John Bright Produced by Darryl F. Zanuck which are 1958 Lafayette Escadrille, 1955 Blood Cinematography by Devereaux Jennings Alley, 1954 Track of the Cat, 1954 The High and the Film Editing by Edward M. McDermott Mighty, 1953 Island in the Sky, 1951 Westward the Makeup Department Perc Westmore Women, 1951 It's a Big Country, 1951 Across the Wide Missouri, 1949 Battleground, 1948 Yellow Sky, James Cagney... Tom Powers 1948 The Iron Curtain, 1947 Magic Town, 1945 Story Jean Harlow... Gwen Allen of G.I. Joe, 1945 This Man's Navy, 1944 Buffalo Bill, Edward Woods... Matt Doyle 1943 The Ox-Bow Incident, 1939 The Light That Joan Blondell... Mamie Failed, 1939 Beau Geste, 1938 Men with Wings, 1937 Donald Cook... Mike Powers Nothing Sacred, 1937 A Star Is Born, 1936 Tarzan Leslie Fenton... Nails Nathan Escapes, 1936 Small Town Girl, 1936 Robin Hood of Beryl Mercer..
    [Show full text]
  • Property Rights in Reclaimed Land and the Battle for Streeterville
    Columbia Law School Scholarship Archive Faculty Scholarship Faculty Publications 2013 Contested Shore: Property Rights in Reclaimed Land and the Battle for Streeterville Joseph D. Kearney Thomas W. Merrill Columbia Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship Part of the Environmental Law Commons, and the Property Law and Real Estate Commons Recommended Citation Joseph D. Kearney & Thomas W. Merrill, Contested Shore: Property Rights in Reclaimed Land and the Battle for Streeterville, 107 NW. U. L. REV. 1057 (2013). Available at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/383 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Publications at Scholarship Archive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Scholarship Archive. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright 2013 by Northwestern University School of Law Printed in U.S.A. Northwestern University Law Review Vol. 107, No. 3 Articles CONTESTED SHORE: PROPERTY RIGHTS IN RECLAIMED LAND AND THE BATTLE FOR STREETERVILLE Joseph D. Kearney & Thomas W. Merrill ABSTRACT-Land reclaimed from navigable waters is a resource uniquely susceptible to conflict. The multiple reasons for this include traditional hostility to interference with navigable waterways and the weakness of rights in submerged land. In Illinois, title to land reclaimed from Lake Michigan was further clouded by a shift in judicial understanding in the late nineteenth century about who owned the submerged land, starting with an assumption of private ownership but eventually embracing state ownership. The potential for such legal uncertainty to produce conflict is vividly illustrated by the history of the area of Chicago known as Streeterville, the area of reclaimed land along Lake Michigan north of the Chicago River and east of Michigan Avenue.
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORY of STREET GANGS in the UNITED STATES By: James C
    Bureau of Justice Assistance U.S. Department of Justice NATIO N AL GA ng CE N TER BULLETI N No. 4 May 2010 HISTORY OF STREET GANGS IN THE UNITED STATES By: James C. Howell and John P. Moore Introduction The first active gangs in Western civilization were reported characteristics of gangs in their respective regions. by Pike (1873, pp. 276–277), a widely respected chronicler Therefore, an understanding of regional influences of British crime. He documented the existence of gangs of should help illuminate key features of gangs that operate highway robbers in England during the 17th century, and in these particular areas of the United States. he speculates that similar gangs might well have existed in our mother country much earlier, perhaps as early as Gang emergence in the Northeast and Midwest was the 14th or even the 12th century. But it does not appear fueled by immigration and poverty, first by two waves that these gangs had the features of modern-day, serious of poor, largely white families from Europe. Seeking a street gangs.1 More structured gangs did not appear better life, the early immigrant groups mainly settled in until the early 1600s, when London was “terrorized by a urban areas and formed communities to join each other series of organized gangs calling themselves the Mims, in the economic struggle. Unfortunately, they had few Hectors, Bugles, Dead Boys … who found amusement in marketable skills. Difficulties in finding work and a place breaking windows, [and] demolishing taverns, [and they] to live and adjusting to urban life were equally common also fought pitched battles among themselves dressed among the European immigrants.
    [Show full text]
  • North Dakota Enters the Dumping Ground Wars: a Case Study for Incentive-Based Regulations
    North Dakota Law Review Volume 69 Number 3 Article 6 1993 North Dakota Enters the Dumping Ground Wars: A Case Study for Incentive-Based Regulations Alice Jean Mansell Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/ndlr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Mansell, Alice Jean (1993) "North Dakota Enters the Dumping Ground Wars: A Case Study for Incentive- Based Regulations," North Dakota Law Review: Vol. 69 : No. 3 , Article 6. Available at: https://commons.und.edu/ndlr/vol69/iss3/6 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Law at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Dakota Law Review by an authorized editor of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NORTH DAKOTA ENTERS THE DUMPING GROUND WARS: A CASE STUDY FOR INCENTIVE-BASED REGULATIONS I. INTRODUCTION Every year Americans throw out more garbage but have fewer landfills in which to bury it.' Cities and states running out of landfill space, like New York City, must either pay fees of nearly one hundred dollars per ton for a local landfill2 or ship their waste elsewhere.' States receiving waste sometimes welcome it for the fast money it brings,4 but others see the waste as a problem they do not want but are unable to stop.5 1. Environmental Protection Agency, Solid Waste Disposal Facility Criteria, Final Rule, 56 Fed. Reg. 50,980 (1991) (amending 40 C.F.R. § 257 and creating 40 CFR § 258). According to the comments in the final rule, "EPA's most recent data show that in 1988 the nation generated nearly 180 million tons of municipal solid waste and that this quantity would likely grow to 216 million tons by the year 2000." Id.
    [Show full text]
  • Historic Properties Identification Report
    Section 106 Historic Properties Identification Report North Lake Shore Drive Phase I Study E. Grand Avenue to W. Hollywood Avenue Job No. P-88-004-07 MFT Section No. 07-B6151-00-PV Cook County, Illinois Prepared For: Illinois Department of Transportation Chicago Department of Transportation Prepared By: Quigg Engineering, Inc. Julia S. Bachrach Jean A. Follett Lisa Napoles Elizabeth A. Patterson Adam G. Rubin Christine Whims Matthew M. Wicklund Civiltech Engineering, Inc. Jennifer Hyman March 2021 North Lake Shore Drive Phase I Study Table of Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... v 1.0 Introduction and Description of Undertaking .............................................................................. 1 1.1 Project Overview ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 NLSD Area of Potential Effects (NLSD APE) ................................................................................... 1 2.0 Historic Resource Survey Methodologies ..................................................................................... 3 2.1 Lincoln Park and the National Register of Historic Places ............................................................ 3 2.2 Historic Properties in APE Contiguous to Lincoln Park/NLSD ....................................................... 4 3.0 Historic Context Statements ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]